presentation on structure of earth

Earth Structure

The structure of the earth is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core. Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state, and can impact life on Earth's surface. Movement in the mantle caused by variations in heat from the core, cause the plates to shift, which can cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. These natural hazards then change our landscape, and in some cases, threaten lives and property. Learn more about how the earth is constructed with these classroom resources.

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Structure of Earth

The Earth’s structure is a fascinating and complex arrangement of layers that make up our planet’s interior. Understanding this structure is crucial for geologists and scientists as it provides insights into the Earth’s composition, behavior, and the processes that shape our planet. This knowledge is also essential for various fields, including geology, seismology, and plate tectonics , as it helps explain natural phenomena like earthquakes , volcanoes , and the formation of continents and ocean basins.

Interior of the Earth: Crust, Mantle and Core

What should you understand about the interior of the earth, sources of information about the interior of the earth, structure of the earth’s interior, composition of earth, temperature, pressure and density of the earth’s interior, temperature, earth’s magnetic field.

The Earth’s interior can be divided into three main layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. These layers have distinct properties and compositions, which play a significant role in shaping our planet’s geology and behavior.

• The Earth’s crust is the outermost layer and the one we interact with directly. It varies in thickness, with oceanic crust being thinner (about 4-7 miles or 6-11 kilometers) and continental crust being thicker (averaging about 19 miles or 30 kilometers).
• The crust is primarily composed of solid rock, with different types of rock prevailing in continental and oceanic regions. Continental crust is mostly made up of granitic rocks , while oceanic crust is primarily composed of basaltic rocks.
• The Earth’s crust is where we find the Earth’s landforms , such as mountains, valleys, and plains, as well as the ocean floor.
• The mantle is located beneath the Earth’s crust and extends to a depth of about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers). It is the thickest layer of the Earth.
• The mantle is composed of solid rock, primarily silicate minerals . Although it is solid, the mantle behaves like a very viscous or plastic material over geological timescales. This property allows the mantle to flow slowly, leading to the movement of tectonic plates and the associated geological phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
• The heat generated from the Earth’s interior and the decay of radioactive elements contribute to the high temperatures within the mantle.
• The Earth’s core is divided into two parts: the outer core and the inner core.
• The outer core is located beneath the mantle, beginning at a depth of about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) and extending to around 3,500 kilometers below the surface.
• It is primarily composed of molten iron and nickel . The high temperatures and pressures in the outer core keep these materials in a liquid state.
• The motion of molten iron in the outer core is responsible for generating the Earth’s magnetic field through the geodynamo process.
• The inner core is situated at the very center of the Earth, starting at a depth of about 3,500 kilometers.
• It is primarily composed of solid iron and nickel. Despite the extremely high temperatures at this depth, the inner core remains solid due to the tremendous pressure.
• The inner core’s solid nature is important for understanding the Earth’s internal dynamics, including how seismic waves pass through it.

The Earth’s structure and the interactions between these layers are responsible for various geological phenomena, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the movement of tectonic plates. The knowledge of the Earth’s interior structure is crucial for understanding and predicting these natural events, as well as for exploring the planet’s history and geology.

• It is not possible to know about the earth’s interior by direct observations because of the huge size and the changing nature of its interior composition.
• It is an almost impossible distance for the humans to reach till the centre of the earth (The earth’s radius is 6,370 km).
• Through mining and drilling operations we have been able to observe the earth’s interior directly only up to a depth of few kilometers.
• The rapid increase in temperature below the earth’s surface is mainly responsible for setting a limit to direct observations inside the earth.
• But still, through some direct and indirect sources, the scientists have a fair idea about how the earth’s interior look like.

Direct Sources:

• Rocks from mining area
• Volcanic eruptions

Indirect Sources

• By analyzing the  rate of change of temperature and pressure  from the surface towards the interior.
• Meteors , as they belong to the same type of materials earth is made of.
• Gravitation , which is greater near poles and less at the equator.
• Gravity anomaly , which is the change in gravity value according to the mass of material, gives us information about the materials in the earth’s interior.
• Magnetic sources .
• Seismic Waves : the shadow zones of body waves (Primary and secondary waves) give us information about the state of materials in the interior.

Structure of earth’s interior is fundamentally divided into three layers –  crust, mantle and core .

