pros and cons essay connectors

Linking Words – Full List, Examples & Worksheet

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Candace Osmond

Candace Osmond studied Advanced Writing & Editing Essentials at MHC. She’s been an International and USA TODAY Bestselling Author for over a decade. And she’s worked as an Editor for several mid-sized publications. Candace has a keen eye for content editing and a high degree of expertise in Fiction.

Worried that your essay lacks structure and coherence? Perhaps you should use linking words, transition words, or connectors to give it a boost.

Linking words join separate sentences to improve writing flow. You can also find them mid-sentence to connect clauses.

Read on as I show you the definition and types of linking words in English. I also list examples of linking words under every category, and I whipped up a helpful worksheet to test your skills.

What Are Linking Words?

Linking words, transition words, or connecting words in the English language help connect ideas and sentences when speaking or writing.

Linking words and phrases are connectors or transitional phrases. They are also part of formal language, so you’ll find them in academic writing, opinion writing, critical essays, dialectic essays , journalism, and business documents.

Some linking verbs link clauses within a sentence, such as although, in case, and whatever. That means you can find them in the middle of sentences from time to time. Others link two complete sentences, such as besides, as a result, and however.

List of Transition Words

Now that you know the meaning of transition words, let’s look at the usage of transition words in sentences and clauses. Don’t worry, I’ll break it all down for you!

Below, I’ve got a list of linking words and phrases to serve as alternative choices for connecting ideas in writing. Note that there are several types of transition words which we will discuss later.

Agreement/Addition/Similarity

Linking words may help the reader understand additional comments or ideas in a statement. They may also express agreement or similarities. These words are also called additive transition words, commonly found in expository essays and narrative essays.

In the first place
As a matter of fact
In like manner
In addition
Not only, but also
Coupled with
In the same way
In the same manner
First, second, third
Not to mention
In the light of
By the same token
Additionally
Correspondingly
Furthermore
Comparatively
At the same time
Together with
Identically

Here are some examples of additive linking words in a sentence.

The group found that a constructivist approach leads to higher test scores. Moreover, essay examinations show higher levels of learning.
The resort has tennis courts. Furthermore, it has an Olympic pool.

Negative Ideas

Some linking words come in pairs to join negative ideas.

Not, neither
Neither, nor

Here are sentence examples of linking words showing negative ideas.

I haven’t seen Lory, neither have I talked to her friend.
I neither drink nor smoke.

Opposition/Limitation/Contradiction

Whereas some linking words show an extra idea, these transition phrases and words express contrasting ideas in writing.

Although this may be true
In contrast
(and) still
Notwithstanding
Different from
Of course…, but
On the other hand
On the contrary
Be that as it may
Nonetheless
Even so/though
Nevertheless
In spite of

Here are some sentences with linking words of opposition.

The short story can be analyzed using a functionalist lens. However, its historical theme is better understood with a critical perspective.
As much as I want to go, I must take care of my sister.

Some linking words show relationships between ideas by accepting an idea with reservation instead of showing complete opposition. Here are some examples.

All the same
Regardless of this
Up to a point

Here are some sentence examples.

Many citizens opposed this unfair policy, which the president nevertheless enacted.
I like him even if we have different views in life.

Cause/Condition/Purpose

You may also use linking words in your writing piece to show conditions and purpose for a logical flow of ideas. Words like reason get the reader ready to understand why. These words are commonly found in hypothesis essays.

In the event that
Granted (that)
Provided that
On (the) condition (that)
For the purpose of
With this intention
With this in mind
In the hope that
Inasmuch as
To the end that
For fear that
In order to
Seeing/being that
The researchers used this method so that the results would be valid, reliable, and aligned with the objectives.
I will not be attending the seminar due to a high fever.

Examples/Support/Emphasis

You can also use transition words in your piece of writing that show examples or support of an idea.

In other words
To put it differently
For one thing
In particular
As an illustration
In this case
For example
For instance
For this reason
To put it another way
To demonstrate
That is to say
With attention to
By all means
To emphasize
To enumerate
Particularly
Significantly
Specifically
Surprisingly
Important to realize
Another key point
On the negative side
First thing to remember
Must be remembered
To point out
Point often overlooked
She visited several cities, namely Portland, Jacksonville, Charleston, and Hartford.
Transition words improve writing flow. For instance, we use further to add extra ideas related to the previous statement.

Effect/Consequence/Result

You might also spot transitional devices for essays that show consequences, results, and effects.

As a result
In that case
Under those circumstances
Accordingly
Consequently

Consider the examples below.

We watered the plant for seven days. In effect, it grew three inches taller.
Because she didn’t study for the test, Anna failed and had to retake it.

Conclusion/Summary/Restatement

These words and phrases show transitions between sentences to show conclusions. You’ll find these words in essay conclusions of different essay types.

In simple language
In explanation
In lay terms
In a nutshell
As can be seen
In simple terms
Generally speaking
All things considered
As shown above
In the final analysis
In the long run
In either case
Given these points
As has been noted
In any event
On the whole
By and large
For the most part
In conclusion
To summarize

Note that in lay terms and in explanation are formal alternative choices to “ in a nutshell.”

Here are some examples.

Matter is a material that occupies space and has mass. In simple language, it is any physical substance.
I don’t want to climb the corporate ladder. After all, money isn’t everything.

Time/Chronology/Sequence

Linking words’ other role in writing is to show sequence or chronology. Under the time category, these phrases add a meaning of time. You can find these words in an essay introduction when the writer explains how the paper is structured.

In due time
From time to time
At the present time
Sooner or later
Up to the present time
To begin with
Straightaway
In the meantime
In a moment
Without delay
All of a sudden
At this instant
First, second
By the time
Immediately
Occasionally
I watched the movie on television. Eventually, I fell asleep.
First, fill the pan with water. Then, bring it to a boil.

Space/Location/Place

The following transition words are famous adverbial expressions that limit or modify space. Some of these words and phrases are also transition words of time.

In the middle of
To the left/right
In front of
On this side
In the distance
In the foreground
In the background
In the center of
Adjacent to
Opposite to

Below are sentence examples using transition words of space.

My house is located behind the building.
To the left of the supermarket is a flower shop.

Common Mistakes With Transition Words

Transition words help you create a flow of arguments for readers to understand what you’re saying. But misused transition words and phrases will make your writing unclear. Avoid these mistakes to give your readers a better experience.

Starting a Sentence With So, And, and Also

Both so and and are coordinating conjunctions, which means they can start independent clauses that stand on their own. But it’s not recommended to use these words and also as sentence starters in formal writing. For example:

Incorrect: Also, there are unauthorized charges on my credit card account.
Correct: Furthermore, there are unauthorized charges on my credit card account.

Combination of Transition Words And/Or

When writing an essay, avoid English transition words and/or because it makes your paper look messy. Instead, consider whether you need both connectors or only one of them. If you need them both, try this alternative.

Incorrect: boat and/or plane.
Correct: boat, plane, or both.

Using As Well As as Alternative to And

As well as has a different meaning from the transition word and. And means you’re listing something of equal importance. Meanwhile, as well as is for additional, less essential information. Here’s an example.

Incorrect: In this paper, I discuss my movie analysis as well as provide recommendations for improvement.
Correct: In this paper, I discuss my movie analysis and provide recommendations for improvement.

Archaic Words

Your writing may not make any sense to readers if you overuse archaic transition words like therewith .

For example, hereby means as a result. We can replace it with more modern and explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement is connected to the previous statement.

Linking Words Summary

A linking word is a term that connects different ideas in your text, whether they are contrasting, supporting, or adding. They can improve your writing and help it flow better, I promise!

Regardless of the style of writing, every piece of writing contains linking words to show perfect transitions. I hope my guide on the definition and list of transitions helps you use these words and phrases correctly. Memorize each category, and don’t overuse them in essays.

Grammarist is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. When you buy via the links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you.

How to Write a Pros & Cons Essay: Step-By-Step Guide

Trying to convince someone to take your word on a particular subject isn’t straightforward. You must present convincing arguments backed by proof to encourage your opponent to change their mind. Moreover, the pros and cons essay must also cover the opposing standpoints.

You may wonder why this is relevant. Undoubtedly, most issues in our modern society are multidimensional and double or often triple-sided. There’s no concept clearly black and white, for the simple reason that no two people on Earth have an identical point of view.

Therefore, writing pro and con essays is vital for students of all ages. In the process, you will learn to think analytically and reason things from different angles. Whatever your thoughts on the topic, you must prove your point by offering convincing evidence and facts.

For those who never had the chance to write a pros & cons essay, the time has come to take the plunge. The start may be intimidating, but you’ll soon get the hang of it. To help you, we list a few helpful tips and examples to consider for your pro and con paper.

What Is a Pros and Cons Essay?

Before you set your aims high, let’s explain what for and against essays are. You must also understand the importance of this kind of academic assignment to write efficiently. A pros & cons essay is a written task that elaborates on the advantages and disadvantages of a specific problem. The paper covers different sides of a single topic where your argument prevails.

The most challenging aspect for students is that they can’t just list the benefits and drawbacks of a pressing matter. Instead, they must summarize ideas, like when writing a synthesis essay , and pick a side by stating their point. Moreover, the paper must have a logical flow that ends with your attitude.

The introduction should signpost the direction in which you’re steering. State your opinion only after you’ve meticulously analyzed all for and against arguments.

What to Consider When Writing a Pros and Cons Essay

A Compelling Topic

The topic you choose must have inherent positive and negative sides. Avoid themes with evident benefits and no disadvantages. Similarly, skip obviously disadvantageous topics because those are tiresome and time-consuming. For example, write about an issue with pronounced bad and good sides, such as advertising, online education, or modern technologies. However, the ultimate decision will depend on the course specifics and your professor’s guidelines.

Relevant Ideas

Your work must offer a unique perspective on a central idea. And you must support the main claim with at least three arguments. Including every possible pro and con will overwhelm the reader and won’t make your work impactful.

Instead, write about the core aspects of the issue. You can find numerous relevant examples on Paperell if you lack inspiration. Also, ensure you discuss the strongest point at the onset. Similarly, refute the most relevant con in the end to demonstrate your ability to handle opposing views.

Write in the traditional format. It should consist of an introduction, middle paragraphs (one paragraph for each idea), and a conclusion. Use short and concise sentences to avoid losing yourself in your thoughts. Run-on sentences will confuse the reader and impede seamless reading.

Originality

Refrain from copying other works without including quotations. Your paper must be 100% authentic. If you decide to seek assistance from a platform that offers online essays for sale , ensure it is reliable. Most custom paper services abide by strict academic standards and deliver plagiarism-free work.

Make sure your ideas are relevant, supported by facts, and not arbitrary. Also, typos are unacceptable for these kinds of assignments. To avoid losing points on technical aspects, review your grammatical structures and use plenty of synonyms for the keywords in the essay.

How to Write a Pros and Cons Essay?

For a rookie, the essay composition process might prove an uphill task. However, with practice, you’ll become more efficient and productive. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to write your essay.

Do Thorough Research

Examine the assigned topic and focus on important information on the subject. Try to find credible sources that are objective and fact-based. Though you probably have an opinion on the problem, don’t let it blur your objectivity.

Brainstorm the Advantages and Disadvantages

Once you find enough positive and negative sides of the matter, write them in a list. Ensure you provide examples for each point, as you’d do in exemplification essay writing for your college assignments. Write two columns and rate items by relevance. The top three benefits should go in the paper.

Draft the Essay Skeleton

Decide what outline you’ll use. One approach is to write each pro and con in different paragraphs. Alternatively, you might want to dedicate every paragraph to one aspect of the dilemma, discussing both pros and cons simultaneously.

Be Creative

Start your journey with an attention-grabbing idea that urges your audience to keep reading. To this end, choose a hook for an essay that is topic-related and amusing. Also, when writing a pros and cons paper, the thesis statement should tell the reader what follows.

In the body section, discuss the points you decided to include but with examples and facts. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence, and all explanations should relate to the main claim. The conclusion must summarize the essay, restate your position, and compel the reader to contemplate the problem.

Editing and proofreading your work is critical for an impeccable essay. Ensure your punctuation, spelling, and grammar are error-free.

Plagiarism Free Pros & Cons Essay

Writing a 100% original manuscript isn’t straightforward. As much as you try to paraphrase, sophisticated tools recognize your attempts. The same will happen with the trained eye of your professor. Consider the following tips to avoid plagiarized essays.

Cite Properly

Citations are vital, so you must give credit to all sources you’re using in your paper. This way, you show you can borrow information with integrity. Failure to include quotations and references is plagiarism. The best way to cite a study or research is to follow the APA style.

Use a Plagiarism Checker

Your teachers use specialized tools to check the plagiarism level in your essay. Doing this will spare you a lot of trouble and effort. Try your free plagiarism checker with percentage to get a detailed report on your work. If you spot copied content, rewrite it to express your ideas differently.

Be Original

Pros and cons essays reveal your side on a specific subject. Hence, there’s nothing wrong with sticking to your opinions. With original ideas, you won’t have to worry about plagiarism. Still, always base your thoughts on relevant research and use the conclusion to call for action. Need help with the pros and cons essay? You can pay for papers online to get professional help. Also, ask your instructors or teachers to help you understand the topic.

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IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Vocabulary

When you turn to IELTS Writing Task 2 (the formal essay) on test day, you may encounter an “advantage and disadvantage” essay. This type of essay asks you to evaluate both sides of an issue. Having the right vocabulary for IELTS Writing Task 2 essays is one key to increasing your band score. This is essay is no different. In this article, we’ll look at IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay vocabulary.

What is an Advantage/Disadvantage Essay on the IELTS?

An advantage/disadvantage essay is any essay that requires you to share both good and bad sides of an issue. They’re pretty easy to spot, because they almost always use the phrase “advantages and disadvantages” in the prompt.

With those ideas in mind, here are a few things you should keep in mind while writing an advantages/disadvantages essay.

Get a higher IELTS score? Start your online IELTS prep today with Magoosh.

