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Chapt. 1 Introduction to Core Java. Lecture 1: Overview of Java.

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Classes and Objects are basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming which revolve around the real life entities. Class A class is a user defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type. In general, class declarations can include these components, in order: 1. Modifiers : A class can be public or has default access (Refer this for details). 2. Class name: The name should begin with a initial letter (capitalized by convention). 3. Superclass(if any): The name of the class's parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent. 4. Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface. 5. Body: The class body surrounded by braces, { }. Constructors are used for initializing new objects. Fields are variables that provides the state of the class and its objects, and methods are used to implement the behavior of the class and its objects. There are various types of classes that are used in real time applications such as nested classes, anonymous classes, lambda expressions. Object It is a basic unit of Object Oriented Programming and represents the real life entities. A typical Java program creates many objects, which as you know, interact by invoking methods. An object consist of : 1. State : It is represented by attributes of an object. It also reflect the properties of an object. GeeksforGeeks A computer science portal for geeks Practice GATE CS Placements Videos Contribute Welcome jagdishpr ▲

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JAVA BASICS

Mar 29, 2019

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JAVA BASICS. Eng. Amr Nagy. Getting Started. The java Development Kit-JDK . In order to get started in java programming, one needs to get a recent copy of the java JDK. This can be obtained for free by downloading it from the Sun Microsystems website, http://java.sun.com

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JAVA BASICS Eng. Amr Nagy

Getting Started • The java Development Kit-JDK . • In order to get started in java programming, one needs to get a recent copy of the java JDK. This can be obtained for free by downloading it from the Sun Microsystems website, http://java.sun.com • Once you download and install this JDK you are ready to get started. You need a text editor as well

To run java program • Java instructions need to translated into an intermediate language called bytecode • Then the bytecode is interrupted into a particular machine language (Object code)

What is needed • Compiler: A program that translates program written in a high level language into the equivalent machine language • Java Virtual machine: A S/W which make java programs machine independent

Java virtual machine • The Java Virtual Machine is software that interprets Java bytecode • Java programs executed in JVM • JVM is a virtual rather than a physical machine • The JVM is typically implemented as a run time interrupter • Translate java bytecode instructions into object code

Java Features • Java is both compiled and interpreted. • Java is fully object oriented.

Java Features • Java is easy to learn. • Java is machine and platform independent. “WRITE ONCE, RUN ANY WHERE!”

Java Features • Java depends on dynamic linking of libraries.

API • The application program interface (API) contains predefined classes and interfaces for developing Java programs. • The Java language specification is stable, but the API is still expanding.

API Editions • Java Standard Edition (J2SE) • J2SE can be used to develop client-side standalone applications or applets. • Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE) • J2EE can be used to develop server-side applications such as Java servlets and Java ServerPages. • Java Micro Edition (J2ME). • J2ME can be used to develop applications for mobile devices such as cell phones.

API Editions • Sun releases each version of J2SE with a Java Development Toolkit (JDK). • JDK consists of a set of separate programs for developing and testing Java programs, each of which is invoked from a command line.

Java IDE Tools • A Java development tool is software that provides an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapidly developing Java programs. • Borland JBuilder • NetBeans Open Source by Sun • Jcreator • Eclipse Open Source by IBM • ….

Characteristics of Java • Java Is Simple • Java Is Object-Oriented • Java Is Distributed • Java Is Interpreted • Java Is Robust • Java Is Secure • Java Is Portable • Java's Performance • Java Is Multithreaded

A Simple Java Program // My First Program!! publicclass HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args){ System.out.println(“Hello World!”); } }

Anatomy of a Java Program • Comments • Package • Reserved words • Modifiers • Statements • Blocks • Classes • Methods • The main method

Naming Conventions • Package names: lowercaseforallcomponents • Class and Interface names: CaptializedWithInternalWordsCaptialized • Method names: firstWordLowercaseButInternalWordsCapitalized() • Variable names: firstWordLowercaseButInternalWordsCaptialized • Constants: UPPER_CASE_WITH_UNDERSCORES

Standard Output • println() places a newline character at the end of whatever is being printed out. • The following lines: • System.out.println(“This is being printed out"); System.out.println(“on two separate lines."); results in 2 lines of output. • System.out.print(“These lines will be"); System.out.print(“printed on the same line");

Identifiers • Identifiers are the names of variables, methods, classes, packages and interfaces. • An identifier is a sequence of characters that consist of letters, digits, underscores (_), and dollar signs ($), must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign ($). • It cannot start with a digit. • An identifier cannot be a reserved word (public, class, static, void, method,…)

Note • Java is case sensitive. • File name has to be the same as class name in file. • Need to import necessary class definitions.