• It is the outermost solid part of the earth, normally about 8-40 kms thick.
• It is brittle in nature.
• Nearly 1% of the earth’s volume and 0.5% of earth’s mass are made of the crust.
• The thickness of the crust under the oceanic and continental areas are different. Oceanic crust is thinner (about 5kms) as compared to the continental crust (about 30kms).
• Major constituent elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al) and thus, it is often termed as  SIAL  (Sometimes SIAL is used to refer Lithosphere, which is the region comprising the crust and uppermost solid mantle, also).
• The mean density of the materials in the crust is 3g/cm3.
• The discontinuity between the  hydrosphere and crust  is termed as the  Conrad Discontinuity.

• The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called as the mantle.
• The discontinuity between the  crust and mantle  is called as the  Mohorovich Discontinuity or Moho discontinuity.
• The mantle is about 2900kms in thickness.
• Nearly 84% of the earth’s volume and 67% of the earth’s mass is occupied by the mantle.
• The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed as  SIMA .
• The density of the layer is higher than the crust and varies from 3.3 – 5.4g/cm3.
• The uppermost solid part of the mantle and the entire crust constitute the  Lithosphere .
• The  asthenosphere  (in between 80-200km) is a highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile,  deforming region of the upper mantle which lies just below the lithosphere.
• The asthenosphere is the main source of magma and it is the layer over which the lithospheric plates/ continental plates move (plate tectonics).
• The discontinuity between the  upper mantle and the lower mantle  is known as  Repetti Discontinuity .
• The portion of the mantle which is just below the lithosphere and asthenosphere, but above the core is called as  Mesosphere .
• It is the innermost layer surrounding the earth’s centre.
• The  core is separated from the mantle by Guttenberg’s Discontinuity .
• It is composed mainly of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and hence it is also called as  NIFE .
• The core constitutes nearly 15% of earth’s volume and 32.5% of earth’s mass.
• The core is the densest layer of the earth with its density ranges between 9.5-14.5g/cm3.
• The Core consists of two sub-layers: the inner core and the outer core.
• The inner core is in solid state and the outer core is in the liquid state (or semi-liquid).
• The discontinuity between the upper core and the lower core is called as  Lehmann Discontinuity.
• Barysphere  is sometimes used to refer the core of the earth or sometimes the whole interior.

Major Elements and Minerals in Earth’s Composition:

• Oxygen (O): Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth’s composition, making up approximately 46.6% of the Earth’s crust by weight. It is a crucial component of minerals and compounds, such as silicates and oxides.
• Silicon (Si): Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, accounting for about 27.7% of its composition. It is a key component in various silicate minerals, which are the primary building blocks of the Earth’s crust.
• Aluminum (Al): Aluminum makes up around 8.1% of the Earth’s crust. It is often found in minerals like feldspar , bauxite , and various silicates.
• Iron (Fe): Iron is another essential element in Earth’s composition, constituting approximately 5% of the Earth’s crust. It is found in various minerals, including hematite and magnetite .
• Calcium (Ca): Calcium makes up about 3.6% of the Earth’s crust and is commonly found in minerals like calcite and gypsum .
• Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K): Sodium and potassium together account for around 2.8% of the Earth’s crust. These elements are typically found in minerals like feldspar.
• Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium constitutes about 2.1% of the Earth’s crust and is found in minerals such as olivine and serpentine .
• Titanium (Ti): Titanium makes up approximately 0.57% of the Earth’s crust and is present in minerals like ilmenite and rutile .
• Hydrogen (H): While hydrogen is not a major component of the Earth’s crust, it is a significant element in the Earth’s overall composition, mainly in the form of water (H2O).
• Other Elements: Various other elements, including sulfur , carbon, phosphorus, and many trace elements, are present in smaller amounts in the Earth’s composition.

Distribution of Elements Within Earth’s Layers:

• Crust: The Earth’s crust is primarily composed of silicate minerals, including quartz , feldspar, mica , and various types of rock. Silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements in the crust, forming the backbone of these minerals.
• Mantle: The mantle is composed mainly of silicate minerals, with iron and magnesium as dominant elements. Olivine, pyroxenes, and garnet are common minerals found in the mantle.
• Outer Core: The outer core is primarily composed of liquid iron and nickel. This layer is responsible for generating Earth’s magnetic field, with iron being the dominant element.
• Inner Core: The inner core is composed of solid iron and nickel. Despite the extremely high temperatures, the intense pressure keeps these elements in a solid state.