When you’re writing an advantage/disadvantage essay, you want to present both sides of the issue. Sometimes, but not always, the prompt will ask you to pick which side is stronger. Don’t make a recommendation about which side is better unless the prompt says to! In other words, don’t overthink this: if the prompt doesn’t ask you to pick a side, don’t. Just focus on describing the pros and cons of the issue.

The structure of an IELTS advantages/disadvantages essay should be simple, with four paragraphs:

Introduction
Advantages (OR disadvantages, whichever you have better ideas for)
Disadvantages (OR advantages, if you wrote about disadvantages first

The main thing to keep in mind is that you should separate advantages into their own paragraph and disadvantages into their own paragraph. It doesn’t matter which one comes first, but they should be distinct.

It can be easy to get caught up in using the IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay vocabulary you’ve learned and forgetting to focus on the ideas. However, you should brainstorm ideas carefully at the beginning of your time to make sure that you have something to write about! Aim to share two advantages and two disadvantages in your essay.

With that in mind, I’ll take a look at some words and phrase you can use for this essay type.

Before we get into specifics, though, let’s look at some basic terms for this section: synonyms for “advantages” and “disadvantages”:

Benefits/drawbacks
Positives/negatives

With those in mind, take a look at vocabulary words and phrases you can use to present each side!

IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Vocabulary: Advantages

One advantage of X is…
A primary advantage of X is…
The positive aspects of X include…
A/Another benefit of X is…
An/Another advantage of X is…

IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Vocabulary: Disadvantages

A disadvantage of X is…
One drawback of X is…
A negative aspect of X is…
A negative consequence of X is…
A/another drawback of X is…

Vocabulary and Phrases for Opinions ( ONLY if Required by the Prompt )!

The benefits of X far outweigh/exceed the drawbacks.
The disadvantages of X far outweighs/exceeds the advantages.

Example of an IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

So what does this look like in practice? Take a look at a sample IELTS advantages/disadvantages prompt and a high-scoring essay written in response. If you want, you can use an IELTS essay response sheet and try your own response before checking the answer below!

The Response

One major advantage of streaming films in the home is that it removes barriers between customers and the films. Couples with children do not need to find babysitters to enjoy new cinema. Another benefit of streaming services is that, in many cases, the price of new films is already included in the monthly subscription cost. This means that more people are likely to watch the film at home, even if they were not interested enough to pay money directly to see it in the theatre.

Conversely, a negative consequence of streaming services’ popularity is that, if they reach a certain tipping point of popularity, cinemas may go out of business. Consumers have no incentive to go to the theatre to see the same films they can see in the comfort of their homes. This means that those employed by cinemas, from ushers to those working at concessions stands, may lose their jobs, which could have a knock-on effect on the economy. Another disadvantage of streaming services’ ubiquity is that some films may not be as easy to appreciate artistically on a small screen. By watching these films at home, consumers may be missing out on the director’s artistic vision.

On balance, there are both benefits and drawbacks to the recent rise in streaming services. The effects this trend has are primarily economic (on both individual and societal levels) and artistic.

Word count: 272

Eliot Friesen-Meyers is the Senior Curriculum Manager for Magoosh IELTS and TOEFL. He attended Goshen College (B.A.), New York University (M.A.), and Harvard University (M.T.S.), gaining experience and skills in curriculum development, ESOL instruction, online teaching and learning, and IELTS and TOEFL test prep education. Eliot’s teaching career started with Literacy Americorps in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and later, taught ESL programs at Northeastern University, University of California-Irvine, and Harold Washington College. Eliot was also a speaker at the 2019 TESOL International Conference . With over 10 years of experience, he understands the challenges students face and loves helping them overcome those challenges. Come join Eliot on Youtube , Facebook , and Instagram . Recent blog posts Complete Guide to IELTS Writing Task 1 Complete Guide to IELTS Writing Task 2

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One response to “IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Vocabulary”

the question is about the trend that people are till going to cinema ,eventhoug ott platforms are available.so aforesaid essay written about pros & cons of streaming platform .it is clear that the deviation from the question.

How to Plan & Write IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essays

Questions for IELTS advantages and disadvantages essays can be worded in several different ways. Here is some typical wording that might be used:

What are the advantages and disadvantages of….?
Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your opinion.

It is also common for synonyms of ‘advantages’ and ‘disadvantages’ to be used, such as ‘benefits’ and ‘drawbacks’, as can be seen in this sample question.

A lot of places in the world rely on tourism as a main source of income. Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not well-managed.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world? Do you think that the benefits of tourism outweigh its drawbacks?

I’ll be using this question to guide you through the process of planning and writing an IELTS advantage and disadvantages essay later on in this lesson.

Here’s what the lesson covers:

Understanding IELTS advantages & disadvantages essay questions
Essay structures
How to plan
How to write an introduction
How to write main body paragraphs
How to write a conclusion

Want to watch and listen? Click on this video.

Click the links to see lessons on each of these Task 2 essay writing topics.

Once you understand the process, practice on past questions. Take your time at first and gradually speed up until you can plan and write an essay of at least 250 words in the 40 minutes allowed in the exam.

The Question

IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay questions fall into two main categories:

Questions that ask for your opinion.
Questions that do not require you to state your opinion.

The first part of the question will always be a statement. You will then be asked to write about both the advantages and disadvantages of the idea stated. You may also be required to state your opinion.

Here are two more sample questions for illustration. For the first one, you must give your opinion but in the second, you should not.

1. Small businesses are disappearing and being replaced by large multinational companies.

Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

2. Most career choices demand vocational skills or specialist knowledge. However, despite this, most schools still teach academic subjects such as history or social studies.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this?

Essay Structures

Now let’s look at two simple structures you can use to write IELTS advantages and disadvantages essays. They're not the only possible structures but are ones I recommend because they are easy to learn and will enable you to quickly plan and write a high-level essay.

I’ll explain later why I’m giving you two slightly different structures.

These structures will give you a well-balanced essay with 4 paragraphs.

One Advantage and Disadvantage or Two?

The question will state 'advantages' and 'disadvantages' in the plural, that is, more than one. However, it is acceptable to write about just one.

This should give you an essay of just over the minimum 250 words. To write about two advantages and disadvantages will require you to write nearer 400 words which are a lot to plan and write in the 40 minutes allowed.

It is better to fully develop one advantage and one disadvantage than ending up with your second idea missing an explanation or an example because you run out of time, but you can write about two if you feel able to or more comfortable doing so.

Having said that, using essay structure 2, where you start with the examples, will enable you to easily add more than one advantage and disadvantage without having to write many more words.

It will be more suitable for some questions than others so bear this in mind when you're writing practice essays and try out both structures.

I’m going to use essay structure 2 to show you step-by-step how to write an IELTS advantage and disadvantages essay. I’ll also give you a model answer using essay structure 1 so that you can compare the two.

How To Plan IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essays

The planning process only takes around 5 minutes but it is essential as it will save you time overall and will result in a far better essay and thus, higher marks. Th ere are the 3 things you need to do:

Analyse the question
Generate ideas
Identify vocabulary

# 1 Analyse the question

Analysing the question will ensure that you answer it fully. It’s quick and easy to do. You just need to identify 3 different types of words:

Topic words
Other keywords
Instruction words

Topics words are the ones that identify the general subject of the question and will be found in the statement part of the question.

Here is the question we’re going to be working on. I’ve highlighted the topic words in blue.

So, this question is about ‘ tourism’ .

Many people do this first step of the process and then write about the topic in general. This is a serious mistake and leads to low marks for task achievement.

What we need to do now that we know the general topic, is to understand exactly what aspect of tourism we're being asked to write about.

The other keywords in the question tell you the specific topic your essay must be about.

A lot of places in the world rely on tourism as a main source of income . Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not well-managed.

By highlighting these words, it’s easy to see that you are being asked to write about the conflicting issues of tourism being ‘a main source of income’ in many places, yet also being ‘a source of problems’.

Your essay must only include ideas relevant to this aspect of tourism.

The instruction words are the question itself. They tell you exactly what to include in your essay.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism in the modern world? Do you think that the benefits of tourism outweigh its drawbacks ?

Here, we are required to write about:

The advantages of tourism in relation to income generation.
The disadvantage of tourism in relation to problems it can cause.
Our opinion as to whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

Note the use of the synonyms ‘ benefits ’ and ‘ drawback ’ in the second sentence of the question.

# 2 Generate ideas

The next task is to generate some ideas to write about.

There are several different ways to think up ideas. I cover them fully on the IELTS Essay Planning page.

I’m going to demonstrate two of them for you here – the ‘friends technique’, which is suitable for most IELTS essays, and the ‘example method’, which perfectly fits essay structure 2.

The ‘ friends technique ’ is the method I generally prefer as it allows you to take a step back from the stress of the exam situation and think more calmly.

Here’s how it works. Imagine that you are chatting with a friend over a cup of coffee and they ask you this question. What are the first thoughts to come into your head? Plan your essay around these ideas.

Doing this will help you to come up with simple answers in everyday language rather than straining your brain to think of amazing ideas using high-level language, which isn’t necessary.

Here are my ideas using the friends technique:

There are far too many ideas here to include in an essay of just over 250 words. Think up a few then pick one advantage and one disadvantage that you think you can develop well.

With the ' example method ', on the other hand, you start by thinking of specific examples related to the question. They can come from your own experience or be something you’ve read or heard about. These examples will generate ideas that will become the main points of your essay.

It works particularly well for the model question I’ve selected for this lesson which is why I’ve included the second essay structure.

Here are my ideas using the examples technique:

Now that we have some ideas, we’re almost ready to start writing our IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay, but first, we have one more task to do.

# 3 Vocabulary

During the planning stage, quickly jot down some vocabulary that comes to mind as you decide what you're going to write about, especially synonyms of key words. This will save you having to stop and think of the right language while you’re writing.

Writing an IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

We’re ready to begin writing our essay. For the first model answer, I’m going to take you step-by-step through essay structure 2. I’ll then give you a model answer for essay structure 1.

Here’s a reminder of the question and the essay structure.

We’ll now start work on the introduction.

How To Write an Introduction

The introduction to an IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay should have a simple 2 or 3 part structure:

Paraphrase the question
Outline the main ideas
State your opinion (if required)

Our tourism question asks for our opinion so our introduction will have 3 parts.

1) Paraphrase the question

Start your introduction by paraphrasing the question statement.

Question: A lot of places in the world rely on tourism as a main source of income.

Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems if it is not well-managed.

Paraphrased question:

Although holidaymakers contribute hugely to the economies of many popular destinations, the influx of tourists can also cause serious issues.

Note my use of synonyms for some of the key words. It’s fine to repeat one or two words if you can't think of suitable synonyms. Above all, your language must sound natural.

2) Outline statement

Now we need to add a statement where we outline the main points that we’ll be covering in the rest of the essay, that is, an advantage of tourism and a disadvantage of tourism.

Here are the two main ideas I’ve chosen to write about:

Advantage – Poor areas are now prosperous tourist resorts
Disadvantage – Displacement of local people

Outline statement:

This essay will demonstrate how tourism can transform the economy of poor areas but will also show that this can lead to such problems as the displacement of local people.

3) Opinion statement

The question also asks for our opinion and it’s essential that we include it in the introduction.

Opinion statement:

Whilst acknowledging that there are drawbacks, the essay will argue that the advantages of the tourist industry outweigh the disadvantages.

So, let’s bring the three elements of our introduction together.

Introduction

This introduction achieves three important functions:

It shows the examiner that you understand the question.
It acts as a guide to the examiner as to what your essay is about.
It also helps to keep you focused and on track as you write.

The two ideas in your introduction will become your two main body paragraphs.

Main body paragraph 1 – Poor areas are now prosperous tourist resorts

Main body paragraph 2 – Displacement of local people

How To Write Main Body Paragraphs

Main body paragraphs in IELTS advantages and disadvantages essays written using structure 2, should contain 3 things:

Topic sentence – give an example
Explanation – explain the benefits/advantages
Consequence – state the result

Main Body Paragraph 1

The topic sentence summarises the main idea of the paragraph. It plays an important role in ensuring that your ideas flow logically from one to another. It does this by acting as a signpost for what is to come next, that is, what the paragraph will be about.

If you maintain a clear development of ideas throughout your essay, you will get high marks for task achievement and cohesion and coherence.

In this instance, the topic sentence will introduce our first example, for which I’ve chosen Thailand.

Main idea – Poor areas are now prosperous tourist resorts
Example – Thailand

Topic sentence:

One country that has experienced a significant economic boost from tourism is Thailand.

Next, we must write an explanation sentence that states the main point of our example.

Explanation sentence:

Over the past 50 years, many of its small fishing villages, where people often struggled to make a living, have been developed into thriving holiday destinations.

Finally, we explain the consequence or result of the situation. This is where we give an example of one specific advantage. It is better to pick one and develop it than to just add a long list.

Consequence:

With all the hotels, restaurants, shops and other tourist facilities that have been developed, there are now enough jobs for everyone and the general standard of living has greatly increased. Many local people have spotted new business opportunities and become entrepreneurs which has further diversified the economy.

That’s the 3 parts of our first main body paragraph complete. Here’s the finished paragraph.

We’ll now follow the same process for our second main body paragraph.

Main Body Paragraph 2

Main idea – Displacement of local people

Example – Venice

First, we write the topic sentence to summarise the main idea.

Topic sentence:

In Venice, on the other hand, the huge popularity of the beautiful canals and stunning architecture with visitors from around the world has had a negative impact on local residents.

Now for the explanation sentence that states the main point of our example.

Explanation sentence:

The growing need for tourist accommodation, places to eat and shops has forced many people from their homes to make way for this new development.

Finally, a specific example to explain the consequence .

Not only have these people suffered by having to move away from their family and friends but the situation has also resulted in a lost sense of community in the worst affected areas.

That’s the 3 parts of our second main body paragraph complete. Here’s the finished paragraph.

Now we need a conclusion and our IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay is done.

How To Write a Conclusion

The conclusion is a summary of the main points in your essay and can generally be done in a single sentence. It should never introduce new ideas.

