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Water pollution in the Philippines

Three million people in the Philippines put their lives at risk every day by using unsafe water sources . Moreover, another 7 million do not have access to improved sanitation and sanitation services.

According to Water.Org – a global non-profit organization that aims to deliver water and sanitation to the world – although the Philippines’ economy is registering rapid growth, it still faces massive obstacles in terms of access to water and sanitation.

In addition, the World Bank 2023 report on safe water and sanitation shows that just under half of people in the Philippines currently benefit from piped water services. At the same time, over 60% benefit from safely managed sanitation services, as well as the treatment and disposal of human waste. However, these figures are below the average results registered in the East Asia Pacific region (74% for safe water access and nearly 70% for access to sanitation).

Untreated household sewage, together with industrial and agricultural waste, are the primary contributors to the pollution of almost half or 180 of the nation’s 421 rivers.

This dire situation is made worse because people who do not have access to safe drinking water, purchase bottled water instead, and then the empty bottles end up in rivers and lakes, and ultimately – in the global oceans.

One of the main reasons for water pollution in the country is the excessive use of plastic packaging which inevitably ends up in bodies of water.

Defining water pollution

When dangerous chemicals and microorganisms reach waterways, they contaminate bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans. The quality of water thus deteriorates and becomes toxic for both humans and the environment. This is known as water pollution.

Indeed, the Philippines has serious issues with plastic pollution. Because of their pervasive poverty, Filipinos purchase goods in less quantity and in single-use packaging which leads to plastic waste building up on the land and in the nation’s rivers.

Although local government continues to take action to lessen the decline in the quality of water reserves, the country is still among the leading nations in terms of plastic water pollution.

According to global research on plastic pollution in the oceans, the Philippines contributes the most to this issue, with an average of 3.30 kilos of plastic per person ending up in the ocean annually.

The Philippines has not achieved many of the goals indicated in the landmark waste management law that was passed in 2001 which made businesses responsible for the plastic packaging created during the course of a product’s lifecycle.

The Philippines is home to more than two-thirds of all animal and plant species on our planet and due to water pollution, the country is one of the world’s most threatened biodiversity hotspots.

Water pollution and biodiversity

Data shows that both biodiversity and the quality of water in the streams that feed into Laguna de Bay – the Philippines’ largest lake – are deteriorating. A significant factor in the country’s declining species diversity is plastic waste which makes its way to the ocean where it is consumed by birds and other sea life.

According to research in the Science Advances journal of the AAAS released in April 2021, the Philippines is home to 28% of the world’s rivers that are polluted by plastic. During the process of degradation, plastic particles acquire new chemical and physical characteristics that may increase the risk of becoming hazardous to living things.

The Philippines is one of the biggest plastic pollutants on the planet, with 0.28 to 0.75 million tons of plastic escaping into the waters each year from coastal locations in Manila Bay together with hundreds of thousands of tons of plastic waste that are dumped in the country’s rivers.

Fishermen have complained that plastics are suffocating the coral reefs which has an impact on the ecosystem as a whole as well as causing a decrease in fish yields.

The 2021 research from Oxford University, Our World in Data , showed that Asian rivers contain 81% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans, with the Philippines accounting for about 30% of that total. In addition, the Pasig River’s share of plastic is over 6%, with the remainder coming from other rivers including Agusan, Jalaur, Pampanga, Rio Grande de Mindanao, Tambo in Pasay, Tullahan, and Zapote.

The 27 km Pasig river that runs through the nation’s capital was once a vital commerce route but the river has now been polluted due to inadequate sewage systems and urbanization. Locals collect rubbish from the banks of the river every morning, filling bags in their never-ending quest to clean up a stream that is also a key source of plastic waste.

In the Philippines’ poorest communities, waste is rarely collected, and sometimes not at all, resulting in unlawful dumping. This waste ultimately seeps into the maritime ecosystem and has detrimental effects on both the fishing industry and environmental tourism.

Environment protection in the Philippines

In the Philippines, it is the duty of local government units to provide communities with clean water and proper sanitation. However, the authorities frequently face issues such as capacity and funding constraints. Greater national government assistance will be required to address these deficiencies and guarantee that all communities receive the required services.

The country’s government hopes to achieve universal access to safe water and sanitation services by the end of the decade thereby meeting its obligation towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To achieve this, the National Economic Development Authority created a strategic plan in 2021 that called for investments from the public and private sectors.

In addition, the government is seeking to stimulate 60% plastic reuse by 2030 and is offering the private sector opportunities for technology transfer and integration in the management of plastic waste.

In 2021, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, in partnership with other federal agencies and commercial organizations, commenced its five-year initiative to bring the Pasig River back to life by making it cleaner with a sustainable river garbage collecting system.

In June 2022, the country’s main environmental authority noted great achievements regarding the water quality in Manila Bay, suggesting that the current bay restoration project that aims to clean up and replenish the local waters so that they are suitable for swimming and other physical enjoyment is showing some success.