The distribution of elements within Earth’s layers is a result of the differentiation and separation of materials during the Earth’s early history. The layered structure of the Earth is a consequence of the physical and chemical processes that have occurred over billions of years, including planetary accretion, differentiation, and geological activity.

• A rise in temperature with increase in depth is observed in mines and deep wells.
• These evidence along with molten lava erupted from the earth’s interior supports that the temperature increases towards the centre of the earth.
• The different observations show that the rate of increase of temperature is not uniform from the surface towards the earth’s centre. It is faster at some places and slower at other places.
• In the beginning, this rate of increase of temperature is at an average rate of 1C for every 32m increase in depth.
• While in the upper 100kms, the increase in temperature is at the rate of 12C per km and in the next 300kms, it is 20C per km. But going further deep, this rate reduces to mere 10C per km.
• Thus, it is assumed that the  rate of increase of temperature beneath the surface is decreasing   towards the centre  (do not confuse rate of increase of temperature with increase of temperature.  Temperature is always increasing from the earth’s surface towards the centre ).
• The temperature at the centre is estimated to lie somewhere between 3000C and 5000C, may be that much higher due to the chemical reactions under high-pressure conditions.
• Even in such a high temperature also, the materials at the centre of the earth are in solid state because of the heavy pressure of the overlying materials.
• Just like the temperature, the  pressure is also increasing from the surface towards the centre  of the earth.
• It is due to the huge weight of the overlying materials like rocks.
• It is estimated that in the deeper portions, the pressure is tremendously high which will be nearly 3 to 4 million times more than the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level.
• At high temperature, the materials beneath will melt towards the centre part of the earth but due to heavy pressure, these molten materials acquire the properties of a solid and are probably in a plastic state.
• Due to increase in pressure and presence of heavier materials like Nickel and Iron towards the centre, the  density of earth’s layers also gets on increasing towards the centre .
• The average density of the layers gets on increasing from crust to core and it is nearly 14.5g/cm3 at the very centre.

Earth’s magnetic field is a crucial and complex feature that surrounds our planet. It plays a significant role in our daily lives and has several important functions. Here’s an overview of Earth’s magnetic field:

1. Generation of Earth’s Magnetic Field:

• Earth’s magnetic field is primarily generated by the movement of molten iron and nickel in the outer core of the planet. This process is known as the geodynamo.
• The geodynamo is driven by the heat generated from the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth’s interior and the cooling of the core.

2. Magnetic Polarity:

• Earth’s magnetic field has a north and south magnetic pole, similar to a bar magnet. However, these magnetic poles are not aligned with the geographic North and South Poles.
• The positions and orientations of Earth’s magnetic poles can change over geological time, and these reversals in polarity are recorded in rocks as “magnetic striping.”

3. Magnetic Field Components:

• Earth’s magnetic field is characterized by its strength, inclination, and declination.
• Magnetic Strength: This represents the intensity of the magnetic field at a specific location on Earth’s surface.
• Inclination: It refers to the angle at which the magnetic field lines intersect the Earth’s surface, varying from near-vertical at the magnetic poles to horizontal at the equator.
• Declination: This is the angle between true north (geographic north) and magnetic north.

4. Magnetic Field Function and Importance:

• It serves as a protective shield, deflecting harmful charged particles from the Sun, such as solar wind and cosmic rays. This shield is known as the magnetosphere and helps protect the atmosphere and life on Earth.
• It enables navigation and orientation for migratory animals, including birds and sea turtles, that use the magnetic field as a compass.
• Compasses rely on Earth’s magnetic field for navigation and orientation.
• The magnetic field is used in various scientific and geological studies, including paleomagnetism (the study of ancient magnetic fields recorded in rocks) to understand Earth’s history and the movement of tectonic plates.
• The magnetic field is essential for modern technology, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medicine and various applications in geophysical exploration.

5. Changes in Earth’s Magnetic Field:

• The Earth’s magnetic field is not constant and can undergo changes over time, including secular variation (gradual changes) and geomagnetic reversals (flips in magnetic polarity).
• Researchers monitor these changes, and recent observations have shown that the magnetic North Pole is shifting at a faster rate than in the past.

