parasitology research

Parasites & Vectors

Editor-in-chief.

Filipe Dantas-Torres, PhD, EBVS® European Veterinary Specialist in Parasitology Aggeu Magalhães Institute Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Brazil

Aims and scope

Parasites & Vectors publishes articles on the biology of parasites, parasitic diseases, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance.  Read more

Featured collections

Artificial intelligence, parasites, and parasitic diseases, primers on parasites and vectors, historical aspects of parasitology, elimination of infectious diseases of poverty as a key contribution to achieving the sdgs, contribution of climate change to the spread of infectious diseases, human migration, conflict and infectious diseases, food security and sustainability from a microbiology perspective.

This collection is dedicated to articles reporting the use of AI in parasitology research. We particularly welcome articles dealing with parasitic disease diagnosis, parasite and vector identification as well as those reporting the prospection of drugs and vaccine candidates. 

Guest Editor: Anthony J Walker

Primers provide short, authoritative and accessible accounts that explore the basic/applied biology of selected parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Primers integrate fundamental aspects of parasite or vector biology with recent, cutting-edge research findings and a discussion of future research needs. Each Primer also includes a downloadable/printable poster.

The reviews presented in this series explore the history of parasitology in a fascinating journey through the main scientific discoveries and breakthroughs in the discipline.

This cross journal series aims to demonstrate the validity of communicable disease elimination as a key contributor to achieving Universal Health Coverage and the SDGs. It therefore welcomes articles that provide evidence of its wide impact on public health and beyond, on addressing inequities, on the cost-effectiveness of integrated implementation and resulting efficiency gains, underscoring its value as a global good. 

Cross-journal collection

This collection brings together in one place articles outlining infectious diseases (and their vectors) that are likely to spread or are already spreading across borders due to the effects of climate change. The impact of policy implementation or interventions designed to contain the spread infectious disease, and studies that could inform future global policy or practical solutions are very much welcome.

This article collection will bring together research, case reports and viewpoints to strengthen understanding on the risks posed by infectious disease and effective and appropriate public health responses during times of armed conflict and forced migration. 

© sebra / stock.adobe.com

Food security is a complex problem: to maintain agricultural productivity on degrading lands and in the face of water scarcity, or to achieve increased agricultural productivity and sustainable food production, many questions need to be answered and solutions need to be tested and implemented. This collection covers various aspects of maintaining or enhancing food production, sustainability and security can be tackled from a microbiology perspective.

Genetic variability of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae ) in El Salvador and Honduras: presence of a widespread haplotype and implications for mosquito control

Authors: A. L. Joyce, Miguel Moreno, Leonel Palomo, Raul O’Connor and Denis Escobar

Lethal and sublethal impacts of membrane-fed ivermectin are concentration dependent in Anopheles coluzzii

Authors: Monique A. M. Shepherd-Gorringe, Marie W. Pettit and Frances M. Hawkes

Smelly interactions: host-borne volatile organic compounds triggering behavioural responses in mosquitoes, sand flies, and ticks

Authors: Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos, Giovanni Benelli, Giacinto Salvatore Germinara, Petr Volf and Domenico Otranto

Worldwide absence of canonical benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations within β-tubulin genes from Ascaris

Authors: Ben P. Jones, Kezia Kozel, Allen Jethro I. Alonte, Kennesa Klariz R. Llanes, Alexandra Juhász, Umer Chaudhry, Sara Roose, Peter Geldhof, Vicente Y. Belizario Jr., Peter Nejsum, J. Russell Stothard, E. James LaCourse, Arnoud H. M. van Vliet, Vachel Gay V. Paller and Martha Betson

Impact of ivermectin components on Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus mosquito survival

Authors: Pattarapon Khemrattrakool, Thitipong Hongsuwong, Phornpimon Tipthara, Rattawan Kullasakboonsri, Theerawit Phanphoowong, Patchara Sriwichai, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Podjanee Jittamala, Joel Tarning and Kevin C. Kobylinski

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Parasites & Vectors Editorial Style Guide

The Parasites & Vectors Editorial Style Guide  is intended to provide authors with clear, consistent guidelines for writing manuscripts for submission to Parasites & Vectors . Correct formatting according to these guidelines will not only increase the overall quality of data presentation, but also expedite final decisions and the production time of accepted manuscripts. 