The Philippines currently registers the fastest economic development among its ASEAN peers but this rapid development, along with an increasing level of urbanization, is leading to the pollution of waters with toxins coming from plants and farms, as well as tons and tons of plastic, which can all contaminate the soil and seep into water ending up in the world’s oceans. The government is aware of this issue and for several years has been taking action to deal with it by restoring Manila Bay, among other areas, and has ambitious plans to restore rivers across the country.

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This Team is Cleaning one of the World's Most Polluted Rivers. Here's How

Urbanisation and poor sewage planning have left Manila's Pasig River highly polluted. Image:  REUTERS/Eloisa Lopez

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Adrian portugal.

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Stay up to date:, fresh water.

• Manila's notorious Pasig River is one of the world's most polluted rivers.
• Filipinos come together everyday raking out rubbish, trying to clear the waterway.
• These "river warriors" are a decade-old group of about 100 people, who began as volunteers but now receive a basic income from a local government.
• The 27km river cuts through the Philippine capital and was once a vital trade route.
• Urbanisation and poor sewage planning have left the river highly polluted.

Each morning, a group of Filipinos rakes up piles of trash on the banks of one of the world's most polluted rivers, filling sacks in an endless pursuit to clean a waterway that is also a major source of ocean plastics.

These "river warriors" are a decade-old group of about 100 people who work to clear the glut of garbage floating or washed up along Manila's notorious Pasig River.

The 27 km (16.8 mile) river cutting through the Philippine capital was once a vital trade route. But urbanisation and poor sewage planning have left the river all but dead.

"There's never a time without garbage here. It's unlimited," said Angelita Imperio, a river warrior for six years.

The warriors wear rubber boots and elbow-length gloves, using rakes and handmade tools to scoop rubbish from stagnant waters in different locations.

The warriors started off as volunteers but now receive a basic income from a local government and operate in small groups at different parts of the river.

Dexter Opiana, another river warrior with six years of service, says she and about 19 others work shifts of about seven hours and collect an average of 80 to 100 sacks a day, more during monsoon season.

Most of it is plastic wrappers, single-use sachets, and packaging materials. Since the pandemic began, surgical face masks are sometimes mixed in among the other floating garbage.

Have you read?

Here's what happened when two women set out to clean johannesburg's dirtiest river, this hungarian man quit his job to clean up his favourite river, this unique map shows which rivers are most polluted with plastic.

Pasig's trash isn't just a Philippine problem.

A 2021 report by Oxford University's Our World in Data estimated 81% of global ocean plastic comes from Asian rivers and the Philippines alone contributes a third of that total.

The Pasig River alone provides up to 6.43% of ocean plastic originating from rivers, the report said.

Despite the warriors' Sisyphean task, they are optimistic of better days ahead.

"This has been our advocacy, to have the river cleaned for the sake of our children, our parents, our nation and mother nature," Imperio said.

More than 90% of plastic is never recycled, and a whopping 8 million metric tons of plastic waste are dumped into the oceans annually. At this rate, there will be more plastic than fish in the world’s oceans by 2050.

The Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP) is a collaboration between businesses, international donors, national and local governments, community groups and world-class experts seeking meaningful actions to beat plastic pollution.

In Ghana, for example, GPAP is working with technology giant SAP to create a group of more than 2,000 waste pickers and measuring the quantities and types of plastic that they collect. This data is then analysed alongside the prices that are paid throughout the value chain by buyers in Ghana and internationally.

It aims to show how businesses, communities and governments can redesign the global “take-make-dispose” economy as a circular one in which products and materials are redesigned, recovered and reused to reduce environmental impacts.

Read more about our impact .

Joan Lagunda, assistant secretary at the environment department, said authorities were coordinating with local governments to establish proper waste segregation practices and want informal settlers on the riverbanks to be moved.

Marian Ledesma, a campaigner with Greenpeace Philippines, said the government should reduce single-use plastics and strengthen law enforcement on waste disposal and sewage.

"I've seen it done in other cities, in other countries, so I don't think it's impossible to revive and clean up Pasig River," she said.

"It will need a collective action."

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Water Pollution in the Philippines: Causes and Solutions

MANILA, Philippines — The Philippines, or the Republic of the Philippines, is a country comprised of 7,107 islands in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific. The country is surrounded by water: the Luzon Strait, the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Celebes Sea and the Philippine Sea. According to the United Nations, uncontrolled, rapid population growth has contributed to extreme poverty, environmental degradation and pollution in the Philippines .

Water pollution is a major problem in the Philippines. According to Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA), 32 percent of the Philippines’ land mass — approximately 96,000 square kilometers — is used for agriculture. The primary crops are palay (rice), corn, sugar cane, fruit, root crops, vegetables and trees (for rubber). Increased population, urbanization, agriculture and industrialization have all reduced the quality of water in the Philippines.

According to WEPA, water pollution’s effects cost the Philippines approximately $1.3 billion annually. The government continues to try to clean up the problem, implementing fines to polluters as well as environmental taxes, but many problems have not been addressed. According to government monitoring data, up to 58 percent of the groundwater tested was contaminated with coliform, and approximately one third of illnesses monitored during a five-year period were caused by water-borne sources. In addition to this, during the dry season, many areas experience water shortages.

