International Research Journal of Tamil

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Current Issue Vol 6, No 1 (2024): Volume 6, Issue 1, Year 2024

Published January 30, 2024

Table of Contents

Focus on eco criticism: okur masathiyar songs, a study on feminist thoughts in tamilnadan's poetry, contribution of women in telugu-tamil translation, woman in the kalaingnar’s short stories, about feminism in kalanthorum, feminist ideas in folk lullabies.

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tamil research papers pdf

“Indian Journal of Tamil” (IJOT) (E ISSN 2582-662X) is a peer-reviewed quarterly open access journal published in both Tamil and English, provides an international forum for the publication of language and linguistics researchers. IJOT is dedicated to publishing, clearly written an original article, review articles, conceptual articles and essays. Currently, the journal accepts articles in all fields related to the Tamil language. However, more general language and literature articles are also welcome.

EBSCO

Current Issue Vol 5, No 2 (2024): Volume 5, Issue 2, Year 2024

Published May 30, 2024

Table of Contents

A. madhavan characterization in short stories, climbing adaptation of kalithogai, asian research association is a member of the following organizations.

ALPSP

தமிழ் மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ்

அறிஞர்களால் மதிப்பீடு செய்யப்படும் அரையாண்டு பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ்

IJTLLS

UGC CARE Listed Journal From July 2020

ISSN - 2581 - 7140

tamil research papers pdf

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அனைவருக்கும் வணக்கம்

தமிழ்மொழி செம்மொழி ஆகும். தமிழ் மொழியின் தோற்றம் இயற்கையில் பிறந்ததேயாம். அதன் அளப்பரிய தாக்கம் உலகத்தின் பல்வேறு மொழிகளிலும் காணப்படுகின்றது. உலகின் முதல் இலக்கண நூலான "தொல்காப்பியம்" தமிழில் தான் எழுதப்பட்டது. அந்நூலில் மொழியின் சிறப்பு மற்றும் பயன்பாடு விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. தமிழ் இலக்கியத்தில், சங்க இலக்கியம் தமிழ்மக்களின் தொன்மையான பாரம்பரியத்தைப் பிரதிப்பலிக்கின்றது. தமிழ்மொழியின் சிறப்பு அதன் தற்போதைய நிலை மற்றும் மறுமலர்ச்சி தன்மையை அனைவரும் அறிந்து கொள்வதற்காகத் தான் "தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ்" உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. ஞானத்தின் துணைக் கொண்டு தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்தின் சிறப்பினை மென்மேலும் மெருகேற்றிட செய்வது பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆய்வாளர்கள், ஆர்வலர்கள், படைப்பாளர்கள் மற்றும் புரவலர்கள் ஆகியோரின் கடமையாகும்.

ஓராண்டிற்கு இருமுறை இருமொழிகளில் (தமிழ் மற்றும் ஆங்கிலம்) வெளிவரும் தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய பன்னாட்டு ஆய்விதழ் தமிழ் வளர்ச்சியின் நவீன முன்னேற்றங்களை அனைவரும் மதிப்பிட்டு புரிந்து கொள்ள உதவுவது இதன் நோக்கமாகும். இவ்விதழானது தமிழ்மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கிய கலாச்சாரம், நாட்டுப்புறக்கலை, கோயிற்கலை, சித்த மருத்துவம், மொழியியல், திறனாய்வு, தமிழிலக்கிய படைப்புகள், உளவியல், பெண்ணியம், ஒப்பியல் நோக்கு, உலகளாவிய மொழிபெயர்ப்பு இலக்கியங்கள் போன்ற தமிழ் சார்ந்த பிற தளங்களையும் நோக்கும் விதமாய் அமைந்துள்ளது.

பேராளர்கள், ஆய்வாளர்கள், எழுத்தாளர்கள் மற்றும் தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்களின் நேர்த்தியான ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகள் வரவேற்கப்படுகின்றன. அனைத்து ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகளும் ஆய்வுக்குட்படுத்தப்பட்டு இணையத்தளத்தில் வெளியிடப்படும்.

திறந்தநிலை அணுகல் அறிக்கை

திறந்தநிலை அணுகல் முறை சார்ந்த கொள்கைகளின் படி எமது சஞ்சிகை வாசகர்கள் கட்டுரைகளை நேர்மையான முறையில் தேடவும், வாசிக்கவும், தரவிரக்கம் செய்யவும், நகல் எடுக்கவும், விநியோகிக்கவும், அச்சிடவும் மற்றும் இணைப்பு எடுக்கவும் அனுமதிக்கப்படுகிறது.

எமது சஞ்சிகை சிசி பிஓய் கிரியேட்டிவ் காமன்சு ஆட்ரிபியூசன் 4.0 இன்டர்நேசனல் உரிமம் http://Creativecommons.org//license/by/4.0/. பயன் கொண்டுள்ளது. இது உண்மையான படைப்புக்களைத் தகுந்த குறிப்பு முறைகளுடன் பயன்படுத்த, விநியோகிக்க மற்றும் மீட்டு உருவாக்கம் செய்ய அனுமதிக்கிறது.