Download the  Parasites & Vectors Editorial Style Guide

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X Parasitology Summer Course (ParSCo), 29 June to 6 July 2024

We are pleased to announce the  10th edition of the Parasitology Summer Course (X ParSCo) , which will take place in Basilicata, southern Italy, in the heart of the Mediterranean region, 29 June to 6 July 2024 .

The ParSCo is an intense, one-week long course for parasitologists and post-graduate students working in the field of veterinary parasitology. 

You can find the course program and application form here .

Heartworm Disease: Today’s Discoveries, Tomorrow’s Practice

A malaria vector reappears in Italy after 50 years

10 May 2024

Bioarcheologists investigate the origin of the malaria parasite infecting the Romans

03 May 2024

World Malaria Day: talking about malaria everyday

26 April 2024

Meet the Editors

Dipteran vectors and associated diseases

Helminths and helminthic diseases

Parasite genetics, genomics and proteomics

Parasite immunology

Protozoa and protozoan diseases

Ticks and tick-borne diseases

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All enquiries relating to the suitability of new submissions, including those to article collections, should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Filipe Dantas-Torres, at [email protected] . For general enquiries, please access here and click 'Contact Us' . 

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Parasitology articles within Nature

Outlook | 09 May 2024

How ignorance and gender inequality thwart treatment of a widespread illness

Tens of millions of people have female genital schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that few physicians have even heard of. Efforts are under way to move it out of obscurity and empower women and girls to access sexual and reproductive health care.

• Claire Ainsworth

Article 20 December 2023 | Open Access

The PfRCR complex bridges malaria parasite and erythrocyte during invasion

Structural studies show how the PfRCR complex of Plasmodium falciparum forms a bridge between erythrocyte and parasite membranes, and how PfCyRPA-binding antibodies neutralize invasion through a steric mechanism, opening the way to new approaches in rational vaccine design.

• Brendan Farrell
• , Nawsad Alam
•  &  Matthew K. Higgins

Nature Podcast | 13 December 2023

Cat parasite Toxoplasma tricked to grow in a dish

Cat-only life-cycle stage cultured in vitro , and the mysterious giant proteins that might turn bacteria into killers.

• Nick Petrić Howe
•  &  Shamini Bundell

Article 13 December 2023 | Open Access

In vitro production of cat-restricted Toxoplasma pre-sexual stages

A study describes the molecular basis of sexual development of Toxoplasma gondii entirely in vitro, demonstrating the role and interaction of AP2XII-1 and AP2XI-2 in the developmental program of this protozoan parasite.

• Ana Vera Antunes
• , Martina Shahinas
•  &  Mohamed-Ali Hakimi

Outlook | 09 November 2023

Tropical diseases move north

As Earth warms, the creatures that spread neglected tropical diseases are gaining a foothold in Europe. Wealthy countries must prepare themselves for more cases.

News | 31 October 2023

Blood-sucking fish had flesh-eating ancestors

Two ‘superbly preserved’ fossil lampreys from the Jurassic period help piece together the past of the unusual jawless fish.

• Xiaoying You

Article | 25 October 2023

Leishmania genetic exchange is mediated by IgM natural antibodies

Genetic exchange of Leishmania parasites in the sand fly host is mediated by natural IgM antibodies, providing insights that will help generate reproducible and increased recovery of backcrosses for research purposes.

• Tiago D. Serafim
• , Eva Iniguez
•  &  Jesus G. Valenzuela

Outlook | 17 August 2023

In search of a vaccine for leishmaniasis

Researchers hope that immunization will provide much needed protection against the neglected parasitic disease in conflict zones.

• Anthony King

Outlook | 28 June 2023

The next frontier for malaria vaccination

Hot on the heels of the first approved vaccine for malaria, researchers are racing to develop even better shots that tackle the parasite at every stage of its life cycle.