On its website, Greenpeace reports the water pollution in the Philippines is mostly wastewater from the following sources: 1.  Industrial: The metal varies according to industry — lead, mercury, chromium, cadmium and cyanide. 2.  Agricultural: Organic — decayed plants, dead animals, livestock manure, soil runoff; and non-organic — pesticides and fertilizers. 3.  Domestic sewage: Contains pathogens that threaten human health and life. 4.  Other sources: Oil, mine or chemical spills and illegal dumping in or near water.

One of the most alarming things Greenpeace reports is that out of the Philippines’ 421 rivers, as many as 50 are considered dead and unable to support any but the most robust life.

Greenpeace has been working to develop a solution to water pollution in the Philippines. The organization supports the Clean Production context in which the public has a right to know which toxins they are exposed to in their daily lives.

The Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) also deals with water quality and is “a national or regional environmental database or inventory of potentially hazardous chemical substances and/or pollutants released to air, water and soil. It also contains information on materials that are transferred off-site for treatment or disposal.”

According to Greenpeace Philippines, the concept of Clean Production is “a new way of looking at production and consumption patterns.” The concept of producing consumer goods in this way entails: 1.  The elimination of all hazardous chemicals at all stages of production and the seeking of safe, sustainable alternatives. 2.  The reduction of waste generated. 3.  The decreasing of the need for raw materials and energy. 4.  The utilization of clean, renewable energy sources in the production process and design.

Hopefully with the implementation of PRTR, the public’s right to know and Clean Production, a lot of the problems with water pollution in the Philippines will start to be solved.

The World Bank has helped address the problem of sewage wastewater in the Manila Bay. Its Manila Third Sewerage Project (MTSP) tackled the sewage problem a growing urban population poses. Some of the results of the project were: 1.  Over 77,000 connections to water and sewage were provided between 2005 and 2012. 2.  Approximately 50,000 more septic tanks were de-sludged per year from 2008 to 2012 for a total of over 262,000. 3.  Over 3.5 million people were educated by the project’s “public information campaign” from 2005 to 2012. 4.  Connection to water gave women and children better health and hygiene and more time since they did not have to spend time collecting and sanitizing water. 5.  Soil conditions and crop yields were improved from using treated sewage as fertilizer. 6.  In communities where the waste water treatment plants were built, urban renewal projects also sparked — teams got out and cleaned up river banks; parks were built; and social interaction took place.

The rivers in the capital city of Manila have received some attention lately. For instance, the Marilao River which runs through the Bulacan Province and into Manila Bay was on the 10 Most Polluted Rivers in the World list. The river is contaminated with several kinds of heavy metals and chemicals from tanneries, gold refineries, dumps and textile factories. It is one of 50 dead rivers in the Philippines.

In another instance, a group of nine Filipino artists painted watercolor portraits with sterilized pigments from six polluted rivers in Manila. The images painted are of everyday events, children playing in the rivers, people in boats and families fishing. “The people who enjoy the water are not aware of the dangers,” said Cid Reyes, the curator of the exhibit. Money made from selling the pictures goes to clean the rivers, thus reducing water pollution in the Philippines.

– Rhonda Marrone

Photo:  Flickr

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Pepperdine Policy Review

Home > PUB_POL > PPR > Vol. 10 (2018)

Resolving the Water Pollution Crisis in the Philippines: the Implications of Water Pollution on Public Health and the Economy

Gabriella Andrews , Pepperdine University, School of Public Policy Follow

Recommended Citation

Andrews, Gabriella (2018) "Resolving the Water Pollution Crisis in the Philippines: the Implications of Water Pollution on Public Health and the Economy," Pepperdine Policy Review : Vol. 10, Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/ppr/vol10/iss1/2

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Water Pollution in the Philippines: Causes and Solutions

The Philippines is a developing nation that has experienced a rapid rise in urbanization and industrialization as its population has grown rapidly [1] . Unfortunately, this rapid development has come at a price of increased water pollution , with 47 percent of all surveyed water bodies in the country having good water quality, 40 percent having only fair water quality, and 13 percent having poor water quality [2] .

Around 50 of the 421 rivers in the Philippines are now considered to be “ biologically dead ,” supplying sufficient oxygen for only the most hardy species to survive there [2] .

Causes of water pollution in the Philippines

Each type of pollutant can have different toxic and negative effects that can hurt human health and the environment, resulting in high economic costs for both the population and government entities.

#1 Untreated raw sewage

Due to a lack of sufficient and effective sewage treatment infrastructure, only about 10 percent of the sewage in the Philippines is properly treated [3] . Much of this waste is directly discarded into waterways, particularly in low income urban areas that lack sufficient infrastructure to support proper treatment of this waste [1] .

Such waste can spread disease-causing organisms and can cause waterborne diseases , such as gastroenteritis, diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis. An estimated 58% of the groundwater in the Philippines has been contaminated with coliform bacteria and should be treated [1] .

#2 Industrial wastewater

Specific pollutants vary by each industry, but common industrial pollutants include chromium, cadmium, lead, mercury and cyanide. Such pollutants are dumped directly into water bodies on a daily basis [2] .

