# Date: Sometime in the past
# Description: A program
# explores arithmetic operators
print(16+3)
print(16-3)
print(16*3)
print(16**3)
print(16/3)
print(16//3)
print(16.0/3)
print(16.0//3)
print(16%3)
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. Draw a line between each flowchart symbol and its corresponding line of Python code. Make note of any problems.
2. Execute the print statements in the previous Python program
a. Next to each print statement above, write the output. b. What is the value of the following line of code?
c. Predict the values of 17%3 and 18%3 without using your computer.
3. Explain the purpose of each arithmetic operation:
a. + ____________________________
b. - ____________________________
c. * ____________________________
d. ** ____________________________
e. / ____________________________
f. // ____________________________
g. % ____________________________
An assignment statement is a line of code that uses a "=" sign. The statement stores the result of an operation performed on the right-hand side of the sign into the variable memory location on the left-hand side.
4. Enter and execute the following lines of Python code in the editor window of your IDE (e.g. Thonny):
Python Program 1 |
---|
|
a. What are the variables in the above python program? b. What does the assignment statement : MethaneMolMs = 16 do? c. What happens if you replace the comma (,) in the print statements with a plus sign (+) and execute the code again? Why does this happen?
5. What is stored in memory after each assignment statement is executed?
Note: Concatenating Strings in python
The "+" concatenates the two strings stored in the variables into one string. "+" can only be used when both operators are strings.
6. Run the following program in the editor window of your IDE (e.g. Thonny) to see what happens if you try to use the "+" with strings instead of numbers?
Python Program 2 |
---|
lastName ="Python" fullName = firstName + lastName print(fullName) print(firstName,lastName) |
a. The third line of code contains an assignment statement. What is stored in fullName when the line is executed? b. What is the difference between the two output lines? c. How could you alter your assignment statements so that print(fullName) gives the same output as print(firstName,lastName) d. Only one of the following programs will work. Which one will work, and why doesn’t the other work? Try doing this without running the programs!
Python Program 3 | Python Program 4 |
---|---|
streetName = "Pennsylvania Ave" streetAddress= addressNumber + streetName print(streetAddress) | streetName = "Pennsylvania Ave" streetAddress= addressNumber + streetName print(streetAddress) |
e. Run the programs above and see if you were correct. f. The program that worked above results in no space between the number and the street name. How can you alter the code so that it prints properly while using a concatenation operator?
7. Before entering the following code into the Python interpreter (Thonny IDE editor window), predict the output of this program.
Python Program 5 | Predicted Output |
---|---|
* 10 print(myNumber) myWord = "Cool!" + 10 print(myWord) |
|
Now execute it. What is the actual output? Is this what you thought it would do? Explain.
8. Let’s take a look at a python program that prompts the user for two numbers and subtracts them.
Execute the following code by entering it in the editor window of Thonny.
Python Program 6 |
---|
("Enter a number: ") secondNumber = input("Enter another number: ") difference= firstNumber - secondNumber print("*" * 10) print("Difference = ", difference) |
a. What output do you expect? b. What is the actual output c. Revise the program in the following manner:
d. Explain the purpose of the function int(). e. Explain how the changes in the program produced the desired output.
There are multiple ways to format output in python. The old way is to use the string modulo %, and the new way is with a format method function.
Python Program 7 | Output |
# format with string modulo ( % (number)) ( "% (number)) ( % (number)) ( , (number, )) ( , (number, )) ( , (number, )) ( , (number, )) ( , (number, )) ( , (number, )) |
9. Look closely at the output for python program 7.
a. How do you indicate the number of decimals to display using
the string modulo (%) ______________________________________________________
the format function ________________________________________________________
b. What happens to the number if you tell it to display less decimals than are in the number, regardless of formatting method used?
c. What type of code allows you to right justify your numbers?
10. Execute the following code by entering it in the editor window of Thonny.
Python Program 7 |
---|
laptopCost = price = numLaptops* laptopCost ( , price) |
a. Does the output look like standard output for something that has dollars and cents associated with it?
b. Replace the last line of code with the following:
print("Total cost of laptops: $%.2f" % price)
print("Total cost of laptops:" ,format(price, '.2f.))
Discuss the change in the output.
c. Replace the last line of code with the following:
print("Total cost of laptops: $", format(price,'.2f') print("Total cost of laptops: $" ,format(price, '.2f.))
Discuss the change in the output.
d. Experiment with the number ".2" in the ‘0.2f’ of the print above statement by substituting the following numbers and explain the results.
.4 ___________________________________________________
.0 ___________________________________________________
.1 ___________________________________________________
.8 ___________________________________________________
e. Now try the following numbers in the same print statement. These numbers contain a whole number and a decimal. Explain the output for each number.
02.5 ___________________________________________________
08.2 ___________________________________________________
03.1 ___________________________________________________
f. Explain what each part of the format function: format(variable, "%n.nf") does in a print statement where n.n represents a number.
variable ____________________________ First n _________________________
Second n_______________________ f _________________________
g. Revise the print statement by changing the "f" to "d" and laptopCost = 600 . Execute the statements and explain the output format.
print("Total cost of laptops: %2d" % price) print("Total cost of laptops: %10d" % price)
h. Explain how the function format(var,'10d') formats numeric data. var represents a whole number.
REMINDER: Computers perform four main operations on data: data into a computer data to a screen or file data using arithmetic, logical, searching or sorting operations data |
11. Use the following program and output to answer the questions below.
Program | Sample Output |
---|---|
( ) numItems = ( ( )) itemCost = ( ( )) #Calculate price totalCost=numItems*itemCost #Printing results ( , itemName) ( , itemCost) ( , numItems) ( % totalCost) |
a. From the code and comments in the previous program, explain how the four main operations are implemented in this program. b. There is one new function in this sample program. What is it? From the corresponding output, determine what it does.
Application Questions: Use the Python Interpreter to check your work
courseLabel = "CHEM" courseNumber = "3350"
Write a line of Python code that concatenates the label with the number and stores the result in the variable courseName . Be sure that there is a space between the course label and the course number when they are concatenated.
height1 = 67850 height2 = 456
Use Python formatting to write two print statements that will produce the following output exactly at it appears below:
Homework Assignment: s2020py03
Download the assignment from the website, fill out the word document, and upload to your Google Drive folder the completed assignment along with the two python files.
1. (5 pts) Write a Python program that prompts the user for two numbers, and then gives the sum and product of those two numbers. Your sample output should look like this:
Enter your first number:10 Enter your second number:2 The sum of these numbers is: 12 The product of these two numbers is: 20
2. (10 pts) Write a program that calculates the molarity of a solution. Molarity is defined as numbers of moles per liter solvent. Your program will calculate molarity and must ask for the substance name, its molecular weight, how many grams of substance you are putting in solution, and the total volume of the solution. Report your calculated value of molarity to 3 decimal places. Your output should also be separated from the input with a line containing 80 asterixis.
Assuming you are using sodium chloride, your input and output should look like:
3. (4 pts) Make two hypothes.is annotations dealing with external open access resources on formatting with the format function method of formatting. These need the tag of s20iostpy03ualr .
Python Programming
Updated on: September 1, 2021 | 20 Comments
In this tutorial, you will learn Python statements. Also, you will learn simple statements and compound statements.
Multi-line statements, python compound statements, expression statements, the pass statement.
A statement is an instruction that a Python interpreter can execute . So, in simple words, we can say anything written in Python is a statement.
Python statement ends with the token NEWLINE character. It means each line in a Python script is a statement.
For example, a = 10 is an assignment statement. where a is a variable name and 10 is its value. There are other kinds of statements such as if statement, for statement, while statement, etc., we will learn them in the following lessons.
There are mainly four types of statements in Python, print statements, Assignment statements, Conditional statements , Looping statements .
The print and assignment statements are commonly used. The result of a print statement is a value. Assignment statements don’t produce a result it just assigns a value to the operand on its left side.
A Python script usually contains a sequence of statements. If there is more than one statement, the result appears only one time when all statements execute.
As you can see, we have used three statements in our program. Also, we have added the comments in our code. In Python, we use the hash ( # ) symbol to start writing a comment. In Python, comments describe what code is doing so other people can understand it.
We can add multiple statements on a single line separated by semicolons, as follows:
Python statement ends with the token NEWLINE character. But we can extend the statement over multiple lines using line continuation character ( \ ). This is known as an explicit continuation.
Implicit continuation :
We can use parentheses () to write a multi-line statement. We can add a line continuation statement inside it. Whatever we add inside a parentheses () will treat as a single statement even it is placed on multiple lines.
As you see, we have removed the the line continuation character ( \ ) if we are using the parentheses () .
We can use square brackets [] to create a list . Then, if required, we can place each list item on a single line for better readability.
Same as square brackets, we can use the curly { } to create a dictionary with every key-value pair on a new line for better readability.
Compound statements contain (groups of) other statements; they affect or control the execution of those other statements in some way.
The compound statement includes the conditional and loop statement.
Apart from the declaration and calculation statements, Python has various simple statements for a specific purpose. Let’s see them one by one.
If you are an absolute beginner, you can move to the other beginner tutorials and then come back to this section.
Expression statements are used to compute and write a value. An expression statement evaluates the expression list and calculates the value.
To understand this, you need to understand an expression is in Python.
An expression is a combination of values, variables , and operators . A single value all by itself is considered an expression. Following are all legal expressions (assuming that the variable x has been assigned a value):
If your type the expression in an interactive python shell, you will get the result.
So here x + 20 is the expression statement which computes the final value if we assume variable x has been assigned a value (10). So final value of the expression will become 30.
But in a script, an expression all by itself doesn’t do anything! So we mostly assign an expression to a variable, which becomes a statement for an interpreter to execute.
pass is a null operation. Nothing happens when it executes. It is useful as a placeholder when a statement is required syntactically, but no code needs to be executed.
For example, you created a function for future releases, so you don’t want to write a code now. In such cases, we can use a pass statement.
The Python del statement is used to delete objects/variables.
