biology research paper examples

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Connexin channels and hemichannels are modulated differently by charge reversal at residues forming the intracellular pocket

Members of the β-subfamily of connexins contain an intracellular pocket surrounded by amino acid residues from the four transmembrane helices. The presence of this pocket has not previously been investigated i...

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IDH1 mutation produces R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2HG) and induces mir-182-5p expression to regulate cell cycle and tumor formation in glioma

Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 ( IDH1 and IDH2 ), are present in most gliomas. IDH1 mutation is an important prognostic marker in glioma. However, its regulatory mechanism in glioma remains incomplet...

Therapeutic potential of oleic acid supplementation in myotonic dystrophy muscle cell models

We recently reported that upregulation of Musashi 2 (MSI2) protein in the rare neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy type 1 contributes to the hyperactivation of the muscle catabolic processes autophagy and...

Dorsal root ganglion-derived exosomes deteriorate neuropathic pain by activating microglia via the microRNA-16-5p/HECTD1/HSP90 axis

The activated microglia have been reported as pillar factors in neuropathic pain (NP) pathology, but the molecules driving pain-inducible microglial activation require further exploration. In this study, we in...

MicroRNA-721 regulates gluconeogenesis via KDM2A-mediated epigenetic modulation in diet-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice

Aberrant gluconeogenesis is considered among primary drivers of hyperglycemia under insulin resistant conditions, with multiple studies pointing towards epigenetic dysregulation. Here we examine the role of mi...

Combined transcriptomics and proteomics unveil the impact of vitamin C in modulating specific protein abundance in the mouse liver

Vitamin C (ascorbate) is a water-soluble antioxidant and an important cofactor for various biosynthetic and regulatory enzymes. Mice can synthesize vitamin C thanks to the key enzyme gulonolactone oxidase (Gul...

Novel role of LLGL2 silencing in autophagy: reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major urological disease that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in men. LLGL2 is the mammalian homolog of Lgl. It acts as a tumor suppressor in breast and hepati...

Rapid development and mass production of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing chicken egg yolk antibodies with protective efficacy in hamsters

Despite the record speed of developing vaccines and therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is not a given that such success can be secured in future pandemics. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination and appl...

High-fat diet, microbiome-gut-brain axis signaling, and anxiety-like behavior in male rats

Obesity, associated with the intake of a high-fat diet (HFD), and anxiety are common among those living in modern urban societies. Recent studies suggest a role of microbiome-gut-brain axis signaling, includin...

General regulatory factors exert differential effects on nucleosome sliding activity of the ISW1a complex

Chromatin dynamics is deeply involved in processes that require access to DNA, such as transcriptional regulation. Among the factors involved in chromatin dynamics at gene regulatory regions are general regula...

Establishment of primary prostate epithelial and tumorigenic cell lines using a non-viral immortalization approach

Research on prostate cancer is mostly performed using cell lines derived from metastatic disease, not reflecting stages of tumor initiation or early progression. Establishment of cancer cell lines derived from...

The effect of diabetes mellitus on differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global epidemic with increasing incidences. DM is a metabolic disease associated with chronic hyperglycemia. Aside from conventional treatments, there is no clinically approved cure...

Control of astrocytic Ca 2+ signaling by nitric oxide-dependent S-nitrosylation of Ca 2+ homeostasis modulator 1 channels

Astrocytes Ca 2+ signaling play a central role in the modulation of neuronal function. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) by glutamate released during an increase in synaptic activity triggers ...

Increased levels and activation of the IL-17 receptor in microglia contribute to enhanced neuroinflammation in cerebellum of hyperammonemic rats

Patients with liver cirrhosis may show minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) with mild cognitive impairment and motor incoordination. Rats with chronic hyperammonemia reproduce these alterations. Motor incoordi...

Identification and expression analysis of two steamer-like retrotransposons in the Chilean blue mussel ( Mytilus chilensis )

Disseminated neoplasia (DN) is a proliferative cell disorder of the circulatory system of bivalve mollusks. The disease is transmitted between individuals and can also be induced by external chemical agents su...

Noncoding RNAs in skeletal development and disorders

Protein-encoding genes only constitute less than 2% of total human genomic sequences, and 98% of genetic information was previously referred to as “junk DNA”. Meanwhile, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of app...

Cx43 hemichannels and panx1 channels contribute to ethanol-induced astrocyte dysfunction and damage

Alcohol, a widely abused drug, significantly diminishes life quality, causing chronic diseases and psychiatric issues, with severe health, societal, and economic repercussions. Previously, we demonstrated that...

Galectins in epithelial-mesenchymal transition: roles and mechanisms contributing to tissue repair, fibrosis and cancer metastasis

Galectins are soluble glycan-binding proteins that interact with a wide range of glycoproteins and glycolipids and modulate a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes. The expression and subc...

Glutaminolysis regulates endometrial fibrosis in intrauterine adhesion via modulating mitochondrial function

Endometrial fibrosis, a significant characteristic of intrauterine adhesion (IUA), is caused by the excessive differentiation and activation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Glutaminolysis is the metabolic...

The long-chain flavodoxin FldX1 improves the biodegradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and 3-hydroxyphenylacetate and counteracts the oxidative stress associated to aromatic catabolism in Paraburkholderia xenovorans

Bacterial aromatic degradation may cause oxidative stress. The long-chain flavodoxin FldX1 of Paraburkholderia xenovorans LB400 counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the...

MicroRNA-148b secreted by bovine oviductal extracellular vesicles enhance embryo quality through BPM/TGF-beta pathway

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their cargoes, including MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. We previously demonstrated the upregulation of bta-mir-148b in EVs from oviductal...

YME1L-mediated mitophagy protects renal tubular cells against cellular senescence under diabetic conditions

The senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) is crucial in the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Accumulating evidence suggests a close association between insufficient mitophagy and RT...

Effects of latroeggtoxin-VI on dopamine and α-synuclein in PC12 cells and the implications for Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons leading to dopamine deficiency, excessive α-synuclein facilitating Lewy body formation, etc. Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI), a proteinaceo...

Glial-restricted progenitor cells: a cure for diseased brain?

The central nervous system (CNS) is home to neuronal and glial cells. Traditionally, glia was disregarded as just the structural support across the brain and spinal cord, in striking contrast to neurons, alway...

Carbapenem-resistant hypervirulent ST23 Klebsiella pneumoniae with a highly transmissible dual-carbapenemase plasmid in Chile

The convergence of hypervirulence and carbapenem resistance in the bacterial pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae represents a critical global health concern. Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) strains, frequently from...

Endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells improve regeneration of injured endometrium in mice

The monthly regeneration of human endometrial tissue is maintained by the presence of human endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (eMSC), a cell population co-expressing the perivascular markers CD140b an...

Embryo development is impaired by sperm mitochondrial-derived ROS

Basal energetic metabolism in sperm, particularly oxidative phosphorylation, is known to condition not only their oocyte fertilising ability, but also the subsequent embryo development. While the molecular pat...