#3 Agricultural wastewater

Pollutants from agriculture can include dead plants, manure, dead animals, soil erosion runoff, and pesticides and fertilizers [2] .

#4 Domestic wastewater

Wastewater from households can contain disease-causing organisms or toxic chemicals [2] .

#5 Non-point sources

Non-point sources of water pollution can include runoff from rain and groundwater and from landfills , as well as solid wastes.

This type of pollution can contain some of the same toxic chemicals that industrial wastewater contains.

#6 Other sources

These can include spills from oil and other chemicals, abandoned mines, and the dumping of wastes near or directly into water bodies.

There are a number of actions that the nation of the Philippines can take to address its national problems associated with water pollution.

• The people of the Philippines need to be made aware of the health and economic impacts of water pollution, and they should be encouraged to be become involved in decision making processes that affect water management policies. Stakeholders across all sectors also need to work together in order to prioritize and adopt actions affecting water quality [4] .
• Wastewater treatment infrastructure should be connected to all properties that are accessible and connectable, and smaller treatment solutions, such as the use of dedicated constructed wetlands to treat sewage and waterless sanitation facilities, should be used whenever possible to reduce construction costs and meet sanitation needs on a more local scale.
• Wastewater fees should be increased, with high fees and fines for those who pollute water resources.
• Organic and ecological farming practices, such as the the use of permaculture and biodynamic growing methods, should be adopted throughout the country, to reduce soil erosion and eliminate the need for polluting agricultural chemicals.
• The Philippines passed a national Clean Water Act in 2004, with the intention of protecting water resources. The Act aims to engage and encourage local governments, water districts, communities, and the private sector to work together to solve the nation’s water pollution challenges [5] .
• The focus of the law is to create effective wastewater treatment, production that is cleaner, and the adoption of those technologies that help to reduce waste. Incentives include tax exemptions and tax credits on imported and domestic capital equipment [5] .
• In order to ensure that sectors fulfill the requirements associated with the incentives, partnerships with local government and non-governmental organizations are required [5] .
• However, with limited resources and insufficient collaboration between organizations, the practical implementation and enforcement of the law have been inadequate to ensure compliance thus far [1] .
• Increased public education, multi-sector collaborative solutions, and the proper implementation and enforcement of the Clean Water Act and other water quality regulations in the Philippines will be necessary to transform the nation’s water supply.

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Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area Case Study

Introduction, metro manila water pollution, economic analysis and recommendations, works cited.

The issue of water pollution in the Republic of the Philippines is high on the agenda since the country is made up of more than seven thousand islands located in the Western Pacific and Southeast Asian regions. These islands are surrounded by the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Luzon Strait, the Philippine Sea, and the Celebes Sea (Marrone). Due to the uncontrolled and rapid population growth as well as urbanization and industrialization, Philippine waters suffer from extreme pollution.

While water pollution can be discussed on the state level, it is proposed to analyze the specific region of Metropolitan Manila, which is a heavily industrialized region with the expanding the population. The Metropolitan area is comprised of four cities-centers of districts, such as the City of Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan City, and Pasay City. In the west, the region is surrounded by the Manila Bay, in the southeast by the Laguna de Bay, in the east by the Sierra Madre Moutain Range, and in the north by the plains of Central Luzon (Raflores and Regmi 4).

Despite the fact that the majority of water in Metro Manila are intended for recreational activities such as swimming or fishing, the report presented by Raflores and Regmi for the United Nations University mentioned that the waters have high concentrations of heavy metals and other pollutants that significantly reduce the quality of water in the region (4). Moreover, in 2008, the Supreme Court issued a continued mandate that forced the government to invest in cleaning up the Manila Bay and other waters in the region such as Laguna Lake and Pasig River (Raflores and Regmi 4).

The current uses of water in Metro Manila cause the most controversy with regard to environmental issues. Because the region is heavily urbanized, it is estimated to generate approximately 6,700 tons of solid waste each day, 5,600 (84%) of which are collected and transported to nine dumpsites located in the area. This leads to the remaining 16% of waste going to the river systems and thus clogging the most significant waterways (Raflores and Regmi 6).

Apart from heavily industrialized areas of Metro Manila, informal settlers that live along river shores also heavily contribute to the issue of water pollution. With regards to the specific use of water in the region, Vicente Tuddao Jr., the executive director of the DENR’s River Basin Control Office, stated that only 28% of all water in the Philippines is used for domestic purposes since the rest is of low quality and can only be used for industrial and agricultural aims, which subsequently exacerbates the problem (Alave).

In the discussion about the issue of water pollution in the Metro Manila area, it is essential to mention current initiatives that the government is undertaking to manage the problem. These initiatives include the Pasig River Rehabilitation and Development Program introduced by the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy as a response to the Supreme Court mandamus, the Adopt-an-Estero Program implemented by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the Flood Management Master Plan for Metro Manila and Surrounding Areas implemented by the Department of Public Works and Highways, and Environmental Management and Pollution Control implemented by DENR (Raflores and Regmi 6).