Creative Commons License

பதிப்புரிமை

கட்டுரையாளரிடம் உரிம மாற்று படிவம் பெற்று காப்புரிமையைச் சஞ்சிகையே பெற்றுக் கொள்ளும். படைப்பாளர்கள் அதை தவறான நோக்கத்தில் தவறான பாதையில் பயன்படுத்திச் சிக்கல்களை உருவாக்கிக் கொண்டால் அதற்கு இதழின் பதிப்பாசிரியர் பொறுப்பேற்றுக் கொள்ளமாட்டார்.

ijtlls-paper-format-liability-submission-model-paper-copyright-transfer-agreement-template.pdf

இந்தியாவின் பல்கலைக்கழக மானியக் குழு ஆராய்ச்சி படைப்புகளின் தரத்தை மேம்படுத்துவதற்காக கல்வி மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி சார்ந்த துறைகளின் நிலைப்பாட்டைத் தரப்படுத்தும் விதமாக 28.11.2018 அன்று “கன்சார்ட்டியம் ஃபார் அகடமிக் அண்டு ரிசர்ச் எத்திக்ஸ்”; (சிஎஆர்இ-UGC) என்ற அமைப்பை நிறுவியது. யுஜிசி (சிஎஆர்இ)ன் குறிக்கோள்கள்:

  • இந்திய கல்லூரி மற்றும் பல்கலைக்கழகங்களில் ஆய்வுத்தரம், ஆராய்ச்சி நெறிமுறைகள் மற்றும் நம்பகமான பதிப்பு முறைகளை நம்பகத்தன்மைக்கு உறுதிப்படுத்த அடிகோலுகிறது.
  • உலக தரத்திற்கு தரமான படைப்புகள் தரமான ஆய்வு இதழ்களில் பதிப்பு செய்ய வழிவகுக்கிறது.
  • உண்மைத்தன்மையுள்ள ஆய்விதழ்களை இனங்காண வழிவகுக்கிறது.
  • இந்திய ஆராய்ச்சி களத்தில் கொள்ளை அடிக்கும், தரமான ஆய்விதழ்களை ஒத்ததுபோல இயங்கும் தரம் குறைந்த இதழ்கள் மற்றும் பதிப்பகங்களை முறியடித்தல்.
  • கல்வி மற்றும் பணி சார்ந்த முன்னேற்ற தளங்களுக்காகப் ஆய்வுப் பதிப்புகளைச் செய்ய தரமான சிஎஆர்இ (CARE) பட்டியல் தருவது.

Welcome To IJTLLS

The bi-Yearly and bilingual Journal (Tamil Language & English Language) gives keen scope to understand and evaluate the classical antiquity of Tamil Language and Literature and modern trends in it. The Journal ijtlls mainly focuses on the thrust areas such as History of Tamil Language and Culture, Folk Arts, Temple Studies, Siddha Medicine, Tamil Linguistics, Tamil Criticism, Tamil Literature, Creative writing in Tamil Language, Tamil Literature and Psychology, Women in Tamil Literature, Eco-criticism, Comparative Literature, World Literatures in Tamil Translation.

Call For Papers

Ijtlls invites academic researchers, scholars and authors to submit their original research articles to publish in the peer-reviewed international research journal. All papers will be peer-reviewed and published online with available Pdf version.  We maintain open access to all published research papers. Paper submissions out of this schedule will not be accepted.

Open Access Statement

As per the norms of the open access policy, our journal allows all to search, read, download, copy, distribute, print or link the articles for all ethical purposes.

Our journal adopts CC BY License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License http://Creativecommons.org//license/by/4.0/  . It allows using, reusing, distributing and reproducing of the original work with proper citation.

Authors who publish with the International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies (IJTLLS) agree to the following terms: Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal non-exclusive publishing rights with the article simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY license that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

Indian Academia Quality Mandate ensures high-quality research in all academic disciplines. The university grants commission, India destinies to empower the Indian academia through the Quality mandate’. The UGC issued a public notice on 28.11.2018 to declare the establishment of a dedicated Academia using “Consortium for Academic and Research Ethics” (CARE) to bring forth this mandate. UGC – Care and its objectives:

  • To ensure research quality in testify in academic writing and publication, publication ethics in Indian colleges and Universities
  • To promote quality publications in good and reputed journals to aid in ensuring global rank.
  • To identify journals of originality.
  • To outwit predatory/cloned/low-graded journals that stain the real potential of Indian academia.
  • To maintain a CARE list of journals to get privileges for all academic purposes.

To submit, send your research paper to  [email protected] (or) [email protected] for review.