The target_list contains the variable to delete separated by a comma. Once the variable is deleted, we can’t access it.
We create a function in Python to perform a specific task. The function can return a value that is nothing but an output of function execution.
Using a return statement, we can return a value from a function when called.
The import statement is used to import modules . We can also import individual classes from a module.
Python has a huge list of built-in modules which we can use in our code. For example, we can use the built-in module DateTime to work with date and time.
Example : Import datetime module
We use break, continue statements to alter the loop’s execution in a certain manner.
Read More : Break and Continue in Python
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I’m Vishal Hule , the Founder of PYnative.com. As a Python developer, I enjoy assisting students, developers, and learners. Follow me on Twitter .
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A simple statement is comprised within a single logical line. Several simple statements may occur on a single line separated by semicolons. The syntax for simple statements is:
Expression statements are used (mostly interactively) to compute and write a value, or (usually) to call a procedure (a function that returns no meaningful result; in Python, procedures return the value None ). Other uses of expression statements are allowed and occasionally useful. The syntax for an expression statement is:
An expression statement evaluates the expression list (which may be a single expression).
In interactive mode, if the value is not None , it is converted to a string using the built-in repr() function and the resulting string is written to standard output on a line by itself (except if the result is None , so that procedure calls do not cause any output.)
Assignment statements are used to (re)bind names to values and to modify attributes or items of mutable objects:
(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions for attributeref , subscription , and slicing .)
An assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that this can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter yielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of the target lists, from left to right.
Assignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target (list). When a target is part of a mutable object (an attribute reference, subscription or slicing), the mutable object must ultimately perform the assignment and decide about its validity, and may raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The rules observed by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the definition of the object types (see section The standard type hierarchy ).
Assignment of an object to a target list, optionally enclosed in parentheses or square brackets, is recursively defined as follows.
If the target list is a single target with no trailing comma, optionally in parentheses, the object is assigned to that target.
If the target list contains one target prefixed with an asterisk, called a “starred” target: The object must be an iterable with at least as many items as there are targets in the target list, minus one. The first items of the iterable are assigned, from left to right, to the targets before the starred target. The final items of the iterable are assigned to the targets after the starred target. A list of the remaining items in the iterable is then assigned to the starred target (the list can be empty).
Else: The object must be an iterable with the same number of items as there are targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from left to right, to the corresponding targets.
Assignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as follows.
If the target is an identifier (name):
If the name does not occur in a global or nonlocal statement in the current code block: the name is bound to the object in the current local namespace.
Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the global namespace or the outer namespace determined by nonlocal , respectively.
The name is rebound if it was already bound. This may cause the reference count for the object previously bound to the name to reach zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its destructor (if it has one) to be called.
If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield an object with assignable attributes; if this is not the case, TypeError is raised. That object is then asked to assign the assigned object to the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises an exception (usually but not necessarily AttributeError ).
Note: If the object is a class instance and the attribute reference occurs on both sides of the assignment operator, the right-hand side expression, a.x can access either an instance attribute or (if no instance attribute exists) a class attribute. The left-hand side target a.x is always set as an instance attribute, creating it if necessary. Thus, the two occurrences of a.x do not necessarily refer to the same attribute: if the right-hand side expression refers to a class attribute, the left-hand side creates a new instance attribute as the target of the assignment:
This description does not necessarily apply to descriptor attributes, such as properties created with property() .
If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield either a mutable sequence object (such as a list) or a mapping object (such as a dictionary). Next, the subscript expression is evaluated.
If the primary is a mutable sequence object (such as a list), the subscript must yield an integer. If it is negative, the sequence’s length is added to it. The resulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the sequence’s length, and the sequence is asked to assign the assigned object to its item with that index. If the index is out of range, IndexError is raised (assignment to a subscripted sequence cannot add new items to a list).
If the primary is a mapping object (such as a dictionary), the subscript must have a type compatible with the mapping’s key type, and the mapping is then asked to create a key/value pair which maps the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an existing key/value pair with the same key value, or insert a new key/value pair (if no key with the same value existed).
For user-defined objects, the __setitem__() method is called with appropriate arguments.
If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield a mutable sequence object (such as a list). The assigned object should be a sequence object of the same type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are evaluated, insofar they are present; defaults are zero and the sequence’s length. The bounds should evaluate to integers. If either bound is negative, the sequence’s length is added to it. The resulting bounds are clipped to lie between zero and the sequence’s length, inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace the slice with the items of the assigned sequence. The length of the slice may be different from the length of the assigned sequence, thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the target sequence allows it.
CPython implementation detail: In the current implementation, the syntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and invalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing less detailed error messages.
Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps between the left-hand side and the right-hand side are ‘simultaneous’ (for example a, b = b, a swaps two variables), overlaps within the collection of assigned-to variables occur left-to-right, sometimes resulting in confusion. For instance, the following program prints [0, 2] :
The specification for the *target feature.
Augmented assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a binary operation and an assignment statement:
(See section Primaries for the syntax definitions of the last three symbols.)
An augmented assignment evaluates the target (which, unlike normal assignment statements, cannot be an unpacking) and the expression list, performs the binary operation specific to the type of assignment on the two operands, and assigns the result to the original target. The target is only evaluated once.
An augmented assignment expression like x += 1 can be rewritten as x = x + 1 to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the augmented version, x is only evaluated once. Also, when possible, the actual operation is performed in-place , meaning that rather than creating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object is modified instead.
Unlike normal assignments, augmented assignments evaluate the left-hand side before evaluating the right-hand side. For example, a[i] += f(x) first looks-up a[i] , then it evaluates f(x) and performs the addition, and lastly, it writes the result back to a[i] .
With the exception of assigning to tuples and multiple targets in a single statement, the assignment done by augmented assignment statements is handled the same way as normal assignments. Similarly, with the exception of the possible in-place behavior, the binary operation performed by augmented assignment is the same as the normal binary operations.
For targets which are attribute references, the same caveat about class and instance attributes applies as for regular assignments.
Annotation assignment is the combination, in a single statement, of a variable or attribute annotation and an optional assignment statement:
The difference from normal Assignment statements is that only a single target is allowed.
For simple names as assignment targets, if in class or module scope, the annotations are evaluated and stored in a special class or module attribute __annotations__ that is a dictionary mapping from variable names (mangled if private) to evaluated annotations. This attribute is writable and is automatically created at the start of class or module body execution, if annotations are found statically.
For expressions as assignment targets, the annotations are evaluated if in class or module scope, but not stored.
If a name is annotated in a function scope, then this name is local for that scope. Annotations are never evaluated and stored in function scopes.
If the right hand side is present, an annotated assignment performs the actual assignment before evaluating annotations (where applicable). If the right hand side is not present for an expression target, then the interpreter evaluates the target except for the last __setitem__() or __setattr__() call.
The proposal that added syntax for annotating the types of variables (including class variables and instance variables), instead of expressing them through comments.
The proposal that added the typing module to provide a standard syntax for type annotations that can be used in static analysis tools and IDEs.
Changed in version 3.8: Now annotated assignments allow the same expressions in the right hand side as regular assignments. Previously, some expressions (like un-parenthesized tuple expressions) caused a syntax error.
Assert statements are a convenient way to insert debugging assertions into a program:
The simple form, assert expression , is equivalent to
The extended form, assert expression1, expression2 , is equivalent to
These equivalences assume that __debug__ and AssertionError refer to the built-in variables with those names. In the current implementation, the built-in variable __debug__ is True under normal circumstances, False when optimization is requested (command line option -O ). The current code generator emits no code for an assert statement when optimization is requested at compile time. Note that it is unnecessary to include the source code for the expression that failed in the error message; it will be displayed as part of the stack trace.
Assignments to __debug__ are illegal. The value for the built-in variable is determined when the interpreter starts.
pass is a null operation — when it is executed, nothing happens. It is useful as a placeholder when a statement is required syntactically, but no code needs to be executed, for example:
Deletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment is defined. Rather than spelling it out in full details, here are some hints.
Deletion of a target list recursively deletes each target, from left to right.
Deletion of a name removes the binding of that name from the local or global namespace, depending on whether the name occurs in a global statement in the same code block. If the name is unbound, a NameError exception will be raised.
Deletion of attribute references, subscriptions and slicings is passed to the primary object involved; deletion of a slicing is in general equivalent to assignment of an empty slice of the right type (but even this is determined by the sliced object).
Changed in version 3.2: Previously it was illegal to delete a name from the local namespace if it occurs as a free variable in a nested block.
return may only occur syntactically nested in a function definition, not within a nested class definition.
If an expression list is present, it is evaluated, else None is substituted.
return leaves the current function call with the expression list (or None ) as return value.
When return passes control out of a try statement with a finally clause, that finally clause is executed before really leaving the function.
In a generator function, the return statement indicates that the generator is done and will cause StopIteration to be raised. The returned value (if any) is used as an argument to construct StopIteration and becomes the StopIteration.value attribute.
In an asynchronous generator function, an empty return statement indicates that the asynchronous generator is done and will cause StopAsyncIteration to be raised. A non-empty return statement is a syntax error in an asynchronous generator function.
A yield statement is semantically equivalent to a yield expression . The yield statement can be used to omit the parentheses that would otherwise be required in the equivalent yield expression statement. For example, the yield statements
are equivalent to the yield expression statements
Yield expressions and statements are only used when defining a generator function, and are only used in the body of the generator function. Using yield in a function definition is sufficient to cause that definition to create a generator function instead of a normal function.
For full details of yield semantics, refer to the Yield expressions section.
If no expressions are present, raise re-raises the exception that is currently being handled, which is also known as the active exception . If there isn’t currently an active exception, a RuntimeError exception is raised indicating that this is an error.
Otherwise, raise evaluates the first expression as the exception object. It must be either a subclass or an instance of BaseException . If it is a class, the exception instance will be obtained when needed by instantiating the class with no arguments.
The type of the exception is the exception instance’s class, the value is the instance itself.