In this brief economic analysis of water pollution in Metro Manila, it is proposed to look at the industrial use of waters and the household use to understand the impact that the population growth and urbanization have on water pollution. The main reason for the highly alarming quality of water in Metro Manila is the unmanaged residential waste that can flow into the waterways, thus polluting them (Ranada).

Furthermore, only twenty to thirty percent of the area’s large population is connected to sewerage lines, which points to the fact that over seventy percent of the population uses septic tanks that increase the possibility of human waste leaking into the water system (Ranada). It is also important to mention that some citizens may not even have septic tanks and therefore dispose of their waste through unregulated means (Ranada). Thus, an intermediary conclusion can be made that the lack of attention to waste disposal methods within the population directly affects the water quality.

Because Metro Manila is the country’s most developed industrial region, the manufacturing sector has a significant impact on low water quality. The strategic location of the Pasig River facilitates the industrial use of water, causing waste. While domestic waste accounts for approximately 60% of water pollution, industrial waste from textile mills, distilleries, and chemical plants makes up 33%, while solid waste accounts for 7% (Gorme et al. 174).

The severity of water pollution in the region can be predominantly attributed to policy and institutional failures. While the efforts of the government to address water pollution in Metro Manila and the rest of the Philippines began in 1973, there has been an only minor progression. According to Gorme et al., policy and institutional failures occurred due to the lack of sufficient funding that led to the weak implementation of policy, irrelevant planning, and the lack of efforts to update the infrastructure of the region (176).

Because the Philippines is a developing country, and the majority of its funding efforts are targeted on economic and political enhancements, the funding for the improvement of water quality remains lacking. Furthermore, the government has faced some opposition from the public that was unwilling to pay for the necessary sanitation services, contributing to the struggle of expanding investments into the aquatic ecosystem (Gorme et al. 176).

It can be concluded that chronic problems with the quality of water and its supply in Metro Manila and the adjusting areas have shown that man’s activities can cause damage to the environment, especially the watersheds. Recommendations for the government as to the management of polluted waters are two-fold: seeking financial support from international sponsors and implementing a public awareness campaign.

Furthermore, prior to contacting sponsors, the government of the Philippines should develop an action plan for addressing water pollution, with an emphasis placed on public education and awareness. The analysis has shown that the lack of support from communities was among the most limiting factors that undermined the effectiveness of policy changes. In such campaigns, the government should work cooperatively with local and regional media to conduct news coverages, publish articles in newspapers, and air educational commercials on radio and television (Texas Water Development Board 5).

It is expected that when the public understands the damage it has caused to the environment, it will support the government in its efforts to improve the quality of the waterways in Metro Manila and prevent both domestic and industrial waste from being dumped into the water.

Alave, Kristine. “ Water, Water Everywhere, and Much of It Polluted .” Inquirer . 2012. Web.

Gorme, Joan, et al. “The Water Quality of the Pasig River in the City of Manila, Philippines: Current Status, Management and Future Recovery.” Environmental Engineering Research , vol. 15, no. 3, 2010, pp. 173-179.

Marrone, Rhonda. “ Water Pollution in the Philippines: Causes and Solutions. ” Borgen Magazine . 2016. Web.

Raflores, Lilia, and Ram Krisha Regmi. Understanding the Water and Urban Environment of a Megacity: The Case of Metro Manila , Philippines. 2015. Web.

Ranada, Pia. “ Metro Creeks: Less Trash, But Water Quality Not Improving. ” Rappler . 2014. Web.

Texas Water Development Board. Developing a Water Conservation Public Awareness Program: A Guide for Utilities . 2010. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2020, October 28). Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area. https://ivypanda.com/essays/water-pollution-in-the-philippines-metropolitan-manila-area/

"Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area." IvyPanda , 28 Oct. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/water-pollution-in-the-philippines-metropolitan-manila-area/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area'. 28 October.

IvyPanda . 2020. "Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area." October 28, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/water-pollution-in-the-philippines-metropolitan-manila-area/.

1. IvyPanda . "Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area." October 28, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/water-pollution-in-the-philippines-metropolitan-manila-area/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Water Pollution in the Philippines: Metropolitan Manila Area." October 28, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/water-pollution-in-the-philippines-metropolitan-manila-area/.

Water Pollution in the Philippines

Water is often equated with life itself. But for an archipelagic region in Southeast Asia sandwiched between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, water pollution in the Philippines has caused this precious resource to be anything but life’s sustenance. According to a report released by the Asian Development Bank, “heavy inorganic pollutants have made water increasingly a threat to life .”

A Threat to Life

The Philippines is a developing country that is also undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. Out of more than one hundred million Filipinos, nine million rely on unsafe water supplies. In fact, water pollution in the Philippines and a lack of proper sewage  kills 55 people   every day .

Katrina Arianne Ebora, part of UNICEF’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene program in the Philippines, notes that access to adequate sanitation facilities is a problem for more than 30 million Filipinos .

This portion of the population is forced to spend considerable time, effort and energy in procuring water. Families without a sanitary toilet often face the embarrassment of venturing outside to relieve themselves. Some resort to asking their neighbors to utilize their sanitary toilet facilities.