After completion and publication, authors will be issued: 

  • Digital publication Certificate
  • Complete Journal (Pdf)

Publisher Website Link:  https://pandianeducationaltrust.com/journals.html

Special Issue Details:   http://ijtlls.com/special-issue-details.html

Membership Call is announced: For two years (2021-2023). This membership is to participate in webinars based on scholarly development in academic research, ethical publishing and other activities. The membership fee is purely for participation in scholarship programs and research guidance. Metadata and abstracts will be provided for the members as e-content on annual basis. Article publishing in the journal has no connection with it. As usual with the policies, selection, review and publication of the articles will be done. See the Brochure and Membership Joining Link in the Policy page.

KINDLY FOLLOW THESE PRECAUTIONARY STEPS CAREFULLY TO AVOID CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19)

Wash your hands frequently

Maintain social distancing until the crisis is over

Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth

Practice respiratory hygiene

If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical care early

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மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ்

 

பன்னாட்டுத் திறந்த அணுகல் மற்றும் சகமதிப்பாய்வு இதழ்

தேமதுரத் தமிழோசை உலகமெல்லாம் பரவச் செய்வோம்!

E-issn : 2583-0449, அன்புடையீர், வணக்கம் .

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழுக்கு வருகை தரும் அனைவரையும் இருகரம் கூப்பி அன்புடன் வரவேற்கிறது. மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் தமிழ் மொழி, இலக்கியம், கலை, கலாச்சாரம், தொல்லியல் மற்றும் அதன் தொடர்புடைய துறைகளில் முன்னேற்றம் தொடர்பான அறிவைப் பரப்புவதற்கு அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. தமிழ் துறைகளில் உயர் மட்ட கற்றல், கற்பித்தல் மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி ஆகியவற்றை ஆதரிக்கும் ஒரு ஊடகம்.

2021 ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் வெளிவரும் இவ்விதழில் தமிழ்த்துறை பேராசிரியர்கள், அறிஞர்கள், ஆய்வாளர்கள் மற்றும் தமிழ் துறை அல்லாத தமிழ் ஆர்வலர்கள் போன்றோர் பலரும் தங்கள் ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகளை வெளியிட்டு இதழின் வளர்ச்சிக்கும் தமிழ் வளர்ச்சிக்கும், சேவை செய்யும்படி தாழ்மையுடன் கேட்டுக்கொள்கிறோம். அன்புள்ள கட்டுரையாளர்களுக்கு, தாங்கள் எழுதும் மதிப்புமிகுந்த கட்டுரைகளை எங்களுக்கு அனுப்பும் போது அதற்காக உருவாக்கியுள்ள எங்களின் சிறப்பு மென்பொருளின் மூலம் அனுப்பவும், வேறு எந்த மின்னஞ்சலுக்கும் அனுப்ப வேண்டாம். மென்பொருளைப் பயன்படுத்தும் முறையை அறிய இங்கே சொடுக்கவும். Click Here ->

இதழின் நோக்கம்

தமிழின் உண்மை நிலை, தமிழன் பெருமை, தமிழின் சிறப்பு ஆகியவற்றை எங்கள் இதழின் மூலம் உலகத்தில் உள்ள அனைவரின் கரங்களுக்கும் கொண்டு சேர்ப்பதே எங்கள் இதழின் நோக்கம். அதற்காகவே இந்த மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழைத் துவங்கியுள்ளோம்.

Maayan international journal of tamil research (mijtr), open access and peer reviewed journal, முதன்மை பதிப்பாளர் (chief editor), கட்டுரை அழைப்பு (call for paper).

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் அதன் வெளியீடான தொகுதி 4, வெளியீடு 2, ஜூன் 2024  இதழுக்காகக் கட்டுரையாசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி மாணவர்களிடம் இருந்து தரமான ஆய்வுக் கட்டுரைகள் வரவேற்கின்றது.

ஆசிரியர் பதிவு செயல்முறைக்கு கிளிக் செய்யவும்

ஆசிரியர் உள்நுழைவுக்கு கிளிக் செய்யவும்

  • இதழின் பெயர் : மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ்
  • இதழின் பிரிவு : தமிழ் மொழி , இலக்கியம், தமிழர் பண்பாடு, வாழ்வியல், கலை, தொல்லியல்
  • வெளியீட்டு வகை : காலாண்டு இதழ் (ஆண்டுக்கு 4 இதழ்)
  • மொழி : தமிழ் மற்றும் ஆங்கிலம்
  • வெளியிடுபவர் : மாயன் பப்ளிகேஷன்ஸ், இந்தியா
  • வெளியீட்டு வழிகாட்டுதல்கள் : ஆசிரியரின் வழிகாட்டுதல் களைப் பின்பற்றவும்
  • மதிப்பாய்வு செயல்முறை : சகமதிப்பாய்வு ஆய்வு முறை
  • ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளும் காலம் :  மதிப்பாய்வு மற்றும் திருத்த சுழற்சிகளின் அடிப்படையில்,  1 முதல் 2 வாரங்கள் ஆகும்.

