essay questions on the protestant reformation

5 Questions about the Reformation

This article is part of the Questions and Answers series.

Q: Why did the Reformation happen?

A: The Reformation happened for two main reasons. The first was that the church in Western Europe, which was theoretically united under the authority of the pope in Rome, was in crisis. Many of the popes were corrupt and abusing their power. Discipline in the church was also very lax. Priests were supposed to be celibate, but many kept concubines and had illegitimate children who then had to be supported out of church funds that were intended for other purposes. Worship services were conducted in Latin, which ordinary people did not understand, and much popular devotion was just superstition. But education was improving and more people were questioning the legitimacy of the pope’s claim to be Christ’s representative (or “vicar”) on earth and the successor of the apostle Peter. It was discovered that the documents used to justify these claims had been forged and that the Bible gave no support to them.

The second main reason why there was a Reformation was that many ordinary people wanted to get closer to God. They were particularly worried about what would happen to them when they died. The church was teaching that most of them were not good enough to go straight to heaven, so they would be sent instead to a place called “purgatory”. This was invented in the twelfth century as a way of comforting people who knew that heaven was beyond their reach. In purgatory, they would be given a second chance to work off their sins and would eventually become good enough to go to heaven. The church offered to speed up the process by selling what they called “indulgences”. An indulgence was a kind of voucher that gave them time off from purgatory. You could get one by doing something to demonstrate your devotion to God, like going on a pilgrimage for example or taking part in a crusade against Muslims or pagans, but as time went on, you could also buy them. This option became a popular form of fundraising for the church, but it meant that people could purchase the grace of God without showing any sign of personal devotion or repentance for sin. It was the scandal caused by the sale of indulgences that moved Martin Luther to protest, and that lit the fuse which led to the Reformation in 1517.

Reformation Theology

Matthew barrett.

Offering readers a comprehensive summary of the major tenets of Reformation theology, this volume convincingly demonstrates the Reformation’s enduring importance for the church today.

Q: What did the Reformers believe?

A: The Reformation was not just a protest against the abuses of the church. Luther and others soon realized that their objections were rooted in theological convictions that were plainly taught in the Bible but that the church had been ignoring. The most important of these was the message that people were saved not by what they did, but by what they believed. It was by the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and not by any action on our part, that our sins were paid for. Those who trusted in Christ had their sins covered by his atoning sacrifice and they were admitted to heaven because of their faith in him. What we cannot do for ourselves, he has done for us. This made any idea of purgatory redundant. Human beings do not have to become perfect in order to inherit eternal life as long as they trust in Christ. This is what theologians call “justification by faith alone”.

Closely tied to this is what flows from justification. Those who trust in Christ are given his Holy Spirit, who comes to dwell in their hearts by faith, giving them a new and personal relationship with God which the Bible calls a new birth or a new creation. By the power of the Holy Spirit, Christians are able to live the kind of life that God expects of us, though we continue to struggle against our old nature and against hostile forces in this world that keep trying to take us away from God. A saint is not a perfect person who has earned his or her way into heaven, but a sinner who has been justified by faith.

Most importantly, the Bible tells us (Romans 8:38–39) that nothing can separate us from the love of God. The church claimed the power, not only to help people to get to heaven, but also to keep them out of it. This exclusion was done by a process called “excommunication”, by which an offender would be expelled from the church, cut off from the grace of God, and denied any hope of ever going to heaven. People were excommunicated for disobeying priests, for failing to contribute financially to the church, and even for ignoring things like fasting, but these were man-made rules that had no basis in the Bible. A person who is born again in Christ, by the power of his Holy Spirit, can rest assured of going to be with him in eternity. Our sins are real and they are serious, but they have been forgiven by the blood of Christ shed for us on the cross. What we have to do is repent of those sins, claim Christ’s forgiveness by faith and ask for the power of the Holy Spirit to strengthen us as we try to live a Christian life. The church cannot control this any more that anyone else can, because we are answerable not to human authorities but to God.

Q: Why are there so many Protestant churches?

A: Martin Luther had no intention of dividing the church. He believed that what he was teaching was obvious from the Bible and he expected everyone, including the pope, to accept it. Unfortunately, his hopes were to be disappointed. Some people thought that Luther did not go far enough in his criticisms and wanted a more radical break with the past than he thought was necessary. Others had different priorities. In Switzerland, for example, the Reformers of Zurich and Geneva went further than Luther in their objections to the traditional understanding of the sacraments as means by which God gave grace to human beings. In particular, they did not believe that baptism made a person Christian, nor did they accept that the body and blood of Christ were present in the bread and wine that were consecrated and shared in holy communion. There were attempts made to overcome these differences, but they failed, and so different churches emerged. In England, the state tried to impose a compromise form of worship, but many people objected to that, and created independent congregations that we now call “denominations”.