A traceback object is normally created automatically when an exception is raised and attached to it as the __traceback__ attribute. You can create an exception and set your own traceback in one step using the with_traceback() exception method (which returns the same exception instance, with its traceback set to its argument), like so:
The from clause is used for exception chaining: if given, the second expression must be another exception class or instance. If the second expression is an exception instance, it will be attached to the raised exception as the __cause__ attribute (which is writable). If the expression is an exception class, the class will be instantiated and the resulting exception instance will be attached to the raised exception as the __cause__ attribute. If the raised exception is not handled, both exceptions will be printed:
A similar mechanism works implicitly if a new exception is raised when an exception is already being handled. An exception may be handled when an except or finally clause, or a with statement, is used. The previous exception is then attached as the new exception’s __context__ attribute:
Exception chaining can be explicitly suppressed by specifying None in the from clause:
Additional information on exceptions can be found in section Exceptions , and information about handling exceptions is in section The try statement .
Changed in version 3.3: None is now permitted as Y in raise X from Y .
Added the __suppress_context__ attribute to suppress automatic display of the exception context.
Changed in version 3.11: If the traceback of the active exception is modified in an except clause, a subsequent raise statement re-raises the exception with the modified traceback. Previously, the exception was re-raised with the traceback it had when it was caught.
break may only occur syntactically nested in a for or while loop, but not nested in a function or class definition within that loop.
It terminates the nearest enclosing loop, skipping the optional else clause if the loop has one.
If a for loop is terminated by break , the loop control target keeps its current value.
When break passes control out of a try statement with a finally clause, that finally clause is executed before really leaving the loop.
continue may only occur syntactically nested in a for or while loop, but not nested in a function or class definition within that loop. It continues with the next cycle of the nearest enclosing loop.
When continue passes control out of a try statement with a finally clause, that finally clause is executed before really starting the next loop cycle.
The basic import statement (no from clause) is executed in two steps:
find a module, loading and initializing it if necessary
define a name or names in the local namespace for the scope where the import statement occurs.
When the statement contains multiple clauses (separated by commas) the two steps are carried out separately for each clause, just as though the clauses had been separated out into individual import statements.
The details of the first step, finding and loading modules, are described in greater detail in the section on the import system , which also describes the various types of packages and modules that can be imported, as well as all the hooks that can be used to customize the import system. Note that failures in this step may indicate either that the module could not be located, or that an error occurred while initializing the module, which includes execution of the module’s code.
If the requested module is retrieved successfully, it will be made available in the local namespace in one of three ways:
If the module name is followed by as , then the name following as is bound directly to the imported module.
If no other name is specified, and the module being imported is a top level module, the module’s name is bound in the local namespace as a reference to the imported module
If the module being imported is not a top level module, then the name of the top level package that contains the module is bound in the local namespace as a reference to the top level package. The imported module must be accessed using its full qualified name rather than directly
The from form uses a slightly more complex process:
find the module specified in the from clause, loading and initializing it if necessary;
for each of the identifiers specified in the import clauses:
check if the imported module has an attribute by that name
if not, attempt to import a submodule with that name and then check the imported module again for that attribute
if the attribute is not found, ImportError is raised.
otherwise, a reference to that value is stored in the local namespace, using the name in the as clause if it is present, otherwise using the attribute name
If the list of identifiers is replaced by a star ( '*' ), all public names defined in the module are bound in the local namespace for the scope where the import statement occurs.
The public names defined by a module are determined by checking the module’s namespace for a variable named __all__ ; if defined, it must be a sequence of strings which are names defined or imported by that module. The names given in __all__ are all considered public and are required to exist. If __all__ is not defined, the set of public names includes all names found in the module’s namespace which do not begin with an underscore character ( '_' ). __all__ should contain the entire public API. It is intended to avoid accidentally exporting items that are not part of the API (such as library modules which were imported and used within the module).
The wild card form of import — from module import * — is only allowed at the module level. Attempting to use it in class or function definitions will raise a SyntaxError .
When specifying what module to import you do not have to specify the absolute name of the module. When a module or package is contained within another package it is possible to make a relative import within the same top package without having to mention the package name. By using leading dots in the specified module or package after from you can specify how high to traverse up the current package hierarchy without specifying exact names. One leading dot means the current package where the module making the import exists. Two dots means up one package level. Three dots is up two levels, etc. So if you execute from . import mod from a module in the pkg package then you will end up importing pkg.mod . If you execute from ..subpkg2 import mod from within pkg.subpkg1 you will import pkg.subpkg2.mod . The specification for relative imports is contained in the Package Relative Imports section.
importlib.import_module() is provided to support applications that determine dynamically the modules to be loaded.
Raises an auditing event import with arguments module , filename , sys.path , sys.meta_path , sys.path_hooks .
A future statement is a directive to the compiler that a particular module should be compiled using syntax or semantics that will be available in a specified future release of Python where the feature becomes standard.
The future statement is intended to ease migration to future versions of Python that introduce incompatible changes to the language. It allows use of the new features on a per-module basis before the release in which the feature becomes standard.
A future statement must appear near the top of the module. The only lines that can appear before a future statement are:
the module docstring (if any),
blank lines, and
other future statements.
The only feature that requires using the future statement is annotations (see PEP 563 ).
All historical features enabled by the future statement are still recognized by Python 3. The list includes absolute_import , division , generators , generator_stop , unicode_literals , print_function , nested_scopes and with_statement . They are all redundant because they are always enabled, and only kept for backwards compatibility.
A future statement is recognized and treated specially at compile time: Changes to the semantics of core constructs are often implemented by generating different code. It may even be the case that a new feature introduces new incompatible syntax (such as a new reserved word), in which case the compiler may need to parse the module differently. Such decisions cannot be pushed off until runtime.
For any given release, the compiler knows which feature names have been defined, and raises a compile-time error if a future statement contains a feature not known to it.
The direct runtime semantics are the same as for any import statement: there is a standard module __future__ , described later, and it will be imported in the usual way at the time the future statement is executed.
The interesting runtime semantics depend on the specific feature enabled by the future statement.
Note that there is nothing special about the statement:
That is not a future statement; it’s an ordinary import statement with no special semantics or syntax restrictions.
Code compiled by calls to the built-in functions exec() and compile() that occur in a module M containing a future statement will, by default, use the new syntax or semantics associated with the future statement. This can be controlled by optional arguments to compile() — see the documentation of that function for details.
A future statement typed at an interactive interpreter prompt will take effect for the rest of the interpreter session. If an interpreter is started with the -i option, is passed a script name to execute, and the script includes a future statement, it will be in effect in the interactive session started after the script is executed.
The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism.
The global statement is a declaration which holds for the entire current code block. It means that the listed identifiers are to be interpreted as globals. It would be impossible to assign to a global variable without global , although free variables may refer to globals without being declared global.
Names listed in a global statement must not be used in the same code block textually preceding that global statement.
Names listed in a global statement must not be defined as formal parameters, or as targets in with statements or except clauses, or in a for target list, class definition, function definition, import statement, or variable annotation.
CPython implementation detail: The current implementation does not enforce some of these restrictions, but programs should not abuse this freedom, as future implementations may enforce them or silently change the meaning of the program.
Programmer’s note: global is a directive to the parser. It applies only to code parsed at the same time as the global statement. In particular, a global statement contained in a string or code object supplied to the built-in exec() function does not affect the code block containing the function call, and code contained in such a string is unaffected by global statements in the code containing the function call. The same applies to the eval() and compile() functions.
When the definition of a function or class is nested (enclosed) within the definitions of other functions, its nonlocal scopes are the local scopes of the enclosing functions. The nonlocal statement causes the listed identifiers to refer to names previously bound in nonlocal scopes. It allows encapsulated code to rebind such nonlocal identifiers. If a name is bound in more than one nonlocal scope, the nearest binding is used. If a name is not bound in any nonlocal scope, or if there is no nonlocal scope, a SyntaxError is raised.
The nonlocal statement applies to the entire scope of a function or class body. A SyntaxError is raised if a variable is used or assigned to prior to its nonlocal declaration in the scope.
The specification for the nonlocal statement.
Programmer’s note: nonlocal is a directive to the parser and applies only to code parsed along with it. See the note for the global statement.
The type statement declares a type alias, which is an instance of typing.TypeAliasType .
For example, the following statement creates a type alias:
This code is roughly equivalent to:
annotation-def indicates an annotation scope , which behaves mostly like a function, but with several small differences.
The value of the type alias is evaluated in the annotation scope. It is not evaluated when the type alias is created, but only when the value is accessed through the type alias’s __value__ attribute (see Lazy evaluation ). This allows the type alias to refer to names that are not yet defined.
Type aliases may be made generic by adding a type parameter list after the name. See Generic type aliases for more.
type is a soft keyword .
Added in version 3.12.
Introduced the type statement and syntax for generic classes and functions.
6. Expressions
8. Compound statements
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In this lesson, you will learn about assignment statements and expressions that contain math operators and variables.
Remember that a variable holds a value that can change or vary. Assignment statements initialize or change the value stored in a variable using the assignment operator = . An assignment statement always has a single variable on the left hand side of the = sign. The value of the expression on the right hand side of the = sign (which can contain math operators and other variables) is copied into the memory location of the variable on the left hand side.
Figure 1: Assignment Statement (variable = expression) ¶
Instead of saying equals for the = operator in an assignment statement, say “gets” or “is assigned” to remember that the variable on the left hand side gets or is assigned the value on the right. In the figure above, score is assigned the value of 10 times points (which is another variable) plus 5.
The following video by Dr. Colleen Lewis shows how variables can change values in memory using assignment statements.
As we saw in the video, we can set one variable to a copy of the value of another variable like y = x;. This won’t change the value of the variable that you are copying from.
Click on the Show CodeLens button to step through the code and see how the values of the variables change.
The program is supposed to figure out the total money value given the number of dimes, quarters and nickels. There is an error in the calculation of the total. Fix the error to compute the correct amount.