If you're below the minimum 250 words after you’ve written your conclusion, you can add a prediction or recommendation statement.

Our essay is already near the minimum word limit so we don’t need this extra sentence but you can learn more about how to write a prediction or recommendation statement for IELTS advantages and disadvantages essays on the Task 2 Conclusions page.

The conclusion is the easiest sentence in the essay to write but one of the most important.

A good conclusion will:

Neatly end the essay
Link all your ideas together
Sum up your argument or opinion
Answer the question

If you achieve this, you’ll improve your score for both task achievement and cohesion and coherence which together make up 50% of the overall marks. Without a conclusion, you’ll score below band 6 for task achievement.

You can start almost any final paragraph of an IELTS a dvantages and disadvantages essay with the words:

In conclusion

To conclude

Now all you need to do is briefly summarise the main ideas into one sentence.

Here’s a top tip . Go back and read the introduction to the essay because this is also a summary of the essay. It outlines what you are going to write about.

To create a great conclusion, you simply have to paraphrase the introduction.

Introduction:

Here's the same information formed into a conclusion:

That’s it. We’ve completed our advantages and disadvantages essay. Here it is with the 4 paragraphs put together.

Finished IELTS advantages and disadvantages essay.

Go through this lesson as many times as you need to in order to fully understand it and put in lots of practice writing IELTS advantages and disadvantages essays from past exam questions. Practice is the only way to improve your skills.

Example IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay for Structure 1

Now, here’s a model answer for essay structure 1. First, a reminder of the structure and the ideas I generated using the friends technique.

Ideas generation - Friends technique

I’ve underline the ideas I’ve chosen to write about in this second essay:

Advantages of tourism – source of income:

Provides jobs for local people
Opportunities for local entrepreneurs
Tourist spending boosts both national & local economy
Brings improvement in local infrastructure & facilities which benefit whole community
Helps maintain traditions & culture

Disadvantages of tourism – the problems:

Money goes to wealthy business owners not local people
Increased crime
Illegal activities, e.g. drugs
More pubs & clubs – changes the local culture
Increase in property values
Destruction of the natural environment to build hotels, airports & other facilities
Displacement of indigenous people

See if you can identify the different parts of the essay and how I have developed them.

That's it. Now it's time for you to get practicing.

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More help with ielts advantages and disadvantages essays & other task 2 essays.

IELTS Writing Task 2 – T he format, the 5 question types, the 5 step essay writing strategy & sample questions. All the key information you need to know.

The 5 Types of Task 2 Essay – How to recognise the 5 different types of Task 2 essays. 15 sample questions to study and a simple planning structure for each essay type.

Understanding Task 2 Questions – How to quickly and easily analyse and understand IELTS Writing Task 2 questions.

How To Plan a Task 2 Essay – Discover why essay planning is essential & learn a simple 4 step strategy, the 4 part essay structure & 4 methods of generating ideas.

How To Write a Task 2 Introduction – Find out why a good introduction is essential. Learn how to write one using a simple 3 part strategy & discover 4 common mistakes to avoid.

How To Write Task 2 Main Body Paragraphs – Learn the simple 3 part structure for writing great main body paragraphs and also, 3 common mistakes to avoid.

How To Write Task 2 Conclusions – Learn the easy way to write the perfect conclusion for a Task 2 essay. Also discover 4 common mistakes to avoid.

Task 2 Marking Criteria – Find out how to meet the marking criteria in Task 2. See examples of good and poor answers & learn some common mistakes to avoid.

The 5 Task 2 Essay Types:

Step-by-step instructions on how to plan & write high-level essays. Model answers & common mistakes to avoid.

Opinion Essays

Discussion Essays

Problem Solution Essays

Advantages & Disadvantages Essays

Double Question Essays

Other Related Pages

IELTS Writing Test – Understand the format & marking criteria, know what skills are assessed & learn the difference between the Academic & General writing tests.

IELTS Writing
Advantages & Disadvantages Essays
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Essay Task 2

Guide to Advantage Disadvantage IELTS Essay Type

Essay Types
Double Question
Advantage Disadvantage
Problem Solution
Essay Length

IELTS advantage/disadvantage essays ask you to write about the benefits and drawbacks of a topic as well as (sometimes) asking for your opinion. This guide covers everything you need to know to complete an Academic IELTS advantage/ disadvantage essay. Let’s start preparing with Benchmark IELTS!

1.1 understanding the question, 1.2 example advantage/disadvantage questions, 2.1 essay structure 1, 2.2 essay structure 2.

3.1 Identify key words and phrases

3.2 Organise your ideas

3.3 identify vocabulary, 4.1 introduction, 4.2 main body paragraphs, 4.3 conclusion, 5.1 complete the sample advantage/disadvantage essay, 5.2 advantage/disadvantage sample essay, 1. advantage/ disadvantage essay overview.

This section of the guide will show you how to identify an IELTS advantage/disadvantage question.

Remember, there are five main types of writing task 2 questions:

Advantage/disadvantage
Double question
Problem/solution

It is very important to understand what type of question you are given in the exam so you can respond in an appropriate way: different question types will require different responses.

Advantage/disadvantage essay questions can be presented in several different ways.

Here are some examples of the way an advantage/disadvantage question may be worded:

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages and give your opinion.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of _____ and give your opinion.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of _____?

You may also see questions using synonyms for advantage and disadvantage, for example:

What are the benefits and drawbacks of…?

Be careful, the question itself might not always use words or phrases relating to advantage/disadvantage and they could be hidden in the statement, as seen here:

Some people believe that using a bicycle as your main form of transport has a lot of advantages , whereas others believe that it has many disadvantages . Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Here is another example of a question where you are asked to give your opinion:

Do the advantages of … outweigh the disadvantages

After you have identified the essay type , you need to understand what you are being asked to do. To do well in the Task achievement marking component, you need to ‘ address all parts of the task’ .

This type of essay question will always be split into two parts:

The IELTS statement
The question

You must always write about both the advantages and disadvantages of the given topic. As we can see in example questions 1-6, sometimes you are asked to give your opinion on the question, and sometimes you are not. Let’s compare the following questions:

You are not being asked to give your opinion

Here are some example advantage/disadvantage essay questions:

In the past, when students did a university degree, they tended to study in their own country. Nowadays, they have more of an opportunity to study abroad.

Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

Today children spend a lot of their free time watching TV.

Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of this practice?

Also, read the following IELTS Essay Writing Guides

IELTS Discussion Type Questions
Double Question IELTS Essay Topics
Opinion-based Task 2 IELTS Guide
Problem Solution IELTS Writing Task Statement

The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace. Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy.

The benefits of nuclear technology far outweigh the disadvantages.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

In the past, when students did a university degree, they tended to study in their own country. Nowadays, they have the opportunity to study abroad.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this development?

More and more people prefer to read news online rather than on paper.

Do you think the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.

2. Essay Structures for Advantage/Disadvantage Essays

There is more than one way to structure your advantage/disadvantage essay. You could take a thesis-led (opinion in the introduction) or an evidence-led (opinion in your conclusion).

You could also choose to focus on one or more than one advantage/disadvantage in each of your main body paragraphs.

The next two sections will give you two possible ways that you could structure your essay using four clearly organized paragraphs.

Thesis-led approach

Evidence-led approach

3. Planning your Advantage/Disadvantage Essay

Before you start writing your essay, you should give yourself 5 minutes to analyze the question and organize your ideas . Follow the tips below to create a well-planned essay!

3.1 Identify keywords and phrases

It sounds simple, but it is very important that you read the question carefully and understand what you are being asked to write about. To analyze the question, first, identify any keywords and phrases .

You should first identify the topic of the essay. If you do not write about the correct topic, you will score poorly in Task achievement . The general topic can always be found in the IELTS statement.

Let’s take a look at one of the previous examples:

The threat of nuclear weapons maintains world peace . Nuclear power provides cheap and clean energy .

The topic words are underlined and show the general topic of this essay question in nuclear weapons/power/technology .

After you have identified the general topic, you need to locate other keywords that give you more detail about the topic. In this question, the words world peace and cheap and clean energy in bold give you more information about the general topic. Therefore, your essay should only relate to these aspects of nuclear weapons/power/technology .

Now take a look at the question for our model answer at the end of this guide. Can you identify the general topic?

This is an important step that is often skipped by test-takers. By quickly writing down your key ideas, you will avoid repeating or missing any points and improve your score in both Task achievement and Coherence and cohesion .

You could use bullet points , columns , or another preferred method of writing down ideas . Here is an example for our sample essay:

Take a look at our Master Guide for a more in-depth look at idea generation and organizing your ideas.

Taking a moment to write down more uncommon vocabulary related to the essay topic will not only make you feel more relaxed in the exam but will also help you to improve your score in Lexical resources .

This doesn’t have to be a long list, just a few ideas that come into your mind. Here are some examples of the topic of studying abroad:

Culture shock
Language barrier
Broaden one’s horizons

4. Writing your Advantages/Disadvantages Essay

Your introduction should be the shortest paragraph in your essay (about 40-60 words is perfect).

You need to rephrase the IELTS statement in your own words. This is known as paraphrasing (a key skill to develop for the IELTS exam).

Take a look at our example:

You can also briefly state what your essay will be about in one clear sentence. For instance:

This essay will discuss both points of view and then I will give my opinion.

If you are taking a thesis-led approach, you can use one of the following sentence starters to briefly give your opinion:

I believe that…
It is my belief that…
In my opinion,…

A note on the use of the first person ‘I’: Unlike writing task 1, it is appropriate to use the first person in your writing task 2 essay. In fact, it is unavoidable when giving your opinion. But , you should not overuse ‘I’ in your essay and we recommend you limit your use to your introduction and conclusion.

Topic sentences Usually, the first sentence of your main body paragraph will be a topic sentence . The purpose of your topic sentence is to introduce the main idea of your paragraph .

You should include one topic sentence for each advantage/disadvantage . This means that, if your main body paragraphs focus on two advantages/disadvantages , then you should have two topic sentences per paragraph.

Here’s an example: One advantage of studying abroad is that students can improve their language skills.

Here are some other sentence starters you can use for your essays (you can replace the underlined words with vocabulary linked to your topic):

One advantage of studying abroad is that ….
Another benefit of studying abroad is that…
One downside of studying abroad is that…
Another downside of studying abroad is that…

Supporting sentences You should then expand on your topic sentence with a supporting sentence/sentences . Your sentence(s) could either describe a result of the advantage/disadvantage, go into more detail , or explain the reason(s) why these benefits/drawbacks occur.

Our example supporting sentence describes a result of the advantage given in the topic sentence.

Topic sentence – One advantage of studying abroad is that students can improve their language skills.

Supporting sentence – This means that when the students return to their home countries, they will have more employment opportunities.

Here are some sentences starters you can use to begin your supporting sentences:

This is because…
The result/consequence/reason is that…
This means that…
As a result/consequence,…
In other words,…

Giving examples For all writing task 2 essay types , you must support your response with examples. Do not personalize your examples and link them to your life instead, Keep your examples more general . Also, do not refer to made-up statistics .

Here are some instances of suitable and non-suitable examples:

Suitable For example, many young people who study in an English-speaking country for a few years develop strong communication skills and have the confidence to work in an international company when they return home.

Not suitable My cousin spent three years in an English-speaking country and they got an excellent job with an international country when they came back to Spain. ( this example is too personal as it refers to the writer’s family ) ❌

According to statistics, international students are 30% more likely to get a job in an international company when they study overseas. ( this example contains a made-up statistic )

You must include a conclusion to achieve a good score in Task achievement . Your conclusion does not have to be very long, but it needs to be clear and do two main things:

Paraphrase yourself : summarise the key points in your body paragraphs
Give your opinion : It depends if you have taken an evidence-led or thesis-led approach, you will either be re-stating the opinion given in your introduction or giving your opinion for the first time.

Make your conclusion easy to identify for the examiner by starting with linking phrases such as:

To sum up,…
To summarise,…
In conclusion,…

When you are paraphrasing the main points of your essay, you need to state that you have examined both sides of the argument (as that is what the question has asked you to do). To do this, consider using a phrase like:

In conclusion, having looked at this topic in detail, it is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad .

You would need to replace the underlined section with your essay topic.

To give your opinion, you need to use a range of cohesive devices to introduce each example such as:

From my perspective,…
In my view,…

You then need to clearly state which side of the argument you agree with (advantage or disadvantage). Remember, your actual opinion does not matter, it is how you present your opinion using English that is important.

Here are some example sentences to do this effectively:

In my opinion, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
From my perspective, the drawbacks outweigh the benefits .

5. Example Advantage/Disadvantage Essay and Exercise

Now you’ve taken a look at how to write an advantage/disadvantage essay, let’s look at a model answer.

We have removed some of the words so you can put your knowledge to the test.

Select the correct missing words and complete the model answer.

In recent years, it has become much more common for students to complete their degree overseas instead of their house country. Many persons believe that there are significant benefits of doing this, while others argue that there are also drawbacks connected to studying abroad. This essay will discuss both points of mind and then I will give my opinion.

One advantage of study abroad is that students can improve their employee skills. This means that when the students return to their home countries, they will have more employment opportunities. An example, many young people who study in an English-speaking country for a few years develop strong communication skills and have the confidence to work in an international company when they return home. On the other hand benefit of studying abroad is that you can develop a better understanding of other cultures, Example , learning about a country’s customs, traditions and cuisines. The consequence of this is that people become more open-minded.

In the other hand, there are some disadvantages of studying abroad. One backdraw is that students may miss their friends and family and feel homesad. They may also find it difficult to connect with other students and make friends due to a language barrier . Another disadvantage is that students can experience a real culture shock when moving to another country. This is because the culture and language may be different which could lead to frustration for the student and dissatisfaction with their study experience.

To overall , it is clear that there are both advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. In my thought, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Although it is true that the experience may be challenging at first, on balance , if you study abroad you will have an enriching experience that will broaden your horizons and increase your future prospects.

