research paper on electric scooter in india

Investigating the Characteristics and Choice of Electric Scooter Users: A Case Study of Tiruchirappalli City

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• First Online: 14 May 2021
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• Sandeep Singh 8 ,
• B. Priyadharshni 8 ,
• Challa Prathyusha 9 &
• S. Moses Santhakumar 8  

Part of the book series: Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology ((ASST))

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India has entered an era in which its demand for energy is at an all-time high. Due to the presence of internal combustion engines which burn petroleum for operation, greenhouse gases are emitted from convection vehicles. In recent decades, the deployment of Electric Vehicle (EV) has evoked curiosity in Indian riders. The scarcity of charging stations to counter power supply demand, battery technology limitations, and high EV purchase costs are some of the obstacles facing the deployment of electric vehicles. In this context, in Tiruchirappalli, India, the study examines and analyses the different factors influencing the adoption of Electric Scooter (E-Scooter) to increase the use of electric vehicles. Quantitative data is used in order to achieve the research goals. The data analysis method includes factor analysis and principal component analysis to explore the enactment of electric scooter. The high cost associated with the E-Scooter was found to be primarily responsible for preventing the adoption of E-Scooters in Tiruchirappalli region, India. The study suggests that the promotion of incentive benefits of E-Scooters can increase the demand for E-Scooter purchase. Eventually, this will promote adoption of green technology and drive for eco-friendly practices.

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Sandeep Singh, B. Priyadharshni & S. Moses Santhakumar

REVA University, Bengaluru, India

Challa Prathyusha

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Department of Applied Sciences, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada

Dilip Kumar Sarkar

Energy Institute, Bengaluru, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Bengaluru, India

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India

Chanchal Kumar De

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Singh, S., Priyadharshni, B., Prathyusha, C., Moses Santhakumar, S. (2021). Investigating the Characteristics and Choice of Electric Scooter Users: A Case Study of Tiruchirappalli City. In: Muthukumar, P., Sarkar, D.K., De, D., De, C.K. (eds) Innovations in Sustainable Energy and Technology. Advances in Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1119-3_15

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The key to an electric scooter revolution in India is getting the battery right

When it comes to electric cars, 2019 has been a big year.

Tesla ramped up production of its Model 3 sedan , Audi launched its e-Tron all-electric SUV, Porsche unveiled the Taycan sports car, and perhaps the most significant of all, Daimler announced that it has no plans to develop next-generation combustion engines , but instead will focus on electrification.

Cars dominate personal transportation in developed countries, but in the developing world, two-wheelers account for the majority of vehicles on the road . China and India are the two largest markets for two-wheelers, which contribute to their air pollution problems. About 20% of the CO₂ emissions and 30% of particulate emissions in India are due to two-wheelers.

Among the world’s 50 most polluted cities , 37 are in India and China. That’s why there is a pressing need to examine this sector closely. But for electric vehicles to become mass market products, batteries need to improve, and we have studied what those requirements are.

Minimum driving range

In an earlier piece , we discussed a simple approach to estimate the energy an electric vehicle would need to carry on board, usually in the form of a battery, for a given driving range. In much the same way, in a recent research paper , we analysed the battery requirements for electric two-wheelers to better understand the cost requirements to compete with gasoline-powered motorcycles and scooters.

We found that for a range of about 100 kilometers, a battery pack of about 2.5 kilowatt-hours is needed. This is about eight times smaller than the battery pack needed for driving the same range in a sedan. A distance of 100 km is the upper limit of the typical daily driving range for two-wheelers, although gas-powered two-wheelers can cover up to 300 km with a full tank of gas.

By understanding the battery needs of two-wheelers and projected battery costs—the other vitally important factor—one can get a better idea of when electric two-wheelers will be competitive with gas-powered vehicles. This means consumers can better evaluate when electric powered two-wheelers will meet their daily driving needs.