Understanding Earth’s magnetic field is essential for various scientific, technological, and environmental reasons. It is an integral part of the planet’s geology and plays a vital role in maintaining the conditions necessary for life on Earth.

Jijo Sudarsan  , Interior of the Earth: Crust, Mantle and Core(2018) ,https://www.clearias.com/interior-of-the-earth/

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The Structure of the Earth

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Structure of the Earth

Aug 09, 2014

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Structure of the Earth. Chapter 3. Section 1 Layers of the Earth. Objectives: Describe and compare the crust, mantle, and core Describe the structure of the lithosphere Explain why matter within the asthenosphere moves Make a model of the earth and its layers. Skills Warm-up.

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• indirect observation
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• graphing activity temperature changes
• plasticity activity

Presentation Transcript

Structure of the Earth Chapter 3

Section 1 Layers of the Earth • Objectives: • Describe and compare the crust, mantle, and core • Describe the structure of the lithosphere • Explain why matter within the asthenosphere moves • Make a model of the earth and its layers

Skills Warm-up • Layer by Layer • List different objects that are made up of layers. • Classify them based on number, type, and thickness of layers. • Do most of the objects contain soft or hard centers?

Earth’s Interior • Earth’s surface is made up of ______, ______, and _______ • At one time, people thought earth might be ___________ • In 1864, Jules Verne wrote “Journey to the Center of the Earth” • What do you think is between earth’s surface and its center?

Earth’s Interior • What would you find if you could bore a hole deep into the earth until you reached its center? • 1. The _________ __________of the materials changes as you go __________ • 2. Materials increase in ________ as you go __________ • 3. __________ and _________ increase with depth, but at different rates • The way that these factors ________ in the earth’s interior produces ________ with different ________ __________ and different ________ __________

Layers of the Earth • 3 Main Layers based on ___________ properties: • ________ – outermost layer of the earth • ________ – middle layer of the earth • ________ – innermost layer of the earth

Activity • Watch parts of Journey to the Center of the Earth

Chemical Makeup of Layers • From _________ to _________: • Crust – contains rocky ________ (silicon/oxygen compounds) rich in _________ (Al), _______ (Fe), and ___________ (Mg) • Thickness varies from _______to _______ • Mantle – dense, mostly _____ and ____ _________ • Makes up ________ of Earth’s volume • Makes up ________ of Earth’s mass • Core – very dense, mostly two metals: ___ and ___ • Makes up ________ of Earth’s mass • Makes up ________ of Earth’s volume

Physical Makeup of Layers • 3 Main Layers based on ___________ ___________: • The _____________includes the crust and outer mantle – it is strong, cold and rigid • The _____________is just below in the mantle - it is hot, semi-liquid, and easily deformed (plasticity) • The ______________(mantle) below the asthenosphere – very strong and rigid because temperature isn’t high enough

Physical Makeup of Layers • ______ ______– liquid • Temperature overcomes pressure • Circulation of molten Fe is source of magnetic field? • ______ ______– solid • Very high pressure overcomes high temperature

Physical Properties of Layers • ____________________ deep inside the earth are ______ __________to melt the silicates and other substances that make it up • But, most of the earth’s interior is not ___________ • Why????

Physical Properties of Layers • _________ inside the earth offset the high temperatures • _______ pressures will not allow the earth’s matter to _______

Physical Properties • _________between __________and ________varies with depth of each of earth’s layers • Depending on this balance, matter can be ________, ________, or ___ _________ • ___________– condition where the right balance of pressure and temperature makes _______ material _______ and ___________, but not completely liquid

Questions So FarAnswer the following 10 questions on a sheet of paper and hand them in at the end of class (use your guided notes) • 1. How thick is the crust and what does it contain? • 2. What materials does the mantle contain? • 3. How much of the earth’s volume does the mantle make up? How much of the earth’s mass? • 4. Which layer is more dense, the mantle or the core? (Remember D = M/V) • 5. What materials account for the density of the earth’s core?

Questions So Far • 6. Based on their characteristic physical properties, what are the 5 zones of the earth? • 7. What does the lithosphere include? • 8. What is the hot, soft, and flowing condition of the asthenosphere called? • 9. What is the physical condition of the outer core? Why? • 10. What is the physical condition of the inner core? Why?