These were unfortunate developments in many ways, but Protestants believe that the true church is an invisible, spiritual community of true believers who are united in the Holy Spirit, even if they disagree in many outward details. This makes it possible for Lutherans, Presbyterians (Reformed), Anglicans (Episcopalians), Baptists, Methodists and Pentecostals to have fellowship with each other in spite of their differences. In recent years many causes of division have faded into the background and common points of unity have come to the fore instead. This has not produced one big institutional church, but it has allowed for practical co-operation and a degree of flexibility so that people can usually move from one Protestant denomination or congregation to another without difficulty.

Q: What are the big differences between Protestants and Catholics?

A: The biggest differences between Protestants and Catholics lie in the ways in which they understand how the Holy Spirit works in the life of the Christian community. To put it simply, Catholics tend to emphasize the external work of the Spirit, whereas Protestants emphasize his internal work instead. The effect of this can be seen at many levels. First of all, there is the question of how we become Christians. For Catholics, anyone who is baptized in the name of the Trinity is a Christian. They recognize that there are many people who ignore their baptism and even deny it, but they are “lapsed Catholics”, that is to say, Christians who do not practice their faith. Protestants generally disagree with this. They accept the necessity for baptism but do not believe that pouring water over someone makes that person a Christian. That can only happen when the Holy Spirit works in his or her heart. Baptism is a promise of what can and will happen to a believer, but it does not (and cannot) create the faith that is needed. There are no “lapsed Protestants”—either you are a Christian or you are not!

Catholics also believe that it is necessary for Christians to belong to the Catholic Church and participate in its worship (including the reception of the sacraments) if they hope to go to heaven when they die. But no Catholic can be sure of that outcome. Apart from a very few who manage to achieve spiritual perfection in this life, and who are therefore canonized as “saints”, almost everyone will have to spend time in purgatory. They will get to heaven eventually, but they do not know when or how. Protestants reject that way of thinking. They agree that Christians must join a church, participate in its worship, receive the sacraments, and so on, but they do not think of these activities as counting in their favor with God. Instead they insist that because they have been adopted as God’s children by the Holy Spirit, they will go to heaven when they die even though they are not perfect. This is a major difference of outlook and one that frequently pits Protestants and Catholics against each other. Catholics tend to think that Protestants are presumptuous when they say that they are going to heaven when they die, whereas Protestants think that Catholics have failed to understand what salvation in Christ really means.

Another area of fundamental disagreement concerns the way the Holy Spirit builds up the church. For Catholics this happens through external rites, and in particular, through the ordination of priests who have the authority to dispense God’s grace through the sacraments. A priest has the power to turn bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ by changing their underlying “substance”. This belief is not based on the Bible but on a theory that can be traced ack to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who believed that all reality consists of substances that appear in different forms, which he called “accidents”. In the priestly act of consecration, the substance of bread and wine changes but the accidents (color, taste, etc.) remain the same. This is called transubstantiation, and all Protestants reject it. Protestants believe that it is impossible to change material substances into something they are not. Bread and wine remain what they are and communion with Christ is the work of the Holy Spirit in the heart and mind of the believer. Protestant clergy are therefore not “priests” in the Catholic sense, nor do they believe that they can be. God works in his people by convicting them of sin, of righteousness and of judgment, and this conviction comes by the preaching of his Word, revealed in the Bible and applied by the Holy Spirit to those who accept its message in faith.

What counts is our faithfulness and obedience to the Word that we have received.

Q: Do we need another Reformation today?

A: This is a hard question to answer in a simple way. We cannot go back and re-create the circumstances of the sixteenth century, so even if we think it would be nice to have another Luther, that is not going to happen. On the other hand, the modern church is far from perfect and there are many things that could be improved. Too many Christians fail to understand the implications of their faith for everyday life and need the Holy Spirit to work a change in their hearts and minds – a personal reformation, if you like, that in its own way is just as important as the Reformation was 500 years ago. Many churches have grown into business enterprises, more interested in increasing numbers and budgets than in extending the kingdom of God. That too, needs to be changed. Some people have become very involved in dubious forms of political engagement that end up compromising the witness of the gospel, and there again, reform and renewal are to be desired. Whether these things require a mass movement of the Spirit or not is impossible to say.