• Cassandra Willyard

Malaria: highlights from research

A mosquito hibernation mystery solved, parasites grown in dishes for the first time, and other studies and trials.

• Laura Vargas-Parada

In search of a vaccine for Plasmodium vivax malaria

Vaccinologist Arturo Reyes-Sandoval explains how researchers are edging closer to a much-needed vaccine.

Career Q&A | 14 June 2023

Opening doors: how I crafted career opportunities abroad

Kokouvi Kassegne moved from Togo to China to pursue his passion for parasitology.

• Nikki Forrester

News & Views | 07 February 2023

From the archive: celebrating Faraday, and an appreciation of parasites

Snippets from Nature ’s past.

Article | 11 January 2023

Short tRNA anticodon stem and mutant eRF1 allow stop codon reassignment

Analyses of in-frame stop codons in protein-coding genes of Blastocrithidia nonstop with all three stop codons reassigned reveal a mechanism for UGA reassignment in eukaryotes involving shortening of the tRNA anticodon stem and a mutant eRF1 release factor.

• Ambar Kachale
• , Zuzana Pavlíková
•  &  Julius Lukeš

Article | 07 December 2022

In vitro production of infectious Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites

Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites produced in vitro recapitulate the P. falciparum life cycle from gametocyte to gametocyte without mosquitoes or primates.

• Abraham G. Eappen
•  &  Stephen L. Hoffman

Article 07 December 2022 | Open Access

A transcriptional switch controls sex determination in Plasmodium falciparum

A non-genetic mechanism of sex determination in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum , is described, and the male development 1 gene is identified as a potential target for interventions that block malaria transmission.

• A. R. Gomes
• , A. Marin-Menendez
•  &  A. M. Talman

News | 24 November 2022

Parasite gives wolves what it takes to be pack leaders

Study is one of the few to show the behavioural effects of Toxoplasma gondii in wild animals.

• Emma Marris

Research Briefing | 09 November 2022

Host–parasite dynamics in the liver stage of malaria

Gene expression was assessed in individual liver cells from mice that were infected with the rodent-specific form of the malaria parasite. This revealed that infections of cells in the inner zones of the lobule units that make up the liver are more likely to succeed than are infections in the outer zones.

News Round-Up | 18 May 2022

Parasite names, mouse rejuvenation and toxic sunscreen

The latest science news, in brief.

News | 10 May 2022

My family and other parasites: more worm species are named for loved ones

Analysis also finds that parasites named after scientists tend to honour male rather than female researchers.

• Freda Kreier

Article | 30 March 2022

N 6 -methyladenosine in poly(A) tails stabilize VSG transcripts

N 6 -methyladenosine is enriched in poly(A) tails of VSG transcripts in Trypanosoma brucei , and when lacking result in mRNA degradation.

• Idálio J. Viegas
• , Juan Pereira de Macedo
•  &  Luisa M. Figueiredo

Where I Work | 04 January 2022

Close-up with a parasite that can blind

At the Pasteur Institute of Montevideo, María Eugenia Francia tackles a cause of vision problems in babies.

• Chris Woolston

Article | 26 May 2021

An invariant Trypanosoma vivax vaccine antigen induces protective immunity

Systemic genome-led vaccinology and a mouse model of Trypanosoma vivax infection identify protective invariant subunit vaccine antigens, and demonstrate the possibility of generating effective vaccines that induce long-lasting protection against trypanosome infections.

• Delphine Autheman
• , Cécile Crosnier
•  &  Gavin J. Wright

Article | 10 July 2020

Structural basis for RIFIN-mediated activation of LILRB1 in malaria

The structure of a RIFIN–LILRB1 complex reveals that a subset of RIFINs of Plasmodium falciparum mimics the binding mode of the natural ligand of human LILRB1 and suppress the function of natural killer cells in humans.