Environmental group Greenpeace has previously warned that Filipinos in key agricultural areas are drinking water contaminated with nitrates. After conducting a study on important farming areas, Greenpeace warned that nitrate levels were alarmingly above the safety limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The group also noted that “drinking water from 30 percent of all groundwater wells sampled in [the Philippines and Thailand] showed nitrates levels above the WHO safety limit of 50 mg l-1 of nitrate.”

Water Shortage

Due to water pollution in the Philippines, the country is likely to face a shortage of water for sanitation, drinking, agriculture and industrial purposes in the next ten years.

In an Asia Development Bank report, the Philippines’ regional group – which includes Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia , Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam – has made gains in improving water security. However, the region is home to a sixth of the global population and the poorest people in the world . With agriculture consuming a staggering 80 percent of the region’s water, the region is a global hotspot for water insecurity.

Water conservation efforts in the Philippines by many local and international companies have protected the water supplies for future use. Coca-Cola has pledged nearly $1.4 million for a five-year project with the World Wildlife Fund to protect the capital’s drinking water source, the Ipo Watershed. The Cement Manufacturers’ Association of the Philippines, an industry that heavily uses water, has started initiatives to capture and utilize rainwater for many production needs.

Investing in Clean Water

In 2014, Water.org began providing philanthropic and technical support to offset water pollution in the Philippines by expanding its WaterCredit program. Water.org’s statistics show that 75 percent of Filipinos are willing to invest in water and sanitation loans. Between 2015 to 2017, the organization and its partners worked with eight different microfinance institutions to conduct research and training in fulfilling the high demand for clean water and sanitation access.

Experts have a consensus on the water improvement efforts in the country: the Philippines government, environmental action groups, industries and locals need to work together on more initiatives to avert the impending water crisis that may beset the region in the not-so-distant future.

– Mohammed Khalid

Photo: Flickr

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4 Biggest Environmental Issues in the Philippines in 2024

In the run-up to COP28, the urgency intensifies for the world to address the ongoing climate crisis. Although activities in the Global North herald the climate crisis for the most part, some nations in the Global South also contribute to a host of environmental issues like air and plastic pollution. Here are the top 4 environmental issues in the Philippines and the government’s approach to curtailing them. 

1. Air Pollution

Over the course of the year, air pollution has become particularly problematic in the Philippines. Going by World Health Organization’s (WHO) health and environment scorecard , the country records an annual mean of 24 micrograms per cubic metre (µ g/m³) for fine particulate matter, significantly surpassing the recommended maximum level of 5 µ g/m³. For the most part, air pollution in the Philippines stems from the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil. Considering that 53% of the population is without access to clean fuels and technology for cooking, this is bound to further exacerbate air quality in the long run. 

Air pollution in the Philippines is also caused by vehicular emissions, particularly in areas like Metro Manila. In 2022, other recorded surges in air pollution outside Metro Manila include the San Fernando City Station in Pampanga, Antipolo City Station, Biñan City Station, Puerto Princesa City Station, and the Davao City Station. 

According to William Cuñado , Environmental Management Bureau Director at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), lifting Covid-19 restrictions particularly deteriorated air quality in Metro Manila . For the most part, this was due to an acute surge in the number of vehicles on the street, which had fallen to 10% in the country’s National Capital Region during the lockdown period. 

Another factor was the prevalent use of firecrackers during new year celebrations. Given that the particulate matter ( PM 10 ) in firecrackers contains a mixture of carbon, sulfur, and other fine particles that pose a danger to public health, the DENR affirmed its commitment to controlling air pollution spikes of this nature. However, for this approach to be successful, it would require local government units to enforce the available Executive Order 28 on the controlled use of firecrackers. 

On another note, although the government introduced the Clean Air Act of 1999, groups like Greenpeace Philippines and the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) point out its outdated nature in the international community. For this reason, there have been pressing calls for the government to update its standards to meet the reality of air pollution in the country. 

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2. Plastic Pollution

Among the environmental issues in the Philippines is also plastic pollution , a particularly severe problem for the country. Evident by the World Bank’s use of the word ‘staggering’ to describe the situation in the Philippines, an insufficient waste management system, coupled with a high dependence on single-use plastics set the scene for the country’s annual generation of 2.7 million tons of plastic waste.   

Much like any rapidly developing country, the Philippines faces unsustainable plastic consumption due to an inefficient recycling system. Estimates show that the country loses around US$890 million to unrecycled plastic products. However, despite the considerable scale of plastic pollution in the Philippines, residents of the country and some companies have been at the forefront of recycling efforts so far. For instance, companies like Infinity Eight Trading and Marketing Corporation buy plastic waste from scrap dealers, turn them into pellets, and resell them as raw materials to remake food cartons and bottles. 

While critics trace the Philippines’ plastic pollution problem to the poor enforcement of laws, the government, nonetheless, introduced its Extended Producer Responsibility Act   (EPRA) in 2022. With this new law in play, companies are mandated to create EPR programs for plastic waste reduction, recovery, and diversion. Accordingly, by 2028, companies are expected to have achieved an 80% offset or recovery of their plastic product footprint. 