Variables • Each variable must be declared before it is used. • The declaration allocates a location in memory to hold values of this type. • Variable types can be: • primitive • reference to an object

Variable Declarations • The syntax of a variable declaration is data-type variable-name; • Example: • Assign values: int total; longcount, sum; double unitPrice; total = 0; count = 20, sum=50; unitPrice = 57.25;

Variable Declarations, cont. • Declaring and Initializing in One Step inttotal=0; Longcount=20, sum=50; double unitPrice = 57.25;

Variable Declaration Example public class DeclarationExample { public static void main (String[] args) { int weeks = 14; long numberOfStudents = 120; double averageFinalGrade = 78.6; char ch=‘a’; System.out.println(weeks); System.out.println(numberOfStudents); System.out.println(averageFinalGrade); System.out.println(ch); } }

Constants • We may declare that a variable is a constant and its value may never change. final datatype CONSTANTNAME = VALUE; final double PI = 3.14159; final int CHINA_OLYMPICS_YEAR = 2008;

Primitive Data Types

Integers • There are four integer data types, They differ by the amount of memory used to store them.

Floating Point • There are two floating point types.

Characters • Acharvalue stores a single character from the Unicode character set. • A character set is an ordered list of characters and symbols. • ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, … , ‘a’, ‘b’, … ,‘0’, ‘1’, … , ‘$’, … • The Unicode character set uses 16 bits (2 bytes) per character.

Boolean • Abooleanvalue represents a true/false condition. • The reserved wordstrueandfalseare the only valid values for a boolean type. • The boolean type uses one bit.

Numeric Type Conversion Consider the following statements: byte i = 100; long k = i * 3 + 4; double d = i * 3.1 + k / 2;

Conversion Rules • When performing a binary operation involving two operands of different types, Java automatically converts the operand based on the following rules: • If one of the operands is double, the other is converted into double. • Otherwise, if one of the operands is float, the other is converted into float. • Otherwise, if one of the operands is long, the other is converted into long. • Otherwise, both operands are converted into int.

Type Casting • Implicit casting double d = 3; (type widening) • Explicit casting int i = (int)3.0; (type narrowing) int i = (int)3.9; (Fraction part is truncated) • What is wrong? int x = 5 / 2.0;

Data Type Conversion Examples double f, x; int j; f = 5; f = 5.0 / 2; f = x * j; f = 5 / 2; f = (float) j / 5; j = (int) f; j = (int) 5.0 / 2.0;

Basic Arithmetic Operators

Combined Assignment Operators

Operator Precedence • Multiplication, division, and remainder (%) have a higher precedence than addition and subtraction. • Operators with same precedence evaluate from left to right. • Parenthesis can be used to force order of evaluation.

Increment and Decrement Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators, cont.

Comparison Operators

Boolean Operators

Control Statements

if Statement if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * PI; System.out.println("The area" “ for the circle of radius " + "radius is " + area); } if (booleanExpression) { statement(s); }

if...else Statement if (booleanExpression) { statement(s)-for-the-true-case; } else { statement(s)-for-the-false-case; }

if...else Statement Example if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * 3.14159; System.out.println("The area for the “ + “circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); } else { System.out.println("Negative input"); }

Multiple Alternative if Statements

switchStatements switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; … case valueN: statement(s)N; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; } The switch-expression must yield a value of char, byte, short, or int type and must always be enclosed in parentheses. The value1, ..., and valueN must have the same data type as the value of the switch-expression. Note that value1, ..., and valueN are constant expressions, meaning that they cannot contain variables in the expression.

whileLoop while (loop-continuation-condition) { // loop-body; Statement(s); } int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

do-whileLoop do { // Loop body; Statement(s); } while (loop-continuation-condition);

forLoops for (initial-action; loop-continuation-condition; action-after-each-iteration) { // loop body; Statement(s); } int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

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