Calculate and print the total pay given the weekly salary and the number of weeks worked. Use string concatenation with the totalPay variable to produce the output Total Pay = $3000 . Don’t hardcode the number 3000 in your print statement.
Assume you have a package with a given height 3 inches and width 5 inches. If the package is rotated 90 degrees, you should swap the values for the height and width. The code below makes an attempt to swap the values stored in two variables h and w, which represent height and width. Variable h should end up with w’s initial value of 5 and w should get h’s initial value of 3. Unfortunately this code has an error and does not work. Use the CodeLens to step through the code to understand why it fails to swap the values in h and w.
1-4-7: Explain in your own words why the ErrorSwap program code does not swap the values stored in h and w.
Swapping two variables requires a third variable. Before assigning h = w , you need to store the original value of h in the temporary variable. In the mixed up programs below, drag the blocks to the right to put them in the right order.
The following has the correct code that uses a third variable named “temp” to swap the values in h and w.
The code is mixed up and contains one extra block which is not needed in a correct solution. Drag the needed blocks from the left into the correct order on the right, then check your solution. You will be told if any of the blocks are in the wrong order or if you need to remove one or more blocks.
After three incorrect attempts you will be able to use the Help Me button to make the problem easier.
Fix the code below to perform a correct swap of h and w. You need to add a new variable named temp to use for the swap.
If you use a variable to keep score you would probably increment it (add one to the current value) whenever score should go up. You can do this by setting the variable to the current value of the variable plus one (score = score + 1) as shown below. The formula looks a little crazy in math class, but it makes sense in coding because the variable on the left is set to the value of the arithmetic expression on the right. So, the score variable is set to the previous value of score + 1.
Click on the Show CodeLens button to step through the code and see how the score value changes.
1-4-11: What is the value of b after the following code executes?
1-4-12: What are the values of x, y, and z after the following code executes?
Java uses the standard mathematical operators for addition ( + ), subtraction ( - ), multiplication ( * ), and division ( / ). Arithmetic expressions can be of type int or double. An arithmetic operation that uses two int values will evaluate to an int value. An arithmetic operation that uses at least one double value will evaluate to a double value. (You may have noticed that + was also used to put text together in the input program above – more on this when we talk about strings.)
Java uses the operator == to test if the value on the left is equal to the value on the right and != to test if two items are not equal. Don’t get one equal sign = confused with two equal signs == ! They mean different things in Java. One equal sign is used to assign a value to a variable. Two equal signs are used to test a variable to see if it is a certain value and that returns true or false as you’ll see below. Use == and != only with int values and not doubles because double values are an approximation and 3.3333 will not equal 3.3334 even though they are very close.
Run the code below to see all the operators in action. Do all of those operators do what you expected? What about 2 / 3 ? Isn’t surprising that it prints 0 ? See the note below.
When Java sees you doing integer division (or any operation with integers) it assumes you want an integer result so it throws away anything after the decimal point in the answer, essentially rounding down the answer to a whole number. If you need a double answer, you should make at least one of the values in the expression a double like 2.0.
With division, another thing to watch out for is dividing by 0. An attempt to divide an integer by zero will result in an ArithmeticException error message. Try it in one of the active code windows above.
Operators can be used to create compound expressions with more than one operator. You can either use a literal value which is a fixed value like 2, or variables in them. When compound expressions are evaluated, operator precedence rules are used, so that *, /, and % are done before + and -. However, anything in parentheses is done first. It doesn’t hurt to put in extra parentheses if you are unsure as to what will be done first.
In the example below, try to guess what it will print out and then run it to see if you are right. Remember to consider operator precedence .
1-4-15: Consider the following code segment. Be careful about integer division.
What is printed when the code segment is executed?
1-4-16: Consider the following code segment.
What is the value of the expression?
1-4-17: Consider the following code segment.
1-4-18: Consider the following code segment.
The percent sign operator ( % ) is the mod (modulo) or remainder operator. The mod operator ( x % y ) returns the remainder after you divide x (first number) by y (second number) so 5 % 2 will return 1 since 2 goes into 5 two times with a remainder of 1. Remember long division when you had to specify how many times one number went into another evenly and the remainder? That remainder is what is returned by the modulo operator.
Figure 2: Long division showing the whole number result and the remainder ¶
In the example below, try to guess what it will print out and then run it to see if you are right.
The result of x % y when x is smaller than y is always x . The value y can’t go into x at all (goes in 0 times), since x is smaller than y , so the result is just x . So if you see 2 % 3 the result is 2 .
1-4-21: What is the result of 158 % 10?
1-4-22: What is the result of 3 % 8?
Assume you have 16 pieces of pizza and 5 people. If everyone gets the same number of slices, how many slices does each person get? Are there any leftover pieces?
In industry, a flowchart is used to describe a process through symbols and text. A flowchart usually does not show variable declarations, but it can show assignment statements (drawn as rectangle) and output statements (drawn as rhomboid).
The flowchart in figure 3 shows a process to compute the fair distribution of pizza slices among a number of people. The process relies on integer division to determine slices per person, and the mod operator to determine remaining slices.
Figure 3: Example Flow Chart ¶
A flowchart shows pseudo-code, which is like Java but not exactly the same. Syntactic details like semi-colons are omitted, and input and output is described in abstract terms.
Complete the program based on the process shown in the Figure 3 flowchart. Note the first line of code declares all 4 variables as type int. Add assignment statements and print statements to compute and print the slices per person and leftover slices. Use System.out.println for output.
Variables are a powerful abstraction in programming because the same algorithm can be used with different input values saved in variables.
Figure 4: Program input and output ¶
A Java program can ask the user to type in one or more values. The Java class Scanner is used to read from the keyboard input stream, which is referenced by System.in . Normally the keyboard input is typed into a console window, but since this is running in a browser you will type in a small textbox window displayed below the code. The code below shows an example of prompting the user to enter a name and then printing a greeting. The code String name = scan.nextLine() gets the string value you enter as program input and then stores the value in a variable.
Run the program a few times, typing in a different name. The code works for any name: behold, the power of variables!
Run this program to read in a name from the input stream. You can type a different name in the input window shown below the code.
Try stepping through the code with the CodeLens tool to see how the name variable is assigned to the value read by the scanner. You will have to click “Hide CodeLens” and then “Show in CodeLens” to enter a different name for input.
The Scanner class has several useful methods for reading user input. A token is a sequence of characters separated by white space.
Method | Description |
---|---|
nextLine() | Scans all input up to the line break as a String |
next() | Scans the next token of the input as a String |
nextInt() | Scans the next token of the input as an int |
nextDouble() | Scans the next token of the input as a double |
nextBoolean() | Scans the next token of the input as a boolean |
Run this program to read in an integer from the input stream. You can type a different integer value in the input window shown below the code.
A rhomboid (slanted rectangle) is used in a flowchart to depict data flowing into and out of a program. The previous flowchart in Figure 3 used a rhomboid to indicate program output. A rhomboid is also used to denote reading a value from the input stream.
Figure 5: Flow Chart Reading User Input ¶
Figure 5 contains an updated version of the pizza calculator process. The first two steps have been altered to initialize the pizzaSlices and numPeople variables by reading two values from the input stream. In Java this will be done using a Scanner object and reading from System.in.
Complete the program based on the process shown in the Figure 5 flowchart. The program should scan two integer values to initialize pizzaSlices and numPeople. Run the program a few times to experiment with different values for input. What happens if you enter 0 for the number of people? The program will bomb due to division by zero! We will see how to prevent this in a later lesson.
The program below reads two integer values from the input stream and attempts to print the sum. Unfortunately there is a problem with the last line of code that prints the sum.
Run the program and look at the result. When the input is 5 and 7 , the output is Sum is 57 . Both of the + operators in the print statement are performing string concatenation. While the first + operator should perform string concatenation, the second + operator should perform addition. You can force the second + operator to perform addition by putting the arithmetic expression in parentheses ( num1 + num2 ) .
More information on using the Scanner class can be found here https://www.w3schools.com/java/java_user_input.asp
In this programming challenge, you will calculate your age, and your pet’s age from your birthdates, and your pet’s age in dog years. In the code below, type in the current year, the year you were born, the year your dog or cat was born (if you don’t have one, make one up!) in the variables below. Then write formulas in assignment statements to calculate how old you are, how old your dog or cat is, and how old they are in dog years which is 7 times a human year. Finally, print it all out.
Calculate your age and your pet’s age from the birthdates, and then your pet’s age in dog years. If you want an extra challenge, try reading the values using a Scanner.
Arithmetic expressions include expressions of type int and double.
The arithmetic operators consist of +, -, * , /, and % (modulo for the remainder in division).
An arithmetic operation that uses two int values will evaluate to an int value. With integer division, any decimal part in the result will be thrown away, essentially rounding down the answer to a whole number.
An arithmetic operation that uses at least one double value will evaluate to a double value.
Operators can be used to construct compound expressions.
During evaluation, operands are associated with operators according to operator precedence to determine how they are grouped. (*, /, % have precedence over + and -, unless parentheses are used to group those.)
An attempt to divide an integer by zero will result in an ArithmeticException to occur.
The assignment operator (=) allows a program to initialize or change the value stored in a variable. The value of the expression on the right is stored in the variable on the left.
During execution, expressions are evaluated to produce a single value.
The value of an expression has a type based on the evaluation of the expression.
An assignment statement designates a value for a variable. An assignment statement can be used as an expression in Java.
After a variable is declared, you can assign a value to it by using an assignment statement . In Java, the equal sign = is used as the assignment operator . The syntax for assignment statements is as follows:
An expression represents a computation involving values, variables, and operators that, when taking them together, evaluates to a value. For example, consider the following code:
You can use a variable in an expression. A variable can also be used on both sides of the = operator. For example:
In the above assignment statement, the result of x + 1 is assigned to the variable x . Let’s say that x is 1 before the statement is executed, and so becomes 2 after the statement execution.