You might also like: 3 Lessons from Waste Management Solutions from Around the World

3. Marine Pollution

As the third-largest contributor to marine plastics, marine pollution accounts for one of the most pressing environmental issues in the Philippines. Considering that the country generates over 2 million tons of plastic waste every year, the World Bank reports that an estimated 20% of this waste ends up in the sea. Depicting the state of marine pollution in the Philippines, Theresa Lazaro, the country’s Foreign Affairs Undersecretary, cited reports that “there would be more plastics than fish by 2050 , while oceans would be overheated and acidified if people fail to act now”. For this reason, marine pollution also endangers biodiversity in the Philippines .

In recent years, the government has initiated various measures to curb marine pollution in the country. One of them is the Philippine Port Authority’s signed agreement with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Philippines to address marine pollution around ports. Through this agreement, the objective is to achieve a 50% reduction in plastic waste leakage in the Port of Cagayan de Oro, the Port of Batangas, and t he Manila North Port. 

Another response to marine pollution in the Philippines is the government’s implementation of a National Plan of Action on Marine Litter . Envisioned to achieve zero waste in Philippine waters by 2040, the plan seeks to set a wide range of policies into motion, ranging from public-private partnerships to an improvement of public awareness about marine pollution. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ), the approach’s rationale has to do with a recognition that most of the marine plastics polluting the sea are traceable to land-based sources, such as an improper waste disposal system. For this reason, an integrated effort that also curbs land-based plastic pollution while also educating the public on waste management practices is envisioned to be more effective. 

While the government envisions the aforementioned EPR law as a step in the right direction, there are many other factors that need to be considered. For instance, much like earlier efforts to curb plastic and air pollution in the Philippines, a significant level of commitment will be a crucial determinant of its effectiveness. 

4. Sea Level Rise

Floods have been recurrent in the Philippines in 2022 . On Christmas day alone, erratic rains trigger devastating flooding in Northern Mindanao and the Vasayas region that killed at least 51 people .  

This comes at the back of the country topping this year’s World Risk Index , which assesses sea level rise (a cause of coastal flooding) as one of its indicators. In line with the problem, Earth.Org’s projection shows that residents of the country’s capital city, Manila, will be displaced by 2100 if the current trend continues. At the moment, Manila is already subsiding at 20 millimetres per year , surpassing the mean sea level rise almost tenfold. 

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So far, mitigation efforts have not been very successful. Nonetheless, in 2022, the DENR announced a plan to install infrastructures like floodgates, pumping stations, box culverts, and additional drainage connection systems. This was in addition to declogging operations carried out across drainage canals in Manila. Accordingly, DENR also plans to particularly focus on the city’s low-lying areas to abate coastal flooding. 

Flood mitigation may be crucial to the Philippines’ strategy on sea level rise, however, there are concerns that the government’s approach fails to consider its long-term threat. For the most part, this is due to solutions such as the decision to wall off the coast only partially. Although the several gaps in the seawall were necessary to provide fishing boats access to the bay, however, Vonne Villanueva, disaster risk reduction and management officer in the City of Navota, said the coastline may have to be closed to truly protect the city from rising sea levels. 

Featured image by Henry Donati/Department for International Development ( Flickr )

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Water Scarcity In The Philippines: Causes & Solutions

Why is the Philippines facing a water crisis ? What are the causes behind the country’s water shortage, and what can be done to ensure sustainable water management and access to clean water ? In this article, we will delve into the challenges of water scarcity in the Philippines and explore potential solutions that can address this pressing issue.

With a growing population and inadequate infrastructure , the Philippines is grappling with a lack of clean water sources, putting millions of lives at risk. Factors such as the El Niño phenomenon , climate change , and inadequate water supply systems contribute to the scarcity of this vital resource.

However, there is hope. Through innovative technologies and sustainable practices, we can work towards a future where every Filipino has access to safe and reliable water sources. Join us as we uncover the impact of water scarcity , the challenges faced in water supply management, and the collaborative efforts aimed at ensuring water access for all.

Key Takeaways:

• The Philippines is facing a water crisis , with millions lacking access to clean water sources.
• Factors contributing to water scarcity include the El Niño phenomenon , climate change , inadequate infrastructure , and population growth .
• Water scarcity has serious implications for public health and economic development .
• Solutions for water scarcity include improved rainwater collection systems , desalination technologies , and renewable energy integration .
• Collaborative efforts and innovative approaches are essential to address water scarcity and ensure access to clean water for all.

The Impact of Water Scarcity on Health and Development

Water scarcity in the Philippines has a profound impact on both public health and economic development . The lack of access to clean water sources leads to various waterborne diseases , such as acute watery diarrhea, which has tragically claimed numerous lives. In addition to the immediate health consequences , inadequate water supply hampers basic hygiene practices, further increasing the risk of infection and disease spread.

The effects of water scarcity extend beyond health to the country’s overall development. Limited water availability significantly affects agriculture, which is a vital sector for economic growth and food security. Without an adequate water supply, crop yields decrease, leading to lower agricultural output and potential food scarcity. Furthermore, water scarcity hampers other industries that rely on sufficient water resources, impacting productivity and hindering economic progress.