Skills Warm-up • Crust: • What objects besides the earth have crusts? • How are their crusts similar to and different from the earth’s crust?

Structure of the ____________ • Two distinct parts: • ___________ _______ • Less dense because of higher percentage of silicon and oxygen, has more aluminum • Contains rocks called rhyolite and granite • ___________ _______ • More dense and darker in color • Contains rocks called basalt and gabbro • Which varies in thickness more?

Movement in the ______________ • Material is ________ and ________ – like hot tar • Intense heat from Earth’s core causes this material to _____________ • Matter ______ as it heats, then cools and slowly _______ The result – ___________, a circular flow of matter that is very slow, but has important effects!

Living on Oceanic Crust • Most oceanic crust is covered with _________ • But many islands and the surface of some continents are made of oceanic crust • _________ __________ • ___________ • ___________ __________ (Idaho, Washington, Oregon) • Oceanic crust soil is not as ________ because of large amounts of _______ and ____________ • Can be used to grow _________, _________, and ____________ or to graze ____________

Hawaii . Iceland

Graphing Activity Temperature Changes in then Earth • Each student should complete the graphing activity using the data and the graph paper that I give out. • If it is not completed in class, it must be done for homework.

Plasticity Activity

Section 2 Studying the Earth’s Interior • Objectives: • Identify two types of seismic waves • Describe the movement of seismic waves • Explain how earth scientists make inferences about the earth’s core • Infer the characteristics of an object through indirect observation

Skills Warm-up • Boiling Over: • Without removing the cover from a pot cooking on the stove, how could you determine what was cooking inside? • How might your method of determining the pot’s contents be similar to the way scientists determine what is inside of the earth?

How do we know it’s hot in there? Studying the Earth How do we know that some parts are liquid and some are solid? How do we know what the chemical makeup is?

Studying the Earth • The interior of the earth _______ be observed _________ • Deepest mine is ___ ____ _______ • Deepest hole ever bored into the crust went down only ________ – still far from the mantle • Earth’s _________ does provide some clues • ________ _______(magma) from volcanoes is evidence for high temperatures inside the earth • But most knowledge has come from ________ ___________ of how _______ _________from earthquakes travel

Shock Waves • You have all probably experienced shock waves • Have ever hit a baseball or softball with a bat? • The vibrations or shock waves travel through the bat to your hands • Shock waves can also travel through the _______

Seismic Waves • ____________– sudden movements in the crust that can cause shockwaves • ________ _____– shock waves from an earthquake • can pass from one side of the Earth to the other • __________– instrument that detects seismic waves. • Located all over Earth’s surface • Scientists gain valuable information about the interior of earth by comparing the ________ and ________ _______of waves

Types of Seismic Waves • The two types most useful for studying the Earth’s interior are: • ____ _______travel in a _______________ movement of rock particles. Particles are squeezed together, then pulled apart. • ____ _______travel in an ______________ movement of rock particles. • S waves cannot travel through __________

Speed and Bending of Waves • _______ at which waves travel depends partly on the ________ of the rock it travels through • The higher the density, the ________ the speed • As a wave passes through the Earth and encounters rock types with different densities, its speed __________ • If a wave passes through rock layers at a slight _______, a change in speed can cause it to change _____________

Speed and Bending of Waves • Most seismic waves travel in a ________ path through the Earth. This curving is called _________ • When a wave passes into a rock of a different ________, its path may ______ sharply

Inferring from Seismic Waves • With knowledge of how seismic waves travel, scientists have: • Located the _________ between earth’s ________ • Inferred the ________/_________ __________ of layers

AndrijaMohorovicic • Croatian scientist • In 1909 he discovered the boundary between the earth’s ______ and _________

The Moho • _________ ___________– “Moho”, the boundary between the crust and the mantle. • At a depth of between ____and ____km below the surface, seismic waves suddenly ______ _____ • At this depth, rocks became much more ______, and probably of a different ________ ________

The Core • When an earthquake occurs, it sends seismic waves in ____ _______ • P and S waves are detected by ______________ • At a certain distance away from where the earthquake occurs starts a zone in which ____ _________can be detected • Called the _________ _______– caused by the Earth’s ________

The Core • Note that __________ __________ from the earthquake, only ____ ________ are detected. What does this tell you about the core? • It suggests that at least part of the core is _______ since no ____ ________ are detected • The size of the earth’s core can be calculated from the size of the _________ ________

Answer the following questions: • Where do the seismic waves from an earthquake go? • What happens as P waves strike the core? Why? • Which waves cross the core? • Which waves are detected in the shadow zone? • What can be used to calculate the size of the core?