To assign a value to a variable, you must place the variable name to the left of the assignment operator. Thus the following statement is wrong:
Note that the math equation x = 2 * x + 1 ≠ the Java expression x = 2 * x + 1
Which is equivalent to:
And this statement
is equivalent to:
Note: The data type of a variable on the left must be compatible with the data type of a value on the right. For example, int x = 1.0 would be illegal, because the data type of x is int (integer) and does not accept the double value 1.0 without Type Casting .
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Assignment operators in programming are symbols used to assign values to variables. They offer shorthand notations for performing arithmetic operations and updating variable values in a single step. These operators are fundamental in most programming languages and help streamline code while improving readability.
Table of Content
Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign ( = ), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side.
Below is a table summarizing common assignment operators along with their symbols, description, and examples:
Operator | Description | Examples |
---|---|---|
= (Assignment) | Assigns the value on the right to the variable on the left. | assigns the value 10 to the variable x. |
+= (Addition Assignment) | Adds the value on the right to the current value of the variable on the left and assigns the result to the variable. | is equivalent to |
-= (Subtraction Assignment) | Subtracts the value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left and assigns the result to the variable. | is equivalent to |
*= (Multiplication Assignment) | Multiplies the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable. | is equivalent to |
/= (Division Assignment) | Divides the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and assigns the result to the variable. | is equivalent to |
%= (Modulo Assignment) | Calculates the modulo of the current value of the variable on the left and the value on the right, then assigns the result to the variable. | is equivalent to |
Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in C language:
Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in C++ language:
Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in java language:
Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in python language:
Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in C# language:
Here are the implementation of Assignment Operator in javascript language:
In conclusion, assignment operators in programming are essential tools for assigning values to variables and performing operations in a concise and efficient manner. They allow programmers to manipulate data and control the flow of their programs effectively. Understanding and using assignment operators correctly is fundamental to writing clear, efficient, and maintainable code in various programming languages.
Similar reads.
What this handout is about.
The first step in any successful college writing venture is reading the assignment. While this sounds like a simple task, it can be a tough one. This handout will help you unravel your assignment and begin to craft an effective response. Much of the following advice will involve translating typical assignment terms and practices into meaningful clues to the type of writing your instructor expects. See our short video for more tips.
Regardless of the assignment, department, or instructor, adopting these two habits will serve you well :
Many assignments follow a basic format. Assignments often begin with an overview of the topic, include a central verb or verbs that describe the task, and offer some additional suggestions, questions, or prompts to get you started.
The instructor might set the stage with some general discussion of the subject of the assignment, introduce the topic, or remind you of something pertinent that you have discussed in class. For example:
“Throughout history, gerbils have played a key role in politics,” or “In the last few weeks of class, we have focused on the evening wear of the housefly …”
Pay attention; this part tells you what to do when you write the paper. Look for the key verb or verbs in the sentence. Words like analyze, summarize, or compare direct you to think about your topic in a certain way. Also pay attention to words such as how, what, when, where, and why; these words guide your attention toward specific information. (See the section in this handout titled “Key Terms” for more information.)
“Analyze the effect that gerbils had on the Russian Revolution”, or “Suggest an interpretation of housefly undergarments that differs from Darwin’s.”
Here you will find some questions to use as springboards as you begin to think about the topic. Instructors usually include these questions as suggestions rather than requirements. Do not feel compelled to answer every question unless the instructor asks you to do so. Pay attention to the order of the questions. Sometimes they suggest the thinking process your instructor imagines you will need to follow to begin thinking about the topic.
“You may wish to consider the differing views held by Communist gerbils vs. Monarchist gerbils, or Can there be such a thing as ‘the housefly garment industry’ or is it just a home-based craft?”
These are the instructor’s comments about writing expectations:
“Be concise”, “Write effectively”, or “Argue furiously.”
These instructions usually indicate format rules or guidelines.
“Your paper must be typed in Palatino font on gray paper and must not exceed 600 pages. It is due on the anniversary of Mao Tse-tung’s death.”
The assignment’s parts may not appear in exactly this order, and each part may be very long or really short. Nonetheless, being aware of this standard pattern can help you understand what your instructor wants you to do.
Ask yourself a few basic questions as you read and jot down the answers on the assignment sheet:
Who is your audience.
Try to look at the question from the point of view of the instructor. Recognize that your instructor has a reason for giving you this assignment and for giving it to you at a particular point in the semester. In every assignment, the instructor has a challenge for you. This challenge could be anything from demonstrating an ability to think clearly to demonstrating an ability to use the library. See the assignment not as a vague suggestion of what to do but as an opportunity to show that you can handle the course material as directed. Paper assignments give you more than a topic to discuss—they ask you to do something with the topic. Keep reminding yourself of that. Be careful to avoid the other extreme as well: do not read more into the assignment than what is there.
Of course, your instructor has given you an assignment so that they will be able to assess your understanding of the course material and give you an appropriate grade. But there is more to it than that. Your instructor has tried to design a learning experience of some kind. Your instructor wants you to think about something in a particular way for a particular reason. If you read the course description at the beginning of your syllabus, review the assigned readings, and consider the assignment itself, you may begin to see the plan, purpose, or approach to the subject matter that your instructor has created for you. If you still aren’t sure of the assignment’s goals, try asking the instructor. For help with this, see our handout on getting feedback .
Given your instructor’s efforts, it helps to answer the question: What is my purpose in completing this assignment? Is it to gather research from a variety of outside sources and present a coherent picture? Is it to take material I have been learning in class and apply it to a new situation? Is it to prove a point one way or another? Key words from the assignment can help you figure this out. Look for key terms in the form of active verbs that tell you what to do.
Key Terms: Finding Those Active Verbs
Here are some common key words and definitions to help you think about assignment terms:
Information words Ask you to demonstrate what you know about the subject, such as who, what, when, where, how, and why.
Relation words Ask you to demonstrate how things are connected.
Interpretation words Ask you to defend ideas of your own about the subject. Do not see these words as requesting opinion alone (unless the assignment specifically says so), but as requiring opinion that is supported by concrete evidence. Remember examples, principles, definitions, or concepts from class or research and use them in your interpretation.
More Clues to Your Purpose As you read the assignment, think about what the teacher does in class:
Now, what about your reader? Most undergraduates think of their audience as the instructor. True, your instructor is a good person to keep in mind as you write. But for the purposes of a good paper, think of your audience as someone like your roommate: smart enough to understand a clear, logical argument, but not someone who already knows exactly what is going on in your particular paper. Remember, even if the instructor knows everything there is to know about your paper topic, they still have to read your paper and assess your understanding. In other words, teach the material to your reader.
Aiming a paper at your audience happens in two ways: you make decisions about the tone and the level of information you want to convey.
You’ll find a much more detailed discussion of these concepts in our handout on audience .
With a few exceptions (including some lab and ethnography reports), you are probably being asked to make an argument. You must convince your audience. It is easy to forget this aim when you are researching and writing; as you become involved in your subject matter, you may become enmeshed in the details and focus on learning or simply telling the information you have found. You need to do more than just repeat what you have read. Your writing should have a point, and you should be able to say it in a sentence. Sometimes instructors call this sentence a “thesis” or a “claim.”
So, if your instructor tells you to write about some aspect of oral hygiene, you do not want to just list: “First, you brush your teeth with a soft brush and some peanut butter. Then, you floss with unwaxed, bologna-flavored string. Finally, gargle with bourbon.” Instead, you could say, “Of all the oral cleaning methods, sandblasting removes the most plaque. Therefore it should be recommended by the American Dental Association.” Or, “From an aesthetic perspective, moldy teeth can be quite charming. However, their joys are short-lived.”
Convincing the reader of your argument is the goal of academic writing. It doesn’t have to say “argument” anywhere in the assignment for you to need one. Look at the assignment and think about what kind of argument you could make about it instead of just seeing it as a checklist of information you have to present. For help with understanding the role of argument in academic writing, see our handout on argument .
There are many kinds of evidence, and what type of evidence will work for your assignment can depend on several factors–the discipline, the parameters of the assignment, and your instructor’s preference. Should you use statistics? Historical examples? Do you need to conduct your own experiment? Can you rely on personal experience? See our handout on evidence for suggestions on how to use evidence appropriately.
Make sure you are clear about this part of the assignment, because your use of evidence will be crucial in writing a successful paper. You are not just learning how to argue; you are learning how to argue with specific types of materials and ideas. Ask your instructor what counts as acceptable evidence. You can also ask a librarian for help. No matter what kind of evidence you use, be sure to cite it correctly—see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial .
You cannot always tell from the assignment just what sort of writing style your instructor expects. The instructor may be really laid back in class but still expect you to sound formal in writing. Or the instructor may be fairly formal in class and ask you to write a reflection paper where you need to use “I” and speak from your own experience.
Try to avoid false associations of a particular field with a style (“art historians like wacky creativity,” or “political scientists are boring and just give facts”) and look instead to the types of readings you have been given in class. No one expects you to write like Plato—just use the readings as a guide for what is standard or preferable to your instructor. When in doubt, ask your instructor about the level of formality they expect.
No matter what field you are writing for or what facts you are including, if you do not write so that your reader can understand your main idea, you have wasted your time. So make clarity your main goal. For specific help with style, see our handout on style .
The technical information you are given in an assignment always seems like the easy part. This section can actually give you lots of little hints about approaching the task. Find out if elements such as page length and citation format (see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial ) are negotiable. Some professors do not have strong preferences as long as you are consistent and fully answer the assignment. Some professors are very specific and will deduct big points for deviations.
Usually, the page length tells you something important: The instructor thinks the size of the paper is appropriate to the assignment’s parameters. In plain English, your instructor is telling you how many pages it should take for you to answer the question as fully as you are expected to. So if an assignment is two pages long, you cannot pad your paper with examples or reword your main idea several times. Hit your one point early, defend it with the clearest example, and finish quickly. If an assignment is ten pages long, you can be more complex in your main points and examples—and if you can only produce five pages for that assignment, you need to see someone for help—as soon as possible.