வெளியீட்டு நடைமுறை தொடர்பான முக்கிய தேதிகள்

தற்போதைய இதழ் : தொகுதி 4 | பதிப்பு 2 | ஜூன் 2024

மறுஆய்வு முடிவுகள் (ஏற்பு/நிராகரிப்பு) அறிவிப்பு: 1-2 வாரங்களுக்குள்.

கட்டுரை வெளியீட்டு நேரம்: தேவையான அனைத்து ஆவணங்களையும் சமர்ப்பித்த பிறகு 1 வாரத்திற்குள்.

இதழின் உறுப்பினராக

member-mijtr

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் அதன் ஆசிரியர் குழுவில் இணை ஆசிரியர்கள், ஆசிரியர் ஆலோசனை குழு உறுப்பினர்கள் மற்றும் மதிப்புரையாளர்களாக சேர தகுதி வாய்ந்த ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்களை நாடுகிறது. தயவுசெய்து உங்கள் விவரங்களை அனுப்புங்கள்.

பதிப்பு உரிமம்

cc-mijtr

கிரியேட்டிவ் காமன்சு ஆட்ரிபியூசன் என்சி -என்டி  4.0 இன்டர்நேசனல் உரிமம். இவ்விதழ் உண்மையான படைப்புக்களைத் தகுந்த குறிப்பு முறைகளுடன் பயன்படுத்த,  வணிகரீதியல்லாத நோக்கங்களுக்காக கட்டுரையை அச்சிட்டு நகலெடுக்க, மறுபகிர்வு செய்ய, பொருள்மாற்றம் மற்றும் உருமாற்றம் செய்ய அனுமதிக்கிறது.

திறந்த அணுகல்

oa-mijtr

 இந்த இதழில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட அனைத்து கட்டுரைகளும் வெளியிடப்பட்ட தேதியிலிருந்து உடனடியாக அணுக இலவசம். எந்தவொரு வாசகரும் தங்கள் சொந்த அறிவார்ந்த பயன்பாட்டிற்காக கட்டுரைகளைப் பதிவிறக்குவதற்கு நாங்கள் கட்டணம் வசூலிப்பதில்லை.

கட்டுரைகளின் தலைப்புகள்

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழில் தமிழ் மொழி, இலக்கியம், கலை, கலாச்சாரம், தொல்லியல் மற்றும் அதன் துறை சார்ந்த ஆராய்ச்சி கட்டுரைகளுக்கு முக்கியத்துவம் அளிக்கப்படுகின்றது. மேலும் உங்களின் தனிப் பிரிவுகள் கொண்ட ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரைகளும் வரவேற்கப்படுகின்றன. தலைப்புகள் எதுவாயினும் தமிழ் சார்ந்த கருத்துக்களுக்கே நாங்கள் மதிப்புகள் அளிக்கின்றோம். தமிழின் வளர்ச்சியே எங்களின் நோக்கம் ஆகும்.

தமிழ் துறைகளில் உயர் மட்ட கற்றல், கற்பித்தல் மற்றும் ஆராய்ச்சி ஆகியவற்றை ஆதரிக்கும் ஒரு ஊடகம்.

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் என்பது தமிழ் மற்றும் தொடர்புடைய துறைகளான கலை, இலக்கியம், சமயம், இலக்கணம், தத்துவம், வரலாறு, தமிழர் பண்பாடு, வாழ்வியல், அரசியல்,கலாச்சாரம், மொழியியல், நாட்டுப்புறவியல், தொல்லியல், மதம், அறிவியல் மற்றும் கணினித் தமிழ் தொடர்பான ஆராய்ச்சிகளின் கண்டுபிடிப்பு, முன்னேற்றம் மற்றும் பரப்புதலை ஊக்குவிக்கும் ஒரு சிறந்த ஆய்விதழ் ஆகும்.

மாயன் தமிழ் விருதுகள்

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் தமிழ் மற்றும் அதனை சார்ந்த துறைகளில் சிறந்த கட்டுரை, சிறந்த கட்டுரையாசிரியர் மற்றும் சிறந்த அறிஞர்களுக்கு விருது வழங்கி கவுரவிக்கின்றது.

- சிறந்த கட்டுரை விருது

- சிறந்த கட்டுரையாசிரியர் விருது, - சிறந்த தமிழ் அறிஞர் விருது, பதிவிறக்கங்கள்.

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் கட்டுரையாசிரியர்களுக்கு பல ஆவண மாதிரிகளை அவர்களின் தேவைகளுக்காக வழங்குகிறது. அவற்றை பதிவிறக்கம் செய்து கொள்ளவும்.

மாயன் தமிழாய்வு சிறப்பிதழ்

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழ் பொதுவான தலைப்புகளில் கட்டுரைகளை எழுத மாணவர்கள், பேராசிரியர்கள், ஆராய்ச்சி மாணவர்கள், கல்வியாளர்கள் மற்றும் அறிஞர்களை ஊக்குவிக்கிறது.