Fibroblasts inhibit osteogenesis by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of YAP in mesenchymal stem cells and secreting DKK1

Fibrous scars frequently form at the sites of bone nonunion when attempts to repair bone fractures have failed. However, the detailed mechanism by which fibroblasts, which are the main components of fibrous sc...

MSC-derived exosomes protect auditory hair cells from neomycin-induced damage via autophagy regulation

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) poses a major threat to both physical and mental health; however, there is still a lack of effective drugs to treat the disease. Recently, novel biological therapies, such as ...

Alpha-synuclein dynamics bridge Type-I Interferon response and SARS-CoV-2 replication in peripheral cells

Increasing evidence suggests a double-faceted role of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) following infection by a variety of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Although α-syn accumulation is known to contribute to cell toxic...

Lactadherin immunoblockade in small extracellular vesicles inhibits sEV-mediated increase of pro-metastatic capacities

Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can promote tumorigenic and metastatic capacities in less aggressive recipient cells mainly through the biomolecules in their cargo. However, despite recent ad...

Integration of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq identifies MX1-mediated AP-1 transcriptional regulation as a therapeutic target for Down syndrome

Growing evidence has suggested that Type I Interferon (I-IFN) plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of Down Syndrome (DS). This work investigates the underlying function of MX1, an effector gene of I-IFN,...

The novel roles of YULINK in the migration, proliferation and glycolysis of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells: implications for pulmonary arterial hypertension

Abnormal remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, characterized by the proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) along with dysregulated glycolysis, is a pathognomonic feat...

Electroacupuncture promotes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and improves pattern separation in an early Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Impaired pattern separation occurs in the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis participates in pattern separation. Here, we investigated whether spatial memo...

Role of SYVN1 in the control of airway remodeling in asthma protection by promoting SIRT2 ubiquitination and degradation

Asthma is a heterogenous disease that characterized by airway remodeling. SYVN1 (Synoviolin 1) acts as an E3 ligase to mediate the suppression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through ubiquitination and de...

Advances towards the use of gastrointestinal tumor patient-derived organoids as a therapeutic decision-making tool

In December 2022 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed the requirement that drugs in development must undergo animal testing before clinical evaluation, a declaration that now demands the establish...

Melatonin alleviates pyroptosis by regulating the SIRT3/FOXO3α/ROS axis and interacting with apoptosis in Atherosclerosis progression

Atherosclerosis (AS), a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), is steadily rising with the aging of the global population. Pyroptosis and apoptosis, both caspase-mediated cell death mechanism...

Prenatal ethanol exposure and changes in fetal neuroendocrine metabolic programming

Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) (mainly through maternal alcohol consumption) has become widespread. However, studies suggest that it can cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and multi-organ developmen...

Autologous non-invasively derived stem cells mitochondria transfer shows therapeutic advantages in human embryo quality rescue

The decline in the quantity and quality of mitochondria are closely associated with infertility, particularly in advanced maternal age. Transferring autologous mitochondria into the oocytes of infertile female...

Development of synthetic modulator enabling long-term propagation and neurogenesis of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are essential for in vitro drug screening and cell-based therapies for brain-related disorders, necessitating well-defined and reproducible culture systems. Current strategies em...

Heat-responsive microRNAs participate in regulating the pollen fertility stability of CMS-D2 restorer line under high-temperature stress

Anther development and pollen fertility of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) conditioned by Gossypium harknessii cytoplasm (CMS-D2) restorer lines are susceptible to continuous high-temperature (HT) stress in sum...

Chemogenetic inhibition of NTS astrocytes normalizes cardiac autonomic control and ameliorate hypertension during chronic intermittent hypoxia

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), which has been linked to the development of sympathoexcitation and hypertension. Furthermore, it has ...

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 activates Cx43 hemichannels and disturbs intracellular Ca 2+ dynamics

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An aspect of high uncertainty is whether the SARS-CoV-2 per se or the systemic inflammation ...

The effect of zofenopril on the cardiovascular system of spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a crucial role in the infection cycle of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for formation of COVID-19 pandemic. In the cardiovascular system, the virus enters the cells by bind...

Two murine models of sepsis: immunopathological differences between the sexes—possible role of TGFβ1 in female resistance to endotoxemia

Endotoxic shock (ExSh) and cecal ligature and puncture (CLP) are models that induce sepsis. In this work, we investigated early immunologic and histopathologic changes induced by ExSh or CLP models in female a...

An intracellular, non-oxidative factor activates in vitro chromatin fragmentation in pig sperm

In vitro incubation of epididymal and vas deferens sperm with Mn 2+ induces Sperm Chromatin Fragmentation (SCF), a mechanism that causes double-stranded breaks in toroid-linker regions (TLRs). Whether this mechani...

Focal ischemic stroke modifies microglia-derived exosomal miRNAs: potential role of mir-212-5p in neuronal protection and functional recovery

Ischemic stroke is a severe type of stroke with high disability and mortality rates. In recent years, microglial exosome-derived miRNAs have been shown to be promising candidates for the treatment of ischemic ...

S -Nitrosylation in endothelial cells contributes to tumor cell adhesion and extravasation during breast cancer metastasis

Nitric oxide is produced by different nitric oxide synthases isoforms. NO activates two signaling pathways, one dependent on soluble guanylate cyclase and protein kinase G, and other where NO post-translationa...

Identifying pyroptosis- and inflammation-related genes in intracranial aneurysms based on bioinformatics analysis

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by its rupture can seriously impede nerve function. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory mode of cell death wh...

Drosophila Atlastin regulates synaptic vesicle mobilization independent of bone morphogenetic protein signaling

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts endosomes in all parts of a motor neuron, including the axon and presynaptic terminal, to move structural proteins, proteins that send signals, and lipids over long dist...

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Biological Research

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This document originally came from the Journal of Mammalogy courtesy of Dr. Ronald Barry, a former editor of the journal.

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• How to Write Your Methods

Ensure understanding, reproducibility and replicability

What should you include in your methods section, and how much detail is appropriate?

Why Methods Matter

The methods section was once the most likely part of a paper to be unfairly abbreviated, overly summarized, or even relegated to hard-to-find sections of a publisher’s website. While some journals may responsibly include more detailed elements of methods in supplementary sections, the movement for increased reproducibility and rigor in science has reinstated the importance of the methods section. Methods are now viewed as a key element in establishing the credibility of the research being reported, alongside the open availability of data and results.

A clear methods section impacts editorial evaluation and readers’ understanding, and is also the backbone of transparency and replicability.

For example, the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology project set out in 2013 to replicate experiments from 50 high profile cancer papers, but revised their target to 18 papers once they understood how much methodological detail was not contained in the original papers.