Your instructors are not fooled when you:
Critical reading of assignments leads to skills in other types of reading and writing. If you get good at figuring out what the real goals of assignments are, you are going to be better at understanding the goals of all of your classes and fields of study.
You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.
A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .
Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.
You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:
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What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.
A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.
The best thesis statements are:
The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .
The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.
You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.
You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?
For example, you might ask:
After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .
Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on:
See an example
Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.
In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.
The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.
In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.
The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.
A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:
The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.
These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.
Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:
If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.
The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:
Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.
Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :
The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .
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The JavaScript language is intended to be used within some larger environment, be it a browser, server-side scripts, or similar. For the most part, this reference attempts to be environment-agnostic and does not target a web browser environment.
If you are new to JavaScript, start with the guide . Once you have a firm grasp of the fundamentals, you can use the reference to get more details on individual objects and language constructs.
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The tutorial shows how to use an Excel IF formula to see if a given number or date falls between two values.
To check if a given value is between two numeric values, you can use the AND function with two logical tests. To return your own values when both expressions evaluate to TRUE, nest AND inside the IF function. Detailed examples follow below.
To test if a given number is between two numbers that you specify, use the AND function with two logical tests:
The generic If between formula is:
To include the boundary values, use the greater than or equal to (>=) and less than or equal to (<=) operators:
For example, to see if a number in A2 falls between 10 and 20, not including the boundary values, the formula in B2, copied down, is:
=AND(A2>10, A2<20)
To check if A2 is between 10 and 20, including the threshold values, the formula in C2 takes this form:
=AND(A2>=10, A2<=20)
In case you want to return a custom value if a number is between two values, then place the AND formula in the logical test of the IF function.
For example, to return "Yes" if the number in A2 is between 10 and 20, "No" otherwise, use one of these IF statements:
If between 10 and 20:
=IF(AND(A2>10, A2<20), "Yes", "No")
If between 10 and 20, including the boundaries:
Suppose you have a set of values in column A and wish to know which of the values fall between the numbers in columns B and C in the same row. Assuming a smaller number is always in column B and a larger number is in column C, the task can be accomplished with this formula:
=IF(AND(A2>B2, A2<C2), "Yes", "No")
Including the boundaries:
And here is a variation of the If between statement that returns a value itself if TRUE, some text or an empty string if FALSE:
=IF(AND(A2>10, A2<20), A2, "Invalid")
When smaller and larger numbers you are comparing against may appear in different columns (i.e. number 1 is not always smaller than number 2), use a slightly more complex version of the formula.
Here, we first test if the target value is higher than a smaller of the two numbers returned by the MIN function, and then check if it is lower than a larger of the two numbers returned by the MAX function.
To include the threshold numbers, adjust the logic as follows:
For example, to find out if a number in A2 falls between two numbers in B2 and C2, use one of these formulas:
Excluding boundaries:
=AND(A2>MIN(B2, C2), A2<MAX(B2, C2))
Including boundaries:
=AND(A2>=MIN(B2, C2), A2<=MAX(B2, C2))
To return your own values instead of TRUE and FALSE, use the following Excel IF statement between two numbers:
=IF(AND(A2>MIN(B2, C2), A2<MAX(B2, C2)), "Yes", "No")
The If between dates formula in Excel is essentially the same as If between numbers .
To check whether a given date is within a certain range, the generic formula is:
Not including the boundary dates:
However, there is a caveat: IF does recognize dates supplied directly to its arguments and regards them as text strings. For IF to recognize a date, it should be wrapped in the DATEVALUE function.
For example, to test if a date in A2 falls between 1-Jan-2022 and 31-Dec-2022 inclusive, you can use this formula:
In case, the start and end dates are in predefined cells, the formula becomes much simpler:
=IF(AND(A2>=$E$2, A2<=$E$3), "Yes", "No")
To test if a date is within the next n days of today's date, use the TODAY function to determine the start and end dates. Inside the AND statement, the first logical test checks if the target date is greater than today's date, while the second logical test checks if it is less than or equal to the current date plus n days:
For example, to test if a date in A2 occurs in the next 7 days, the formula is:
To test if a given date is within the last n days of today's date, you again use IF together with the AND and TODAY functions. The first logical test of AND checks if a tested date is greater than or equal to today's date minus n days, and the second logical test checks if the date is less than today:
For example, to determine if a date in A2 occurred in the last 7 days, the formula is:
Hopefully, our examples have helped you understand how to use the If between formula in Excel efficiently. I thank you for reading and hope to see you on our blog next week!
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I am working with a large amount of financial data and trying to separate into Financial Statement type by GL#. I have entered the following formula:
IF((G2400000,G2500000, "Expenses")))
Balance sheet accounts GL# is less than 500000, Revenues are in the 400000 range, and expenses in the 500000. Excel is telling me this is an invalid formula. What am I doing wrong here?
Hi! Based on your description, it is hard to completely understand your task. I can assume that you have two conditions. So try using the IF AND formula. Look for the example formulas here: IF AND in Excel: nested formula, multiple statements, and more . If this does not help, explain the problem in detail.
Hi Alex, What formula should I use if I want to check If my Renewal End Date :4/27/2024 and close date is 4/4/2024 & I want to check if close date is less than or equal to renewal end date ?
Hi! Have you tried any of the methods described in this blog post? You can also use these instructions to compare two dates and display the desired message: Using IF function with dates . Simply compare the two cells and determine which one is larger.
How do i check if a cell is between two dates, and return one of three values.
Does A2 have a date between 01/01/2024 - 31/01/2024. If yes, return Yes. If no, return no. If A2 has nothing in the cell, return as blank.
Hi! Have you tried the methods described in this blog post? The formula might look like this:
=IF(A2<>"",IF(AND(A2>D1, A2<D2), "Yes", "No"),"")
Read more: Nested IF in Excel – formula with multiple conditions .
Hi Alexander, thank you! I was trying that for hours, and yes i had read the blog post. I look at Excel formulas maybe one every 9/10 months, so i just don't hold the information very well!
It's really apprecaited.
Hi, I would like to use IF function to calculate the age to a certain date and turn Yes the result is >=16 or No if it is <16. How can I dothat?
Hi! The following tutorial should help: How to calculate age in Excel from birthday . Calculate the age and use it in the IF formula as described in the article above.
=IF(OR(C3>=DATEVALUE("2/19/2024"), C3<=DATEVALUE("2/25/2024")),K3, 0)
I am trying to use a date range to select data on the same spread sheet in a different cell. If the reference cell meets the date range then the value in the "true" referenced cell, if not then enter a zero. I have tried the above formular however, it doesn't work. Any suggestions?
Hi! "2/19/2024" may not match your computer's date format. Also, note in the article above that you should use the AND operator, not the OR operator, for the date range. You can also try to set the date by using the DATE function . For example:
=IF(AND(C3>=DATE(2024,2,19), C3<=DATE(2024,2,25)),K3, 0)
I would very much appreciate if someone could explain to me how to make excel calculate the following:
Date Range using the if formula
My spreadsheet is comprised of names dates and then blank boxes for the 12 months of the year. I would like if excel could use the dates and place an x in each months box that corresponds to the date range. Example date range 1/12023 - 3/30/2021 it would place an x in January February and march and leave all the other boxes blank.
Hi! Your sample date range is text. Therefore, you cannot perform any calculations with it, including calculating months.
i want to assign a new value , if the number falls in between two numbers . there are ten such two number in 10 ten row
Hi! Have you tried the ways described in this blog post? If they don’t work for you, then please describe your task in detail.
Looking for a little help I want to make a cell auto fill a number The formula I have now is =IF(AND(C19>=150,C19<=149.99),"$1500","$1000")
What I am looking for is if greater than 150 - "$1500", if between 120 &149.99 "$1000". if between 95 and 119.99 "$500" and if <94.99"$0" can anyone help please?
Hi! The answer to your question can be found in this article: Nested IF in Excel – formula with multiple conditions . Read Example 1.
Hi Any help on this...
I need to calculate a number between the range of 2 numbers and I need to return 50% of the above value of whatever number has been input.
i.e. Between 60,000 and 100,000 I need to return 50% of whatever number is input..... so if they input 75,000 the answer needs to be 7500 which is 50% of the value of 75000 minus 60000 = 15000 = ANSWER 7500
Hi! If you have two conditions, use an IF AND expression as described in these instructions: Excel IF: greater than AND less than . I also recommend that you read the first paragraph of the article above carefully. Your description of the calculations in the second paragraph contradicts the first paragraph. But I think you can write the calculation formula yourself.
I've tried IF, AND, MATCH, XMATCH, and I can't seem to get my formula to work. In one sheet I have Move Out Date & Fiscal Year. In another sheet, I have the dates of the fiscal year (start & end) and the Fiscal Year name.
Move Out Date Fiscal Year 09/01/2011 09/05/2011 09/10/2011
Start End Fiscal Year 9/1/2011 8/31/2012 FY2012 9/1/2012 8/31/2013 FY2013 9/1/2013 8/31/2014 FY2014
Depending on the date in the Move out Date cell, I would like for it to determine what the Fiscal Year is for that move out date. In other words, if column a, cell 1 is dated 9/1/2011, I want it to return "FY2012" into a column. Can anyone help me? Thank you.
Hi! To find Fiscal Year by two conditions, use the INDEX MATCH functions and these instructions: Excel INDEX MATCH with multiple criteria - formula examples . I believe the following formula will help you solve your task:
=INDEX(Sheet2!C1:C10,MATCH(1,(Sheet2!A1:A10<Sheet1!A1)*(Sheet2!B1:B10>Sheet1!A1),0))
Hi! Need your help please to get the data I want using the compound "If" function to get the vacation leave balance based on the hiring data. Below are the details:
A1: Hiring Date
Conditions: * If hired between 1/1/2023 - 6/30/2023 = vacation leave should be 11 days * If hired between 7/1/2023 - 7/31/2023 = vacation leave should be 6 days * If hired between 8/1/2023 - 8/31/2023 = vacation leave should be 5 days * If hired between 9/1/2023 - 9/30/2023 = vacation leave should be 4 days * If hired between 10/1/2023 - 10/31/2023 = vacation leave should be 3 days * If hired between 11/1/2023 - 11/30/2023 = vacation leave should be 2 days * If hired between 12/1/2023 - 12/31/2023 = vacation leave should be 1 day
Really appreciate if you can help me build a formula based on the above. Thanks in advance!