மாயன் பன்னாட்டுத் தமிழாய்விதழின் சிறப்பம்சங்கள்

  • ஒவ்வொரு கட்டுரையின் ஆய்வுச்சுருக்கத்திற்கும் நேரடி இணைப்பு
  • அனைத்து ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்களுக்கும் திறந்த அணுகல்
  • விரைவான வெளியீட்டு செயல்முறை
  • சரியான சகமதிப்பாய்வு செயல்முறை
  • கட்டுரையில் மாற்றம் தேவைப்பட்டால் ஆசிரியருக்கு பரிந்துரை
  • ஆசிரியர் கட்டுரையை பெயர், தலைப்பு அல்லது முக்கிய வார்த்தைகளின் மூலம் இதழின் இணைய தளத்தில் தேடலாம்.
  • ஒவ்வொரு கட்டுரையையும் வெவ்வேறு தரவுத்தளங்களுக்கு அட்டவணைப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
  • இதழ் இணையப் பதிப்பை வெளியிடுகிறது.
  • ஒவ்வொரு வெளியீட்டின் முழுமையான புள்ளிவிவரங்கள் வெளியான அதே தேதியில் இருந்து இணையத்தளத்தில் காட்டப்படும்
  • கட்டுரை வெளியீட்டிற்குப் பிறகு அனைத்து எழுத்தாளர்களுக்கும்  சான்றிதழ்களை வழங்குகிறது

அட்டவணைப்படுத்தப்படும் தரவுத்தளங்கள்

ஒவ்வொரு ஆய்வுக்கட்டுரையும் எங்களின் வெளியீட்டிற்கு பிறகு உலகளாவிய வெவ்வேறு ஆய்வு தரவு தளங்களில் அட்டவணைப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: tamil-llama: a new tamil language model based on llama 2.

Abstract: Language modeling has witnessed remarkable advancements in recent years, with Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT setting unparalleled benchmarks in human-like text generation. However, a prevailing limitation is the underrepresentation of languages like Tamil in these cutting-edge models, leading to suboptimal performance in diverse linguistic contexts. This paper addresses this lacuna, enhancing the open-source LLaMA model with an addition of 16,000 Tamil tokens, aiming to achieve superior text generation and comprehension in the Tamil language. We strategically employ the LoRA methodology for efficient model training on a comprehensive Tamil corpus, ensuring computational feasibility and model robustness. Moreover, we introduce a Tamil-translated version of the Alpaca dataset and a subset of the OpenOrca dataset tailored for instruction fine-tuning. Our results showcase significant performance improvements in Tamil text generation, with potential implications for the broader landscape of LLMs in Indian languages. We further underscore our commitment to open research by making our models, datasets, and code publicly accessible, fostering further innovations in language modeling.

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Tamil Language Handwritten Document Digitization and Analysis of the Impact of Data Augmentation Using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on the Accuracy of CNN Model

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  • First Online: 10 February 2022
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tamil research papers pdf

  • Venkatesh Murugesh 7 ,
  • Aditya Parthasarathy 7 ,
  • Gokul P. Gopinath 7 &
  • Anindita Khade 7  

Part of the book series: Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ((SIST,volume 269))

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Recognition of handwritten documents is an essential part of today’s world for various reasons such as analysis, data extraction, etc. Recognition of handwritten in Indian regional languages, for, e.g., Tamil character is very difficult, due to variations in size, style, and orientation angle. Limited availability of handwritten character dataset makes it difficult to achieve high accuracy for all the characters present in the language. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach to recognize and classify handwritten characters of the Tamil language. The proposed system can be divided into five phases: expansion of the dataset and data augmentation with the help of Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), preprocessing of the input image to reduce the noise, segmentation of the characters, feature extraction, and classification of the character done using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). We have achieved an accuracy of 94.03% and with data augmentation using GAN, an accuracy of 97% was achieved. The proposed system, along with the recognition of characters, also converts the image of the handwritten document into an editable word document or a PDF file.

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Department of Computer Engineering, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India

Venkatesh Murugesh, Aditya Parthasarathy, Gokul P. Gopinath & Anindita Khade

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Department of Electrical Engineering, Dayeh University, Changhua, Taiwan

Joy Iong-Zong Chen

Go Perception Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Haoxiang Wang

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Department of Information Science and Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

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Murugesh, V., Parthasarathy, A., Gopinath, G.P., Khade, A. (2022). Tamil Language Handwritten Document Digitization and Analysis of the Impact of Data Augmentation Using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on the Accuracy of CNN Model. In: Chen, J.IZ., Wang, H., Du, KL., Suma, V. (eds) Machine Learning and Autonomous Systems. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 269. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7996-4_12

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TAMIḺ ILAKKIYAṄKAḶIL TOṈMAM [MYTH IN TAMIL LITERATURE]

This article is about the use of Myth in Tamil literature. The stories and philosophical sayings of the inevitable god are termed as “MYTH". The antiquity of language is based on the diversity of myths used in that language. Myth is considered the spirit of the literature. In foreign countries, myth plays a unique and professional role. The author applies the idea of myth to make his work efficient. The beliefs of the end of the world and thoughts beyond the reach of human beings are seen in myths. The roots of myth have been gowned dup from the ancient Tamil literature to revival poetry of the 20th century. Myth is even present in secular literature works as the Sangam literature Heritage period went to its peak. Myth played a diverse role in Tamil literature. Library research was made for this study and an explanatory method was used to write this article. The findings of this article are Culture and Tradition of Race are influencing myth and how the myth was seen in the literature. This study summarizes the uses of myths and ideology in Tamil literature.

