turabian style research paper outline

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Outlines in Turabian Style

23.4.2.2 OUTLINES (from Turabian 9th edition)

In some situations, you may include an outline or a similar enumeration in an appendix to your paper, or in a draft stage of the paper (see 6.2.1). Use the following system of notation, consisting of letters and roman and Arabic numerals, and indent each level by one further tab (usually a half-inch). You should have at least two items to list at each level; if you do not, reconsider the structure of the outline. If the items are phrases, capitalize them sentence-style (see 22.3.1) and do not use terminal punctuation. If they are complete sentences, capitalize and punctuate them as you would any other sentence (see 6.2.1 for an example).

I. Wars of the nineteenth century

A. United States

1. Civil War, 1861–65

(1) Slavery

(a) Compromise

i) Missouri Compromise

ii) Compromise of 1850 . . .

II. Wars of the twentieth century

1. First World War . . .

Turabian, Kate L.. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Ninth Edition (Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing, and Publishing) (p. 341). University of Chicago Press. Kindle Edition.

A MANUAL FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH PAPERS —also known as “Turabian”—is the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic areas. An introduction to Chicago-style formatting and citation generation, the manual aids students in clear writing, citing, and research practice. At the heart of Turabian is the idea that, no matter the format, the foundations of good research remain the same: to do it carefully, present it clearly and accurately, and follow academic standards for citation, style, and format.

THE NINTH EDITION INCLUDES:

• comprehensive guidelines for formatting papers and preparing them for submission
• authoritative guidance on all matters of style
• updated to reflect The Chicago Manual of  Style , 17th edition
• thorough coverage of Chicago-style formatting and citation
• extensive guidelines on conducting research in digital environments

Writers need a strong research question, an evidence-based argument, to structure their work in a logical way, and to cite their sources. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , remains one of the most popular books for writers because of its timeless focus on achieving these goals. The ninth edition filters decades of expertise into modern standards. Recognizing that most students will be doing their work largely or entirely online and on screens, this new edition builds information literacy by addressing digital forms of both research and writing.

Through eight decades and millions of copies, A Manual for Writers has helped generations shape their ideas into compelling research papers. This new edition continues as the gold standard for college and graduate students in virtually all academic disciplines.

Turabian Style

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Turabian Style (9th Ed.)

Turabian Style is a notation style (footnotes) most commonly used by writers in humanities (literature, history and the arts). The 9th edition of Turabian outlined in this guide is based on 17th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style and is adopted for student research papers. This format is primarily used by the History Department at UW-Whitewater and the one highlighted in this guide. Check with your professor about which version of Turabian to use for your paper.

• Another format of Turabian is the author-date system used in social sciences. 

Turabian Format Template Document

• Turabian Paper Template

Example Paper & Annotated Bibliography

• Turabian Student Paper Tip Sheets
• How to Write an Annotated Bibliography

Printable Help Sheets & Tutorial

• Citing References: Turabian Style [PDF]
• Turabian Style Quick Guide

Get the Book

Many thanks to PSCC Libraries'  excellent APA guide  for sharing much of the content and organization. 

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Turabian 9th edition Style Guide

• Formatting Your Paper
• Notes-Bibliography style citations
• Author-Date citations

Below are some basic guidelines to use when formatting your research paper using Turabian citation style.  Note that some guidelines may be similar or the same as Chicago Manual style as Turabian is a derivative of Chicago.  Make sure to follow your professor's specific guidelines regarding Turabian citation style.  

The following guidelines are for formatting your paper using Turabian citation style, 9th edition.  Be sure to use the Turabian handbook for more specifics on formatting your paper.   

Font: 

Use readable fonts such as Times New Roman or Arial.  It is preferable to have 12 point font but nothing less than 10 point should be used.   

Line Spacing and Margins: 

Use one inch margins on all sides of the document. 

Double space between all lines in the document except for block quotations, table titles, figure captions, and lists in appendixes.   

When a quote is more than f (5) lines long, make it a block quote that is indented with the "tab' key and single spaced.   

Writers should only single space  block quotes, bibliographies or references, footnotes or endnotes, and elements in the front matter such as table of contents and lists of figures/tables. 

Numbering 

Do not number the title page, but start with the first page of text. There are different locations for page numbers: centered or flush in the footer or header .  Writers can choose a location and stay consistent with that location for page numbers or they can be instructed by their professor(s). 