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Recursos para el aprendizaje
Writing in English with connectors (Par...

Writing in English with connectors (Part 1 of 4): justifying your opinion. Level B2 and C1.

This article will help you with FCE, CAE, IELTS and TOEFL.

Connectors are necessary to structure our writing so that readers can understand our thinking more easily. When used effectively, connectors can help you maximise your points in an official exam. Today, we are looking at listing your arguments to support your opinion.

Typically, you are required to state an opinion about a topic and give reasons why you hold that opinion. For example:

“Should people use more public transport instead of private cars?”

In this type of essay, you are expected to give your opinion although, in reality, your opinion is not important. What matters is WHY you have that opinion. What are the arguments that support your opinion? That is what the examiner is looking for. Whether you think that people should or should not use more public transport is irrelevant.

Given the limited time you have in an exam to write your essay, the magic number is THREE. You need to provide three reasons/arguments to justify your opinion. Connectors here are important.

Your answer could have this simple structure which you then develop into a full essay. You should spend the first few minutes drafting this basic structure with your three arguments.

1. INTRODUCTION:

I believe that people should use public transport more often.

2. FIRST PARAGRAPH:

Firstly, public transport is better for the environment.

3. SECOND PARAGRAPH:

Secondly, it is cheaper and fairer to use public transport.

4. THIRD PARAGRAPSH:

Thirdly, trains and buses can be used even by young people who cannot drive.

5. CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, I think we should all use public transport.”

This is your basic structure with 52 words. Now, you have to fill out each paragraph with more sentences to give more details and examples about your arguments. But you have the essence of your essay.

You can see that the simple use of a few connectors (firstly, secondly, thirdly, in conclusion) already gives the examiner a clear idea of the arguments that support your opinion. Even if you makes mistakes here and there, your thinking is very clear, so you will get points. The examiner is interested in the way you structure your thoughts, not just in grammar!

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#191: Talking about Pros & Cons in English

Oct 21, 2020 | Advanced Vocabulary , Business Professional English , English Conversation

Over the past several weeks, I’ve shared lessons on how to offer suggestions, which is perfect for brainstorming and throwing ideas out there. I also shared a lesson on how to show support for someone else’s idea.

But at some point, when you’re considering options, you or your team have to make a decision. And for that, we need to talk about the pros and cons.

There’s a fantastic collocation we use when we want to discuss the pros and cons: to weigh the pros and cons .

When a decision is needed, someone may suggest: Let’s weigh the pros and cons.

Such a conversation is particularly helpful when there isn’t a clear winner or when you feel there are no good options.

Similarly, you may talk about the pros and cons when you want to weigh an issue.

I recently shared a lesson on political vocabulary . Today’s lesson on the pros and cons in English can also be useful when considering the advantages and disadvantages of a political policy or candidate.

In today’s Confident English lesson, you’ll learn a variety of new words you can use PLUS common sentence starters to use.

In the video below, I also mention the following lessons that may be helpful to you:

Powerful Public Speaking Course
9 Effective Phrases to Express Support in English [Ideas, Opinions, and People]
Make Suggestions in English — 12 Effective Sentence Starters
Advanced English Vocabulary for Elections and Politics

Talking about the Pros and Cons in English

Synonyms for pros.

The following words and phrases are often used when discussing the pros of an issue.

One/A Benefit
One/An Upside
One/An Advantage
One/A Positive
One/A Good side
One point in favor of/in support of
An argument in favor of
To be in favor of
One reason to be in favor of/in support of (note difference between this and the next)
One reason I’m in favor of/ in support of

Synonyms for Cons

The following words and phrases are often used when discussing the cons of an issue.

One/A Drawback
One/A Downside
One/A Disadvantage
One/A Negative
One/A Bad side
One/ A Minus
One criticism I have is…
An argument against this is…
To be against
One reason to not be in favor of/in support of (note difference between this and the next)
One reason I’m not in favor of/ in support of

When You Understand or Want to Consider Both Pros and Cons

I can see both sides of the issue.
I can see all sides of the issue.

Example Sentences for Talking about the Pros and Cons

I’m in favor of increasing the spending limits on the ad campaign.
One upside to delaying our launch is we can eliminate this bug in the software before any other customers encounter this problem.
Certainly, one reason in favor of delaying the wedding is so you can have all your family and friends present to celebrate with you. Unfortunately, we just don’t know how long you may need to delay.
One disadvantage o f this medication is its potential for strong side effects, including nausea and headaches.
One argument against delaying our product launch is the reality that our entire customer base expects us to launch on November 22 as promised.
I don’t support Candidate B because I’m not in support of her tax policy.

Now it’s time for you to practice.

Are you in the process of weighing the pros and cons to make a decision? Try sharing an example sentence of your own to express your thoughts.

Also, if you loved my lesson on vocabulary for politics and elections , share an example sentence that highlights the pro or the con of a political issue.

As always, you can share your examples with me in the comments below. Plus, you can learn from others in the Confident English Community by reviewing their examples as well.

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-Commuting to school by bus definitely takes more time than using my own mop, but an upside of this is that such public transport helps partly protect the environment.

-One reason I’m in favor of studying at home is that it allows me to be fully focused on my tasks and minimize distractions, which also increases my productivity.

An upside of watching your video is it allows me to keep improving my English skills.

This pandemic scenario shows me the benefits of work from home, nevertheless I believe that one disadvantage is that some colleagues take their time for granted working from home.

Good points, Evair, and nice work with the key vocabulary in this lesson.

In the pandemic, I am working from home. One advantage is that I could arrange to take care of my child. But one disadvantage is it’s hard to reach the deadline. So working from home has both sides for me. But I am in support of working from home because I think it’s necessary to against pandemic.

-One reason to be in favor of lock dawn is that we have had extra time to focus on our own self growth. -One downside of online schools is that the students can’t learn manners any more. -One argument against having a pet is that you don’t have time to look after him. -I’m in support of having a gab year in high school because it diffidently helps teenagers to find their hobbies and real goals.

Excellent Nada! I love these examples. In your final example, I think you meant ‘gap’ as opposed to ‘gab.’ Is that right? I’ve never thought about the benefits of a gap year but I think you’re right. It’s a good opportunity for students to better evaluate what they want to do going forward.

it is the usual amazing way illustrating concepts with common examples. I really like all seen YouTube lessons, thank you very much

Now in Spain there is one importan issue to discuss, will be able the Public Health System support the Covid-19 pandemia? In my opinion, don,t .it In this time the situation is completely out of control. The Spanish Health System have many advantages. One reason in favor is that every body can get the same benefits and facilities. This is an important good side and I,m totally in favorbut.Nowadeys in Spain people have a wrond idea that health is a consumable produts and with a pus, is totally free.It dont mine how many times people ask in the health center … Read more »

One argument against voting by post is that it is easy to cheat.

I’m in favor of increasing Zoom activity during the pandemic .

One disadvantage of climbing mountains is easily hurting your kneecap.

I’m in favour of reducing working hours at workplace.

One disadvantage against writing an e-mail is that you don’t know how quickly other person can read it and respond.

One reason I’m favor of wearing a mask is to reduce the Covid 19 infection

🙌Totally agree.

Since we humans are very often driven by impressions and are biased by predeterminations, it is very usefull to apply the objective practice of weghing pros and cons. The Lesson was very effective in describing the method in english speaking=thinking.

When I face any issue in my life, I’m in favour of weighing pros and cons of that issue to make a smart decision. I want to stay calm and positive and deliver my ideas in a much positive and respectful way to come across to a solution that benefits both sides of the issue. Thank you Annemarie for the sensational lesson, as usual it was helpful and magnificent. Have an amazing day.

Hi Annemarie,

Thank you for this interesting and useful lesson. It is helpful because we make a decisions every day and sometimes this is very important and difficult.

I’m considering buying a dog from a breeder. Before I make a choice I look at all sides of the issue.

One benefit is a reputable breeder will only give me a puppy that is free of genetic diseases. Drawback is that a purebred puppy from a good breeder will be expensive.

Best 🙂 Agnieszka

Oh, I love your sentence, “Before I make a choice, I look at all sides of the issue.” Perfectly said. Nice work with the key vocabulary in this lesson.

I’m looking at both sides of working from home. I am in favor of spending time more efficient and don’t waste time commuting. A downside is I may lack of face-to-face communication, and as a result, may be misunderstandings with colleagues

Great examples of upsides and downsides of working from home, Anna!

I’m a doctor who works in hospital: I’m seeing both sides of going to work or not, because my son is COVID-19 positive. A benefit is to help my collegaues in this difficult moment, a drawback is my potential capacity to be a viral vehicule, although I’m negative at the moment

One reason I’m in favour of Annemarie’ s lessons is her sweeties way to improve my english without boring. I’m against lessons during too long and full of gramatical exercises!

What a difficult time it is right now! I hope your son is doing okay and you’re getting some much needed time to relax between work shifts!

I’m looking at both sides of wearing masks, one upside is it’s reduces the COVID infection and the downside is people feel suffocated while wearing it.

One reason I am in favor of watching news is it keeps me updated.

Hi Sima. Thank you for your comment and for sharing your examples. Great work!

I love your lessons and your way of speaking! Thank you!

Hi Kasia. Thank you for your comment. We’re thrilled to know the lesson was helpful to you!

One downside of not being able to improve my English is having no one to talk to around.

One reason I’m favor of wearing a mask is to reduce the Covid 19 infection

Hi Mohamed. Thank you for your comment. I totally agree with you – wearing a mask is necessary for these circumstances.

Hi AnneMarie! Thank you for this interesting lesson that is helpfull not only to speak in english, but in every moment is needed to make a decision.

Before I make a choise or a decision, I look at all side of the issue.

One reason to delay my workshop with people in presence, is more time to prepare the lessons in the best way.

The disadvantage in this period by pandemia for CVD 19, is the unpossibility to meet my friends all toghether as I need.

Regards Cinzia

Hi Cinzia, thank you for your comment and sharing your thoughts and examples with us. I can’t agree more with your last sentence. The most challenging part of this pandemic is isolation from people you love and need the most.

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Essay Topics
Pros and Cons

50 Pros and Cons Essay Topics

What is the point of pros and cons essay topics? They help students understand what they would like to write about. Imagine that you got an assignment: your professor asked you to craft an essay where you evaluate an object along with its advantages and disadvantages. This would be a pros & cons type of task, and it’s represented by a set of different features. You might be concerned about how much research you’re going to need and when to find time for writing, but the truth is, selecting which pros and cons subjects to explore is one of the major factors affecting your success. If you make a wrong decision, then your research and efforts won’t pay off as well as they could have otherwise. This kind of essay is essential because it develops your analytical skills and teaches you to look into the depth of an object, underlining its weak and strong sides. We hope to assist you by making it clear why choice of topics plays such a major role in writing and where to find inspiration for it.

How to Choose Pro Con Essay Topics?

All students should follow some writing strategies when they start working on a new task. We’re going to outline four of them. Take a look and try to keep these things in mind. They usually apply in all situations, and with their help, you have more chances at writing a strong and engaging essay.

Always make things interesting for yourself. All topics could be made interesting, at least to an extent. If you were forced to take a topic from a professor-generated list, then it could be tough, but otherwise, you can always look for something that will trigger your honest interest. There are plenty of good pros and cons topics — all you need is take a dive into your own mind. Think about stuff that you’re invested in. Perhaps you’re an athlete passionate about swimming. Maybe you love cooking, prefer theater performances over movies, or love sea over the ocean. Why not write about this? It would be exciting for you, and if you feel interested in your topic, your writing is going to reflect it, so your readers will find enjoyment as well.
Preserve your objectivity. Some pro con paper topics are less fortunate than others. Try not to pick something that is obviously good or bad. For example, if you decided on exploring the benefits and cons unemployment has, the latter will clearly prevail, so you won’t be able to write a balanced essay. If you have passion for some topic, it might be great, but it could also hinder you from being objective. Assess your reactions and attitudes, and choose a theme you could build a fantastic essay on.
Check if your ideas are supported. Pro con topics could be controversial, which is something professors usually like, but you’re going to have to use sources for supporting your points. Don’t make statements that reality refutes. Even if you feel strongly about a topic, you should rely on facts, not emotions. So watch out for it and check whether there are enough articles or books that could be incorporated as you need it.
Discuss. Talk about your ideas with others. This could be a teacher — in most cases, they appreciate being consulted. Classmates are also a great bet: discuss your ideas together and brainstorm. Maybe you’ll find common inspiration. Talk with your friends or family members — they could offer you ideas you haven’t considered. Write about things you like, and you’ll learn to feel enjoyment during this process.

50 Useful Pro and Cons Topics

The list below has various suggestions you could use for your essay. We devised it so that you could find inspiration whenever you need it: just look through these 50 options and settle on the ones you like. Take them and write an essay on them or shift some ideas in the way you like before doing this. The choice is yours: we are here only for boosting your productivity.

Education Pros and Cons Essay Topics

In many ways, success depends on the education you receive. These pros and cons topics could let you argue against this point or in favor of it.

Should Students Be Motivated to Receive Education in the US?
Doing Homework: Is This a Good Idea?
Prolonging Education by Getting a Master’s Degree: Waste of Time or Step Toward a Better Future?
Moving into Campus: Good or Bad Decision?
Sending Children to Preschool: Do They Really Need to Go There?
Tuition Costing Money: What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of This Issue?
Academic Grades As a Method for Evaluating Performance: Motivating or Discouraging?
What Are the Perks and Drawbacks of Online Education?
Taking Gap Year Before Entering College: Yes or No?
Purpose of Application Essays and Degrees of Effectiveness

Health Pros and Cons Essay Ideas

Billions of people all over the world are terrified for their health right now. Choose a pro con topic that speaks to you most.

Wearing Masks Outside: Pros & Cons
Hospice: Place of Hope or Despair for Those Who Are Already Dying?
Should Students Choose Nursing as Their Career?
Pros & Cons of Studying at Medical University
Is Personal Hygiene Really That Important?
The Benefits & Dangers of Alternative Medicine
Should People Who Want to Lose Weight Rely on Diets?
Reasons for Getting or Not Getting Health Insurance in the US
Going Vegan: Should Most People Do It?
Safety & Dangers Presented By Modern Vaccines

Social Media and Technology Topics

Almost all of us have an account on one of social media platforms. These pro and con topics reflect this trend.