God may choose to work in that way, and if he does, then we must be grateful to him for his mercy towards us. But whatever he decides to do, each of us has a duty to hear his voice and obey it in the place and in the circumstances where he has called us. Our witness may not be glamorous or famous, but that does not matter. What counts is our faithfulness and obedience to the Word that we have received. If we think like that, then we shall see the Holy Spirit at work in our lives and in the lives of those around us, and who knows? One day we may look back and be able to say: “That was a new Reformation after all”. It was only with hindsight that Luther and his colleagues realized what had happened, and most probably, the same will be true for us.

Gerald Bray is a contributor to Reformation Theology: A Systematic Summary edited by Matthew Barrett.

Gerald Bray  (DLitt, University of Paris-Sorbonne) is research professor at Beeson Divinity School and director of research for the Latimer Trust. He is a prolific writer and has authored or edited numerous books, including The Doctrine of God ;  Biblical Interpretation ; and  God Is Love.

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Europe 1300 - 1800

Course: europe 1300 - 1800   >   unit 8, the protestant reformation.

• Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Setting the stage
• Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther
• Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: The Counter-Reformation
• Introduction to the Protestant Reformation: Varieties of Protestantism
• The Council of Trent and the call to reform art
• Iconoclasm in the Netherlands in the Sixteenth Century

A challenge to the Church in Rome

The church and the state, martin luther, indulgences, faith alone, scripture alone, the counter-reformation, the council of trent.

Selected Outcomes of the Council of Trent:

The Council denied the Lutheran idea of justification by faith. They affirmed, in other words, their Doctrine of Merit, which allows human beings to redeem themselves through Good Works, and through the sacraments.

They affirmed the existence of purgatory and the usefulness of prayer and indulgences in shortening a person's stay in purgatory.

They reaffirmed the belief in transubstantiation and the importance of all seven sacraments.

They reaffirmed the authority of both scripture the teachings and traditions of the Church.

They reaffirmed the necessity and correctness of religious art (see below).

The Council of Trent on religious art

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The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation that began with Martin Luther in 1517 played a key role in the development of the North American colonies and the eventual United States.

3, 5, 7, 9 - 12

Religion, Social Studies, Civics, U.S. History, World History

Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms 1521

Martin Luther, a German teacher and a monk, brought about the Protestant Reformation when he challenged the Catholic Church's teachings starting in 1517.

Photograph of painting by World History Archive/Alamy Stock Photo

The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism , a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine . The Protestant Reformation began in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, when Martin Luther, a teacher and a monk, published a document he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences , or 95 Theses . The document was a series of 95 ideas about Christianity that he invited people to debate with him. These ideas were controversial because they directly contradicted the Catholic Church 's teachings. Luther's statements challenged the Catholic Church 's role as intermediary between people and God, specifically when it came to the indulgence system, which in part allowed people to purchase a certificate of pardon for the punishment of their sins. Luther argued against the practice of buying or earning forgiveness, believing instead that salvation is a gift God gives to those who have faith. Luther's objections to the indulgence system paved the way for other challenges to the Catholic doctrine throughout Europe. For example, John Calvin in France and Huldrych Zwingli in Switzerland proposed new ideas about the practice of Holy Communion, and a group called Anabaptists rejected the idea that infants should be baptized in favor of the notion that baptism was reserved for adult Christians. Broadly speaking, most of the challenges to the Catholic Church revolved around the notion that individual believers should be less dependent on the Catholic Church , and its pope and priests, for spiritual guidance and salvation. Instead, Protestants believed people should be independent in their relationship with God, taking personal responsibility for their faith and referring directly to the Bible, the Christian holy book, for spiritual wisdom. Protestant reform in England began with Henry VIII in 1534 because the Pope would not grant him a marriage annulment. Subsequently, King Henry rejected the Pope's authority, instead creating and assuming authority over the Church of England, a sort of hybrid church that combined some Catholic doctrine and some Protestant ideals. Over the next 20 years, there was religious turbulence in England as Queen Mary (1553–1558) reinstated Catholicism in England while persecuting and exiling Protestants , only to have Queen Elizabeth I and her Parliament attempt to lead the country back toward Protestantism during her reign (1558–1603). Some English citizens did not believe Queen Elizabeth's efforts to restore England to Protestantism went far enough. These citizens fell into two groups, both labeled Puritans by their opponents. The first group, known as separatists , believed the Church of England was so corrupt that their only choice was to leave England, separate from the church , and start a new church . They called this the English Separatist Church . Around 1607 or 1609, some of the separatists tried to start the new lives they imagined in Holland, in the Netherlands. Ultimately, the endeavor failed due to poverty and the sense that the children were assimilating too much into Dutch culture, so many of the separatists returned to England. By 1620, members of the English Separatist Church were ready for a second try at establishing a new life and church . Those who set sail aboard the Mayflower for New England and eventually landed near Plymouth, Massachusetts, would, in time, become known as the Pilgrims . The other group of English citizens who did not believe Queen Elizabeth's reform efforts went far enough were called non separatists ; over time, the term " Puritan " would become synonymous with the non separatists . They did not seek to leave the Church of England; they wanted only to reform it by eliminating the remnants of Catholicism that remained. In terms of theology, most of them were Calvinists. Although they did not desire to separate from the Church of England, some Puritans saw emigrating to New England as their best chance at true reform of the church and freedom to worship as they chose. In 1630, a decade after the Pilgrims embarked on a similar journey for similar reasons, the first Puritans traveled to the New World and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston, Massachusetts. Though the separatists and non separatists disagreed about whether to sever ties to the Church of England, both groups of early North American colonists shared a dissatisfaction with the church and a mindset that they were free to establish a church more in alignment with their spiritual views. Perhaps predictably, this freedom to practice religion according to one's beliefs led to the creation of countless different churches , denominations , and doctrines in the colonies. Equally predictable, throughout history this diversity has led to disagreements. However, this diversity of religious thought has also become a core part of the identity of the United States: The Bill of Rights explicitly forbids "establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” Over 400 years in the making, this belief in personal empowerment and independence in religious matters, with its roots in the Protestant Reformation , has become an enduring part of the American mindset.