What to include in your methods section

What you include in your methods sections depends on what field you are in and what experiments you are performing. However, the general principle in place at the majority of journals is summarized well by the guidelines at PLOS ONE : “The Materials and Methods section should provide enough detail to allow suitably skilled investigators to fully replicate your study. ” The emphases here are deliberate: the methods should enable readers to understand your paper, and replicate your study. However, there is no need to go into the level of detail that a lay-person would require—the focus is on the reader who is also trained in your field, with the suitable skills and knowledge to attempt a replication.

A constant principle of rigorous science

A methods section that enables other researchers to understand and replicate your results is a constant principle of rigorous, transparent, and Open Science. Aim to be thorough, even if a particular journal doesn’t require the same level of detail . Reproducibility is all of our responsibility. You cannot create any problems by exceeding a minimum standard of information. If a journal still has word-limits—either for the overall article or specific sections—and requires some methodological details to be in a supplemental section, that is OK as long as the extra details are searchable and findable .

Imagine replicating your own work, years in the future

As part of PLOS’ presentation on Reproducibility and Open Publishing (part of UCSF’s Reproducibility Series ) we recommend planning the level of detail in your methods section by imagining you are writing for your future self, replicating your own work. When you consider that you might be at a different institution, with different account logins, applications, resources, and access levels—you can help yourself imagine the level of specificity that you yourself would require to redo the exact experiment. Consider:

• Which details would you need to be reminded of? 
• Which cell line, or antibody, or software, or reagent did you use, and does it have a Research Resource ID (RRID) that you can cite?
• Which version of a questionnaire did you use in your survey? 
• Exactly which visual stimulus did you show participants, and is it publicly available? 
• What participants did you decide to exclude? 
• What process did you adjust, during your work? 

Tip: Be sure to capture any changes to your protocols

You yourself would want to know about any adjustments, if you ever replicate the work, so you can surmise that anyone else would want to as well. Even if a necessary adjustment you made was not ideal, transparency is the key to ensuring this is not regarded as an issue in the future. It is far better to transparently convey any non-optimal methods, or methodological constraints, than to conceal them, which could result in reproducibility or ethical issues downstream.

Visual aids for methods help when reading the whole paper

Consider whether a visual representation of your methods could be appropriate or aid understanding your process. A visual reference readers can easily return to, like a flow-diagram, decision-tree, or checklist, can help readers to better understand the complete article, not just the methods section.

Ethical Considerations

In addition to describing what you did, it is just as important to assure readers that you also followed all relevant ethical guidelines when conducting your research. While ethical standards and reporting guidelines are often presented in a separate section of a paper, ensure that your methods and protocols actually follow these guidelines. Read more about ethics .

Existing standards, checklists, guidelines, partners

While the level of detail contained in a methods section should be guided by the universal principles of rigorous science outlined above, various disciplines, fields, and projects have worked hard to design and develop consistent standards, guidelines, and tools to help with reporting all types of experiment. Below, you’ll find some of the key initiatives. Ensure you read the submission guidelines for the specific journal you are submitting to, in order to discover any further journal- or field-specific policies to follow, or initiatives/tools to utilize.

Tip: Keep your paper moving forward by providing the proper paperwork up front

Be sure to check the journal guidelines and provide the necessary documents with your manuscript submission. Collecting the necessary documentation can greatly slow the first round of peer review, or cause delays when you submit your revision.

Randomized Controlled Trials – CONSORT The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) project covers various initiatives intended to prevent the problems of  inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials. The primary initiative is an evidence-based minimum set of recommendations for reporting randomized trials known as the CONSORT Statement . 

Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses – PRISMA The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses ( PRISMA ) is an evidence-based minimum set of items focusing  on the reporting of  reviews evaluating randomized trials and other types of research.

Research using Animals – ARRIVE The Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments ( ARRIVE ) guidelines encourage maximizing the information reported in research using animals thereby minimizing unnecessary studies. (Original study and proposal , and updated guidelines , in PLOS Biology .) 

Laboratory Protocols Protocols.io has developed a platform specifically for the sharing and updating of laboratory protocols , which are assigned their own DOI and can be linked from methods sections of papers to enhance reproducibility. Contextualize your protocol and improve discovery with an accompanying Lab Protocol article in PLOS ONE .

Consistent reporting of Materials, Design, and Analysis – the MDAR checklist A cross-publisher group of editors and experts have developed, tested, and rolled out a checklist to help establish and harmonize reporting standards in the Life Sciences . The checklist , which is available for use by authors to compile their methods, and editors/reviewers to check methods, establishes a minimum set of requirements in transparent reporting and is adaptable to any discipline within the Life Sciences, by covering a breadth of potentially relevant methodological items and considerations. If you are in the Life Sciences and writing up your methods section, try working through the MDAR checklist and see whether it helps you include all relevant details into your methods, and whether it reminded you of anything you might have missed otherwise.

Summary Writing tips

The main challenge you may find when writing your methods is keeping it readable AND covering all the details needed for reproducibility and replicability. While this is difficult, do not compromise on rigorous standards for credibility!

• Keep in mind future replicability, alongside understanding and readability.
• Follow checklists, and field- and journal-specific guidelines.
• Consider a commitment to rigorous and transparent science a personal responsibility, and not just adhering to journal guidelines.
• Establish whether there are persistent identifiers for any research resources you use that can be specifically cited in your methods section.
• Deposit your laboratory protocols in Protocols.io, establishing a permanent link to them. You can update your protocols later if you improve on them, as can future scientists who follow your protocols.
• Consider visual aids like flow-diagrams, lists, to help with reading other sections of the paper.
• Be specific about all decisions made during the experiments that someone reproducing your work would need to know.

Don’t

• Summarize or abbreviate methods without giving full details in a discoverable supplemental section.
• Presume you will always be able to remember how you performed the experiments, or have access to private or institutional notebooks and resources.
• Attempt to hide constraints or non-optimal decisions you had to make–transparency is the key to ensuring the credibility of your research.
• How to Write a Great Title
• How to Write an Abstract
• How to Report Statistics
• How to Write Discussions and Conclusions
• How to Edit Your Work

The contents of the Peer Review Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

The contents of the Writing Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

There’s a lot to consider when deciding where to submit your work. Learn how to choose a journal that will help your study reach its audience, while reflecting your values as a researcher…

Sample Paper in Scientific Format

Biology 151/152.

The sample paper below has been compressed into the left-hand column on the pages below. In the right-hand column we have included notes explaining how and why the paper is written as it is.

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Page 1 of 6

Endothelial adherens junctions and the actin cytoskeleton: an 'infinity net'?

A recent paper in BMC Biology reports that actin stress fibers in adjacent cultured endothelial cells are linked through adherens junctions. This organization might provide a super-cellular network that could ena...

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Robust and specific inhibition of microRNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of numerous target genes. Yet, while hundreds of miRNAs have been identified, little is known about their functions. In a recent report...

Genome of a songbird unveiled

An international collaborative effort has recently uncovered the genome of the zebra finch, a songbird model that has provided unique insights into an array of biological phenomena.