What Are the Benefits and Dangers Posed By Online Dating?
Discuss What Makes iPhones a Great & Terrible Choice
Gaining Popularity on Social Platforms: A Curse or a Blessing?
Using Facebook For Most Communication Needs
Reading E-Books Instead of Physical Books: Did This Change Make People’s Lives Easier?
Relying on Your Cell Phone: Why Is This Useful & What Dangers It Could Lead To
Evolution of Technology: Did It Improve Our Lives or Made Them Unhealthier?
Becoming a Technician: Is There a Point?
Skype as a Way to Stay in Touch Visually No Matter the Distance: Pluses and Minuses
Twitter as a Platform for Exchanging Crucial Info.

Suffer from writer’s block?

Your unique essay is just a few clicks away!

History and Politics

Here’s an example of advantage and disadvantage topics related to historical & political aspects of our life.

Was Trump a Good President for Americans?
Was Obama’s Presidency a Good or Bad Thing for Other Countries?
Different Wars from the perspective of the US: Who Got Rich & Poor?
Monarchy as System of Government: Should It Be Applied More Often?
Age Limit for Participating for President Position: Is It Necessary?
Being a Queen That Rules an Entire Country: Too Much Trouble or Endless Pleasure?
Civil Right Movements: Victories and Losses That Resulted From It
Should Students Be Encouraged to Study Political Science In Colleges?
Is There a Sense in Political Theories Or Are They All Meaningless?
Communism as Structure Based on Equality: In What Way Does It Work in Reality?

Morality and Social Issues Pro and Cons Essays Topics

Morality could be seen as a simple area of discussions, but at the same time, it’s incredibly complex. These topics with pros and cons could push you in the right direction.

Provision of Free Apartments for Homeless People: Is This a Viable Solution?
Discuss if Death Penalty Should Be Applied in Violent Cases Where Guilt Is Proven Beyond Reasonable Doubt
Living in a Third World Country: Positive & Negative Aspects
Adopting Pets From Shelter: Is It Always a Better Choice?
Having Children Despite Being Poor: Should It Be Done?
Living with a Person You No Longer Love for the Sake of Children
Giving Gifts to People You Do Not Care About: Is There a Point?
Helping People Despite Not Being Well Off Yourself
Being Brave Regardless of the Circumstances: Is It Noble or Stupid?
Should Children Be Punished by Their Parents If They Misbehave?

Learn How to Pick Pros and Cons Essay Topics and Improve Your Writing

Can’t come up with a topic for you paper? We’ve prepared a collection of essay topics for you

Want to write a winning essay but lack experience? Browse our free essay samples

How to Write an Essay for C1 Advanced (CAE)

Luis @ kse academy.

diciembre 21, 2022

As I’m sure you already know, Cambridge exams have several papers (Reading, Writing, Use of English, Speaking and Listening), and each of these components is divided into different parts. In this post, I want to focus on Writing Part 1 of the C1 Advanced, that is, how to write an Essay for the CAE . Because, remember, C1 Writing Part 1 will always be an essay 🙂

Sample C1 Essay

New C1 Writing Guide out now!

3 examples of every task type
Essay, Review, Formal and Informal Email and Letter, Report & Proposal
500+ useful phrases ready to use in your writings
95 pages of exclusive and original writing content
Description of the C1 Writing paper
Detailed description of each part of the Writing paper
Assessment criteria and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

See sample or Buy on Amazon

What are the parts of the C1 Advanced Writing?

The C1 Advanced (CAE) Writing, as we have already seen in another article, has 2 parts , and for each one you will have to write a text according to the exercise instructions. What you should know is that there is a limited range of text types that you may be asked to write in each part, so let’s see:

Writing Part 1: In this part you will always have to write an essay, and you will have no other options to choose from. That’s why it is really important that you pay attention to this article and learn how to write an essay for C1 Advanced to the best of your ability.
Formal letter/email
Informal letter/email
Review
Proposal

Each writing task you do should be between 220 and 260 words long, approximately, and, as they are different types of writing, you should take into account the peculiarities of each one in terms of structure, register, grammar and vocabulary, etc.

So let’s start with the one that concerns us in this article: Essays!

What is an essay ?

An Essay is a text of opinion in which we analyse a topic, a situation or a problem from different points of view or by considering several points or solutions to the problem. In each of the paragraphs, we deal with each point and express different facts, considerations and opinions.

Now that we know what an essay is, let’s look at how to write an essay and its characteristics.

How to Write an Essay for CAE Writing

Here are the main characteristics of a C1-level essay so that you can keep them in mind when writing:

Purpose: With an essay, what we do is evaluate a topic, situation or problem that is of some interest or controversy (e.g. teenage mobile phone use ). Often, the Writing activity is set as a task that takes place after a class debate. In an exam, you will have to imagine the debate for yourself (duh!).
Tone and register: As it is a text on a serious or controversial topic, the Essay is always written in a formal context, so we must use an objective tone. Furthermore, the linguistic register should always be formal, avoiding common words such as things , stuff , get , etc.; contractions ( can’t , don’t , won’t , etc.); or expressions that may sound informal.
Structure: Like all writing tasks, an essay has a fairly well-defined structure, although it is not 100% fixed and immovable. To begin with, we can choose to give it a title or not, but, personally, I find it more appropriate to write an Essay with a title. Have you ever seen a text published without a title? Probably not. As for the body of the essay, it should be divided into the following paragraphs: introduction, point 1, point 2 and conclusion. In other words, in general, a Cambridge C1 Essay should have 4-5 paragraphs.
Opinion: This is where we have the most leeway when writing an essay for C1. There are many ways of expressing your opinion in an Essay, so you should choose the one that best suits your Writing approach. What I usually recommend, however, is that you remain impartial throughout the whole text and only express your opinion at the end, in the last paragraph, as a conclusion. As always, the most important thing is that you justify everything you say in your writing and that your conclusion answers the main question of the assignment.
Coherence and progression: Coherence is essential in all Writings, but especially in the essay. As it is a supporting and argumentative text, you cannot write unconnected sentences and paragraphs; the ideas must follow a logical and well-connected order, using connectors appropriate to C1 level, in this case. Furthermore, the reader must perceive a logical progression of paragraphs, without losing the thread of what you are trying to argue. Otherwise, when they get to the last paragraph, they won’t know what you are talking about and our writing will have failed catastrophically.

CAE Writing Essay Example

Now that we are familiar with the main features of an essay for Cambridge Advanced (CAE) Writing, let’s look at a sample essay at C1 level, both the sample instructions and a possible answer.

C1 Essay Instructions

In the picture below you can see an example from the Cambridge website.

From these instructions, we must always extract the essentials:

Topic: facilities which should receive money from local authorities
sports centres
public gardens
«Museums aren’t popular with everybody!»
«Sports centres mean healthier people.»
«A town needs green spaces – parks are great for everybody.»
Address only 2 of the 3 points given.
Answer and justify the main question (« to which facility is it most important that local authorities give money «).
Justify your answer (« giving reasons in support of your answer «)
Use your own words (« use your own words as far as possible «)

According to the task model outlined above, we can approach out writing with the following structure:

Introduction
Point 1 (museums)
Point 2 (sports centres)

Although it is not set in stone, you will normally get 4 paragraphs. So now let’s look at an example Essay for CAE Writing:

At first glance, we can see that this Essay for C1 has an introductory title and 4 paragraphs ( introduction , museums , sports , conclusion ). In addition, if we read the text carefully, we can see the following aspects:

Title: The title perfectly summarises for the reader the topic to be covered in the text. Sometimes, a title in the form of a question such as « Which facilities should receive funding from local authorities? » can be a good idea, although I always prefer more concise titles.
Introduction : introduces the topic and mentions the two options we are going to discuss in the following paragraphs.
Museums : Discusses the benefits of museums and the benefits of investing money in them.
Sports centres : Discusses the benefits of sports centres and the consequences of investing money in them.
Conclusion : In a very clear way, museums are seen as the ones that should receive the investment for certain reasons that are well justified.
Connectors: Connectors are used that clearly define the coherence and progression of the text.: on the one/other hand, in addition, ultimately, however, while, etc.
We do not use contractions or catch-all words.
When it comes to
comes to mind
valuable cultural resource
heritage
generating income
engage in physical activity
positive outlet for energy
Grammar is also advanced (E.g.: Not only can…, but they also… )

In short, this is a good example of an Essay for CAE Writing. It should be noted, however, that this writing is written to simulate a strong C1 level, perhaps without necessarily going into a C2 level.

Will I be penalised if I write less than 220 or more than 260 words?

This is the most typical question in this part of the exam and the answer is: yes and no. Let me explain. The assessors won’t count the words and penalise you according to the number of words only. There is a rumour going around among students and teachers that for every 10 words they take away X points, but this is not true. However, if you have gone over 260 words by 50 or 100 words, or more, there is probably some content that is not relevant to the assignment, and that is penalised. Likewise, if you write less than 220 words, you are probably missing important information or you are not covering it in the detail required by the task instructions.

For this reason, I always recommend going over 20 words at most. That way you won’t lose points if your assignment covers the required topics and points. 🙂

The best guide for C1 Advanced Writing with examples and useful expressions

Although I will be publishing more articles explaining how to do each type of task for C1 Advanced, the best thing you can do to get plenty of information and practice is to buy the official KSE Academy guide to CAE Writing. In this guide you will find the following:

I hope you found this post useful. If you did, don’t forget to share with your friends and family. 🙂

I’ll see you in the next post. Until then, don’t forget to keep smiling!

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How to write a C1 Advanced Essay

How to write a C1 Advanced Essay | Oxford House Barcelona

Posted on 26/02/2020
Categories: Blog
Tags: C1 Advanced , Cambridge Exams , Writing

The Cambridge C1 Advanced is an excellent qualification to aim for if you’re thinking of studying or working abroad. It’s recognised by universities and governments all over the world and also helps you prove your language skills to future employers.

One of the most demanding parts of the exam is Part 1 of the Writing paper, which includes writing an essay. For many of you, this won’t come naturally… especially in another language.

So, to give you the best chance at success, we’ve created this in-depth guide full of Cambridge C1 Advanced Writing tips and useful language to get you producing excellent essays in no time.

So, pick up your pen, and let’s get started!

If you’d like to get more help with the C1 Advanced, consider our exam preparation class!

C1 Advanced Writing Requirements

The C1 Advanced Writing exam has two writing parts, which you must complete in 90 minutes. Both parts have a word limit of between 220-260 words. We recommend getting lots of writing practice under these conditions!

Part 1 is always a discursive essay . It requires you to think about arguments for and against a topic.

Part 2 is a situationally based writing task. This could be a letter , an email , a report , a proposal or a review and you have three options to choose from.

Today, we’ll be looking at how to do your best in part 1.

Before you begin

When you turn over the paper and begin Writing Part 1, take some time to read the task instructions. Identify all parts of the question, underlining which parts are obligatory and noting which parts are optional.

Let’s take a look at an example question!

How to write a C1 Advanced Essay - Example Question | Oxford House Barcelona

Remember, you don’t have to use the opinions expressed in the box, but they may help you to get the ball rolling . Also, you only have to talk about two of the options given, not all three.

Make a plan

Take ten minutes to lay out your ideas. Make a pros and cons list for each of the three options and then decide which two you feel most confident with. Here’s some things you might come up with, can you think of any more?

Structure your essay

The essence of a good essay is a clear structure.

Introduction

Here you want to introduce the topic in your own words. Your first line should also grab the reader’s attention, then you should paraphrase the question. Finally, try using a statistic or a rhetorical question. This will make them want to read on, right?

Paragraph 1

Discuss the first option you’ve chosen. Include a good topic sentence and remember to give reasons for your answer. Describe some of the advantages, and even some of the disadvantages too. This will give a well-balanced argument.

Paragraph 2

Here’s where you introduce the second option. Again, try to present both sides of the argument and give reasons for your ideas. Gradually work towards the conclusion.

State your final opinion. This should be a summary of the rest of the essay and point clearly to which option you think is the most important. Do not introduce any new arguments at this stage. The conclusion is where you tie-up any loose ends .

This is an advanced piece of writing, so make sure your choice of language reflects it. You will get marked for accuracy, however, occasional errors can still be present as long as they do not impede understanding. So don’t play it too safe . This is your opportunity to show what you can do, so take some risks and have fun with it!

In the writing paper you should use a range of vocabulary, including less common lexis. Brainstorm some vocabulary related to the topic. Take your time to think of nouns and compound nouns that you know at C1 level. Really let your vocabulary sparkle .

How to write a C1 Advanced Essay - Vocabulary | Oxford House Barcelona

No one likes a broken record . Find synonyms for simple words. You want to use a variety of language, and try not to repeat yourself too much. Check out these different ways of saying the same thing:

advantage = benefit, positive, upside

disadvantage = downside, drawback

effect = influence, impact, result, outcome

problem = issue, challenge, difficulty, obstacle, setback, complication

important = valuable, essential, beneficial

expensive = costly, dear, high-priced, extortionate

cheap = inexpensive, affordable, economical

big = great, large, sizeable, considerable, wide, vast

small = slight, tiny, little

Quick tip: Visit Thesaurus.com to study more synonyms!

Experiment with different grammatical forms. At this level you’re expected to have a good grasp on the grammar. You should use a range of simple and complex grammatical forms with control and flexibility. So challenge yourself with some of these…

Participle clauses
Conditionals
Modal verbs
Passive with reporting verbs
Cleft sentences
Comparatives
Relative clauses

Useful expressions

To make your essay flow it’s best to use some key phrases. These will link all your ideas together, and help it sound semi-formal. Take a look at the expressions below. Why not use some in your next essay?

Introduction:

It is often said that…

Many people feel that…

We live in an age when..