Examining the trade-offs between different factors like price, battery range, and average speed, gives engineers an idea of when electric two-wheelers will become a more compelling alternative to gas-powered scooters and motorcycles.

The cost challenge

To move, a vehicle has to resist three forces : drag, or resistance from the wind; friction from the road; and inertia, or resistance to a change in speed. These factors influence energy storage capacity, and thus battery size.

In an electric sedan or SUV, space and weight constrain the battery pack size . But this is not a bottleneck for electric two-wheelers because their total storage needs are substantially lower, as they are smaller vehicles and carry less cargo.

The specific energy of commercial batteries, or the amount of energy stored relative to their weight, is generally improving. This has a significant impact on the driving range of larger electric vehicles . But since the total energy capacity needs of two-wheelers are lower, this ongoing technical progress provides a negligible increase in driving range for a given scooter or motorcycle.

Of course, the cost of the battery pack matters, too. The average retail price for two-wheelers in India is $1,000 . Currently, the battery pack cost is around $180/kWh for small-volume markets, resulting in electric two-wheelers needing close to $500 for just the battery pack.

The general trend on battery prices is downward , going at a rate few have predicted. The battery cell price broke the $100/kWh barrier in 2018 for high-volume markets, and cost declines are expected to continue over the next decade.

Electric micromobility

There is a major push in India and China to drive adoption of electric two-wheelers. Their sales reached 40 million last year, with China accounting for 90% . India has launched a programme called FAME to provide financial incentives for 86 different models of electric two-wheelers.

Given the small battery pack, electric two-wheelers can be charged easily from a regular wall socket. To explore these aspects, we worked with the CEO of electric scooter maker Ather Energy and the principal adviser to Indian policy think tank NITI Aayog to better understand charging in India.

Data from Ather Energy indicates that a majority of electric two-wheeler owners tend to charge at home. Hence, a policy push toward establishing residential charging facilities, especially in large residential buildings like apartment complexes, would have a positive impact on adoption and utilisation.

Advances in the performance metrics of batteries and cost reductions are spurring a revolution in micromobility in general. In addition to electric scooters, a market is emerging for electric mopeds, one-wheel scooters and skateboards, each with a range around 10-20 kilometers, or six to 12 miles. Vehicle trips under six miles are about 60% of total trips; in terms of person miles travelled, they make up only about 15% , according to an analysis from Ark Investment, citing US government data.

Our analysis shows that there are three key trade-offs when it comes to engineering electric two-wheelers: battery pack storage capacity, which translates into driving range; the average speed of the drivers; and the cost per kilowatt-hour.

Electric motor scooters are already being purchased by hundreds of thousands of consumers in Asia. There’s even an electric version of the iconic Indian scooter called the Bajaj Chetak . Once manufacturers can make two-wheelers that achieve a range of 100 kilometers at a comparable price to gas-powered vehicles, we believe even more consumers will opt for the electric option.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence. 

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Articles on E-scooters

Displaying 1 - 20 of 29 articles.

E for equity? E-scooter and e-bike schemes can help people on low incomes and with disabilities

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Apparao Rao , Clemson University and Bingan Lu , Hunan University

E-scooters are linked with injuries and hospital visits – but we can’t say they are riskier than bikes yet

Milad Haghani , UNSW Sydney and Clara Zwack , Swinburne University of Technology

Lithium-ion battery fires are a growing public safety concern − here’s how to reduce the risk

Apparao Rao , Clemson University ; Bingan Lu , Hunan University ; Mihir Parekh , Clemson University , and Morteza Sabet , Clemson University

Five years on, Brisbane’s e-scooters and e-bikes are winning over tourists and residents as they open up the city

Richard Buning , The University of Queensland and Wendy Pham , The University of Queensland

Victorians won’t miss myki, but what will ‘best practice’ transport ticketing look like?