The mathematics of sexual attraction

Pollen tubes follow attractants secreted by the ovules. In a recent paper in BMC Plant Biology , Stewman and colleagues have quantified the parameters of this attraction and used them to calibrate a mathematical m...

Diversity lost: are all Holarctic large mammal species just relict populations?

Population genetic analyses of Eurasian wolves published recently in BMC Evolutionary Biology suggest that a major genetic turnover took place in Eurasian wolves after the Pleistocene. These results add to the gr...

Hybridization and speciation in angiosperms: arole for pollinator shifts?

The majority of convincingly documented cases of hybridization in angiosperms has involved genetic introgression between the parental species or formation of a hybrid species with increased ploidy; however, ho...

Evolution underground: shedding light on the diversification of subterranean insects

A recent study in BMC Evolutionary Biology has reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of a large Mediterranean cave-dwelling beetle clade, revealing an ancient origin and strong geographic structuring. It seems li...

A modern circadian clock in the common angiosperm ancestor of monocots and eudicots

The circadian clock enhances fitness through temporal organization of plant gene expression, metabolism and physiology. Two recent studies, one in BMC Evolutionary Biology , demonstrate through phylogenetic analys...

Scale-eating cichlids: from hand(ed) to mouth

Two recent studies in BMC Biology and Evolution raise important questions about a textbook case of frequency-dependent selection in scale-eating cichlid fishes. They also suggest a fascinating new line of researc...

Top dogs: wolf domestication and wealth

A phylogeographic analysis of gene sequences important in determining body size in dogs, recently published in BMC Biology , traces the appearance of small body size to the Neolithic Middle East. This finding stre...

No better time to FRET: shedding light on host pathogen interactions

Understanding the spatio-temporal subversion of host cell signaling by bacterial virulence factors is key to combating infectious diseases. Following a recent study by Buntru and co-workers published in BMC Biolo...

Making progress in genetic kin recognition among vertebrates

A recent study in BMC Evolutionary Biology has shown that genetically similar individual ring-tailed lemurs are also more similar in their scent composition, suggesting a possible mechanism of kin recognition. Th...

Regeneration review reprise

There have been notable advances in the scientific understanding of regeneration within the past year alone, including two recently published in BMC Biology . Increasingly, progress in the regeneration field is be...

Acoel and platyhelminth models for stem-cell research

Acoel and platyhelminth worms are particularly attractive invertebrate models for stem-cell research because their bodies are continually renewed from large pools of somatic stem cells. Several recent studies,...

Madm (Mlf1 adapter molecule) cooperates with Bunched A to promote growth in Drosophila

The TSC-22 domain family (TSC22DF) consists of putative transcription factors harboring a DNA-binding TSC-box and an adjacent leucine zipper at their carboxyl termini. Both short and long TSC22DF isoforms are ...

Bunched and Madm: a novel growth-regulatory complex?

By combining Drosophila genetics and proteomics Gluderer et al. report in this issue of Journal of Biology the isolation of a novel growth-regulatory complex consisting of Bunched and Madm. Future study of this c...

Q&A: What can microfluidics do for stem-cell research?

Regulation of metabolism in caenorhabditis elegans longevity.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a favorite model for the study of aging. A wealth of genetic and genomic studies show that metabolic regulation is a hallmark of life-span modulation. A recent study in BMC ...

Reprogramming of the non-coding transcriptome during brain development

A recent global analysis of gene expression during the differentiation of neuronal stem cells to neurons and oligodendrocytes indicates a complex pattern of changes in the expression of both protein-coding tra...

The THO complex as a key mRNP biogenesis factor in development and cell differentiation

The THO complex is a key component in the co-transcriptional formation of messenger ribonucleoparticles that are competent to be exported from the nucleus, yet its precise function is unknown. A recent study in B...

SnoPatrol: how many snoRNA genes are there?

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are among the most evolutionarily ancient classes of small RNA. Two experimental screens published in BMC Genomics expand the eukaryotic snoRNA catalog, but many more snoRNAs remain...

Sometimes one just isn't enough: do vertebrates contain an H2A.Z hyper-variant?

How much functional specialization can one component histone confer on a single nucleosome? The histone variant H2A.Z seems to be an extreme example. Genome-wide distribution maps show non-random (and evolutio...

Apical polarity in three-dimensional culture systems: where to now?

Delineation of the mechanisms that establish and maintain the polarity of epithelial tissues is essential to understanding morphogenesis, tissue specificity and cancer. Three-dimensional culture assays provide...

The water flea Daphnia - a 'new' model system for ecology and evolution?

Daphnia pulex is the first crustacean to have its genome sequenced. Availability of the genome sequence will have implications for research in aquatic ecology and evolution in particular, as addressed by a series...

Top ten in Journal of Biology in 2009: stem cells, influenza, pit bulls, Darwin, and more

The bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes : an emerging model in prokaryotic transcriptomics.

A major challenge in bacterial pathogenesis is understanding the molecular basis of the switch from saprophytism to virulence. Following a recent whole-genome transcriptomic analysis using tiling arrays, an ar...

Forward genetics in Tribolium castaneum : opening new avenues of research in arthropod biology

A recent paper in BMC Biology reports the first large-scale insertional mutagenesis screen in a non-drosophilid insect, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum . This screen marks the beginning of a non-biased, '...

Mapping the protistan 'rare biosphere'

The use of cultivation-independent approaches to map microbial diversity, including recent work published in BMC Biology , has now shown that protists, like bacteria/archaea, are much more diverse than had been re...

Scribble at the crossroads

Although proteins involved in determining apical-basal cell polarity have been directly linked to tumorigenesis, their precise roles in this process remain unclear. A recent report in BMC Biology clarifies the si...

Q&A: Quantitative approaches to planar polarity and tissue organization

Gene regulation, evolvability and the limits of genomics, the transcriptome of human monocyte subsets begins to emerge.

Human monocytes can be divided into subsets according to their expression or lack of the cell-surface antigen CD16. In papers published recently in the Journal of Proteome Research and in BMC Genomics , two groups...

Chromatin 'programming' by sequence - is there more to the nucleosome code than %GC?

The role of genomic sequence in directing the packaging of eukaryotic genomes into chromatin has been the subject of considerable recent debate. A new paper from Tillo and Hughes shows that the intrinsic therm...

Fishing for the signals that pattern the face

Zebrafish are a powerful system for studying the early embryonic events that form the skull and face, as a model for human craniofacial birth defects such as cleft palate. Signaling pathways that pattern the p...

Coordinated gene expression by post-transcriptional regulons in African trypanosomes

The regulation of gene expression in trypanosomes is unique. In the absence of transcriptional control at the level of initiation, a subset of Trypanosoma brucei genes form post-transcriptional regulons in which ...

Promoter architecture and the evolvability of gene expression

Evolutionary changes in gene expression are a main driver of phenotypic evolution. In yeast, genes that have rapidly diverged in expression are associated with particular promoter features, including the prese...