Activity – How Does Matter in the Mantle Move

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The Structure of Earth. 1. INNER CORE. The very center of Earth ( like the seed inside a peach pit ) SOLID composed of Fe and Ni. 2. OUTER CORE. ( the pit of the peach that surrounds the seed ) LIQUID composed of Fe and Ni Slowly flows at several km/yr. 3. MANTLE.

712 views • 59 slides

Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth. Plate Boundaries. Driving Mechanisms of Plate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth. The Earth can be considered as being made up of a series of concentric spheres, each made up of materials that differ in terms of composition and mechanical properties.

726 views • 41 slides

Structure of the Earth. Objective: describe the structure of the Earth. Nebular Hypothesis showing Earth’s Formation. Interstellar dust & gas begin to condense. The material converges, spinning faster & growing hotter. A cooler disk of ice & rock is surrounded by hotter gas.

321 views • 13 slides

Structure of the Earth. Journey to the centre of the Earth. You are a scientist who is going to travel to the centre of the earth to find out what its made of. Write a paragraph to describe your journey. You must include The name of each layer Information on how thick each layer is

202 views • 7 slides

The Structure of the Earth

The Structure of the Earth. By: Randi Angell Mary Bloor Heidi Dardinger. Terrestrial Planets:. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Characteristics: 3 compositional layers: crust, mantle, and core Core composed of rock and nickel mixture Composition similar to a meteorite. Layers:. The Crust:.

155 views • 10 slides

• DIGITAL MAGAZINE

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Structure of the Earth!

Join us on our journey to the centre of the earth.

Get ready to dig deep, gang, and join us on a fascinating journey to the centre of the Earth…

The secrets buried inside our planet are revealed by recording and studying things called seismic waves . Caused by things like earthquakes, explosions and the movement of our oceans, there are two types of seismic wave – a shear wave , which won’t travel through liquid; and a pressure wave , which moves through both liquid and solids. These waves show that the Earth is made from five layers: the inner and outer core, the lower and upper mantle, and the crust.

Check out our magazine!

National Geographic Kids is an exciting monthly read for planet-passionate boys and girls, aged 6-13!

Packed full of fun features, jaw-dropping facts and awe-inspiring photos – it’ll keep you entertained for hours!

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Temperature:  5,000°C – 6,000°C State : Solid Composition : iron and nickel

The Earth’s inner core is a huge metal ball, 2,500km wide. Made mainly of iron, the temperature of the ball is 5,000°C to 6,000°C – that’s up to 6,000 times hotter than our atmosphere and scorching enough to make metal melt! The metal at the inner core stays solid because of the incredible pressure surrounding it.

Temperature : 4,000°C – 6,000°C State : Liquid Composition : iron, nickel, sulphur and oxygen

This liquid layer of iron and nickel is 5,150km deep. The outer core flows around the centre of the Earth, and the movement of the metals creates our planet’s magnetic field.

Lower Mantle

Temperature : 3,000°C State : solid Composition : iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium and aluminium

The lower mantle is found between 670km and 2,890km below the surface, and is made from solid rock. The rock is hot enough to melt, but is solid because of the pressure pushing down on it.

Upper Mantle

Temperature : 1,400°C – 3,000°C State : liquid / solid Composition : iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium and aluminium

This layer is up to 670km below the Earth’s surface. The lower part of the upper mantle is made from both solid and melted rock (liquid), while the rock in the upper region is stiffer, because it’s cooler.

Temperature : Around 22°C State : Solid Composition : Oceanic crust made up of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium and aluminium. Continental crust made up of granite, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

The Earth’s surface is covered by its thinnest layer, the crust. Land is made of continental crust , which is 8km to 70km thick and made mostly from a rock called granite. The layer beneath the ocean bed is made of oceanic crust , which is about 8km thick and made mainly from a rock called basalt.

By studying rocks and meteorites (rocks from space ), scientists believe the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old!

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The structure of the Earth powerpoint

Subject: Chemistry

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Other

Last updated

25 March 2024

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