• Thomas E. Harrison
• , Alexander M. Mørch

Article | 22 April 2020

Anti-PfGARP activates programmed cell death of parasites and reduces severe malaria

Antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum glutamic-acid-rich protein (PfGARP), an antigen expressed on the surface of infected red blood cells, kill P. falciparum parasites by inducing programmed cell death and reduce the risk of severe malaria.

• Dipak K. Raj
• , Alok Das Mohapatra
•  &  Jonathan D. Kurtis

Article | 25 December 2019

A sensory appendage protein protects malaria vectors from pyrethroids

The leg-enriched sensory appendage protein, SAP2, confers pyrethroid resistance to Anopheles gambiae , through high-affinity binding of pyrethroid insecticides; an observed selective sweep in field mosquitoes mirrors the increasing resistance reported in Africa.

• Victoria A. Ingham
• , Amalia Anthousi
•  &  Hilary Ranson

Outlook | 27 November 2019

Only vaccines can eradicate parasitic worms

Microbiologist Jeffrey Bethony details progress in efforts to protect people from hookworms and schistosomiasis.

Building a better malaria vaccine

As the first vaccine against the malaria parasite begins to roll out, scientists are working on a wide variety of alternatives that they hope will provide more protection.

Article | 27 November 2019

Structure and drug resistance of the Plasmodium falciparum transporter PfCRT

Structural, functional and in silico analyses of the chloroquine-resistance transporter PfCRT of Plasmodium falciparum suggest that distinct mechanistic features mediate the resistance to chloroquine and piperaquine in drug-resistant parasites.

• Jonathan Kim
• , Yong Zi Tan
•  &  Filippo Mancia

Letter | 03 April 2019

A widespread coral-infecting apicomplexan with chlorophyll biosynthesis genes

A newly identified lineage of apicomplexans, named corallicolids, are intracellular symbionts of many coral species, and possesses a plastid that retains genes for chlorophyll biosynthesis despite lacking photosystem genes.

• Waldan K. Kwong
• , Javier del Campo
•  &  Patrick J. Keeling

Letter | 27 February 2019

Exposing Anopheles mosquitoes to antimalarials blocks Plasmodium parasite transmission

Treatment of female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with atovaquone causes arrest of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite in the midgut, and this holds promise for malaria eradication in areas with insecticide-resistant mosquito populations.

• Douglas G. Paton
• , Lauren M. Childs
•  &  Flaminia Catteruccia

News & Views | 17 October 2018

Chromatin clues to the trypanosome parasite’s uniform coat

The parasite Trypanosoma brucei causes sleeping sickness. It evades human defences by changing the version of a protein that coats its surface. Analysis of its genome and nuclear structure clarifies this variation process.

• Steve Kelly
•  &  Mark Carrington

Letter 17 October 2018 | Open Access

Genome organization and DNA accessibility control antigenic variation in trypanosomes

Long-read sequencing allows the assembly of antigen-gene arrays in Trypanosoma brucei and, coupled with deletion experiments, demonstrates that histone variants act as a molecular link between genome architecture, chromatin conformation and antigen variation.

• Laura S. M. Müller
• , Raúl O. Cosentino
•  &  T. Nicolai Siegel

Research Highlight | 02 October 2018

Tapeworm DNA hints at discomforts of life in a medieval trading hub

Samples from ancient latrines pinpoint the squirming parasites that infested residents’ guts.

Article | 27 August 2018

Malaria parasite translocon structure and mechanism of effector export

Cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the purified Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) reveals two distinct resolved states, suggesting a mechanism by which Plasmodium falciparum exports malarial effector proteins into erythrocytes.

• , Josh R. Beck
•  &  Z. Hong Zhou

Letter | 27 June 2018

Cryo-EM structure of an essential Plasmodium vivax invasion complex

Structural studies show that conserved residues in Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte-binding protein 2b determine interactions with transferrin receptor 1 that are essential for host invasion, suggesting avenues for designing vaccines that work across P. vivax strains.

• Jakub Gruszczyk
• , Rick K. Huang
•  &  Wai-Hong Tham

Letter | 29 November 2017

Immune evasion of Plasmodium falciparum by RIFIN via inhibitory receptors

Proteins expressed on the surfaces of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum help the parasite to evade the host immune system by acting as ligands for immune inhibitory receptors and thereby downregulating the immune response.