Adaptations of proteins to cellular and subcellular pH

Bioinformatics-based searches for correlations between subcellular localization and pI or charge distribution of proteins have failed to detect meaningful correlations. Recent work published in BMC Biology finds ...

TBP2 is a general transcription factor specialized for female germ cells

The complexity of the core promoter transcription machinery has emerged as an additional level of transcription regulation that is used during vertebrate development. Recent studies, including one published in BM...

Generalized immune activation as a direct result of activated CD4 + T cell killing

In addition to progressive CD4 + T cell immune deficiency, HIV infection is characterized by generalized immune activation, thought to arise from increased microbial exposure resulting from diminishing immunity.

Life and death as a T lymphocyte: from immune protection to HIV pathogenesis

Detailed analysis of T cell dynamics in humans is challenging and mouse models can be important tools for characterizing T cell dynamic processes. In a paper just published in Journal of Biology , Marques et al . s...

What we still don't know about AIDS

The gene complement of the ancestral bilaterian - was urbilateria a monster.

Expressed sequence tag analyses of the annelid Pomatoceros lamarckii , recently published in BMC Evolutionary Biology , are consistent with less extensive gene loss in the Lophotrochozoa than in the Ecdysozoa, but ...

The nature of cell-cycle checkpoints: facts and fallacies

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Research Paper Writing Guides

Biology Research Paper Examples

Last updated on: May 14, 2024

Get Inspired by 10+ Biology Research Paper Examples

By: Dr. David Brown

Reviewed By:

Published on: May 9, 2024

Writing a biology research paper can be an overwhelming and highly complex process. Many students find it hard because there are so many steps to follow, from picking a topic to explaining their findings. 

It's easy to feel lost or unsure about where to start. Especially without good examples to follow, it's easy to get stuck and not know what to do.

But don't worry! There's a helpful option that can make it all easier: Biology Research Paper Examples. 

These are like blueprints that show us how to write a good paper. We'll explore these biology research examples together.

So, let's get started!

On this Page

How To Write A Biology Research Paper Examples

In this section, we'll explore some key elements of a biology research paper and provide examples to illustrate each point. 

By studying these examples, you'll gain a better understanding of how to structure your paper, present your findings, and adhere to scientific conventions. 

So let's begin by examining the different sections of a biology research paper and how examples can help you master each one.

Introduction

This section introduces your research topic, provides background information, and outlines the purpose of your study. It typically ends with a clear statement of your research question or hypothesis.

Here is an example for your better understanding:

Biology Research Paper Introduction Example

Materials and Methods

In this section, you describe the materials, equipment, and procedures used in your study. It should provide enough detail for other researchers to replicate your experiment or study.

To help you grasp the concept better, here's a biology research paper pdf:

Biology Research Paper Materials and Methods Example

Present your findings in this section, using tables, figures, or graphs to illustrate key data points. Describe any trends or patterns observed in the data.

Let's delve into a scientific paper sample pdf to clarify the concept:

Biology Research Paper Results Example

Discussion 

Interpret the results of your study and discuss their significance in the context of existing literature. Address any limitations or potential biases in your research and propose areas for further investigation.

Here's an example to aid your understanding:

Biology Research Paper Discussion Example

Summarize the main findings of your study and emphasize their importance. Reflect on the implications of your research and suggest future directions for research in this area.

To illustrate the point more clearly, consider the following example:

Biology Research Paper Conclusion Example

Here are some more biology research paper examples:

Biology Research Paper Example High School

Biology Term Paper Example

Biology Research Paper Format Example

Interesting Biology Research Articles

Now that we've discussed the process of writing a biology research paper, let's explore some fascinating examples of research articles in the field of biology. 

By examining these examples, you can gain insights into the latest discoveries, innovative methodologies, and pressing issues in the field. 

• Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies Molecular Systems And 149 Genetic Loci Associated With Income (In a study of 286,301 UK Biobank participants, 30 new genetic loci and 120 correlated loci were identified as associated with income, revealing links to neurotransmission and intelligence.)
• Early Co-Authorship With Top Scientists Predicts Success In Academic Careers (Through matched pair analysis across four scientific disciplines, we found that junior researchers collaborating with highly-cited scientists enjoy long-term career advantages, including increased likelihood of future collaborations with top scientists and eventual attainment of high citation rates.)
• Ketamine Can Reduce Harmful Drinking By Pharmacologically Rewriting Drinking Memories (We demonstrate that ketamine administration after the retrieval of maladaptive reward memories (MRMs) effectively disrupts such memories in hazardous drinkers.)
• Sequential Laser Art And Crispr Treatments Eliminate Hiv-1 In A Subset Of Infected Humanized Mice (Sequential long-acting slow-effective release antiviral therapy (LASER ART) and CRISPR-Cas9 demonstrate viral clearance in latent infectious reservoirs in HIV-1 infected humanized mice, with elimination of integrated proviral DNA and absence of detectable virus in blood, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and brain.)
• Ideological Differences In The Expanse Of The Moral Circle (Clashes between ideologies may reflect core psychological differences, as liberals tend to express compassion toward universal entities (universalism), while conservatives express compassion toward more well-defined entities (parochialism). 

All in all, remember that biology research paper examples serve as invaluable tools for guiding you through the writing process, from formulating research questions to presenting your findings. 

By incorporating examples into your learning, you can gain a deeper understanding of scientific writing conventions and develop the skills necessary to produce high-quality research papers.

And if you are ready to take your biology research paper to the next level? Visit SharkPapers.com for expert guidance, research paper editing services, and access to a vast library of research paper examples. 

Contact us to hire the best paper writing service online !

Dr. David Brown

Microbiology, Evolutionary Biology, Biotechnology

Dr. David Brown is a PhD holder in Biology from Cambridge University. He has over 9 years of experience in writing and editing research papers on various topics related to biology, such as genetics, ecology, evolution, and biotechnology. He is committed to helping students and researchers discover the wonders and mysteries of life and nature.

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Senior thesis examples.

Graduating seniors in Biological Sciences have the option of submitting a senior thesis for consideration for Honors and Research Prizes .  Below are some examples of particularly outstanding theses from recent years (pdf):

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An research paper examples on biology is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

Some signs of biology research paper:

• the presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems in biology, by definition, cannot be performed in the genre of biology research paper topic.
• The research paper expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue, in this case, on biology and does not knowingly pretend to a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
• As a rule, an essay suggests a new, subjectively colored word about something, such a work may have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary, critical, popular scientific or purely fiction character.
• in the content of an research paper samples on biology , first of all, the author’s personality is assessed - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

The goal of an research paper in biology is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.

Writing an research paper is extremely useful, because it allows the author to learn to clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causal relationships, illustrate experience with relevant examples, and substantiate his conclusions.