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Unleashed in the early sixteenth century, the Reformation put an abrupt end to the relative unity that had existed for the previous thousand years in Western Christendom under the Roman Catholic Church . The Reformation, which began in Germany but spread quickly throughout Europe, was initiated in response to the growing sense of corruption and administrative abuse in the church. It expressed an alternate vision of Christian practice, and led to the creation and rise of Protestantism, with all its individual branches. Images, especially, became effective tools for disseminating negative portrayals of the church ( 53.677.5 ), and for popularizing Reformation ideas; art, in turn, was revolutionized by the movement.

Though rooted in a broad dissatisfaction with the church, the birth of the Reformation can be traced to the protests of one man, the German Augustinian monk Martin Luther (1483–1546) ( 20.64.21 ; 55.220.2 ). In 1517, he nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Saxony, a manifesto listing ninety-five arguments, or Theses, against the use and abuse of indulgences, which were official pardons for sins granted after guilt had been forgiven through penance. Particularly objectionable to the reformers was the selling of indulgences, which essentially allowed sinners to buy their way into heaven, and which, from the beginning of the sixteenth century, had become common practice. But, more fundamentally, Luther questioned basic tenets of the Roman Church, including the clergy’s exclusive right to grant salvation. He believed human salvation depended on individual faith, not on clerical mediation, and conceived of the Bible as the ultimate and sole source of Christian truth. He also advocated the abolition of monasteries and criticized the church’s materialistic use of art. Luther was excommunicated in 1520, but was granted protection by the elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise (r. 1483–1525) ( 46.179.1 ), and given safe conduct to the Imperial Diet in Worms and then asylum in Wartburg.

The movement Luther initiated spread and grew in popularity—especially in Northern Europe, though reaction to the protests against the church varied from country to country. In 1529, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V tried, for the most part unsuccessfully, to stamp out dissension among German Catholics. Elector John the Constant (r. 1525–32) ( 46.179.2 ), Frederick’s brother and successor, was actively hostile to the emperor and one of the fiercest defenders of Protestantism. By the middle of the century, most of north and west Germany had become Protestant. King Henry VIII of England (r. 1509–47), who had been a steadfast Catholic, broke with the church over the pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the first of Henry’s six wives. With the Act of Supremacy in 1534, Henry was made head of the Church of England, a title that would be shared by all future kings. John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) codified the doctrines of the new faith, becoming the basis for Presbyterianism. In the moderate camp, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (ca. 1466–1536), though an opponent of the Reformation, remained committed to the reconciliation of Catholics and Protestants—an ideal that would be at least partially realized in 1555 with the Religious Peace of Augsburg, a ruling by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire granting freedom of worship to Protestants.