Neil G Sipe , The University of Queensland

E-scooters are becoming wildly popular – but we have to factor in the weather

Anthony Kimpton , The University of Queensland ; Dorina Pojani , The University of Queensland ; Jonathan Corcoran , The University of Queensland ; Julia Loginova , The University of Queensland ; Richard Bean , The University of Queensland , and Thomas Sigler , The University of Queensland

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Mark Giancaspro , University of Adelaide and David Brown , University of Adelaide

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Abraham Leung , Griffith University and Madison Bland , Griffith University

Wallets on wheels: city visitors who use e-scooters more spend more

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80% of fatal e-scooter crashes involve cars – new study reveals where and why most collisions occur

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Why e-bikes can succeed where earlier bike-share schemes failed

Madison Bland , Griffith University ; Abraham Leung , Griffith University , and Benjamin Kaufman , Griffith University

E-scooters could disrupt travel as we know it – expect the car industry to fight back

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Billions are pouring into mobility technology – will the transport revolution live up to the hype?

E-scooters : the impact their legalisation would have in the UK

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E-scooters – cities should embrace them

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E-scooters , bikes and urban mobility: lessons from the streets of Paris

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Better batteries are fueling a surge of electric scooters in India and China

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Design and Development of Electric scooter

1Assistant Professor, Electrical Department, DVVPCOE, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. 2,3,4BE Student, Electrical Department, DVVPCOE, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract – India is the second largest producer and manufacturer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next to Japan and China in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and domestic sales. Indian two wheeler industry has got spectacular growth in the last few years. The face of auto industry that was redefined with the invention of fuel-efficient technology is all set to see dawn of a new era in two wheeler industry. It's not petrol or diesel or any other fuel, but it is electricity that has initiated a revolution in two-wheeler industry in India. . Indian two-wheeler industry has embraced the new concept of Electric Bikes and Scooters that are very popular mode of per...

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IRJET Journal

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

IJRASET Publication

India is the second largest producer of two wheels in the world. It is ranked third behind Japan and China in terms of production of two wheels and domestic sales. India's two-wheeler industry has grown rapidly over the years. The two-wheeler business is about to enter a new era as the automotive industry has undergone a radical change with the introduction of fuel-efficient technologies. In India's two-wheeler industry, electricity, not petrol, diesel, or any other petrol, has caused a revolution. Electric bicycles and scooters are popular ways of personal travel in developed countries like the United States, Japan, and China, and the Indian two-wheeler industry has embraced a new concept. As a result, electric bicycles and motorcycles in the eld of personal travel have a promising future. This project looks at design and development, as well as comparing and comparing different components. Two-wheeled electrical components such as BLDC motor, battery, charger, controller, and dc-dc converter are also included in this article. At the moment, fossil fuels can only be used for a limited time before becoming more expensive and causing environmental problems. As a result of these limits, alternative fuels and other sources of energy, such as solar and wind, are helping to propel the vehicle industry forward. In addition, electric cars are fast evolving. The electricity stored in a rechargeable battery is used to power an electric motor, which aids in the motorcycle's propulsion. This vehicle's top speed is limited to 50 km/h.

2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications

Paolo Guglielmi

Electric bicycles have grown in popularity in recent years, particularly among the elderly. More recently, people with disabilities are also showing interest in this product because of the ease of moving from one place to another. According to the literature, the electric bicycle has either two or three wheels, with the possibility of developing an integrated two-and three-wheel electric bicycle in the future. The proposed design could be used by normal persons as a 2-wheeler and by persons with disabilities as a 3-wheeler. Also, the electricity consumption and charging pattern of the proposed design were investigated. The proposed design of a 2-and 3-wheel electric bicycle with a motorized handle attachment shows better mobility solutions for disabled and non-disabled persons.

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research and Development

Electric Vehicles are emerging due to increasing concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of fossil fuels, the electric vehicles receive massive popularity due to their performances and efficiencies in recent years. EVs have already been widely accepted in the automotive industries considering the most promising replacements in reducing CO2 emissions and global environmental issues. So, battery and BLDC motor have huge attention in EVs due to their feature such as lightweight and high efficiency. In many urban cities there is problem of air pollution caused by the IC engine vehicles. India is a large manufacturer and consumer of two wheeler, due to which the emission of harmful gases such as CO, HC and Nox increases. The main objective of this paper is to identify problem of electric bike and to improve the life of battery, battery charging system and drive control system.