Silapathikaram quotes in grammatical text

Epics has been created in various languages such as Greek, Latin, Persian and Tamil in the world. Even in Tolkappiyam, there is no reference the existence of epics in Tamil. Dandiyalankara is the first script recorded about epics in Tamil. Silappathikaram is the first epic to appear in Tamil literature. This epic and Tolkappiyam were appeared during Sangam literature followed by AD Appeared in the second century. The author of this epic is Ilangovadi. He is the son of Cheramannan Neduncheralathan and the brother of Cheran Senkuttuvan. Silappathikaram is one of the greatest epics that appeared in the Tamil language. It is no exaggeration to say that as the epics were developed next to vintage literature appeared. Grammar rules are composed and written by Vaithiyanatha Desikar in the AD seventeenth century. He has used quotations from various grammatical texts in the context of the text with rich evidence for the text. He has used these quotations to clarify grammatical explanatory threads, for further explanation and for textual concentration. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how grammatical lyricism supports grammatical interpretation.

The Past as an Exponent of the Present in Modern Tamil Literature: Story-(re)-Telling and Telling History in Selected Works of Indira Parthasarathy

Indira Parthasarathy is the author of many works that touch upon historical issues but are in fact reflections on contemporary India. Although the narrative of some of them takes place in the past, they cannot be called historical literature. While the author is not really interested in describing the past per se, as is also often the case with other contemporary Tamil writers, clear references to the past and history help him showcase contemporary issues, current problems, and life as it is here and now. The article briefly discusses two plays, whose protagonists are historical figures; a novel based on a contemporary event that has become an integral part of the history of Tamil Nadu; and two other works which came to be written on the basis of writer’s own life experience in Poland and are in a way related to the history of that country.

Destiny in Nālaṭiyār and Tirukkuṟal – A Comparative Study

Influence of idea of destiny in Tamil society could be traced back to sangam period. It is regarded that eighteen lesser works (patiṇ̱eṇkḹḻkkaṇakkunūlkal) emerged in the post- sangam period in which Jainism and Buddhism had abundant influenced in life and literature of Tamils. This period is also conceived the period of righteousness (aṟaneṟikkālam) by scholars of Tamil Literature. Tirukkuṟal and Nālaṭiyār comes under the collection works known as patiṇ̱eṇkḹḻkkaṇakkunūlkal (didactic works) Even though the twosome works narrate moral maxims for humanity in universal manner, the concept of destiny occupies prominent place in the aforesaid works. Jainism and Buddhism lay more emphasis on human effort than destiny in the path of liberation and religious life proposed by the two isms is logically vehemently opposed to supremacy of destiny.  Pañca mahā vratas of Jainism and eightfold path of Buddhism challenge command of destiny.  Ajivikas’ contribution to very concept of destiny cannot be completely ruled out from the sangam period of early Tamils and it can be found that destiny plays a pivotal role in Hindu epics and purāṇas and there is no contradiction between God’s will and destiny in a vaiṣṇava tradition. On the contrary, pure devotion and self-surrender are the unconquerable weapons to conquer destiny in Saivā tradition. This study analyses destiny in Tirukkuṟal and Nālaṭiyār in the wider and complex social, historical and philosophical back ground of Tamil Nadu.

Types and Forms of Folk Songs Tradition in Malayalam Literature

The folk songs have been well flourished in Malayalam Literature. The Malayalam folk songs entirely different from the Tamil folk songs. But it is fact that the structure of Malayalam Pattu has been adopted from the Tamil Literature and we could understand that the Tamil structure has been following even today. Folk songs have a special place in Malayalam Literature. Folk songs in Malayalam are categorized into community songs, Worship songs, Professional songs and celebration songs etc. This study has been analysis the Types and forms of folk songs which related to worshiped.

Hanuman’s Characteristics among the characters of Kambar

Kambar was a star of Tamil Literature Ramayanam Written by Valmiki was translated from Sanskrit Languages to Tamil by the great Poet Kambar. Eventhough is was a translated one, it seems to be a new epic written on his own with some added flavours that is why Ramayana was called to the Kambaramayanam along with the name of the poet which has been a fame till to day. Hanuman the son of Vayu is one of the unparalled fables created by kamber in the Kambaramayanam. In the Myth stories characters plays a vital role the characters are being seen as the one who give life to the story. According to S. Balachandran, “Each and every word spoken by the character has to show the special characteristics of the character”. This article Hanuman is shown as a connectivity bridge between the character, the one who has good characteristics, the one who with good speaking skills and the one who gave life and emotions to the story.