• Fumiji Saito
• , Kouyuki Hirayasu
•  &  Hisashi Arase

Outlook | 09 November 2017

Egypt: The flatworm's revenge

How Egyptian men swapped one type of bladder cancer for another.

• Louise Sarant

News | 26 October 2017

Sleeping sickness can now be cured with pills

Researchers seek approval from regulators for this quicker, easier treatment.

Letter | 25 September 2017

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a signature of sexual commitment in malaria parasites

Highly parallel single-cell transcriptome profiling of Plasmodium falciparum blood stages provides insight into the role AP2-G plays in early sexual development of this eukaryotic pathogen.

• , Christopher Nötzel
•  &  Björn F. C. Kafsack

Letter | 05 July 2017

Nutrient sensing modulates malaria parasite virulence

Malaria parasites use a sensing mechanism to moderate their growth in response to the nutrient content of their host.

• Liliana Mancio-Silva
• , Ksenija Slavic
•  &  Maria M. Mota

Article | 31 May 2017

A Cryptosporidium PI(4)K inhibitor is a drug candidate for cryptosporidiosis

The establishment of a drug-discovery screening pipeline for cryptosporidiosis, and identification of pyrazolopyridines as selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of the Cryptosporidium lipid kinase PI(4)K.

• Ujjini H. Manjunatha
• , Sumiti Vinayak
•  &  Thierry T. Diagana

Technology Feature | 04 May 2017

Pocket laboratories

Mobile phones are helping to take conventional laboratory-based science into the field, the classroom and the clinic.

• Jeffrey M. Perkel

News | 20 April 2017

Global coalition chips away at neglected tropical diseases

Partnerships see some success in eliminating illnesses, but challenges, such as access to treatments, remain.

Outlook | 30 March 2017

Dogs: The riddle of resistance

In the southern United States, heartworm parasites are acquiring resistance to preventives that once offered complete protection, raising concerns for dog owners.

• Michael Eisenstein

Parasites: Kitty carriers

A pathogen spread by domestic cats threatens the health of humans and livestock. Could a solution as simple as taking better care of cats help to combat the infection?

• Sarah DeWeerdt

Environment: Hothouse of disease

Dogs and cats in temperate regions are encountering pathogens that once thrived only in the tropics. As the climate warms and pests migrate north, animals, and some humans, are facing new health risks.

News | 23 March 2017

Zika mosquito genome mapped – at last

‘Breakthrough’ technique used to piece together genome sequence of Zika vector, Aedes aegypti,  10 years after publication of draft sequence.

Letter | 23 February 2017

Editing and methylation at a single site by functionally interdependent activities

The C-to-U deamination at position 32 of tRNA Thr in Trypanosoma brucei requires two enzymatic activities and proceeds via formation of a 3-methylcytosine intermediate, supporting the notion of a coupled modification system.

• Mary Anne T. Rubio
• , Kirk W. Gaston
•  &  Juan D. Alfonzo

News | 02 February 2017

Gene drives thwarted by emergence of resistant organisms

Until this obstacle is overcome, the technology is unlikely to succeed in the wild.

• Ewen Callaway

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Showing 1 - 13 of 2,147

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Malaria prevalence and use of control measures in an area with persistent transmission in Senegal

Fassiatou Tairou, Ibrahima Gaye,  [ ... ], Roger C. K. Tine

A systematic review of the factors associated with malaria infection among forest rangers

Rahmat Dapari, Muhamad Zazali Fikri Mohd Yusop,  [ ... ], Mohd Erfan Edros

Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic accuracies of four different malaria rapid diagnostic test kits available in Ghana

Enoch Aninagyei, John Gameli Deku,  [ ... ], Richard Harry Asmah

Evaluation of genotoxic effect via expression of DNA damage responsive gene induced by ivermectin on MDBK cell line