More and more…

Introducing & Addition:

Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

On the one hand…

In addition…

What is more…

For example…

For instance…

As a case in point…

Contrasting:

In contrast…

On the other hand…

Alternatively…

However…

Conclusion:

All things considered…

As far as I’m concerned…

In light of the above…

What the examiners are looking for

When writing your essay, bear in mind what you’ll be marked on:

Have you answered all parts of the question? Is everything relevant to the question?

Communicative Achievement

Is the style and tone appropriate? Remember it should be semi-formal and neutral.

Organisation

Does it follow a logical order? Have you used paragraphs and linking devices?

Are you using a variety of grammar and vocabulary? Is it accurate?

Now your masterpiece has come together. Remember to take time to check your work. Here’s the official Writing Checklist from Cambridge Assessment English . And our list of the most common mistakes:

subject + verb agreement
singulars / plurals
question formation
variety of tenses
dependent prepositions

Some final tips

Avoid contractions (I’m, they’re, we’re) as this is a formal writing.

Don’t use first person pronouns (I, my, our, us).

Practise under timed conditions.

Use model answers to practise fixed expressions.

——

Looking for more help with your Cambridge C1 Advanced exam? Here are our other guides from our blog:

C1 Advanced Reading and Use of English – Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3

And if you are not sure if you’re ready for the C1 Advanced, check out our article Am I ready for the C1 Advanced exam? to find out!

Glossary for Language Learners

Find the following words in the article and then write down any new ones you didn’t know.

Get the ball rolling (exp) : to start something.

Lay out (v): to explain something in detail.

Paraphrase (v): to say the same thing in a different way.

Tie-up any loose ends (exp): to resolve issues.

Play it safe (exp): to act cautiously.

A broken record (exp): when someone repeats themself.

Sparkle (v) : to shine.

Good grasp (exp): a good knowledge.

Bear in mind (exp) : to consider.

Masterpiece (n): an incredible work of art.

exp = expression

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Small Talk For Business English

By: oxfordadmin
Posted on 19/02/2020

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The Pros and Cons of Breastfeeding: a Balanced Perspective

This essay is about the advantages and challenges of breastfeeding. It highlights the nutritional benefits of breast milk for infants, including its role in building a strong immune system and fostering a bond between mother and child. It also discusses the health benefits for mothers, such as reduced cancer risks and postpartum recovery. However, the essay addresses challenges like physical discomfort, time commitment, and social pressures that can make breastfeeding difficult. It acknowledges that some mothers may face medical or practical obstacles that necessitate formula feeding. The essay emphasizes the importance of support systems in overcoming breastfeeding challenges and making informed decisions.

How it works

The act of nursing is a profoundly individualistic choice confronted by new mothers, accompanied by an array of advantages and hurdles. Grasping the merits and demerits can empower mothers to make discerning decisions that align with their contexts and requisites.

Foremost among the advantages of breastfeeding is its nutritive boon to the infant. Breast milk harbors an impeccable blend of essential nutrients vital for the baby’s maturation. Laden with antibodies, it fortifies the immune system, safeguarding the infant from commonplace childhood maladies and infections.

Moreover, breastfeeding nurtures an unparalleled physical intimacy between mother and offspring, fostering a cocoon of security and emotional equilibrium for both.

In addition to its benefits for infants, breastfeeding bestows health perks upon mothers. It has been correlated with diminished risks of specific cancers, such as mammary and ovarian malignancies. Furthermore, breastfeeding facilitates postpartum uterine contractions, mitigating hemorrhage and expediting recuperation. For numerous mothers, breastfeeding embodies a convenient and economical choice, obviating the necessity to procure formula and prepare bottles.

However, notwithstanding these benefits, breastfeeding poses manifold challenges. Some mothers may grapple with physical strain and discomfort, particularly during the nascent stages. Predicaments such as nipple soreness, mastitis, and engorgement can mar the experience. Moreover, breastfeeding demands substantial time investment, which can prove especially daunting for employed mothers or those tending to other offspring. The exigency of recurrent feedings can disrupt sleep patterns and daily routines, precipitating exhaustion and tension.

Social and psychological factors also merit consideration. Nursing in public domains may instigate discomfort or trepidation among certain mothers owing to societal attitudes and privacy dearth. This might curtail a mother’s involvement in communal pursuits or resumption of professional duties. Additionally, the coercion to breastfeed, be it from healthcare practitioners, kinfolk, or social media, can engender sentiments of culpability or inadequacy if breastfeeding proves unfeasible or undesired.

Moreover, breastfeeding may not invariably be viable or advisable. Certain medical afflictions, medications, or complications can render breastfeeding unsafe or unfeasible. In such instances, formula feeding emerges as a pragmatic and indispensable recourse, ensuring the infant’s sustained nutritional intake.

Furthermore, the significance of support frameworks in breastfeeding triumph cannot be overstated. Access to lactation experts and sympathetic healthcare providers can profoundly ameliorate adversities and foster a gratifying breastfeeding voyage. Familial backing is equally pivotal, as partners and relatives can share responsibilities and furnish encouragement.

In summation, breastfeeding endows myriad benefits, encompassing optimal sustenance for the infant and health perks for the mother. Nonetheless, it is not devoid of challenges, which can span physical, emotional, and pragmatic domains. Each mother’s circumstances are unique, and the decision to breastfeed should be predicated upon a comprehensive comprehension of the pros and cons, coupled with individual contexts and predilections. Ensuring access to support and resources can empower mothers to navigate this pivotal decision and discern the optimal approach for themselves and their progeny.

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Pros, Cons, and Ambiguities of After-Holocaust Imagery Essay

Introduction, brief description of imageries involved, advantages of after-holocaust imagery, ambiguities of after-holocaust imagery, disadvantages of after-holocaust imagery, works cited.

After-holocaust imagery is a creative expression of the genocide that continues creating conversations and making relevance in today’s society. Various artists such as Anselm Kiefer and Christian Boltanski have created images and artistic depictions of the Holocaust. Kiefer, a German, did the work Your Golden Hair, Margarete, while Boltanski did the work Monument: The Children of Dijon . After-holocaust imagery receives varied public impressions; some people have unclear views, while others think the imagery reinvigorates trauma and others suggest that after-holocaust imagery could help viewers get in touch with the past and face their trauma.

Your Golden Hair, Margarete is a 1981 artwork by Anselm Kiefer, a German. The artwork features golden and black wheat straws on a canvas, representing Margarete, a German Heroin, and Shulamit, a dark-haired woman, most likely a Jew. Monument: The Children of Dijon is a 1986 work by Christian Boltanski, a half-Jewish artist. The imagery showcases several light bulbs on rephotographed pictures of children from Dijon into “generic patterns of light and shade” (Luckhurst 154). The imageries may be interpreted as depictions of the Holocaust, a tribute to victims, or the artist’s documentation of their experiences.

After-holocaust imagery plays a vast role in providing robust documentation of the Holocaust and depicting past events. As Boltanksi mentions, “Art is always a witness” (Garb). Kiefer’s work Your Golden Hair, Margarete depicts the relationship between Germans and Jews as interpreted in a poem titled Death Fugue by Paul Celan. The poem by the Roman-Jewish poet and survivor of the Holocaust talks of Margarete’s golden hair and Shulamit’s ashen hair to contrast German and Jewish women. Margarete was a German heroine, while Shulamit was King Solomon’s dark-haired beloved, as referenced in the Bible in the book of Song of Songs (Alteveer).

Kiefer reveals the German fascist nature in deliberate imagery (Ateveer) by showcasing the golden hair of most German women and the distinct nature it had to that of their Jewish counterparts who had dark hair. Celan’s poem tells of the atrocities that Jews went through, saying, “death is a master from Deutschland his eyes are blue, he strikes you with his lead bullets his aim is true” (Celan, para. 6, L.6-9). Therefore, as interpreted by a poet, Kiefer’s artwork gives a visual of two groups who, at one point, were separated by their appearances. The imagery recognizes the Jewish women and speaks of their suffering and torture.

Kiefer provokes an understanding of history through the artwork Your Golden Hair. He invokes memories through the excavation and restaging of events of the Holocaust to help people understand history (Kiefer slide notes). While bringing up the history of the Holocaust may get received in disgust and contempt, Kiefer’s art Your Golden Hair, Margarete enhances the understanding of history. Your Golden Hair, Margarete explores the possibility of people coming to terms with the events of the Holocaust. The artwork transgresses the taboos of the Nazi past as it evokes disgusting memories. As translated in “Death Fugue,” after-holocaust imagery elicits traumatic memories and suffering of the Jews “then as the smoke you’ll rise in the air… he sets his dogs on us he gifts us a grave in the air (Celan para.5, l.4, para. 6, l. 12-13). Kiefer helps viewers and victims of the Holocaust face their trauma rather than looking at their past as taboo. Additionally, Boltanski mentions that after-holocaust art can get used to “ask a question and to give emotion” (Salgal 12:42- 12:44). Uncovering the past through art also provides a long-lasting memory of events that are important for history.

Critics and members of the public get angry and negatively provoked by what Kiefer’s artwork embodies. The art seems to select pick aspects of the Holocaust that the viewers should remember, and Kiefer’s artwork seems apocalyptic (Wroe n.p). However, after-holocaust imagery may evoke disgusting memories but may help victims get in touch with their emotions despite the trauma. Boltanski’s work Monument: The Children of Dijon is an imagery work that represents a traumatic past, particularly for children during the Holocaust. Boltanski, who was half-Jewish, narrates some of his memories of hiding their father beneath the house to keep him from getting evicted (Luckhurst 155). His work seems to pay tribute to his horrific childhood memories growing up. Boltanski reveals how he has previously used imagery to express trauma. Therefore, after-holocaust imagery can allow victims and viewers to recover from trauma by exposing themselves to reality rather than avoiding it.

Most after-holocaust artists face numerous questions, some of which remain unanswered. One may wonder why artists should make the situation more brutal, while others think imagery depictions are robust documentation. There are various perspectives on after-holocaust imagery on whether or not a meaningful depiction of horror exists. Boltanski goes beyond the Holocaust narrative that revolves around the Jews and the Nazis and tries to put his art viewers in a similar mindset. Boltanski uses material from the Holocaust to evoke a vision of events while allowing viewers to interpret his art however they wish.

During an interview with the bomb magazine, Boltanski says, “it’s also everybody, not only a Jewish person” (Borger, n.p) about people’s varied interpretations of his art. Therefore, Boltanski gives his imagery work a universal freedom of interpretation that makes his work more meaningful. However, some critics of after-holocaust imagery do not believe there is a correct or meaningful way to express horror, as Ardono claims, speaking about creating art or poetry after Auschwitz (Ardono’s Dictum “After Auschwitz” n.p). Therefore, ambiguity surrounds after-holocaust imagery, given multiple opinions that different people hold regarding the depiction of the Holocaust and the interpretation of imageries.

Boltanski’s art revolves around childhood, memories, and death; hence, the interpretations of his work can be ambiguous. The work Monument: The Children of Dijon uses lit electric lamps to represent children’s faces. The art depicts child saints from child martyrdom, where children were murdered for secular motives. The same art links to Boltanski’s Holocaust references to children, memories, and death, where children were only viewed as innocent. However, the ambiguity is that Boltanski does not view his art as Jewish and insists that his art should relate to everybody, not just Jews (Hatt, n.p. Borger, n.p). While Boltanski’s work Monument: The Children of Dijon almost directly infers to the Holocaust because of the name Dijon, a region occupied by Nazis before being liberated by French resistance (Hatt, n.p). Viewers of these images often wonder who controls what should get commemorated about the Holocaust since artists may have differing aims. However, viewers can also use the art to commemorate their childhood, using the imagery as a universal guide to overcoming past traumas.

Boltanski speaks of death more casually, saying, “We all carry a dead child within us… I remember the little Christian that is dead inside of me” (Hatt, n.p). The ambiguity associated with that is that the Holocaust reminds viewers of death and the death of the Jews. Therefore, for Boltanski to distance his art from singly representing the Holocaust, it becomes unclear how to interpret his work. To Boltanski, “the Holocaust is symbolic of something more universal… it is an example of dying, of common and impersonal dying” (Hatt, n.p). While most viewers of his work may get the impression of natural death during the Holocaust, one can also get an inspiration of dying in their childhood. Boltanski says, “we are dead children,” referring to his childhood art (Jennings, n.p). The inspiration of a child’s life and the innocence they bear seems to give a message that adults should also die in their childhood and treat each other with innocence rather than practicing the atrocities witnessed during the Holocaust.

While Kiefer’s imagery works in Your Golden Hair, Margarete may get interpreted as a tool that helps viewers to get an understanding of the history of the Holocaust; it may also get interpreted to show the superiority that the German women had over their Jewish counterparts. The depiction of black and golden straws shows how both German and Jewish women once coexisted peacefully. Moreover, Boltanski makes multiple references to childhood. He mentions that he researches religion even though he is not spiritual. Boltanski mentions lying about his childhood memories and reveals that he does not have any childhood memories, which may make his work on Monument: The Children of Dijon a tribute to childhood and forgotten memories (Luckhurst 154). It becomes ambiguous for viewers to understand the meaning behind such after-holocaust imagery when there are more aspects of the image that relate to the events of the Holocaust that Boltanski describes. However, the ambiguous nature of Boltanski’s art

After-holocaust imagery can be retraumatizing for victims and viewers. While Kiefer and Boltanski may view their after-holocaust imagery work as a way to allow viewers to come to terms with the past and possibly reflect on their lives, some viewers do not relate to that school of thought. To some viewers, after-holocaust imagery can be traumatizing for having to look at horrifying images. Any form of imagery evokes memories or some form of relation to the imagery. Therefore, some viewers may face post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), where one gets immersed in a field of unbidden imagery or visual of an adverse event (Luckhurst 147). Boltanski could have suffered PTSD from the events of the Holocaust, and he develops ways to lie about his past and tends to draw inferences about the Holocaust from his work. At one point, Boltanski confesses having pretended to speak about his childhood, yet his real childhood has disappeared (Luckhurst 154). While Boltanski explains that his work must not only relate to the Holocaust and the Nazi regime, his work Monument: The Children of Dijon closely relates to the Holocaust.