With recognition of the reformers’ criticism and acceptance of their ideology, Protestants were able to put their beliefs on display in art ( 17.190.13–15 ). Artists sympathetic to the movement developed a new repertoire of subjects, or adapted traditional ones, to reflect and emphasize Protestant ideals and teaching ( 1982.60.35 ;  1982.60.36 ;  71.155 ;  1975.1.1915 ). More broadly, the balance of power gradually shifted from religious to secular authorities in western Europe, initiating a decline of Christian imagery in the Protestant Church. Meanwhile, the Roman Church mounted the Counter-Reformation, through which it denounced Lutheranism and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine. In Italy and Spain, the Counter-Reformation had an immense impact on the visual arts; while in the North , the sound made by the nails driven through Luther’s manifesto continued to reverberate.

Wisse, Jacob. “The Reformation.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/refo/hd_refo.htm (October 2002)

Further Reading

Coulton, G. G. Art and the Reformation . 2d ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.

Koerner, Joseph Leo. The Reformation of the Image . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.

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Essay on The Protestant Reformation and Christianity

PDF of essay on the Protestant Reformation and Christianity.

By Cole S. Rogers, Spring 2016

 The Roman Catholic Church dominated Western Europe up until the Protestant Reformation. The church prior to the Reformation owned nearly one-third of all European land.  With financial dominance, political influence, and publicly accepted doctrine, the church experienced extraordinary size. With the extreme success of the church, corruption followed, and the church began to profiteer off rituals. The sale of indulgences for profit promoted even further corruption within the church. At the time indulgences were being sold by the Catholic Church, the movement of the Renaissance was sweeping across all of Europe. The movement of the Renaissance created more and more public dissent towards the Catholic Church. This Renaissance would eventually lead to the Protestant Reformation.

The Protestant Reformation changed the religion of Christianity forever. Prior to the Reformation, the Renaissance sparked a change in the way of thinking throughout Europe. This change in thinking promoted a society based on individuality, and finding the truth.  Martin Luther, a German monk in the Catholic Church is directly responsible for creating the movement behind the Protestant Reformation. Luther through study and immersion in scripture discovered the corruption behind the Church, and publicly exposed this corruption.  Luther in 1517 nailed 95 Theses to the Church in Wittenberg, Germany.  The 95 Theses exposed the fundamental corruption behind the Church and specifically the sale of indulgences. Luther introduced the concept of salvation being gained only through faith in God. Luther’s work resulted in religious conflict throughout all of Europe.

The Protestant Reformation promoted self-immersion in scripture. Luther’s translation of the Bible from Latin to German gained extreme attention as for the first time in history average people began to explore scripture themselves rather than relying on the Catholic Church for everything. This ideology influenced the rise in several different movements of Christianity that each found individual similarities throughout scripture.  In this time period, a new era of churches arose throughout all of Europe, which challenged the Catholic Church and shaped the future of Christianity. 

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Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation

How it works

The Protestant Reformation revolutionized the way that the church operated and taught its people. Martin Luther saw mamy problems with the Catholic Church such as selling indulgences. Martin Luther believed that indulgences could not rightfully sold. As a result, Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five

Theses in Wittenberg, Germany, on the door of The Eve of All Saints Day Castle Church on October 31, 1517. As a result of this, Martin Luther participated in a debate with various officials of the Catholic Church in the The Eve of All Saints Day Castle Church.

Martin Luther started a revolution that would change the church’s history and the way it taught forever Martin Luther took a look at the Catholic Church around him and along with many other theologians and scholars, he saw many corrupt things about the church and its teachings. The Catholic Church became increasingly more involved in political powers, political manipulations, and built up a good amount of wealth. He began to question the church. As no coincidence, around this time when scholars started to question the church, translations to the Bible and the writings of the early church philosopher Augustine became more easily accessible.

In Augustine’s texts, he talked about how it was important to focus on and prioritize the teachings of the Bible rather than the teachings of Church officials. If there was ever a conflict between a teaching of the Bible and the teaching of Church officials, the Bible’s teachings were to always overrule those of Church officials’. His texts also stated that man could not receive salvation on their own and had to rely and depend on God for salvation. However, the Church’s practice of selling indulgences completely went against Augustine’s statement of salvation upon reliance of God and Martin Luther quickly noticed this. Indulgences were sold by the church and basically granted salvation to whoever bought them. Martin Luther believed this to be incredibly corrupt and unBiblical. Even though the selling of indulgences had been banned in Germany, it continued. Martin Luther saw this and believed that he needed to take action to fix the church’s corrupt ways. Luther had full intentions on bringing the church’s corruption to the public light. He wrote the “Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences”, or more commonly known as “The 95 Theses”. The 95 Theses were a list of topics for debate that would be held. He nailed these theses to the door of The Eve of All Saints Day Castle on October 31, 1517.