Muhammad Muddassir Ali, Zainab Farhad,  [ ... ], Khalid Mehmood

Plasmodium falciparum ">Solution structure and pressure response of thioredoxin-1 of Plasmodium falciparum

Claudia Elisabeth Munte, Hans Robert Kalbitzer

Exploring coagulation parameters as predictive biomarkers of Plasmodium infection: A comprehensive analysis of coagulation parameters

Zelalem Tesfaye, Adane Derso,  [ ... ], Yalewayker Tegegne

Theileria annulata parasite with a single mutation, methionine 128 to isoleucine (M128I), in cytochrome B is resistant to buparvaquone">A Theileria annulata parasite with a single mutation, methionine 128 to isoleucine (M128I), in cytochrome B is resistant to buparvaquone

Shahin Tajeri, Debasish Chattopadhyay, Gordon Langsley, Ard M. Nijhof

Multi-group symbiotic evolutionary mechanisms of a digital innovation ecosystem: Numerical simulation and case study

Yuqiong Li, Liping Wu

Rapid and non-invasive detection of malaria parasites using near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning

Maggy T. Sikulu-Lord, Michael D. Edstein,  [ ... ], Marina Chavchich

Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables and fruits sold in open-air markets in peri-urban areas of Jimma City, Oromia, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study

Ahmed Zeynudin, Teshome Degefa,  [ ... ], Andreas Wieser

To live free or being a parasite: The optimal foraging behavior may favor the evolution of entomopathogenic nematodes

Víctor Trejo-Meléndez, Jorge Contreras-Garduño

Effect of egg production dynamics on the functional response of two parasitoids

María Aguirre, Guillermo Logarzo,  [ ... ], Octavio Augusto Bruzzone

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among patients attending Debarq Primary Hospital, northwest Ethiopia

Amir Alelign, Nigus Mulualem, Zinaye Tekeste

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From its founding in 1916, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health has made parasitology research a priority.

Malaria, yellow fever, amebiasis, trypanosomiasis and helminths were important public health problems, and hookworm was a major concern of the Rockefeller Foundation, the top donor to the School of Hygiene and Public Health.

Chair Robert William Hegner observed that “zoologists who are interested in parasitology usually direct their attention to the parasite [morphology, life history and systematics], whereas most physicians tend to emphasize the reactions of the host [symptomology, pathology and therapeutics]. Only when these two phases are brought together and when aspects of the subject peculiar to the public health activities are added is a complete program realized: then parasitology becomes the biology of host-parasite relationships.”

Research Groups

Dr. Peter Agre’s  laboratory studies the influence of both human and malaria parasite aquaporins on malaria infection. During the rapid growth of malarial parasites within red blood cells, glycerol is taken up by the parasites and incorporated into lipids for membrane biosynthesis. The glycerol must cross the red blood cell plasma membrane and the parasitic plasma membrane to become accessible for the parasite. The group has shown that aquaglyceroporins are expressed in both membranes in mice. Host aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is expressed in the red blood cell plasma membrane and parasite aquaglyceroporin (PbAQP) is expressed in the parasite plasma membrane. The glycerol transport pathway contributes to the virulence of  Plasmodium  intraerythrocytic stages during malarial infection. Host aquaporins are also being studied in brain, where AQP4 serves to protect against cerebral malaria. These efforts will provide better understanding of the biology of malaria and may lead to better methods to control or treat malaria.

The laboratory of  Dr. Isabelle Coppens  studies the adaptations of apicomplexan parasites to their host mammalian cells that lead to disease pathology. The phylum of Apicomplexa includes human pathogens such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium, two leading opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals.  By entering into the confines of a cell, these parasites assure themselves a ready source of nutrients and protection from immune confrontations. We are analyzing the microbial genes and pathways involved in the co-option of host cell processes and organelles by Apicomplexa including the host cytoskeleton and membrane traffic during infection, the salvage of host lipids and the remodeling of the parasitophorous vacuole to support parasite differentiation and replication. We focus on the pathogenic mechanisms at the host-parasite interface that represent interesting targets for the development of therapeutic strategies against Apicomplexa infections.