Laukik P Raut

The concept of model taken from children’s scooter bicycle. The complete body looks like a scooter bicycle in which platform is provided for standing and driving the power scooter. This product is a small power S.I. engine, used for various purposes, equipped with powerful single cylinder, 2 strokes, air cooled engine, utilizing centrifugal friction clutch. It is economical in petrol consumption; scooter can be driven comfortably with the help of streamline design of the body and also provided with front hydraulic shock absorber. It has compact structure and aesthetic shape. Some modification and improvement done in the engine to increase its power and efficiency. At the end, the model is tested by several people and their comments are recorded and performed some efficiency tests.

In today's world, the infrastructure of College and Industries are becoming large so if one has to travel or visit from one place to another he has to walk a long distance and sometimes it becomes very hasty and inconvenient. Sometimes after too many travelling on campus, it causes strain and pain in the body. So to travel these distances two-wheeled or three-wheeled electric scooter like Segway PT, Irrway were introduced .But, these scooters are very costly such as they start from ₹ 50,000. Another problem with that vehicle is that they are difficult to handle when we drive the first time. So in alternate to this product, we developed whole newly designed product and this is Reliable, Eco-friendly, a Compact vehicle for the campus. Its utilities are college campus, Airports, Industries, Recreational Parks, Sanctuaries, Museums, Palaces, Villas etc. So our project is on design and fabrication of three-wheel vehicle and also its multipurpose utility among the society. The concept of the model taken from children's scooter bicycle. The complete body looks like a scooter bicycle in which platform is provided for standing and driving the powered scooter. This product is a battery powered and motor-driven vehicle. The scooter is intended to use in indoors areas as well as in outdoor areas, due to the absence of any type of pollution causing drive mechanism such as petrol engines. I.

Electric vehicles have been attracting unprecedented attention in light of the volatile market prices and prospect of diminishing supplies of fuel. Advances in battery technology and significant improvements in electrical motor efficiency have made electric vehicles an attractive alternative, especially for short distance commuting. BLDC motors are being encountered more frequently in electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and robustness. Motor scooter manufacturers worldwide grapple with the new design challenges posed by electric motor scooters. The competition world is where the most cutting-edge design solutions are firstly tested. The present study examined the initial design and consequent iterative process of improvement and development of a e-Scooter. All parts are designed to be fabricated in Mild Steel.

International Journal of Engineering Research and

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10 Best Electric Scooters In India For Eco-Friendly Commutes

As the world shifts towards cleaner and more sustainable transportation options, electric scooters have become a popular choice for daily commuting in India. With an array of electric scooters from both established and new companies flooding the market, it can be challenging to choose the right one for your needs. These eco-friendly alternatives not only reduce your carbon footprint but also promise lower maintenance and operating costs when compared to traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) scooters. Additionally, with government subsidies available at both the central and state levels, the cost of owning an electric scooter becomes even more affordable. In this comprehensive guide, we present the top 10 electric scooters available in India, suitable for various budgets and preferences.

1. Ather Energy 450x Gen 3

Ather Energy unveiled the third generation of its flagship electric scooter, the Ather Energy 450x Gen 3, in July 2022. This model boasts a more powerful electric motor, generating an impressive 8.7 bhp of power, and offers an ARAI-certified riding range of 146 km. Ather has further improved its already well-engineered scooter with an all-aluminum frame, new tread profile for the tires, and a tire pressure monitoring system accessory. With enhanced features, build quality, and ride experience, the Ather 450x Gen 3 stands as one of the most premium electric scooters on Indian roads.

The Ather 450x Gen 3 is available in India at a starting price of Rs 1,39,000 (ex-showroom).