The Theory of Language in Women Poem

This Article treats the theory of Language in women poem from Sangam Literature to Modern Literature with the help of the Russian Linguist BHAKTIN on his language and history. He used ‘’Dialogism’’ in his language theory. This Dialogism helps to understand the multiple meaning of the poem. This theory has evolved the author and the reader could understand the context by social and political arena. We could identify this in Tamil Literature too, even though it has been published late in the social arena the Tamil Literature has all the later came theories in it before hand it came to mainstream. That is what the theory of language in women poem has been introduced many multiple meanings for the understating of the readers.

TAMIḺMOḺI ILAKKAṆAC CIṞAPPUKAḶ ŌR ĀYVU [NUANCES OF GRAMMAR IN TAMIL LANGUAGE]

There is no book that states the grammatical attribute of tamizh literature more elegantly than Tolkāppiyam. Tolkāppiyam is one of the oldest Tamil literature which was written in the third century by Tolkāppiyar. Tolkāppiyar divided Tolkāppiyam into three chapters: letters (Eḻuttu), word (Col), and meaning (Poruḷ). The first chapter is letters (Eḻuttu). The noun (Eḻuttu) is made out of the verb (ezhu). Even though the word ezhu can come with various meanings, in this case it indicates something that has taken shape. Tolkāppiyar has divided the grammar of letters into two different types: The First (Muthal) and The Dependant (Charpu). The First type letters can be divided into two more types which are vowels (Uyir) and consonants (Mei). The vowels (Uyir eḻuttu) also can be divided into two types called (kuril) which produce short sounds and (nedil) which produce long sounds. The consonants have their own types, which are (Valliṉam), (Melliṉam) and (Iṭaiyiṉam). Valliṉam letters produce hard sound while melliṉam consonants produce soft sound and iṭaiyiṉam consonants produce medium sound. Moving on from the The First letters type, The Dependant type letters can be divided in three types: (Kuṟṟiyalukaram), (Kuṟṟiyalikaram), (Āyutam). Besides Tolkāppiyar, Agathiyar also have described the grammar of tamizh literature very precisely. Agathiyam which written by Agathiyar describes grammatical features of letters (Eḻuttu), word (Col), meaning (Poruḷ), consecration (Yaappu), team (Ani).

KUṞUNTOKAIYIL UḶḶUṞAI – IṞAICCI [INNER MEANING AND METAPHOR IN KURUNTHOGAI]

This study explains the inner meaning and methaphor in kurunthogai: Piece of Tamil literary work. “Tholkappiyam” is a very ancient Grammar work in Tamil Literature. He is the earliest person to develop the literary principles for the Tamil Language and literature. It also codes the ethical way of living. The article focuses on the “Ullurai – Iraichi” in Kurunthogai. ‘Kurunthogai’ is a classical Tamil poetic work in the second book of the “Ettuthogai” (Eight Anthologies). It is content matters were poem contains love and separation. The ancient Sangam literature had witnessed the life style of the people in five phases of lands as Kurinji, Mullai, Neythal, Palai and Marutham. There are many Uvamams in Kurunthogai. The study involved library research and was followed by explanatory analysis. This research paper explains and trying to prove that the Tholkappiyar’s Poetics Ullurai – Iraichi found in ‘Kurunthogai Songs’ make the literary work fabulous.

Religiosity in Pulamai ilakkanam

Until the Sangam literary period (till 200 AD), Tamil language was secular and Tamil literature was created with an emphasis on virtue in both internal and external life. After that, religious literature started appearing in Tamil language. Tamil grammar texts are based on literature that appeared in different periods. Thus the “Pulamai ilakkanam” (grammar for scholarliness) composed by Vannacharabam Dantapani swami reveals the literary context that prevailed in the 19th century when he lived. Pulamai ilakkanam shows the author's religiosity and the religious beliefs and devotion in the field of education and literature at that time. Grammar is the rules for creating literature. If so, constructing Tamil scholarliness in relation to a particular religion would be tantamount to narrow down the breadth of the Tamil language. Based on the content of Pulamai ilakkanam and the literary context of the time, this article discusses the dominance of the religions over Tamil literature and the use oflanguage by religions for their development.

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SCREEN SHIFTS IN RECENT TAMIL CINEMAS: THE " NEW " NEW WAVE

Profile image of Nithin Kalorth, PhD

A new wave in Tamil cinema is happening on screen which contrasts conventional film style of Tamil Nadu. A visible layer of difference between urban and rural identity and new perspectives of nationhood is being seen in Tamil cinema. The formulas of films are shifting and it can see from the presentation of the character in the marketing of the film. This paper tries to understand the characteristics and outline the Tamil new generation (new wave) cinema.