Headings and Title: 

To create a title page for a research paper, center the title of the paper using headline-style capitalization (i.e. all main words are capitalized) one-third of the way down on the paper.  Subtitles go one line below the first part of the title (put a colon at the end of the first part of the title).  Name, class information and the date are to follow the title several lines below the title/subtitle.  All lines are to be double spaced on the title page. 

*Different guidelines are available in the handbook for theses or dissertations*

Be sure to consult with your professor regarding the formatting of your paper and make sure to use either notes-bibliography style or author-date style. 

Purdue Online Writing Lab.  General Format , 2021.  https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html .   Accessed  12/6/ 2021. 

Turabian, Kate.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations; Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Edited by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. Fitzgerald. 9th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 

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Turabian Style Guide: Sample Papers in Turabian

• Turabian (& Chicago)
• Sample Papers in Turabian
• Research Paper Topics
• Research Tools This link opens in a new window

Sample Turabian Papers

• Turabian Style paper (Austin Peay State University) from Austin Peay State University, Academic Support Center
• "Turabian Tutor" (Tennessee Temple University) Tennessee Temple University, Turabian-style paper
• Intro to Chicago-Turabian Style (paper) (University of North Alabama) University of North Alabama, turabian-style paper
• Sample Turabian Bibliography from Carpenter Library, UNF

Turabian formatting in Word

Turabian title page in Word

Simple Formatting Guidelines

• Paper size - 8.5 inch x 11 inch
• 1 inch on all four edges of the page
• Typeface/Font size
• Easily read; preferably serifed, ex. Times New Roman
• 12-point is accepted size
• Spacing/Indentation  
• Double-space text with exceptions that are single-spaced:
• Block quotations
• Table elements, ex. titles and figure captions
• Appendices' lists
• Footnotes/endnotes are single-spaced but separated by a space between each item.
• Items in a bibliography/reference list are single-spaced but each item is separated by a space.
• Do not number the title page.
• Start arabic numbers (at 1) on first page of paper that is not considered front matter (front matter = title page).
• Place page numbers consistently in same location throughout paper: 
• Options for page numbers include: centered in footer OR right-hand of footer OR centered in header OR right-hand of header
•    Title Page elements
• Center all elements
• Use consistent typeface and font size
• font size can increase slightly for title elements
• preferred format is boldface for title
• Employ Headline Capitalization with All Elements  (first letter of each noun/pronoun is capitalized) ( definition of Headline Style Capitalization)
• Title is placed approx. 1/3 down the page. A subtitle follow the main title with a colon and starts on a new line.
• Two-thirds down the page, your name, any title page information provided by your professor, and the date should be included.
• Body of Paper (Text)
• Includes 
• Introduction
• Quotations, including block quotations, should follow Turabian's standard formatting rules.
• Text Formatting
• Be consistent throughout body of paper with typeface, font size, and other formatting elements.
• Make sure text is aligned left.
• Do not add color in the text (hyperlinked text will automatically become blue; this is unavoidable).
• Block quotations should be set apart by blank space above and below and, internally, should be single-spaced. 
• Back Matter elements
• Notes (endnotes section) ( http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocChicago_Notes_Formatting.html )
• Bibliography OR References OR Works Cited (your choice as to heading)
• Center page titles
• Font size can increase slightly for title elements.
• Preferred format is  boldface  for  title
• Leave two blank spaces between heading and first endnote/work referenced.
• Notes section
• Use standard paragraph indentations for each endnote.
• Single-space each endnote and separate each by a blank space.
• Use standard-size numbers with periods to enumerate your endnote list.
• Bibliography/References/Works Cited section
• Use hanging indentations for works referenced (first line is not indented; second and remaining lines are indented standard tab of five spaces)
• This section is typically arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically by title if you list multiple works by one author. 

All information comes from 

Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations :  Chicago Style for Students & Researchers . 8th ed. Chicago:    University of Chicago Press, 2013. 

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• URL: https://library.cbc.edu/Turabian

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Turabian 9 Research Paper Template

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Below is a template you can use to format your research paper or any other papers you do using the Turabian style. This document is provided as a convenience and is only a starting guide. It is incumbent on each student to ensure that the final document meets with the SCS Turabian style guide also provided in the SCS " Writing Center ".