• One of the most premium electric scooters
• Impressive riding range and speed
• Best-in-class features
• New generation is an iterative upgrade
• Considered relatively expensive

2. Hero Electric Optima CX (Dual-battery)

Hero Electric, a renowned name in the EV industry, offers the Hero Electric Optima CX, a reliable and popular electric scooter. The dual-battery model of this scooter is particularly recommended for its excellent certified range of 140 km per charge cycle. With a detachable battery, it's convenient to charge at home without needing a dedicated charging station. The scooter can reach a peak speed of 45 kmph, making it ideal for city commutes. It also includes features like a digital instrument cluster, a USB port for mobile device charging, and regenerative braking to extend the riding range.

The Hero Electric Optima CX is priced at Rs 85,190 (ex-showroom) in Delhi, India.

• Impressive riding range
• Detachable battery for easy charging
• Equipped with essential features
• Charging speed is relatively slow
• No cruise control feature

3. Bajaj Chetak

Bajaj Chetak, a legendary scooter brand, has made a comeback in its electric avatar, combining the aesthetics of its heritage with modern design. With a range of up to 108 km and a battery rated to last 70,000 kilometers or 7 years, the Chetak offers durability. Its battery features quick charging, reaching 25 percent in just an hour, with a full charge taking 5 hours. The steel body is built to last and comes with an IP67 water and dust-resistant rating. While it's a premium scooter, the price remains relatively high.

The Bajaj Chetak starts at a price of Rs 1,21,000 (ex-showroom).

• Good durability
• Fast charging capability
• Iconic brand
• Relatively high price for the range offered

4. Ola S1 Pro Gen2

The Ola S1 Pro Gen2 represents Ola's premium electric two-wheeler offering. With a claimed range of 195 km on a single charge and a top speed of 120 km/h, it's a high-performance electric scooter. It can accelerate from zero to 40 km/h in just 2.6 seconds. The scooter is equipped with a 4kWh battery pack, which can be charged in 6.5 hours using the home charger. Notably, Ola has established Hyperchargers across Indian cities for quick top-ups. Unique features include Party mode, Vacation mode, and OTA updates, enhancing the overall user experience.

The Ola S1 Pro Gen2 is priced at Rs 1,47,499 (ex-showroom).

• Impressive range
• Packed with features
• Among the most popular electric scooters
• Reports of quality issues
• Software glitches in the infotainment system

5. Hero Vida V1

Hero Motocorp's sub-brand, Vida, recently launched its first electric scooter, the Vida V1. It is available in two variants: Vida V1 Plus and Vida V1 Pro. Both variants offer a top speed of 80 kmph, with the V1 Pro accelerating from 0 to 40 kmph in 3.2 seconds and the V1 Plus in 3.4 seconds. The electric scooters deliver a range of 163 km and 143 km for V1 Pro and V1 Plus, respectively. Both models feature a portable battery pack that can be charged from 0 to 80 percent in less than 65 minutes. The scooters come with smart features such as parking assistance, location navigation, riding modes, trip analytics, and a 7-inch touch display.

The Vida V1 Plus and V1 Pro are priced at Rs 1,28,000 and Rs 1,39,000, respectively (ex-showroom), which includes the FAME II and state subsidy. Additionally, the reservation price is set at Rs 2,499.

• Portable battery for convenient charging
• Stylish and robust design
• Decent acceleration times
• Range slightly lower compared to some competitors
• Some riders may find top speeds inadequate

6. TVS iQube ST

The TVS iQube ST electric scooter stands out for its conventional appearance, offering one of the largest boot spaces capable of accommodating two full-sized helmets. In economy mode, it provides a peak riding range of 145 km, and in performance mode, it reaches 110 km. Riding in performance mode allows the scooter to achieve a maximum speed of 82 kmph, making it one of the best-performing electric scooters in the market. The scooter includes a 7-inch touchscreen with features like Amazon Alexa voice assistant integration, music playback via Bluetooth, and social media notifications while ensuring safety measures to prevent distractions. The iQube ST from TVS is renowned for its reliability and is available in four color variants.