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Published by Robert Bruce at August 29th, 2023 , Revised On September 5, 2023

Biology Research Topics

Are you in need of captivating and achievable research topics within the field of biology? Your quest for the best biology topics ends right here as this article furnishes you with 100 distinctive and original concepts for biology research, laying the groundwork for your research endeavor.

Table of Contents

Our proficient researchers have thoughtfully curated these biology research themes, considering the substantial body of literature accessible and the prevailing gaps in research.

Should none of these topics elicit enthusiasm, our specialists are equally capable of proposing tailor-made research ideas in biology, finely tuned to cater to your requirements. 

Thus, without further delay, we present our compilation of biology research topics crafted to accommodate students and researchers.

Research Topics in Marine Biology

• Impact of climate change on coral reef ecosystems.
• Biodiversity and adaptation of deep-sea organisms.
• Effects of pollution on marine life and ecosystems.
• Role of marine protected areas in conserving biodiversity.
• Microplastics in marine environments: sources, impacts, and mitigation.

Biological Anthropology Research Topics

• Evolutionary implications of early human migration patterns.
• Genetic and environmental factors influencing human height variation.
• Cultural evolution and its impact on human societies.
• Paleoanthropological insights into human dietary adaptations.
• Genetic diversity and population history of indigenous communities.

Biological Psychology Research Topics 

• Neurobiological basis of addiction and its treatment.
• Impact of stress on brain structure and function.
• Genetic and environmental influences on mental health disorders.
• Neural mechanisms underlying emotions and emotional regulation.
• Role of the gut-brain axis in psychological well-being.

Cancer Biology Research Topics 

• Targeted therapies in precision cancer medicine.
• Tumor microenvironment and its influence on cancer progression.
• Epigenetic modifications in cancer development and therapy.
• Immune checkpoint inhibitors and their role in cancer immunotherapy.
• Early detection and diagnosis strategies for various types of cancer.

Also read: Cancer research topics

Cell Biology Research Topics

• Mechanisms of autophagy and its implications in health and disease.
• Intracellular transport and organelle dynamics in cell function.
• Role of cell signaling pathways in cellular response to external stimuli.
• Cell cycle regulation and its relevance to cancer development.
• Cellular mechanisms of apoptosis and programmed cell death.

Developmental Biology Research Topics 

• Genetic and molecular basis of limb development in vertebrates.
• Evolution of embryonic development and its impact on morphological diversity.
• Stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine approaches.
• Mechanisms of organogenesis and tissue regeneration in animals.
• Role of non-coding RNAs in developmental processes.

Also read: Education research topics

Human Biology Research Topics

• Genetic factors influencing susceptibility to infectious diseases.
• Human microbiome and its impact on health and disease.
• Genetic basis of rare and common human diseases.
• Genetic and environmental factors contributing to aging.
• Impact of lifestyle and diet on human health and longevity.

Molecular Biology Research Topics 

• CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology and its applications.
• Non-coding RNAs as regulators of gene expression.
• Role of epigenetics in gene regulation and disease.
• Mechanisms of DNA repair and genome stability.
• Molecular basis of cellular metabolism and energy production.

Research Topics in Biology for Undergraduates

• 41. Investigating the effects of pollutants on local plant species.
• Microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning in a specific habitat.
• Understanding the genetics of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
• Impact of urbanization on bird populations and biodiversity.
• Investigating the role of pheromones in insect communication.

Synthetic Biology Research Topics 

• Design and construction of synthetic biological circuits.
• Synthetic biology applications in biofuel production.
• Ethical considerations in synthetic biology research and applications.
• Synthetic biology approaches to engineering novel enzymes.
• Creating synthetic organisms with modified functions and capabilities.

Animal Biology Research Topics 

• Evolution of mating behaviors in animal species.
• Genetic basis of color variation in butterfly wings.
• Impact of habitat fragmentation on amphibian populations.
• Behavior and communication in social insect colonies.
• Adaptations of marine mammals to aquatic environments.

Also read: Nursing research topics

Best Biology Research Topics 

• Unraveling the mysteries of circadian rhythms in organisms.
• Investigating the ecological significance of cryptic coloration.
• Evolution of venomous animals and their prey.
• The role of endosymbiosis in the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
• Exploring the potential of extremophiles in biotechnology.

Biological Psychology Research Paper Topics

• Neurobiological mechanisms underlying memory formation.
• Impact of sleep disorders on cognitive function and mental health.
• Biological basis of personality traits and behavior.
• Neural correlates of emotions and emotional disorders.
• Role of neuroplasticity in brain recovery after injury.

Biological Science Research Topics: 

• Role of gut microbiota in immune system development.
• Molecular mechanisms of gene regulation during development.
• Impact of climate change on insect population dynamics.
• Genetic basis of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
• Evolutionary relationships among vertebrate species based on DNA analysis.

Biology Education Research Topics 

• Effectiveness of inquiry-based learning in biology classrooms.
• Assessing the impact of virtual labs on student understanding of biology concepts.
• Gender disparities in science education and strategies for closing the gap.
• Role of outdoor education in enhancing students’ ecological awareness.
• Integrating technology in biology education: challenges and opportunities.

Biology-Related Research Topics

• The intersection of ecology and economics in conservation planning.
• Molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.
• Implications of genetic modification of crops for food security.
• Evolutionary perspectives on cooperation and altruism in animal behavior.
• Environmental impacts of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

Biology Research Proposal Topics

• Investigating the role of microRNAs in cancer progression.
• Exploring the effects of pollution on aquatic biodiversity.
• Developing a gene therapy approach for a genetic disorder.
• Assessing the potential of natural compounds as anti-inflammatory agents.
• Studying the molecular basis of cellular senescence and aging.

Biology Research Topic Ideas

• Role of pheromones in insect mate selection and behavior.
• Investigating the molecular basis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
• Impact of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions.
• Genetic diversity and conservation of endangered species.
• Evolutionary patterns in mimicry and camouflage in organisms.

Biology Research Topics for Undergraduates 

• Effects of different fertilizers on plant growth and soil health.
• Investigating the biodiversity of a local freshwater ecosystem.
• Evolutionary origins of a specific animal adaptation.
• Genetic diversity and disease susceptibility in human populations.
• Role of specific genes in regulating the immune response.

Cell and Molecular Biology Research Topics 

• Molecular mechanisms of DNA replication and repair.
• Role of microRNAs in post-transcriptional gene regulation.
• Investigating the cell cycle and its control mechanisms.
• Molecular basis of mitochondrial diseases and therapies.
• Cellular responses to oxidative stress and their implications in ageing.

These topics cover a broad range of subjects within biology, offering plenty of options for research projects. Remember that you can further refine these topics based on your specific interests and research goals.

Frequently Asked Questions 

What are some good research topics in biology?

A good research topic in biology will address a specific problem in any of the several areas of biology, such as marine biology, molecular biology, cellular biology, animal biology, or cancer biology.

A topic that enables you to investigate a problem in any area of biology will help you make a meaningful contribution. 