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European History: Chicago Turabian and Outlining

• Start with Tertiary (Reference) Sources
• What's the Difference between a Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Source?
• Initial Topic and Research Question
• Secondary Sources
• Primary Sources
• Chicago Turabian and Outlining
• Research Proposal
• Visiting UNLV

Using Chicago Footnotes & Endnotes

• Chicago Turabian Citation Guide
• Turabian Quickguide On this website, Kate L. Turabian 8th Edition from the University of Chicago Press, this link will take you to the quickguide reference you can use in addition to the handouts below from Dr. Slater (7th Edition).
• Chicago Turabian Template Guide
• Turabian 9th Edition

Getting Rid of the Black Line in MS Word!

As you create endnotes in MS Word, you will note that a black horizontal line "floats" between the body of your paper and the endnotes.  To remove this line:

A video: http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-word/archive/2011/01/25/change-the-footnote-or-endnote-separator-video.aspx Written instructions: 1. Click on view tab / Draft 2. Click view 3. Click on Footnotes 4. Click on the bar that appears in the drop down meno that says "All Endnotes" 5. Change the option to "Endnote Separator" 6. Use the delete key to delete the line

7. Close pane.

Outline Examples

• Outilne Example #1
• Outline Example #2

Four simple rules...

...for making an outline (from the Purdue OWL )

• Parallelism: Headings should look the same (i.e. if one heading begins with a verb, the next should also begin with a verb)
• I. Check movie times
• II. Make dinner reservations
• Coordination: Info in the same heading level should have the same weight
• II. Oranges
• Subordination:   Info in subheadings should be more specific than info in headings.
• Division: Each level of your outline (I/A/i/1) must have at least 2 subcategories
• B. Granny Smith
• B. Valencia

Guide template courtesy of

Qi Huang , E-Resources Librarian at The Harker School

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How To Write A Good Research Paper Outline In The Turabian Style

Research papers are one difficult assignment to write owing to the amount of search involved, the planning, and organization of chapters, the critical thinking part to analyze and include data and most importantly following the right format for your paper. Some teachers like the students to follow a standard format from globally accepted standards while others may want you to follow a custom formatting guideline they give you in the class. It is important to stay on the same note as your teacher if you want to create an impressive assignment.

An outline acts as a backbone of your assignment because you create a road map for the entire paper and arrange all the important points and data in a way that will reduce your efforts and save your time. When you format your outline in the Turabian style, it will help the teacher or the reader to identify the overall contents of the paper and the details of each section.

Here is everything you need to know about the Turabian style so that you can write your outline easily

• The turabian style is the citation style closely related to Chicago style if you are a student. You would usually use footnotes or end notes in this paper. The purpose of all the citation styles is same I.e. they all focus on making it easy for the reader to authenticate the sources you have used in your paper. The turabian style is easier and less obstructive than others are because it provides a comprehensive outline. This type of citation will be used when the source is important
• In an outline for a turabian style, you need to give a heading that contains main identifying information and important one
• The thesis statement will be on the top of your paper after the title. You will include your complete thesis statement that you developed earlier
• List your major points that support your thesis and use Roman numbers to represent them like I, II, III
• Use alphabets to represent the supporting evidence for each like A, B, C
• The first topic sentence is based on your first group of notes
• Then you include the supporting ideas for each major point. The first supporting idea will have an alphabetical representation and then it will show the textual evidence in numbers.
• You will use textual support to back up your claims and this support should be paraphrased or directly quoted to avoid plagiarism

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How to Effectively Use the Turabian Style Guide in Research Papers

Image credits:Kristina Devoe via  Kom-mun-i-ka’-ti-o

Whenever you refer to another work, or idea in a written document, it is important to cite the source. There are a number of different style guides, which provide instructions on how to acknowledge the work and ideas of others. The style guide you should use will depend on the preferences of your academic institution (in the case of a thesis or dissertation), or the journal to which you are submitting (in the case of a research paper ). In this article, we discuss the Turabian style guide to use while citing your research papers , dissertation, or thesis.

What is Turabian Style Guide?

The Turabian Style Guide was developed by Kate Larimore Turabian, a graduate school dissertation secretary and editor at the University of Chicago. In her Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , she simplified the contents of The Chicago Manual of Style for students and researchers. The first edition was published in 1937, and since then it has been updated regularly to align with the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style. It is now in its eighth edition.