The TVS iQube ST is priced at Rs 1,09,256 (ex-showroom) in Delhi.

• Excellent riding range
• Rich set of features
• Available in four body colors

Bulky appearance

Alexa integration may have occasional issues

7. Bounce Infinity E1

Bounce Infinity E1 offers an interesting sales model, allowing customers to acquire the scooter at a more affordable price through the Battery-as-a-service (BAAS) plans. These plans come with a monthly subscription cost starting at Rs 849 and offer a swappable battery option at Rs 35 per swap, reducing the effective cost per kilometer to Rs 0.65. The scooter boasts a single-charge range of up to 85 km and a top speed of 65 kmph. It features three driving modes: Drag, Eco, and Power, and comes with a 2kWhr 48V battery pack that is IP 67 rated and can be swapped out and charged anywhere. Additionally, it supports regenerative braking for energy recovery and features 12-inch tubeless tires with disc brakes and CBS.

The Bounce Infinity E1 is available in India at Rs 68,999 (with battery) and Rs 36,099 (without battery) as ex-showroom prices.

• Cost-effective with swappable battery
• Regenerative braking system
• Affordable subscription plans
• Relatively lower range
• Battery capacity might be insufficient for some riders

TVS X is currently the most expensive electric two-wheeler in India, featuring a distinctive and futuristic design. It offers an impressive IDC range of 140 km powered by a 4.4kWh battery unit. The electric motor delivers a peak power of 11kW and 40Nm of torque. Charging options include a 3kW fast charger that can take the scooter from 0 to 50 percent in just 50 minutes, as well as a 950W portable charger that tops up the scooter from 0 to 80 percent in 4 hours and 30 minutes. The 10.25-inch HD display provides essential vehicle information to the rider.

The TVS X is available for purchase at Rs 2,50,000 (ex-showroom).

• Distinctive design and appearance
• Comprehensive set of features
• Higher pricing compared to other models
• No swappable battery option

9. Ampere Primus

The Ampere Primus is a stylish and sporty-looking electric scooter recently launched in the Indian market. It is equipped with a 4 kW motor that enables top speeds of 77 kmph and acceleration from 0 to 40 kmph in 4.2 seconds. The scooter is powered by a 3kWh battery, offering a range of 107 km in Power mode on a single charge. Riding modes include City and Eco. Charging the battery using a 5A outlet takes up to 5 hours. The Ampere Primus features a digital instrument cluster, reverse mode, Bluetooth connectivity, and more.

The Ampere Primus is priced at Rs 1,10,000 (ex-showroom) in India.

• Reverse mode for added convenience
• Modern and sporty design
• Slower charging speeds

10. Ola S1X+

The Ola S1X+ is the highest-end model in the S1X series, recently launched by Ola during its annual event. This electric two-wheeler offers an ARAI range of 151 km and top speeds of up to 90 kmph. It can accelerate from a standstill position to 60 kmph in 5.5 seconds. The scooter is equipped with a 3kWh battery pack that takes 7.4 hours to charge using a 500W charger. Riders can switch between various driving modes, including Eco, Normal, and Sports. The scooter features a 5-inch LCD-based instrumental cluster, providing access to Ola's proprietary software, MoveOS.

The Ola S1X+ is available for purchase at Rs 1,09,999 (ex-showroom), with deliveries starting by the end of September 2023.

• Affordable pricing for an electric vehicle
• Multiple variants to choose from
• Charging speeds are relatively longer

The Indian market offers a diverse range of electric scooters to cater to the needs and preferences of different customers. As the EV industry continues to grow, these options will only expand, providing more choices for eco-conscious commuters. Consider your daily commuting requirements, budget, and desired features when selecting the best electric scooter for your needs. With the government's support and a growing charging infrastructure, electric scooters are becoming a viable and sustainable mode of transportation in India.