In the Theses, he points out numerous and a diverse set of flaws of the Catholic Church such as their corruption, false teachings, etc. Theses #1-3 focus on the importance of God’s Word in the bible for the life of a Christian. Theses #4-14.focus on the excessive amount of power held by the Pope, the corruption of the clergy, and how only God can forgive sins. Theses #15-82 focus on the indulgences of the preachers and oppose the selling of letters of indulgences in Germany. Theses #83-93 focus on the repetitive use of the word “again” which is then followed by a statement in order to convey a message. The invention of the printing press also helped Luther to distribute copies of the theses to places all throughout Germany. The Thesis also eventually made its way to Rome. In 1518, the debate was held between Martin Luther and Cardinal Thomas Cajetan in front of the imperial assembly. The debate lasted for three days but no conclusion was met. The Pope took notice of Martin Luther’s’ theses and placed them under questioning. His theses were concluded to be heretical and “scandalous and offensive to pious ears”. The Pope gave Luther 120 days to recant; or take back his statements that were made in the theses.

Luther refused to recant and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Leo on january 3, 1521. Later, on May 25, emperor Charles V ordered his theses to be burned. Out of fear, Luther fled to a town called Eisenach for a year, where he sought refuge and protection. While staying in Eisenach, he started to translate the New Testament into German. Martin eventually returned back to Wittenberg to discover that his writings had already sparked a reformation. Although Luther’s writings sparked the reformation, he was not very involved with the process towards the end of his life. Towards his death, Luther became more extreme in his beliefs. He declared the pope to be the Antichrist and believed that Jews should be excluded from the empire. Martin Luther died on February 18, 1546. As a result of Martin Luther’s movement, many Christians decided to break off from the Catholic church in order to form the Protestant Church. They were known as the Protestants because of their numerous protests. Rather than listening to the Protestants and considering their side of beliefs, the Catholic Church alienated these people. The Protestants protested many things such as more establishment in the Church’s policy, the sale of indulgences and the Church’s failure to print of religious texts in any language other than Latin. Despite their protests, the Catholic Church only say them as rebels and completely neglected and ignored their demands. German peasants who were inspired by Luther’s writings decided to revolt in 1524. Lutheranism eventually became the state religion throughout Germany, Scandinavia, and the Baltics.

After realizing how rapidly the reformation was spreading throughout Europe, the Catholic Church finally decided that changes had to be made. Those who remained in Catholic Church still demanded reform and change. In 1545, leaders of the Catholic Church met in the Northern Italian city of Trent to meet and discuss what would be done of the situation. After almost 20 years of aggressive debating, the Council of Trent decided to start a counter-reformation. Many new rules were passed that covered issues such as Church authority, the holding of multiple offices, the chastity of priests, and a monastic reform. The Catholic Church made more of an effort to be more spiritual, more literate, a more educated. Newer religious orders such as the Jesuits combined rigorous spirituality with a globally minded intellectualism. In today’s world, the division between the Protestant Church and the Catholic Church are still very evident and prevalent. There are many differences today between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church. Protestant Churches allowed the congregation much more freedom in determining church policy and rejected such Catholic beliefs such as purgatory. While the entire catholic church is under the authority and rulings of the Pope, Protestants are generally under the rulings of a group of elders or deacons within their own individual church. While Catholic Church heavily emphasizes tradition, the Protestant Church does not. Protestants believe in the idea that salvation is obtained by faith, grace, and Christ alone.

Catholics, on the other hand, believe that justification is a process which is dependent on the grace that you receive by participating in the Church. Catholics also pray through Saints and ask them to intervene for them while Protestants do not. Catholics also view Mary as the mother of the church while Protestants do not. Even centuries after the death of Martin Luther, the effects of his reformation still last to this day in how Protestant Churches and Catholic Churches operate. Martin Luther brought the many flaws and mistakes of the Catholic Church into the light and not only reformed Christianity, but also reformed the Catholic Church for the better. After Martin Luther, the Catholic Church made more of an effort to be more spiritual, transparent, and follow the teachings of the Bible. In conclusion, Martin Luther’s reforms changed the way that the church functioned and taught its people.

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66 Protestantism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best protestantism topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 interesting topics to write about protestantism, 🔎 good research topics about protestantism.