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Tamil Cinema in the Twenty-First Century

Vijay Devadas

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VEDA PUBLICATIONS

VEDA'S JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE [JOELL]

Cinema is a popular medium of art. In earlier days, cinema in India did deal with social problems in a peripheral way. It often failed to address the social realities, especially caste disparities. Cate issues were always portrayed as economic backwardness. But recent times have witnessed that popular and commercial cinema has begun to open up towards the discussions of gender and caste. In the case of caste discussion, it is the Tamil Cinema industry that creates more movies on it. Tamil cinema is comparatively rich with Dalit representations in the arena of filmmaking. Some directors, writers, and actors initiated the discussions of caste hierarchy in popular cinema. The political situations of Tamil Nadu have been a deep influence in molding these directors and their courageous ventures of popular cinema with Dalit subjects. Dravidian Ideology, Mandal politics, and the recent revival of Ambedkarite politics have been fuel for this. Still, fitting Dalit issues into the frames of the popular and commercial film have both pros as well as cons. Hence, this article analyses the relevance of the socio-political situations of Tamil Nadu in initiating mainstream Dalit cinemas. It also looks into the pros and cons of the popular narrative of Dalit subjects.

IRJET Journal

The aim is to examine some of the changes that have taken place in Tamil cinema over the last hundred years, especially the Tamil cinema films that have generated great expectation, commercial reception, and success over the past decade and their social thoughts. The content analysis methodology is adopted in this research. Success of films depends on many factors. The success list goes on and on, depending on choice of films that have been accepted by the majority of the people, Tamil films that have been acclaimed by the majority of film critics, Tamil films that have received less investment and higher profits, and which have been released in more theaters and have earned more revenue. Films like Nallathambi, Parasakthi, and Manthirikumari were selected for this analysis. Recently released Tamil films which had social contents were also taken for this analytical study. This research clearly shows the social reflection and social changes during the past hundred years. Studies on the societal perspectives behind modern Tamil cinema have not been fully analyzed. Although the impact of cinema on Tamil society has been around for a century, complete studies on it have not been analyzed. In addition, it is important to examine the modern trends in Tamil cinema that reflect society.

Soudhamini Soudhamini

Published in 'Behind the Scenes in Hindi Cinema', Kit Publishers, Netherlands

UGC Care Group 1 Journal

Judy Anitha

This research is to study about political Ideology in Tamil films in Tamil Nadu. This study explores the Extensive Use of politics in Tamil films. The qualitative method has been applied to identify Tamil films and the usage of politics in cinema. This paper applies content analysis technique for which the primary and secondary data was utilized as a source of data collection of this study. It proceeds to introduce the entry into the Tamil film industry of M. Karunanidhi, whose films were treated as the primary source for this study to understand politics in Tamil films.

Soumik Chatterjee

DEV SANSKRITI: Interdisciplinary International Journal (2016), 7, 38-49 (ISSN: 2279-0578) ABSTRACT With what outlook should one construct, analyze or dissect film theory? Should one view cinema as a medium of mass communication? Propaganda? Entertainment? Art? Or should cinema be considered a concoction of them all? In trying to formulate a film theory, dealing with all these elementary characteristics of cinema poses a serious problem. Gaston Roberge notes that – “A theory of movies would tell us what a movie is, what it is made for, how it is created in images and sounds, and for whom it is made.” Gaston Roberge; The Indian Film Theory: Flames of Sholay, Notes and Beyond, (Sampark) p. 11 The questions respectively deal with the content of a movie, the validity of the content in terms of the prevailing socio-political circumstance,the form of the movie and the target audience of the movie. Now, obviously, it is required for Indian cinema to be able to provide at least a level of generalization in answering the aforementioned questions to be considered to have a theory of its own. The purpose of this article would be to investigate whether or not such a generalization (subsequently, a film theory) is possible for Indian cinema, and then to delve further to find out how much of that theory is rooted in our original outlook toward audio-visual art. Now obviously the span of one article does not allow analysis of every type of cinema produced in as cinema-crazy a country as ours, where almost every state has its own regional cinema, independent cinema, art-house cinema and recently, underground cinema. For the purpose of the present article, therefore, we would restrict ourselves to the popular Indian cinema, namely Bollywood productions that some critics coin as commercial or entertainment cinema. Keywords : Bollywood, Indian Cinema, Natyasastra,

Susmita Dasgupta

The present paper suggests in the light of the various developments in film theory why most of these do not fit the case of the Indian popular cinema. Given the circumstances of origin of cinemas in India and in the West, the differences in democratic politics between them, theories which suit Hollywood cinema or European cinema may not apply congruently for the Indian films. The paper explores the points of difference between Hollywood and Bollywood and attempts to build a new theoretical approach to the Indian popular cinema using the conventional theories as tools. The end result of this paper is to be able to put a context to the Indian popular cinema.

C S H N MURTHY

Deb Kamal Ganguly

“The 1970s Tamil Cinema and the Post-Classical Turn.” South Asian Popular Culture (Routledge), 10 (1), April 2012, pp. 77-89.

Swarnavel Eswaran

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

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