Dr. Monica Mugnier’s  laboratory studies antigenic variation in the African trypanosome,  Trypanosoma brucei . These deadly parasites evade recognition by the immune systems of the humans and animals they infect by “switching” a dense surface coat made up of a protein known as variant surface glycoprotein, or VSG.  T. brucei  can extend its repertoire of VSGs beyond those encoded in the genome through recombination events that create new, antigenically distinct variants. This diversification of the VSG repertoire to create new antigen coats is critical for the parasite to maintain a chronic infection. The Mugnier lab uses bioinformatics and other high-throughput approaches to better understand the dynamics of antigenic variation and the mechanisms driving VSG diversification in vivo.

Malaria parasites contain two organelles, the apicoplast and the mitochondrion, which are thought to have arisen through the incorporation of other cells into the parasite.  Due to the prokaryotic origin of these organelles, they contain a range of metabolic pathways that differ significantly from those of the human host.  Dr. Sean Prigge’s  laboratory is investigating biochemical pathways found in these organelles, particularly those that are dependent on the enzyme cofactors lipoate, biotin and iron-sulfur clusters. We are interested in these three cofactors, how they are acquired, how they are used, and whether they are essential for the growth of malaria parasites.

At any given time, helminth parasites (nematodes, trematodes, tape worms) infect over a third of the human population. These long-lived multicellular parasites, which typically establish infection that last for months to decades, induce immune responses that result in a fundamental change the immune status of infected individuals.  Dr. Alan Scott  investigates the impact of parasitic nematodes on host immunity with special emphasis the function of macrophages in the lungs. In addition, Dr. Scott investigates the role of lung macrophages in regulating the inflammatory response induced against malaria-infected red blood cells that sequester in the pulmonary environment. 

Schistosomes are unique parasites of the blood system that occupy a niche in the venous capillaries draining the small intestine (Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum) and the bladder (S. haematobium). These parasites cause severe pathology in the liver in the case of the first two and the bladder in the case of the third. In fact in the bladder, the infection is associated with the development of bladder cancer.  Dr. Clive Shiff  is interested in the mechanisms in the development of this cancer resulting from chronic infection, detecting changes in early stages of the infection and also in methods to improve the diagnosis of these infections by using DNA detection. The objective is to improve epidemiological method to assess the public health impact of the parasite.

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Dr. David Sullivan  and his laboratory work on Plasmodium molecular biology related to iron metabolism, which also intersects with heme crystallization, the target of the antimalarial quinolone drugs. and Bioavailable iron also plays a critical role in the activation of the another class of antimalarial drug, the artemisinins. Work on cerebral malaria and severe anemia involves the human endothelial response to Plasmodium and contribution of Plasmodium hemolysins to anemia. A general principle of infectious diseases is accurate diagnosis and effective treatment and the laboratory works on novel saliva or urine malaria diagnostics as well as new malaria uses for already existing FDA approved drugs. An epidemiologic study in Bangladesh is probing the role of hemoglobin E on outcome and transmission risk amongst other human, parasite and vector factors. Ongoing work on helminthes includes filiariasis and schistosomiasis.

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Leading Experts in Parasitology Visit La Crosse (WI) Fish Health Center

Imagine having the opportunity to work alongside the leading experts in your field.

La Crosse Fish Health Center (FHC) biologists, Jennifer Bailey and Eric Leis, got that opportunity as experts in parasitology, Dr. Anindo Choudhury from St. Norbert College, Wisconsin, and Dr. Tomáš Scholz from the Institute of Parasitology (Czech Academy of Sciences) in the Czech Republic visited the La Crosse FHC this month. The collaboration supported the current research of the two distinguished scientists and helped shed new light on past collections from the same water bodies.