How to choose a research topic in biology?

Choosing a research topic in biology is simple. 

Follow the steps:

• Generate potential topics. 
• Consider your areas of knowledge and personal passions. 
• Conduct a thorough review of existing literature.
•  Evaluate the practicality and viability. 
• Narrow down and refine your research query. 
• Remain receptive to new ideas and suggestions.

Who Are We?

For several years, Research Prospect has been offering students around the globe complimentary research topic suggestions. We aim to assist students in choosing a research topic that is both suitable and feasible for their project, leading to the attainment of their desired grades. Explore how our services, including research proposal writing , dissertation outline creation, and comprehensive thesis writing , can contribute to your college’s success.

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How to Write a Lab Report or Research Paper for Biology?

Table of contents

• 1 What Is a Biology Research Paper or Lab Report?
• 2.1 Abstract
• 2.2 Introduction
• 2.3 Materials and Methods
• 2.4 Results
• 2.5 Discussion
• 2.6 How To Cite Your Sources
• 2.7 How To Find The Right Title
• 3 How To Proofread Your Biology Lab Report
• 4 Conclusion

Are you thinking of how to write a lab report for your biology practicals? You’ve come to the right place. To successfully write a biology lab report format for college, you need to pay attention to guidelines. This piece will reveal a detailed guide and clear instructions on how to write a paper in biology.

Before getting started, you need to understand the purpose of this report. When you know what your work is meant for, it’s easier to achieve better goals overall. The main objective of writing a biology lab report template is to analyze the events of the experiment critically. You also have to demonstrate if the goals obtained at the end of the investigation are an indication of success or not. Without any doubt, a student can extract valuable information from their lab recordings. However, you also need to demonstrate a good understanding of the topic in question to interpret your results successfully. If you’re unsure of how to go about this, you can always rush to hire a lab report writing service .

But you can also learn a lot from this piece. Here’s how to write a biology report, let’s take a look.

What Is a Biology Research Paper or Lab Report?

A biology research paper or lab report is a comprehensive document that methodically presents data and analyses from biological experiments. It involves a detailed examination of scientific findings, often encompassing aspects such as hypothesis testing, experimental design, data collection, statistical analysis, and interpretation of results. These reports are crucial in sharing new insights and advancements in the field of biology, contributing to the broader scientific discourse. They typically include an introduction to the research topic, methodology, results, discussion, and a conclusion, along with relevant references.

Scientific research papers whether Biology, Physics, Chemistry, or geography can be structured similarly as they are based on scientific evidence and a thesis. In terms of Biology, there are two main methods that will affect the type of paper you will write. There are Universal and Individual scientific methods.

1. Universal

The following terms are aspects of what makes a universal type of research paper:

• Modeling – a method when a particular perspective of an object is presented then scientists gather evidence based on this.
• Observation – a method where research is conducted through measurement and observation of an object. Data is then verified through repetition and observation multiple times. This will then develop into conclusions.
• Experiment – a method that provides scientific answers to a question by conducting an experiment that provides numerical or observed results.

2. Individual scientific methods

The following terms are aspects of what makes an Individual scientific method paper:

• Genealogical – a method where the genes of people or animals are studied to look through their ancestral path and characteristics.
• Historic – a method that is completed through the establishment of a correlation between facts that have continued to become reality for a set period of time.
• Paleontological – a method of exploring the relationships between ancient organisms found deep in the earth.

Biology Lab Report Format

Before we get started, did you know that a good biology report format is broken down into a specific format and structure? Yes, a good lab recording is split into the following sections:

Introduction

Materials and methods.

Now, let’s take a detailed look at how to compile each part correctly.

Before you start writing your abstract, you must fill in your biology lab report title page. This page will contain details about yourself and the experiment in question. If your instructor has requested a title page, it should include the following; names of the project participants, class title, present-day date, and the name of the instructor you’re working with. It’s also a great idea to consult with your instructor about the preferred format of the page.

When writing the abstract of your biology lab recording , the aim is to inform the reader about the purpose of your experiment and the conclusions you’re looking to make after it. When writing, you need to note that this part is further broken down into five subsections – the objectives, problems, methods, results, and determination of the experiment. The information here must be written. Often, the abstract is the last part of the lab review to be written.

✏️How should it look like? Here is a short example:

The particular experiment has been carried out in order to define the factors that have a positive effect on the rates of enzyme reactions in cellular activities due to the fact that certain enzymes appear to be more effective than others. The catecholase activity of enzymes has been measured through its rate of absorption in a spectrophotometer, with the use of light that has a 540 nm wavelength. In the course of the experiment , we compared samples with a different concentration of enzymes. The comparison was based on their absorbance rates. The experiment has shown that those samples that had a higher concentration of enzymes, respectively showed a higher percent of absorption rate – the difference is significant, 95% against 24%. This proves that a higher production rate is ensured by a higher concentration of enzymes.

The introduction of your biology reports is one of the first sections to appear in a statement. However, it’s recommended that you work on it when you are almost done compiling the review. Yes, write it after you have completed the methodology chapter, result, and conclusion part of the information.

In a biology lab review, this is the part that serves as the framework for the entire text. A properly-written opening chapter is a clear sign that you are familiar with the experiment and the purpose of the research.

In this section, it’s a great idea to note down facts and references. Also, don’t hesitate to use lecture notes to support the points you are building up. Ensure that your introduction is as brief as possible with straight-to-the-point terminology related to the topic. Information about your hypothesis should be explained here, including how you plan to achieve it.

An important point to remember is that you’re not allowed to stretch your opening too much or try to prove a point while writing it. You are only authorized to describe the truth about what you are working on. If you find anything unclear, you may check a sample biology report to find out how they have written their introduction.

✏️Example:

It is a proven fact that enzymes are catalytic proteins whose function is  to accelerate reactions by means of lowering activation energy (Campbell, 1996). In the experiment, we studied the rate of reaction between oxygen and catechol and their ability to form benzoquinone in a condition where the concentration of enzymes (catecholase) was different. We supposed that the concentration of enzymes directly influences reaction rates.

This chapter is designed to explain how the entire experiment ran. You would need to produce a written description of the materials and procedures you’ve used in your project. A great way to tackle a biology lab review is to compile the materials and methods section first.

However, don’t just go ahead to list out the materials you used for your project blindly. It’s also essential to indicate how they were used during the research.

Your description aims to help another person conduct this experiment in the future. You’re allowed to use tables and figures to describe your procedure. Here, you’re expected to fully explain everything, including measurement procedures, quantities, and techniques. Make sure to state your facts accurately and with caution in this section of your college lab report. Take care not to include too much detail, but they still need to be enough clarity to help a third-party follow your instructions.

Preparing an extract of catecholase, we used a washed, skinned, and diced potato and we used a scale in order to get precisely 30 grams of potato. We also poured 150 ml of water into a beaker. We added water to the potato, removed the cover of a kitchen blender, and added both ingredients to a blender, we then put the cover back on and pressed the start button, noting the time. Then we pushed the button again to stop the blender. We used four layers of cheesecloth to filter the result, and then we stored the obtained extract in a clean, closed container.