Kate Turabian’s manual is structured in three parts :

• A thorough introduction to research writing
• Full explanation of the two main scholarly citation styles (notes-bibliography and author-date)
• Comprehensive guidance on editorial style, including punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and table formatting

The notes-bibliography and author-date citation styles are similar, apart from their use of notes (notes-bibliography) or parenthetical references (author-date) within the text. In this article, these two citation styles are outlined in detail and the use of both styles is illustrated with specific examples.

Turabian style is used by students from Business, History, and the Fine Arts whose research papers are not intended for publication. According to the latest edition, the font size should be 12 point in either Arial or Times New Roman font style.

Are Turabian and Chicago Style Same?

While Turabian and Chicago Styles are nearly identical, the former aims to simplify some of the aspects of the latter for students writing research papers not intended for publication.

Both these styles are different in numbering system for notes. Chicago style uses a number in parentheses followed by a period, a space and then the source information (1. Chicago Manual of Style). Turabian style uses superscript¹ in the text of the paper and in the footnotes. Additionally, the superscript number is followed by the source information (¹Turabian Style).

Turabian citation guide includes usage of different citation systems (Author-Date or Notes-Bibliography). Therefore, you should check your assignment instructions to determine the system your instructor wants you to use.

What are the Two Forms of Turabian Style?

There are two forms of Turabian Style of referencing:

• Notes-bibliography Style
• Author-date Style

How Do You Write “Notes-Bibliography” in Turabian Style?

The notes-bibliography format of the Chicago/Turabian citation style is used widely in the humanities and in most fields in social sciences. Furthermore, this style presents bibliographic information in footnotes or endnotes. In most cases, a bibliography is provided. The general format is an indication of cited sources within the text by a superscript number, which comes after the full stop. Source information is provided in a correspondingly numbered list at the end. Specific examples are provided below and more examples can be found here.

Book with Two or More Authors

Citation: Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing . Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990

Note: 8. Andrea Lunsford and Lisa Ede, Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990), 59-60

Journal Article

Citation: Gautreau, Ronald, and Jeffrey M. Cohen. “Birth and Death of a Black Hole.” American Journal of Physics 65 (May 1997): 444-446

Note: 14. Ronald Gautreau and Jeffrey M. Cohen, “Bird and Death of a Black Hole,” American Journal of Physics 65 (May 1997): 445

Magazine Article

Citation: Swartz, Mimi. “An Enron Yard Sale.” New Yorker , May 6, 2002

Note: 13. Mimi Swartz, “An Enron Yard Sale,” New Yorker , May 6, 2002, 51

Citation: Harvey, Billy. Billy Harvey Has Had Hair Longer Than Yours. http://www.billyharvey.com (accessed May 25, 2005)

Note: 18. Billy Harvey, Billy Harvey Has Had Hair Longer Than Yours, http://www.billyharvey.com (accessed May 25, 2005)

How do You Write “Author-date Style” in Turabian?

The author-date format of the Chicago citation style is more concise and is mainly used in the physical, natural, and some fields in social sciences. Furthermore, this style briefly cites each source in parentheses within the text using the author’s last name and date of publication. If a specific section is cited, page numbers should also be included, otherwise, only the author and date is provided. Details of each citation are then provided in a full reference list at the end of the document.

Reference list: Morey, Peter, and Amina Yaqin. 2011. Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11 . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Parenthetical citation: (Morey and Yaqin 2011)

Reference list: Bogren, Alexandra. 2011. “Gender and Alcohol: The Swedish Press Debate.” Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June): 155-69

Parenthetical citation: (Bogren 2011)

Reference list: Lepore, Jill. 2011. “Dickens in Eden.” New Yorker , August 29

Parenthetical citation: (Lepore 2011)

Reference list: Google. 2012. “Privacy Policy.” Google Policies & Principles. Last modified July 27. Accessed January 3, 2013. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/

Parenthetical citation: (Google 2012)

Ever faced difficulty in determining how to use the Turabian style of referencing? Follow this method to cite your manuscript without any errors. Let us know about how you used the Turabian Style while referencing. You can also visit our  Q&A forum  for frequently asked questions related to different aspects of research writing and publishing answered by our team that comprises subject-matter experts, eminent researchers, and publication experts.

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