After-holocaust imagery has several advantages, such as robust documentation of the genocide. The imagery also has various disadvantages; for instance, the memories evoked among viewers can get traumatic. In other instances, the post-holocaust imagery can be seen as promoting the war events rather than advocating for the victims. Finally, after-holocaust imagery attracts mixed reactions from the public, making it ambiguous to understand their thoughts on the imagery. Viewers may have unclear perspectives or interpretations of the imagery, while some may misinterpret the work. With more research into the aim behind an artist’s post-holocaust imagery, viewers can better understand the matter and probably change their mindsets.

Ardono, W. Theodor. “After Auschwitz.” (1949).

Alteveer, Ian. Anselm, Kiefer (born 1945) . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. (2008). Web.

Borger, Irene. “ Christian Boltanski .” Bomb magazine . Web.

Boltanski, Christian. Monument: The Children of Dijon . (1986).

Celan, Paul. “ Death Fugue .” Translated by Joris, Pierre. (1952). Web.

Garb, Tamar. “Christian Boltanski”. London and New York: Phaidon Press . (2008)

Hatt, Twyla. “Christian Boltanski’s Reliquary: A work on mourning.” Family works: A multiplicity of meanings and contexts . Web.

Jennings, Rose. “ Christian Boltanski .” Frieze . (1990). Web.

Kiefer, Anselm. Your Golden Hair, Margarete . (1981).

Kiefer. Slide notes 3-22. (n.d).

Luckhurst, Roger. The Intrusive Image Photography and Trauma. In The Trauma question. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. (2008).

Salgal, Calrie. Christian Boltanski: Talking Art. (n.d). Web.

Wroe, Nicholas. “ A life in art: Anselm Kiefer .” The Guardian . (2011). Web.

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Bibliography

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Health Effects of Vaping

At a glance.

Learn more about the health effects of vaping.

No tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, are safe.
Most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, which is highly addictive and is a health danger for pregnant people, developing fetuses, and youth. 1
Aerosol from e-cigarettes can also contain harmful and potentially harmful substances. These include cancer-causing chemicals and tiny particles that can be inhaled deep into lungs. 1
E-cigarettes should not be used by youth, young adults, or people who are pregnant. E-cigarettes may have the potential to benefit adults who smoke and are not pregnant if used as a complete substitute for all smoked tobacco products. 2 3 4
Scientists still have a lot to learn about the short- and long-term health effects of using e-cigarettes.

Most e-cigarettes, or vapes, contain nicotine, which has known adverse health effects. 1

Nicotine is highly addictive. 1
Nicotine is toxic to developing fetuses and is a health danger for pregnant people. 1
Acute nicotine exposure can be toxic. Children and adults have been poisoned by swallowing, breathing, or absorbing vaping liquid through their skin or eyes. More than 80% of calls to U.S. poison control centers for e-cigarettes are for children less than 5 years old. 5

Nicotine poses unique dangers to youth because their brains are still developing.

Nicotine can harm brain development which continues until about age 25. 1
Youth can start showing signs of nicotine addiction quickly, sometimes before the start of regular or daily use. 1
Using nicotine during adolescence can harm the parts of the brain that control attention, learning, mood, and impulse control. 1
Adolescents who use nicotine may be at increased risk for future addiction to other drugs. 1 6
Youth who vape may also be more likely to smoke cigarettes in the future. 7 8 9 10 11 12

Other potential harms of e-cigarettes

E-cigarette aerosol can contain substances that can be harmful or potentially harmful to the body. These include: 1

Nicotine, a highly addictive chemical that can harm adolescent brain development
Cancer-causing chemicals
Heavy metals such as nickel, tin, and lead
Tiny particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs
Volatile organic compounds
Flavorings such as diacetyl, a chemical linked to a serious lung disease. Some flavorings used in e-cigarettes may be safe to eat but not to inhale because the lungs process substances differently than the gut.

E-cigarette aerosol generally contains fewer harmful chemicals than the deadly mix of 7,000 chemicals in smoke from cigarettes. 7 13 14 However, this does not make e-cigarettes safe. Scientists are still learning about the immediate and long-term health effects of using e-cigarettes.

Dual use refers to the use of both e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes. Dual use is not an effective way to safeguard health. It may result in greater exposure to toxins and worse respiratory health outcomes than using either product alone. 2 3 4 15

Some people who use e-cigarettes have experienced seizures. Most reports to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA ) have involved youth or young adults. 16 17

E-cigarettes can cause unintended injuries. Defective e-cigarette batteries have caused fires and explosions, some of which have resulted in serious injuries. Most explosions happened when the batteries were being charged.

Anyone can report health or safety issues with tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, through the FDA Safety Reporting Portal .

Health effects of vaping for pregnant people

The use of any tobacco product, including e-cigarettes, is not safe during pregnancy. 1 14 Scientists are still learning about the health effects of vaping on pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes. Here's what we know now:

Most e-cigarettes, or vapes, contain nicotine—the addictive substance in cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products. 18
Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant people and is toxic to developing fetuses. 1 14
Nicotine can damage a fetus's developing brain and lungs. 13
E-cigarette use during pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight and pre-term birth. 19 20

Nicotine addiction and withdrawal

Nicotine is the main addictive substance in tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. With repeated use, a person's brain gets used to having nicotine. This can make them think they need nicotine just to feel okay. This is part of nicotine addiction.

Signs of nicotine addiction include craving nicotine, being unable to stop using it, and developing a tolerance (needing to use more to feel the same). Nicotine addiction can also affect relationships with family and friends and performance in school, at work, or other activities.

When someone addicted to nicotine stops using it, their body and brain have to adjust. This can result in temporary symptoms of nicotine withdrawal which may include:

Feeling irritable, jumpy, restless, or anxious
Feeling sad or down
Having trouble sleeping
Having a hard time concentrating
Feeling hungry
Craving nicotine

Withdrawal symptoms fade over time as the brain gets used to not having nicotine.

Nicotine addiction and mental health

Nicotine addiction can harm mental health and be a source of stress. 21 22 23 24 More research is needed to understand the connection between vaping and mental health, but studies show people who quit smoking cigarettes experience: 25

Lower levels of anxiety, depression, and stress
Improved positive mood and quality of life

Mental health is a growing concern among youth. 26 27 Youth vaping and cigarette use are associated with mental health symptoms such as depression. 22 28

The most common reason middle and high school students give for currently using e-cigarettes is, "I am feeling anxious, stressed, or depressed." 29 Nicotine addiction or withdrawal can contribute to these feelings or make them worse. Youth may use tobacco products to relieve their symptoms, which can lead to a cycle of nicotine addiction.

Empower Vape-Free Youth ad featuring a brain graphic and message about the connection between nicotine addiction and youth mental health.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016. Accessed Feb 14, 2024.
Goniewicz ML, Smith DM, Edwards KC, et al. Comparison of nicotine and toxicant exposure in users of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes . JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e185937.
Reddy KP, Schwamm E, Kalkhoran S, et al. Respiratory symptom incidence among people using electronic cigarettes, combustible tobacco, or both . Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204(2):231–234.
Smith DM, Christensen C, van Bemmel D, et al. Exposure to nicotine and toxicants among dual users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2014 . Nicotine Tob Res. 2021;23(5):790–797.
Tashakkori NA, Rostron BL, Christensen CH, Cullen KA. Notes from the field: e-cigarette–associated cases reported to poison centers — United States, April 1, 2022–March 31, 2023 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:694–695.
Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain . J Physiol. 2015;593(16):3397–3412.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes . The National Academies Press; 2018.
Barrington-Trimis JL, Kong G, Leventhal AM, et al. E-cigarette use and subsequent smoking frequency among adolescents . Pediatrics. 2018;142(6):e20180486.
Barrington-Trimis JL, Urman R, Berhane K, et al. E-cigarettes and future cigarette use . Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20160379.
Bunnell RE, Agaku IT, Arrazola RA, et al. Intentions to smoke cigarettes among never-smoking US middle and high school electronic cigarette users: National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2011-2013 . Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(2):228–235.
Soneji S, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wills TA, et al. Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis . JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(8):788–797.
Sun R, Méndez D, Warner KE. Association of electronic cigarette use by U.S. adolescents with subsequent persistent cigarette smoking . JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e234885.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. Accessed Feb 13, 2024.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress. A Report of the Surgeon General . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014. Accessed Feb 12, 2024.
Mukerjee R, Hirschtick JL, LZ Arciniega, et al. ENDS, cigarettes, and respiratory illness: longitudinal associations among U.S. youth . AJPM. Published online Dec 2023.
Faulcon LM, Rudy S, Limpert J, Wang B, Murphy I. Adverse experience reports of seizures in youth and young adult electronic nicotine delivery systems users . J Adolesc Health . 2020;66(1):15–17.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. E-cigarette: Safety Communication - Related to Seizures Reported Following E-cigarette Use, Particularly in Youth and Young Adults . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2019. Accessed Feb 14, 2024.
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Regan AK, Bombard JM, O'Hegarty MM, Smith RA, Tong VT. Adverse birth outcomes associated with prepregnancy and prenatal electronic cigarette use . Obstet Gynecol. 2021;138(1):85–94.
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Obisesan OH, Mirbolouk M, Osei AD, et al. Association between e-cigarette use and depression in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2016-2017 . JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1916800.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.   Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data Summary & Trends Report: 2011–2021 . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2023. Accessed Dec 15, 2023.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Protecting Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory . Office of the Surgeon General; 2021. Accessed Jan 5, 2024.
Lechner WV, Janssen T, Kahler CW, Audrain-McGovern J, Leventhal AM. Bi-directional associations of electronic and combustible cigarette use onset patterns with depressive symptoms in adolescents . Prev Med. 2017;96:73–78.
Gentzke AS, Wang TW, Cornelius M, et al. Tobacco product use and associated factors among middle and high school students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021 . MMWR Surveill Summ. 2022;71(No. SS-5):1–29.

Smoking and Tobacco Use

Commercial tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States.

For Everyone

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Writing Essays

What is an essay ? It is a text that states thoughts on a given topic in a specific sequence. Only a good argument, an accurate reflection of one’s thoughts, and their distribution in a strict sequence allow you to write a good essay. In many educational institutions, an essay is perceived as a means of control. Many students don’t like to write essays. They do not know how and don’t want to do it. Still, an essay is a beneficial exercise that develops written language, spelling, and punctuation literacy if it is written correctly. This is where report writing services can come in handy, assisting students in honing their writing skills effectively.

Advantages of Writing Essays

Essays help develop the following skills:

Essay contributes to the development of cognitive activity

Today, essays are written on various subjects. When writing an essay, students not only memorize facts but also understand the information acquired, learn to critically evaluate it, and use it in practice.

It is an additional way to test knowledge

This kind of assignment encourages the student to delve more seriously into the issue. After all, you need to conduct a mini-research to write a good essay. Getting an A grade is impossible if you don’t study the information related to the topic of the essay. The body of the essay is the presence of specifics. Facts come to the fore. The writer has to determine effective ways of argumentation based on reliable information. General ideas and reasoning about everything at once and at the same time about nothing are not welcome.

It teaches students to think

Thinking on pape r , writing, a student stimulates the thought process. It is often difficult for us to say something out loud or formulate a thought. Writing an essay helps us focus: fixing all the ideas that appear in the head, you can highlight the main thing and formulate the essence and the main idea. Oral thinking and communication also develop our brains.

It teaches to integrate details of disparate data into one whole

The essay develops the mastery of research and formulation of conclusions: it helps see the separate parts and the picture as a whole. It is the ability to see individual details, little things, the whole environment, and have a broad outlook and vision of the problem. This quality develops best when you work with many details and determine the main thing, writing all the important information down on paper. So, writing is one of the most useful ways to develop analytical talents.

It develops logic

Writing an essay develops our logic. Along with other subjects (for example, algebra and geometry), literature and text creation form logical thinking. The ability to skillfully, consistently, and logically state an idea is the basis of the skill of influence. It is a quality required for a successful expert: people with the skill of persuasion are more successful than others and are always in the lead.

Structuring information

When there is a lot of information, thoughts scatter, and opinions differ, the easiest way is to specify everything in writing. Writing everything down on paper emphasizes the essential thing. In addition, when writing an essay, you try to follow a certain order: either according to a once-created plan or intuitively. In this way, writing a text teaches you to structure any details.

Disadvantages of Writing Essays

Even though there are many advantages to writing an essay, there are also some disadvantages.

The given topic is not liked by the student (objectively), or it is not significant for them, uninteresting

Every person should have the right to choose. As a rule, students get one essay topic in schools and colleges. Some students are completely unfamiliar with the topic of “family” issues, relationships, tragedies, and dramas, but they would love to write an essay about new technologies. It may be more interesting for someone to write essays on their interests, hobbies, and talents.

The given topic is too general

If a topic is too general, it can be difficult for students to figure out what to write about, and what is expected of them.

The given topic causes irritation, contradictions, internal conflict, and disagreement with public opinion

Sometimes, students have to write not what they think but what the teacher wants to get from them. If they “dare” to express their opinion, this can lead to bad consequences (bad grades, public condemnation, conflict with the teacher, message to parents, etc.).

The very idea of developing a student’s writing skills is a good tool for developing the student’s intellect. But there is not enough “flexibility,” that is, the interests and individuality of students are not always taken into account. Perhaps, many would write essays much more willingly if topics were closer to students’ interests and current modern changes.

If you can’t write essays or don’t have time for it, experienced authors are waiting for your appeal on the DoMyEssay website. The authors prepare essays on different subjects.

It takes a few hours to write an urgent essay. When you pay DoMyEssay.net , the exact cost is calculated individually, considering the topic of the work, the volume, and the timing of writing. The price will depend on the chosen topic, genre, subject, and volume. You can be sure that you will get a unique quality text. Online experts will help you write an essay inexpensively.