Hi! I recommend reading this guide: Excel Nested IF statement: examples, best practices and alternatives . Try to use CHOOSE function instead of nested IF formula:
=CHOOSE(MONTH(A1),11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1)
Define the month number using the MONTH function .
if A1 gives current date and B1 says W then what is if formulae to show the actual date seen in A1 (not update it).
Hi! Based on your description, it is hard to completely understand your task. However, I’ll try to guess and offer you the following guide: How to insert today date & current time as unchangeable time stamp .
sorry it was not clear, i'll try again as your solution didn't give me the result i needed. thank you anyway A1 IS POPULATED WITH A DATE..... B1 IS EITHER D or W...... C1 needs to give the result.
so what is the formula to be put into C! if B2 is W ....to replicate the date seen in A1. (it needs to be the same date that is there and not update it
Hi! Your description of the problem is not very clear. I will try to assume such a formula for cell C1:
=IF(B2="w",A1,"")
This will work if the date in A1 is written manually. If the date in A1 is entered using the TODAY function, use the method I recommended earlier.
thank you so much, that's worked a treat. Thank you for your patience too. sorry for the lack of clarity.
Hi and thank you in advance, I'm trying to automate functional lab evaluations. So far, I've been able to use a nested conditional formatting: =IF(N7>=7.5,"Acute infection",IF(N7<=5,"Chronic infection"))
The problem I'm having is that when a result is functionally in range it returns the word FALSE. I don't want anything to appear in a cell where the lab result is in the functional range (I have to build this because the functional range is much tighter than the reference range printed on the lab report--it just takes a lot of time to evaluate).
How do I prevent the word FALSE and just show a blank cell. Otherwise my report looks extremely cluttered and is hard to go over with patients.
Appreciate it!
Hi! Read the IF function manual carefully. Define value_if_false argument.
=IF(N7>=7.5,"Acute infection",IF(N7<=5,"Chronic infection",""))
Hi there, looking to extract data during a one month period (eg. May 30 - June 30) across a 30 year period in one set of data. Is there a way to do this without having to repeat a formula 30 times?
Hi! Use the DAY and MONTH functions to specify the desired dates. For example:
=AND(DATE(2023,MONTH(A1),DAY(A1))>=DATE(2023,5,30),DATE(2023,MONTH(A1),DAY(A1))<=DATE(2023,6,30))
Hello! I need help with a formula.
Columns are: Column I - End Date: 5/31/2023 Column M - Sign On Payout: 7/30/2023 Column K - Amount: 1000
I was hoping to write a formula that says if the end date is before or equal to the payout date then "N/A", if not the amount.
=IF(AND(I5>=M5,I5<=M5),"n/a",K5) is what I wrote and its not working.
Hi! Remove the AND condition from the formula
=IF(I5<=M5,"n/a",K5)
I did this and its still not working. I even tried formatting the cells for the dates to be the same. Any advice?
Hi! The formula matches your question. Check your data. I also recommend studying the article above carefully.
I need excel formula for below example.
Sheet 1 Date Part Code Qty Rate 10-01-2023 ABC 10 25 Rate should be come through formula from "sheet 2" - First match "part code" & Date match with "sheet 2" between date 12-01-2023 ABC 20 30 11-01-2023 XYZ 5 12
Sheet 2 Part Code Valid from Valid To Rate ABC 01-01-2023 05-01-2023 20 ABC 06-01-2023 10-01-2023 25 ABC 11-01-2023 15-01-2023 30 XYZ 01-01-2023 10-01-2023 10 XYZ 10-01-2023 12-01-2023 12
Hi! If I understand your task correctly, this article may be helpful: Excel INDEX MATCH with multiple criteria . Try this formula:
=INDEX(Sheet2!D2:D6,MATCH(1,(Sheet1!A1>=Sheet2!B2:B6)*(Sheet1!A1<=Sheet2!C2:C6)*(Sheet1!B1=Sheet2!A2:A6),0))
Hi, I'm trying to pull through certain data from a sheet based on a name if the dates in column B on that sheet falls between a certain month only.
=IF(('PC 156598'!B:B>=DATEVALUE("11/1/2023"),'PC 156598!'B:B<=DATEVALUE("11/30/2023")),VLOOKUP(C2,'PC 156598'!$A$2:$C$64,3,0),0)
Excel is saying there's something wrong with the second tab reference 'PC 156598!' Have I nested a vlookup within the IF formula incorrectly?
Please help! Thank you
Hi! I can assume that you wanted to use an IF formula with two conditions. However, you do not have an AND or OR operator to combine the conditions. For example,
=IF(AND('PC 156598'!B:B>=DATEVALUE("11/1/2023"),'PC 156598!'B:B<=DATEVALUE("11/30/2023")),VLOOKUP(C2,'PC 156598'!$A$2:$C$64,3,0),0)
For more information, please visit: Excel IF function with multiple conditions .
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June 7, 2024
Job Overview:
This position resides in the Business & Income Taxes Division of the Department of Revenue . The Business and Income Tax Division ensures secure handling and processing of taxpayer information and data. Duties include conducting technical level examinations on assigned tax returns that involve research, verifying data, adjusting returns, providing communications to taxpayers and their representatives, and participating in the appeal process. Tax examiner I’s assist with development of audit programs and procedures, draft summary reports of audit findings, and testify as an expert witness. They also assist other tax examiners in their responsibilities and provide a range of support services to taxpayers and other department programs and employees. The position does not supervise other staff.
Knowledge of:
You would be a great fit for this position if you have:
REMOTE/TELEWORK: This position may be eligible to work from an approved worksite within the state of Montana. This position would be required to report to a Department of Revenue office assigned by the supervisor. Employees must meet and sustain Department of Revenue telework eligibility requirements and supervisor's approval to participate in the DOR Telework Program.
*This is an incomplete list of job duties. For a complete job description please contact Human Resources at [email protected] or (406) 444-9858.
To be considered for a Department of Revenue position, successful applicants are required to successfully pass tax compliance and criminal background check(s). DOR is an equal opportunity employer. Women, minorities, and people with disabilities are encouraged to apply.
The above competencies are typically acquired through a combination of education and experience equivalent to:
Other combinations of education and experience will be evaluated on an individual basis.
*If you have documented postsecondary education, please attach your transcripts to your application for it to be considered in the evaluation process.
If another department vacancy occurs in this job title within six months, the same applicant pool may be used for the selection.
This agency may use a training assignment. Employees in training assignments may be paid below the base pay established by the agency pay rules. Conditions of the training assignment will be stated in writing at the time of hire.
Salary | $50,924—$52,824 Yearly |
---|---|
Telework Eligible | Telework Eligible (Full-time telework is not available. Telework schedule must be supervisor approved.) |
Benefits Package Eligibility | Health Insurance, Paid Leave & Holidays, Retirement Plan |
Number of Openings | 1 |
Travel | Yes, 20 % of the Time |
Locations | Helena |
Union | Montana Federation of Public Employees |
Closing Date | June 21st, 2024 11:59pm |
Additonal Requirements for Application | None |
Apply For This Position
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To prove vehicle ownership, it’s important to have a valid, up-to-date, and accurate California Certificate of Title. Here’s how you can transfer and change a title.
You can now transfer a title online. Learn more about the steps and get started.
Anytime there’s a change to a vehicle or vessel’s registered owner or lienholder, that change must be updated in DMV’s records within 10 days and the California Certificate of Title must be transferred to the new owner.
A change in ownership is usually due to:
Depending on the type of transfer, you might need to complete and submit additional forms. See below for other title transfers and title transfer forms.
Submit your title transfer paperwork and fee (if any) to a DMV office or by mail to:
DMV PO Box 942869 Sacramento, CA 94269
If you need us to expedite your title processing, you can request rush title processing for an additional fee.
Depending on the type of transfer, you may need to pay the following fees:
See the full list of fees .
Renewal fees and parking/toll violation fees don’t need to be paid to issue a replacement California Certificate of Title.
These forms may be required when transferring ownership of a vehicle or vessel: Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) Vehicle/Vessel Transfer and Reassignment (REG 262) form (call the DMV’s automated voice system at 1-800-777-0133 to have a form mailed to you) Statement of Facts (REG 256) Lien Satisfied/Title Holder Release (REG 166) Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability Smog certification Vehicle Emission System Statement (Smog) (REG 139) Declaration of Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)/Combined Gross Vehicle Weight (CGW) (REG 4008) Affidavit for Transfer without Probate (REG 5) Bill of Sale (REG 135) Verification of Vehicle (REG 31)
When you’re buying a new car or a used car from a dealership, the dealer will handle the paperwork and you’ll receive your title from DMV in the mail.
When vehicle ownership is transferred between two private parties, it’s up to them to transfer the title. If you have the California Certificate of Title for the vehicle , the seller signs the title to release ownership of the vehicle. The buyer should then bring the signed title to a DMV office to apply for transfer of ownership.
If you don’t have the California Certificate of Title , you need to use an Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) to transfer ownership. The lienholder’s release, if any, must be notarized. The buyer should then bring the completed form to a DMV office and we will issue a new registration and title.
Make sure you have all signatures on the proper lines to avoid delays.
Once the seller gives the buyer all required documentation and DMV receives the completed NRL, the seller’s part of the transaction is complete.
*If the vehicle has been sold more than once with the same title, a REG 262 is required from each seller.
Once the buyer has provided the DMV with all the proper documents and fees, the vehicle record is updated to reflect the change of ownership and a registration card is issued.
A new title is issued from DMV headquarters within 60 calendar days.