• Max Weber – The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Max Weber in his book the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism sought to explain the emergence of the modern capitalism and the origin of the modern secular and industrial society.
• The Impact of the Inquisition on the Protestant Reformation What was the role of the inquisition group in religious practices? To assess the roles of the inquisition group in religious practices.
• The 30 Years War Between the Catholics and the Protestants in Europe The thirty years war was a war of change between the Protestants and the Catholics. This treaty was instituted to put a stop to the religious war between the Lutheran of Germany and the Catholics.
• Martin Luther’s Effects on the Protestant Reformation This work uses the article Multiplex Network Ties and the Spatial Diffusion of Radical Innovations: Martin Luther’s Leadership in the Early Reformation as a primary source, as it reflects new research on Martin Luther’s personal […]
• The Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation The most fundamental change to the power of the Roman Catholic Church came during the era of the Protestant Reformation. Therefore, the latter part of the Middle Ages was marked by a substantial change in […]
• What Led to the Protestant Reformations? The ideologists of the masses put a broader meaning in the concept of the Reformation the transformation of the entire system of social relations in the spirit of gospel equality.
• Catholicism and Protestantism and British Identity in the 18th Century Some religious pundits believed that the happenings in the religious sphere and the delicate balance between religious freedom and the persistent spread of catholicism meant that the state had to begin finding a new form […]
• Four Apostles’ by Albrecht Dürer: Protestant Faith Protestantism emerged in Europe at the beginning of the 16th century as the opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and based on the belief in personal faith and the connection to God.
• Protestant Reformation Promotion of 16th Century Social Roles The changes in social order seen in Western Europe will be discussed in terms of the expectations of the nobles and peasants.
• The Protestant Reformation in Ferm`s “Pictorial History of Protestantism” The author of the book was not only a lecturer and ahead of the department of Philosophy, but also an editor, which is seen in the style of the book.
• Historical Significance of “The Protestant Reformation” by Hillerbrand The main topic of the book under consideration is the mindset of those who stood behind the Protestant Reformation. Since the new era brought many new opinions to the history of the Reformation, the historical […]
• Weber’s “The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism” Much of the book focuses on the concept of capitalism as witnessed in northern Europe and the United States of America due to the influence of the Protestants.
• The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism by Max Weber At the time of producing the document, society expected its people to believe in something. The sociologist used the concept of Ascetic Protestantism to investigate the origin and nature of capitalism.
• Protestantism, Capitalism, and Predestination Calvinism and Predestination are central to the book because Weber considers the actions and beliefs of Calvinists as two of the major factors in the development of capitalism.
• Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Reformers’ Confrontation The debate was crucial to the development of the Reformation thought, as it was during this debate that Luther for the first time argued that the Pope had no official power since the Bible alone […]
• “The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism” by Weber While faith was a consideration, if one was found to be unreliable in their business dealings, it could result in their ex-communication or denial of admittance into the congregation.
• Protestant, Catholic and Jews Religion Issue He wrote a book to interpret the paradox of religion, and address the issue of the immigrants who had to change their cultures to become Americans.
• Capitalism Spirit and the Protestant Ethic Therefore, it is possible to note that greed is opposite to the spirit of capitalism as the latter motivates people to go the extra mile.
• Religious Studies: the Protestant Reformation Purists from the West objected to the running of the Catholic church. The pope wanted the Bible to be in one language only.
• Protestant Reformation and Enlightenment Certain ceremonies that demonstrated customary practices such as baptism and sacraments were abolished by the reformed churches, and this affected the lives of the people because the initial rituals used to shape the social lives […]
• Protestant Reformation and the Western Church Most people discussed the issue and highly criticized it, a factor that triggered the desire to reform some of the ritual practices in the Catholic Church.
• The Significance of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation in History of Western Civilization In his attempts to reform the protestant church, Luther wrote several letters to the leaders of the church such as Bishops and the clergy.
• Protestant Reformation and Economy This is because the traditional religion and the early church were against the activities which would have led to the development of capitalism in the society.
• The Protestant Church Reformation The urge for a reformation was also spurred by the emergence of humanistic philosophies and the spirit of the Renaissance, which drew increased attention to the teachings of the Bible and had the tendency of […]
• Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism by Weber On the other hand, he analyzes the evolution of the Christian beliefs and considers faithful calling to be the prototype for the division of labor forces in the contemporary capitalistic society.”One of the fundamental elements […]
• Protestantism in England in the 17th Century
• Account of Protestantism’s Contribution to the Rise of Modernity
• The Pros and Cons of the Protestantism Reformation
• How Protestantism Influenced the Making of Modern Science
• Social Cohesion, Religious Beliefs, and the Effect of Protestantism on Suicide
• Impact of the Protestantism Reformation and the Counter-Reformation on European Universities
• Why Did Protestantism Christianity Emerge as Forces for Social Change
• How Protestant Reformation Shaped Modern Education
• History of Protestantism in North America
• Comparing Protestantism and Catholicism as Viewed by Martin Luther
• The Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther
• The Catholic Response to the Spread of Protestantism
• Difference between Islam, Judaism, and Protestantism
• The Effect of Protestantism on Education Before the Industrialization
• Relation to Witchcraft in Protestantism and Catholic Church
• The Connection Between Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism
• The difference between Protestantism and Catholicism
• The Poetics of Protestantism in the English Literary Renaissance
• Comparing Protestantism And Roman Catholicism
• Conservative Protestantism and Anti-Evolution Curricular Challenges Across States
• Effects of Puritanism and Protestantism on Post Reformation
• Protestantism in the 19th and 20th Centuries
• The Beginnings and Development of Protestantism
• Benefits of the Protestant Reformation and the Renaissance
• The Struggle Between Protestantism And Pluralism
• Differences Between Protestantism and Orthodoxy
• The Most Important Developments in Protestantism Since the Early 20th Century
• Suicide and Religion: New Evidence on the Differences Between Protestantism and Catholicism
• The Spread of Protestantism in the 1500’s
• Effect the Protestantism Reformation Have on the Colonization of the New World
• The Similarities Between the Renaissance and the Protestantism Reformation
• Who Is Martin Luther and Why Is He Important to Protestantism
• Differences Between Catholicism and Protestantism in the Reformation
• Spreading the Ideas That Led to Protestantism
• Personalities and Culture of Protestant Reformation
• Impact of Martin Luther on the Birth of Protestantism
• Did Protestantism Promote Economic Prosperity via Higher Human Capital
• The Religious Discourse Between Santeria and Protestantism
• Hot Protestants: A History of Puritanism in England and America
• Protestantism and Government Spending: a Negative Relationship
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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5 Prompts on the Reformation