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So, the essay, like any other written text, teaches us to formulate thoughts clearly and understandably. This quality is indispensable for personal and professional development, communicating with other people, achieving goals, etc. Among other things, the skill of writing helps single out the main idea from a variety of information. It is indispensable, especially in our time. The ability to discard the extra and leave the main thing often saves us when everything changes every second. If you don’t have time to write an essay yourself for some reason, you can seek help from professionals. They will write it as the rules require.

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Guest Essay

The End of Polio Is in Sight. What Have We Learned?

A local health worker dressed in a brown burqa marking the finger of a child with a blue pen.

By Richard Conniff

Mr. Conniff is the author of “ Ending Epidemics: A History of Escape From Contagion .”

The fight to eradicate polio has been long and difficult. It’s been nearly 50 years since vaccines eliminated the disease in the United States. But polio continues to this day disabling or killing children in some harder to reach parts of the world. The good news is that we are now on the cusp of eradicating this terrible disease everywhere and forever.

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is a consortium of major players in the fight — the Gates Foundation, Rotary International, the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. The group has the ambitious aim to end transmission of the virus that causes the disease, wild poliovirus, by the end of the year in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the two countries where it is still actively infecting humans. If the initiative succeeds, it will be the culmination of a campaign that has reduced the incidence of paralytic wild poliovirus from an estimated 350,000 cases in 1988 to just 12 known cases last year.

It will also be a result of what may seem like a counterintuitive strategy: Knowledge about the disease flows not just from medical experts in great research centers to people in developing nations, but the other way as well, with workers on the front lines providing crucial information to stop the disease in their own areas and beyond. The lesson here: The medical tools needed to detect and contain any disease work best in the hands of the people most directly affected by it. Having used this strategy to stop polio, people in developing nations are already looking to apply those same tools against other diseases, both familiar and emerging.

Along the remote, mountainous Afghanistan-Pakistan border, the people on the front lines of the polio eradication effort are mostly women, and mostly members of the communities they serve. Each team is responsible for up to 75 houses, going door to door (or sometimes mosque to mosque), providing a dose of oral polio vaccine to every child in every five-day campaign. Because the communities are poor, and because families can lose patience with repeated visits focused only on polio, the workers also bring nutritional supplements, health information and other resources. Their job is to build trust in villages where people are prone to distrust, and to keep parents engaged in the fight. (In 2011, the fake vaccination campaign reportedly staged by the Central Intelligence Agency in its hunt for Osama bin Laden served only to deepen that distrust.)

The intensity of the national programs — with about 400,000 workers in Pakistan and 86,000 in Afghanistan — has recently reduced 12 genetic clusters of the wild poliovirus in the region to just two, and one of the two hasn’t been seen since November. “From a medical perspective, the virus is gasping in these last corridors,” says Dr. Ananda Bandyopadhyay of the Gates Foundation.

The virus could, of course, spread outside these regions, as it did in 2022, when international air travel carried polio to a handful of other countries, including the United States. But frontline workers in Pakistan and Afghanistan serve as a network for tracking its possible escape routes, as families move back and forth across the border.

Sheeba Afghani, a communication specialist for UNICEF’s polio program, said that when local health workers make a home visit, for instance, and find a family member absent, they ask questions, such as: “If the child is not at home, where are they? Are they out of the district? If out of the district, is it in the same city or another city?” These are questions outsiders could never ask. If the family member has crossed the border, the information gets relayed to polio workers at the reported destination, to locate newcomers in their own 75-house networks.

New tools also help track the virus as it moves in these areas. When India was struggling to eliminate polio in 2010, it had fewer than 10 sites routinely monitoring for the virus in sewage and surface water, said Dr. Hamid Jafari, the World Health Organization’s director of polio eradication in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Back then, to spot an outbreak, health officials had to wait for children to turn up with paralysis. Now, Pakistan has monitoring sites in 84 districts.

Over nine months last year, that monitoring alerted the city of Peshawar to 30 separate introductions of the virus. But the Peshawar district’s 4.7 million people did not suffer a single case of polio, said Dr. Jafari. Knowing where to look for the virus and maintaining a high level of vaccination among permanent residents kept them safe.

A big part of this success is due to the use of the Sabin oral vaccine rather than the Salk injectable vaccine. The oral vaccine, containing a weakened live virus, is easier to deliver and has the critical advantage of inducing immunity not just in recipients’ bloodstream, as the Salk vaccine does, but also in their intestines. That means it stops transmission of the virus in the unsanitary conditions that are common in affected areas (and universal in children). Instead, the live vaccine itself spreads and protects children who might otherwise go unvaccinated.

According to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, the Sabin vaccine has protected more than three billion children in the past 10 years. But using it involves a trade off: In places with very low levels of polio immunity the vaccine-derived virus can evolve as it spreads, and in rare instances it can revert to a paralytic form. Over the five years through 2023, about 3,600 people, mostly unvaccinated children, have suffered vaccine-derived poliovirus. But the number of cases has already begun to decline thanks to a novel version of the oral vaccine, genetically modified to sharply reduce the risk of reverting.

In Pakistan and Afghanistan, the women on the front lines see the end of polio in sight. This fight has given them the opportunity to work outside the home, earn money and make a lifesaving difference to their villages. When the government of Pakistan recently surveyed them about their experience, one big question they asked was: What can we work on next?

Public health workers everywhere already have the answer. Give them the tools, and developing nations will apply the lessons learned in this fight against infectious diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, measles, typhoid fever and others yet unknown. The end result will be a world that’s safer for all of us.

Richard Conniff is the author of “ Ending Epidemics: A History of Escape From Contagion .”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Vocabulario

Linkers and Connectors – Los conectores del inglés

Si queremos escribir un buen texto en inglés, no importa si es un essay , un email , o un artículo de opinión , los conectores son esenciales. Por eso, hoy vamos a ver los linkers and connectors que podemos usar al redactar en inglés.

Los conectores no solo aportan valor al contenido que queremos transmitir, sino que además aportan cohesión al texto.

Eso sí, es realmente importante estar seguro del conector que queremos usar y qué queremos transmitir con este, ya que un conector erróneo puede alterar el sentido del texto, ¡y eso es lo último que queremos!

Antes de empezar, es interesante saber diferenciar entre linkers y connectors…

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre linker y connector?

La diferencia entre ambos reside en la función que ocupan en la frase.

Por una parte, los connectors son conjunciones que unen palabras o proposiciones (partes de la oración) entre sí. Es decir, normalmente se utilizan dentro de una misma frase.

Por otra parte, los linkers son palabras o grupos de palabras que conectan frases o ideas del texto. Se sitúan al principio de la oración. Aseguran que el texto tenga una conexión lógica y guían al lector a través de él.

Realmente, conocer la diferencia no es relevante porque el significado que aportan, bien actúen como connector o como linker, es el mismo (siempre que sean iguales).

Así pues, ¡vamos a ver los linkers y connectors más importantes!

Linkers and connectors of contrast

Se utilizan para señalar una idea contraria.

Connectors:

Linkers and connectors of addition

Se utilizan para añadir una idea, frase o palabra.

Linkers and connectors of reason and cause

Se utilizan para indicar la razón o la cause de algo

Linker s and connectors of purpose

Se utilizan para indicar el propósito o la finalidad por la que se hace algo.

Linkers of result

Se utilizan para indicar un resultado.

Linkers and connectors to give examples

Se utilizan para ofrecer ejemplos.

Linkers of sequence

Se utilizan para indicar la secuencia de los hechos.

Linkers of time

Se utilizan para indicar el momento en el que ocurren los hechos.

¡Y eso es todo por hoy!

Si os soy sincera, hay más, pero creo que con estos, ¡vamos genial!

Todos los linkers and connectors de hoy también podéis usarlos sin ningún problema en essays. Pero también nos sirven en el inglés real del día a día. Si los utilizáis (correctamente), ¡estaréis un paso más cerca de convertiros en unos angloparlantes estupendos!

¡Os dejo unos enlaces por si queréis seguir aprendiendo writing keys!

Las 5 claves para escribir un buen artículo

Cover letter: cómo escribirla para triunfar

¡Suscríbete a mi blog para recibir ejercicios en exclusiva de cada lección!

4 comentarios.

Escribo artículos científicos en inglés y este es un artículo de cabecera para mi, muchas gracias!!!

Tremendo Adela.. vine por una traducción de un linker y voy a salir bilingüe. Mis dieses

[…] aprendeconadela.com/linkers-and-connectors/ […]

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COMMENTS

Linking expressions to introduce advantages and disadvantages
In an argumentative text/essay what linking expressions can be used to introduce the pros and cons of the essay topic/object/theme, after a short introduction? For example, if I'm writing an argumentative essay about some website, what linking expressions can be used to introduce its advantages and disadvantages? Is the example below correct?
How to Write a Pros and Cons Essay Like a Pro
Show me examples. When you're writing a pros and cons essay, you must follow two important guidelines. 1. Choose a debatable topic. Choosing a debatable topic allows you to select a balanced number of pros and cons. 2. Give equal weight to both the pros and the cons. You aren't just making a pros essay or a cons essay.
Linking Words
Linking words and phrases are connectors or transitional phrases. They are also part of formal language, so you'll find them in academic writing, opinion writing, critical essays, dialectic essays, journalism, and business documents. Some linking verbs link clauses within a sentence, such as although, in case, and whatever.
How to Write a Pros & Cons Essay: Step-By-Step Guide
Formatting. Write in the traditional format. It should consist of an introduction, middle paragraphs (one paragraph for each idea), and a conclusion. Use short and concise sentences to avoid losing yourself in your thoughts. Run-on sentences will confuse the reader and impede seamless reading.
IELTS Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Vocabulary
in. IELTS Vocabulary. When you turn to IELTS Writing Task 2 (the formal essay) on test day, you may encounter an "advantage and disadvantage" essay. This type of essay asks you to evaluate both sides of an issue. Having the right vocabulary for IELTS Writing Task 2 essays is one key to increasing your band score. This is essay is no different.
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For example, we are going to write an balanced essay about the pros and cons of streaming video platforms like Netflix or HBO. Write the composition using linking expressions Discuss the pros and cons of streaming video platforms like Netflix or HBO. Everyone knows about streaming platforms. Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hulu, HBO, and the list goes on.
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Writing in English with connectors (Part 1 of 4): justifying your
Now, you have to fill out each paragraph with more sentences to give more details and examples about your arguments. But you have the essence of your essay. You can see that the simple use of a few connectors (firstly, secondly, thirdly, in conclusion) already gives the examiner a clear idea of the arguments that support your opinion.
#191: Talking about Pros & Cons in English
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PDF Pro/Con Essay
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Word List on Linking Arguments
That is why …. After all, …. The reason is that …. In that respect …. The result of this is that …. Another aspect/point is that …. It is because …. Although it is true that … it would be wrong to claim that …. That may sometimes be true, but ….
PDF B2 First for Schools Writing Part 1 (An opinion essay) Summary
• Learn useful techniques for planning your own essay. • Evaluate two examples of a Writing Part 1 essay. • Practise and evaluate your own answer to a Writing Part 1 task. Review: Writing Part 1 . The B2 First for Schools Writing paper has two parts. Part 1 has only one task, which you . must. answer. You will: be given the essay title.
50 Pros and Cons Essay Topics For College Students
Take them and write an essay on them or shift some ideas in the way you like before doing this. The choice is yours: we are here only for boosting your productivity. Education Pros and Cons Essay Topics. In many ways, success depends on the education you receive. These pros and cons topics could let you argue against this point or in favor of it.
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How to Write an Essay for CAE Writing. Here are the main characteristics of a C1-level essay so that you can keep them in mind when writing: Purpose: With an essay, what we do is evaluate a topic, situation or problem that is of some interest or controversy (e.g. teenage mobile phone use). Often, the Writing activity is set as a task that takes ...
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The C1 Advanced Writing exam has two writing parts, which you must complete in 90 minutes. Both parts have a word limit of between 220-260 words. We recommend getting lots of writing practice under these conditions! Part 1 is always a discursive essay. It requires you to think about arguments for and against a topic.
PDF Composition Notes Essay C1 and C2
ESSAYS. There are two Writing Sections, Writing Section 1, which is based on the extract you hear in Listening Section 3, and Writing Section 2. Task 1 in Writing Section 1 is obligatory. To write the task, you must use the notes you have taken while you are listening to Listening Section 3 the third time and any other points you wish in order ...
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Instructions. Preparation. Reading. Check your writing: grouping - ideas. Check your writing: gap fill - useful phrases. Worksheets and downloads. A for and against essay about the internet - exercises 592.59 KB. A for and against essay about the internet - answers 136.91 KB. A for and against essay about the internet - essay 511.93 KB.
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Essay Example: The act of nursing is a profoundly individualistic choice confronted by new mothers, accompanied by an array of advantages and hurdles. Grasping the merits and demerits can empower mothers to make discerning decisions that align with their contexts and requisites. ... and the decision to breastfeed should be predicated upon a ...
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We will write a custom essay on your topic a custom Essay on Pros, Cons, and Ambiguities of After-Holocaust Imagery. 808 writers online . Learn More . Brief Description of Imageries Involved. Your Golden Hair, Margarete is a 1981 artwork by Anselm Kiefer, a German. The artwork features golden and black wheat straws on a canvas, representing ...
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Essays help develop the following skills: Essay contributes to the development of cognitive activity. Today, essays are written on various subjects. When writing an essay, students not only memorize facts but also understand the information acquired, learn to critically evaluate it, and use it in practice.
Opinion
Mr. Conniff is the author of "Ending Epidemics: A History of Escape From Contagion." The fight to eradicate polio has been long and difficult. It's been nearly 50 years since vaccines ...
Linkers and Connectors
Si queremos escribir un buen texto en inglés, no importa si es un essay, un email, o un artículo de opinión, los conectores son esenciales. Por eso, hoy vamos a ver los linkers and connectors que podemos usar al redactar en inglés.. Los conectores no solo aportan valor al contenido que queremos transmitir, sino que además aportan cohesión al texto.