Parasites in fish are indicators of a bigger picture

Nearly twenty years ago, Dr. Choudhury had advised Bailey’s work on catostomid (sucker family) parasites from the Mississippi and Missouri rivers as a member of her master’s thesis committee. Parasites are indicators of the health of aquatic environments. They require different hosts as they move through their life cycle. If you have diversity of parasites, you have a biodiverse system because of the wide variety of hosts they need. The Mississippi river sustains more fish species than any other temperate river in the world, so you would expect that its parasites would be as diverse as the species of fish. The collaborative findings of this group have shown that there is, in fact, incredible diversity in the parasite fauna, and there is more work yet to be accomplished. Results from that thesis, and more questions to answer have allowed the two to stay in touch and continue research over the years.

Dr. Scholz, one of the most respected tapeworm specialists in the world, happened to be working in the Choudhury lab this fall and coincidentally also is from the same institute in the Czech Republic where researchers visited the La Crosse FHC earlier this summer. A rather fortuitous set of emails set in motion plans to get together in La Crosse to reexamine the parasites of catostomids.

Building on the foundation of previous research

More samples were collected from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the La Crosse Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, and new research tools were enlisted. Using DNA sequencing to compliment the morphological and taxonomic work done previously, the collaborating parasitologists (Dr. Choudhury and Dr. Scholz) hope to bring light to the relatedness of parasites found in the Mississippi river to those found in Europe and confirm the findings of new species. To have the world experts in your lab to exchange information about techniques, morphology, and biology of parasites was an invaluable experience. The partnerships built and information gained will surely elevate the ability of the center to conserve and protect fish and aquatic species in the future.

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Effects of ivermectin on development of Calliphora vicina , Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera, Calliphoridae)

• Published: 15 May 2024
• Volume 123 , article number  211 , ( 2024 )

Cite this article

• Lucía E. Iglesias 1 ,
• Milagros Junco 1 ,
• Juan M. Sallovitz 2 ,
• Adrián L. Lifschitz 2 &
• Carlos A. Saumell 1  

Ivermectin is one of the most widely used drugs for parasite control. Previous studies have shown a reduction in the abundance and diversity of “non-target” coprophilous organisms due to the presence of ivermectin (IVM) in bovine faecal matter (FM). Due to its breadth of behavioural habits, Calliphora vicina is a suitable dipteran species to evaluate the effects of IVM in FM. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of five concentrations of IVM in FM (3000, 300, 100, 30, and 3 ng/g) on the development of C. vicina . The following endpoints were evaluated: survival (between the first larval stage and emergence of new adults), larval development times to pupation and pupation times to adult, and adult emergence (% sex) and LC 50 . Sampling was performed from larval hatching at 60 and 120 min and at 3, 4, 5, and 12 h, and every 24 h specimens were weighed until pupae were observed. Data were analysed by ANOVA using a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and as a function of elapsed development time and accumulated degree hours (ADH). Mortality at 3000 and 300 ng/g was 100% and 97%, respectively. There were statistically significant delays in adult emergence time ( p  = 0.0216) and in the ADH ( p  = 0.0431) between the control group (C) and 100 ng/g. The LC 50 was determined at 5.6 ng/g. These results demonstrate the lethal and sub-lethal effects of IVM on C. vicina , while highlighting the usefulness of this species as a bioindicator for ecotoxicological studies.

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The data generated during and/or analysed during the current research are available from the author (Lucía Iglesias) on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Pablo Mulieri for his collaboration in the taxonomic determination and his constant willingness to help.

This research was supported partially by the Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONCyT-ANPCyT, Project PICT 2017–4030), Argentina.

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Lucía E. Iglesias, Milagros Junco & Carlos A. Saumell

Laboratorio de Farmacología, Dpto. Fisiopatología, CIVETAN (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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All authors contributed to the review and design. Material preparation and data collection and analysis were performed by Lucía Iglesias, Milagros Junco, and Carlos Saumell; sample processing and data analysis were carried out by Lucía Iglesias, Adrián Lifschitz, and Juan Sallovitz. The first draft was written by Lucia Iglesias, and co-authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and proved the final manuscript.

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Iglesias, L.E., Junco, M., Sallovitz, J.M. et al. Effects of ivermectin on development of Calliphora vicina , Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Parasitol Res 123 , 211 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08233-x

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Published : 15 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-024-08233-x

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