To transfer a vehicle between family members, submit the following:
You may transfer a vehicle from an individual to the estate of that individual without signatures on the Certificate of Title.
Submit the following:
Use tax and a smog certification are not required.
Vehicle ownership can be transferred to a deceased owner’s heir 40 days after the owner’s death, as long as the value of the deceased’s property in California does not exceed:
If the heir will be the new owner, submit the following to a DMV office:
If the heir prefers to sell the vehicle, the buyer also needs (in addition to the items above):
To transfer vessel ownership, submit the following:
After you sell a vessel, complete a Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability (NRL) within five days of releasing ownership and keep a copy for your records.
Because a California Certificate of Title is a legal document, it is important to keep it accurate and up-to-date. Here’s how you can update or change a title.
You must order a replacement California Certificate of Title when the original is lost, stolen, damaged, illegible, or not received.
To order a replacement title, submit the following:
You can submit your application either in-person* at a DMV office or by mail:
Department of Motor Vehicles Registration Operations PO Box 942869 Sacramento, California 94269-0001
If you’re submitting your form to a DMV office, we recommend you make an appointment so you can avoid any lines.
You’ll receive your title by mail 15-30 calendar days from the date you submit the replacement title application.
*If you’re applying for a replacement title and the registered owner’s name or address doesn’t match DMV records (except for obvious typographical errors), you must submit your application in person with proof of ownership (e.g. registration card) and an acceptable photo ID (e.g. driver’s license/ID card).
Visit our Virtual Office to request a replacement title online.
Your true full name must appear on your vehicle or vessel California Certificate of Title and registration card. If your name is misspelled, changes (e.g as a result of marriage or divorce), or is legally changed, you need to correct your name on your title.
To change or correct your name, submit:
You may submit your application to any DMV office or by mail to:
Department of Motor Vehicles Vehicle Registration Operations PO Box 942869 Sacramento, CA 94269-0001
If a name or other information is entered on a title by mistake, complete a Statement to Record Ownership (REG 101) .
If the vehicle has a legal owner/lienholder, then section 5 of the REG 227 needs to be notarized. If the registration does not show a legal owner/lienholder, notarization is not required.
Need help finding the lienholder on your vehicle title? We keep a listing of banks, credit unions, and financial/lending institutions that may have gone out of business, merged, changed their name, or been acquired by another financial institution.
No. You must obtain a title from the state where the vehicle was last titled.
If you’re unable to obtain a title from that state, provide documentation that they cannot issue a title. A motor vehicle bond may be required
Contact us for more information .
Fee calculator.
Use our fee calculator to estimate any applicable registration or title transfer fees.
You need to renew your vehicle registration every 1-5 years in California, depending on the vehicle. Make sure your registration is up-to-date.
Some applications can be submitted to a DMV office near you. Make an appointment so you don’t have to wait in line.
When interacting with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Virtual Assistant, please do not include any personal information.
When your chat is over, you can save the transcript. Use caution when using a public computer or device.
The DMV chatbot and live chat services use third-party vendors to provide machine translation. Machine translation is provided for purposes of information and convenience only. The DMV is unable to guarantee the accuracy of any translation provided by the third-party vendors and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information or changes in the formatting of the content resulting from the use of the translation service.
The content currently in English is the official and accurate source for the program information and services DMV provides. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. If any questions arise related to the information contained in the translated content, please refer to the English version.
The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) website uses Google™ Translate to provide automatic translation of its web pages. This translation application tool is provided for purposes of information and convenience only. Google™ Translate is a free third-party service, which is not controlled by the DMV. The DMV is unable to guarantee the accuracy of any translation provided by Google™ Translate and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information or changes in the formatting of the pages resulting from the use of the translation application tool.
The web pages currently in English on the DMV website are the official and accurate source for the program information and services the DMV provides. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. If any questions arise related to the information contained in the translated website, please refer to the English version.
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Assignment Statement. An Assignment statement is a statement that is used to set a value to the variable name in a program. Assignment statement allows a variable to hold different types of values during its program lifespan. Another way of understanding an assignment statement is, it stores a value in the memory location which is denoted.
Assignment (computer science) In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location (s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement (or expression) is a fundamental construct.
Assignment creates object references instead of copying the objects. Python creates a variable name the first time when they are assigned a value. Names must be assigned before being referenced. There are some operations that perform assignments implicitly. Assignment statement forms :- 1. Basic form:
To create a new variable or to update the value of an existing one in Python, you'll use an assignment statement. This statement has the following three components: A left operand, which must be a variable. The assignment operator ( =) A right operand, which can be a concrete value, an object, or an expression.
The assignment statement is an instruction that stores a value in a variable. You use this instruction any time you want to update the value of a variable. The assignment statement performs two actions. First, it calculates the value of the expression (calculation) on the right-hand side of the assignment operator (the = ).
The assignment statement is used to store a value in a variable. As in most programming languages these days, the assignment statement has the form: <variable>= <expression>; For example, once we have an int variable j, we can assign it the value of expression 4 + 6: int j; j= 4+6; As a convention, we always place a blank after the = sign but ...
The author selected the COVID-19 Relief Fund to receive a donation as part of the Write for DOnations program.. Introduction. Python 3.8, released in October 2019, adds assignment expressions to Python via the := syntax. The assignment expression syntax is also sometimes called "the walrus operator" because := vaguely resembles a walrus with tusks. ...
As expression assignments can sometimes be used equivalently to statement assignments, the question of which should be preferred will arise. For the benefit of style guides such as PEP 8, two recommendations are suggested. If either assignment statements or assignment expressions can be used, prefer statements; they are a clear declaration of ...
An assignment statement is a line of code that uses a "=" sign. The statement stores the result of an operation performed on the right-hand side of the sign into the variable memory location on the left-hand side. 4. Enter and execute the following lines of Python code in the editor window of your IDE (e.g. Thonny):
The meaning of the first assignment is computing the sum of the value in Counter and 1, and saves it back to Counter. Since Counter 's current value is zero, Counter + 1 is 1+0 = 1 and hence 1 is saved into Counter. Therefore, the new value of Counter becomes 1 and its original value 0 disappears. The second assignment statement computes the ...
Assignment Operator. Assignment Operators are used to assign values to variables. This operator is used to assign the value of the right side of the expression to the left side operand. Python. # Assigning values using # Assignment Operator a = 3 b = 5 c = a + b # Output print(c) Output. 8.
The print and assignment statements are commonly used. The result of a print statement is a value. Assignment statements don't produce a result it just assigns a value to the operand on its left side. A Python script usually contains a sequence of statements. If there is more than one statement, the result appears only one time when all ...
The difference from normal Assignment statements is that only a single target is allowed. For simple names as assignment targets, if in class or module scope, the annotations are evaluated and stored in a special class or module attribute __annotations__ that is a dictionary mapping from variable names (mangled if private) to evaluated ...
Assignment Statements ¶. Assignment statements initialize or change the value stored in a variable using the assignment operator =. An assignment statement always has a single variable on the left hand side. The value of the expression (which can contain math operators and other variables) on the right of the = sign is stored in the variable ...
Assignment Statement: WHERE TO PUT IT = RECIPE FOR A VALUE A -> 314.0 S -> 157.0 . The Assignment Statement Here we are assigning to A the area of a semicircle that has radius 10. No new rules in the third assignment. The "recipe" is A/2. The target of the assignment is A.
In this lesson, you will learn about assignment statements and expressions that contain math operators and variables. 1.4.1. Assignment Statements ¶. Remember that a variable holds a value that can change or vary. Assignment statements initialize or change the value stored in a variable using the assignment operator =.
An assignment statement designates a value for a variable. An assignment statement can be used as an expression in Java. After a variable is declared, you can assign a value to it by using an assignment statement. In Java, the equal sign = is used as the assignment operator. The syntax for assignment statements is as follows: variable ...
Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to ...
Assignment (=) The assignment ( =) operator is used to assign a value to a variable or property. The assignment expression itself has a value, which is the assigned value. This allows multiple assignments to be chained in order to assign a single value to multiple variables.
5.1. Assignment Statement Basics. The fundamental method of modifying the data in a data set is by way of a basic assignment statement. Such a statement always takes the form: variable = expression; where variable is any valid SAS name and expression is the calculation that is necessary to give the variable its values.
Watch out for cliches like "making a difference," "broadening my horizons," or "the best thing that ever happened to me." 3. Stay focused. Try to avoid getting off-track or including tangents in your personal statement. Stay focused by writing a first draft and then re-reading what you've written.
What this handout is about. The first step in any successful college writing venture is reading the assignment. While this sounds like a simple task, it can be a tough one. This handout will help you unravel your assignment and begin to craft an effective response. Much of the following advice will involve translating typical assignment terms ...
How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples. Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes.Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan. A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay.It usually comes near the end of your introduction.. Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you're writing.
The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out ...
JavaScript reference. The JavaScript reference serves as a repository of facts about the JavaScript language. The entire language is described here in detail. As you write JavaScript code, you'll refer to these pages often (thus the title "JavaScript reference"). The JavaScript language is intended to be used within some larger environment, be ...
Help students develop literacy skills. Assign differentiated reading activities using the Classroom integration with Read Along, a fun, speech-based tool from Google that helps students independently build their reading skills, while giving educators insight into their progress. Express interest in the early access program.
Excel formula: if between two dates. The If between dates formula in Excel is essentially the same as If between numbers. To check whether a given date is within a certain range, the generic formula is: IF (AND ( date >= start_date, date <= end_date ), value_if_true, value_if_false) Not including the boundary dates:
Applicant Pool Statement. If another department vacancy occurs in this job title within six months, the same applicant pool may be used for the selection. Training Assignment Available. This agency may use a training assignment. Employees in training assignments may be paid below the base pay established by the agency pay rules.
These forms may be required when transferring ownership of a vehicle or vessel: Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) Vehicle/Vessel Transfer and Reassignment (REG 262) form (call the DMV's automated voice system at 1-800-777-0133 to have a form mailed to you) Statement of Facts (REG 256)