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To say that the Protestant Reformation had a great effect on the world is a vast understatement. Kings, kingdoms, and even everyday people felt the sting—and the freedom—this new movement brought.

Your students will be writing opinions, stories, and more while exploring some of the issues and topics associated with the Reformation, no matter your religious persuasion.

These prompts are appropriate for students in 5th – 12th grade.

Let’s dig in . . .

Reformation Prompts

1. your opinion.

Over five hundred years ago, an educated man wanted to start a conversation about some things he wanted to change in his church. He wrote out a copy of the points he wanted to discuss and sent it to his boss; he most likely also nailed a copy of his points on the door of his local church to announce his intentions to begin a discussion about them.

Follow this link for the rest of the prompt. >>

2. Your explanation

Read Martin Luther’s shocking Ninety-five Theses here or here . Then choose one of his 95 statements and explain what he meant by it.

3. Your personal story

When Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Saxony (in what is now Germany), on October 31, 1517, he wanted to start a conversation with influential people about how salvation can be found in Christ alone, not in other acts or in the buying of indulgences (official papers from the Catholic Church).

What he did not foresee was the reaction he would get (his life was now in danger) and the movement he inadvertently would start, now called the Reformation.

Write about a time when you did or said something and then got a reaction you did not expect.

4. Your thoughts

If you were laughed at, marginalized, ridiculed, excluded from a group, or otherwise punished for being a Christian, how do you think you would react? Write your ideas.

If those things have already happened to you, write your experience and reactions to it.

5. Your fictional story

“Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. Amen.”

This is what Martin Luther told his accusers while on trial before Emperor Charles V fewer than four years after he’d published his Ninety-five Theses . He would not recant (take back) what he said against the church selling indulgences, that people who bought them would have salvation. Thesis 32: “Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.”

Luther knew he could be excommunicated, which he was, and he knew he could be killed, yet he did not change his mind or buckle beneath the pressure.

Create a character who is in trouble because he or she will not change a strongly held belief. Where is your character? What situation will you put him or her in? What will happen to your character?

Looking for fun middle school writing prompts? Look no further!

Engage your teen writer with these intriguing high school prompts .

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Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 1 of 4): Setting the stage

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Effects of The Protestant Reformation

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Published: Mar 25, 2024

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