The results section of an APA format biology lab report is where you state the result of your experiment clearly. You’re expected to list the details of your development in an orderly fashion – according to how they happened. The facts here may seem like a story you intend to tell another person. But don’t be overly narrative. State only important details and compile them with as few words as possible.

When writing this section, you should include all the tables or figures related to the project you’ve conducted. Also, don’t forget about charts, graphs, and other data illustrations. To further explain the information here, it’s a great idea to include a clear summary of the information in the images you have created.

Before you get started here, take your time to organize all the facts you have gathered from the experiment. However, it’s not time to analyze your end results. Also, avoid describing your methods here. All that’s needed from you in this section is to figure out the trends that follow the end results you have obtained from your work. Note these trends and document them to help your explanation in this section. Do your best to draw the reader’s attention to the patterns of the project.

When you are done with the results of your experiment, the next thing to work on is your discussions. In simple terms, the discussions section of the lab report summarizes the entire investigation. Yes, you will give a detailed account of all the information about the project here. This section allows you to fully discuss and interpret the news in your research.

Here, you’ll answer questions such as; What did you learn? What were the results of the experiment? Was the hypothesis of your experiment correct or not, and why? Were there any errors? By answering all these questions properly, you will give any reader a clear understanding of what you were trying to achieve from the experiment, the eventual result, and what you have gained from the overall experience. If any changes could be made to improve the outcome of your investigation, you could suggest them here.

An effective way to express your ideas in this part of your biology report is to compare the results and your expected findings. Furthermore, check through the entire process again and note any possible changes that could have been made. In this section, make sure your interpretation is original and not biased to support your hypothesis.

You can create content from a general perspective – neither supporting nor disregarding the hypothesis of your experiment. Don’t forget to add some original ideas and finish up with a concluding statement on the experiment. This is to inform the reader that you’ve reached the concluding part of your study.

Proteins catalyze reactions by bringing down the activation energy of the reaction; catecholase, an enzyme discovered in potatoes, changes catechol to benzoquinone with the presence of oxygen. We expected that more benzoquinone would be shaped by the presence of a more noteworthy measure of catecholase. This theory was proven by the outcomes acquired.

Catalysts are influenced by the environment – the level of pH present in the environment is one factor that can modify chemicals, while the rate at which the compound shape item is moderated or accelerated depends on how near to the standard the environment is.

How To Cite Your Sources

The final key thing to master when learning to write a formal lab report is proper citation techniques. Without a citation section, your work will be considered to be incomplete. Your report needs to comply with the APA biology lab report format. There are different biology lab report citation formats that could be used in college biology lab reports.

However, you’ll be using internal citations here. You can check an old lab report to learn how to cite sources in your study, or you could ask your instructor for the preferable citation technique. Moreover, all references are expected to be a part of the text. These references may include lab manuals, articles, books, etc.

• In-text – (Author, year);
• Literature Cited page – Author last name and initials, year, the title of an article or chapter, the title of a book, journal, website or another source , editor’s name, publisher, the city where published, pages.

How To Find The Right Title

There may be times when it would be difficult to come up with the right title for your school biology report. So, what do you do when this happens?

The best solution is to write your title to contain essential details about your study. Let it tease the reader on what to expect at the end of the last page. Another great idea is to express it in a form that states whether you agree with or disprove a theory. Also, avoid titles that sound general or fail to address any particular issue. If you’re still finding it difficult to develop the right title, you may ask your instructor for some input.

How To Proofread Your Biology Lab Report

When you write and compile your lab report, check it for any grammar or spelling mistakes. Without any doubt, grammar errors will reduce the quality of your lab report. Some readers may even discredit the authenticity of the lab report if it’s riddled with spelling mistakes.

As soon as you are done checking for spelling errors, the next thing to do is to make sure that you have followed the format and style of your instructor. Proofreading is more than just correcting the grammar in your work. It involves giving it a comprehensive review to spot whatever is wrong. Your references also need to be listed fully. Also, make sure that the title page of your biology lab report complies with acceptable standards. It’s important to ensure that you’ve used a good font with correct margin formatting. Finally, add the page numbers, headings, full name, and additional information to the report.

Often, educational institutions frown against students getting outside help to write their lab reports. It’s important not to plagiarize the work of students and scientists who have worked on a similar topic before you. As a result, you need to properly understand the details of your study, including the style and format that is required. It would help if you kept in mind that the format of your report may vary depending on the requirements of the teacher or your class level. So, before you go ahead to learn or use a new format, ensure you make findings from the teacher. And if you are unsure of how to put the entire report together, it means you need some help.

If you are still having issues creating the report, you can hire a service provider to do it for you. You have to navigate to their website and click on “ write my lab report ” to get started. When hiring a writing service, you need to exchange some extra cash for quality. A good writing service will include all the essential details in your work and organize them properly. They’ll also help you take care of plagiarism. Your instructor will be pleased with the content of your work.

Biology lab reports require accuracy and precision in reporting data and results. Writing a good lab report requires organization, clear descriptions of the results, and careful analysis of the findings. Papers Owl can help you to structure your biology lab report to ensure accuracy, clarity, and brevity. Our experienced team of writers has compiled some useful tips to help you write an effective and well-structured biology lab report.

Finally, we’ve gotten to the end of this piece. You’ve learned how to write a biology lab report. Learning how to create a school report correctly is a great advantage to any student. You’ll be able to clearly state what you have worked on and observed during a study. For those who plan to make a career in science, this type of writing will become a regular thing for you. If you plan to learn the basics of how to write a lab report, go through the details in this article.

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Biology research have provided great insights to the field and to the society by understanding the relationship between living organisms and nature.

This article is a part of the guide:

• Law Of Segregation
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• Red Queen Hypothesis
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Browse Full Outline

• 1 Biology Experiments
• 2 Law Of Segregation
• 3 Darwin’s Finches
• 4 Industrial Melanism
• 5 Red Queen Hypothesis
• 6 Transforming Principle

Here are some examples of biology research and discoveries which was important to biology as a branch.

Many of the examples are from evolutionary biology, but we are planning to add more biology experiments later on.

Biology Experiments and Discoveries

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Transforming Principle - Griffith's Experiment About Genetics

Long before DNA was known, Frederick Griffith, established that there was a transforming principle in bacterial genetics in a ground-breaking experiment. He postulated that information could somehow be transferred between different strains of bacteria.

Identical Twins Study - Measuring Effects from Environment and Genetics

Identical twins studies has been used for a long time, to study the effects of environment and genetics on human development. Genetics and environmental factors contribute to intelligence, aggression or substance addictions are some subjects.

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Oskar Blakstad (Feb 18, 2009). Biology. Retrieved May 24, 2024 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/biology

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