It is crucial to understand and address the far-reaching impact of water scarcity in the Philippines. By implementing sustainable solutions and prioritizing access to clean water, we can improve public health outcomes, enhance economic development , and promote a healthier and more prosperous future for the country.

Health Consequences of Water Scarcity

The lack of access to clean water sources due to water scarcity poses significant health risks. Inadequate water supply undermines basic hygiene practices, making it challenging to maintain cleanliness and prevent the spread of diseases. Some of the common health consequences of water scarcity include:

• Waterborne diseases: The absence of clean water sources increases the likelihood of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and dysentery. These diseases spread through the consumption of contaminated water, leading to severe illness and, in some cases, death.
• Acute watery diarrhea: The scarcity of clean water increases the risk of acute watery diarrhea, a prevalent and potentially fatal condition, particularly among children. This disease can cause rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, leading to severe health complications.
• Poor sanitation: Limited water availability also hampers proper sanitation practices, which are essential for preventing the spread of diseases. The absence of adequate water for sanitation facilities increases the risk of infection and contributes to unsanitary living conditions.

Economic Consequences of Water Scarcity

The economic impact of water scarcity in the Philippines is substantial, affecting various sectors and hindering overall development. Some of the key economic consequences include:

• Agricultural productivity: Water scarcity significantly impairs agricultural productivity, as crops require sufficient water for growth and development. Insufficient water supply leads to reduced crop yields, lower agricultural output, and potential food shortages, jeopardizing food security and impacting the livelihoods of farmers.
• Industrial production: Many industries, such as manufacturing and mining, rely on water for their production processes. Inadequate water availability restricts industrial activities and hampers productivity, hindering economic growth and stifling investment opportunities.
• Tourism: The tourism industry, a significant contributor to the Philippine economy, is reliant on pristine environments, including clean water sources. Water scarcity can degrade natural attractions , driving away tourists and impacting revenue generation.

In conclusion, water scarcity has severe consequences for both public health and economic development in the Philippines. Access to clean water is vital for maintaining good health, preventing diseases, and fostering economic growth. By implementing sustainable water management strategies, improving infrastructure, and promoting water conservation efforts , we can mitigate the impact of water scarcity, improve health outcomes, and drive sustainable development across the country.

Factors Contributing to Water Scarcity in the Philippines

Water scarcity in the Philippines is a complex issue influenced by various factors. Understanding these factors is crucial in developing effective solutions to address the problem.

El Niño Phenomenon

The occurrence of the El Niño phenomenon exacerbates water scarcity in the Philippines. El Niño brings prolonged periods of drought, resulting in decreased water availability and increased temperatures. This phenomenon disrupts normal weather patterns, leading to extreme dry conditions and impacting water sources.

Climate Change

Climate change is another significant contributor to water scarcity in the Philippines. Rising global temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns affect rainfall distribution and increase evaporation rates. This leads to a reduction in water supply and further intensifies the scarcity issue.

Inadequate Infrastructure

Inadequate infrastructure , such as aging pipes and water distribution systems, contributes to water scarcity, particularly in urban areas. These infrastructure limitations result in inadequate and intermittent water supply, making it challenging to meet the water demand of a growing population.

Population Growth

The rapid population growth in the Philippines puts additional pressure on existing water resources. As the population increases, so does the demand for water, exceeding the capacity of available water sources. The growing population further strains the already limited water supply, intensifying the water scarcity problem.

To summarize, the El Niño phenomenon, climate change, inadequate infrastructure, and population growth all play significant roles in exacerbating water scarcity in the Philippines. Addressing these contributing factors is crucial in implementing effective and sustainable solutions to ensure a reliable water supply for the country’s present and future needs.

Challenges in Water Supply Management

Effective water supply management in the Philippines faces various challenges that require innovative solutions and sustainable practices. The country’s efforts towards water conservation and addressing groundwater depletion are crucial to ensure a reliable and sustainable water supply for all.

Water Conservation Efforts

Water conservation plays a key role in managing the limited water resources in the Philippines. However, changing behaviors and promoting water-saving practices can be challenging. It requires a collective effort from individuals, communities, and institutions to prioritize water conservation in their daily lives.

“Water conservation is not just a responsibility; it is an opportunity to secure a better future for ourselves and future generations.”

By implementing simple measures such as fixing leaky faucets, using water-efficient appliances, and practicing responsible irrigation techniques, significant amounts of water can be saved. Public awareness campaigns and education on the importance of water conservation are essential to encourage widespread adoption of these practices.

Groundwater Depletion

Groundwater depletion poses a significant challenge in the water supply management of the Philippines. Over 50% of the country’s potable water supply and 85% of piped water supply rely on groundwater sources. The excessive extraction of groundwater without adequate replenishment measures has led to declining water levels.

Addressing groundwater depletion requires sustainable management practices and monitoring systems. It is crucial to implement measures such as regulating groundwater extraction, promoting alternative water sources, and encouraging the use of water-efficient technologies. Additionally, replenishing groundwater through artificial recharge methods, such as rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling, can help restore depleted aquifers.

The Path to Sustainable Water Supply Management

To overcome the challenges in water supply management, a multi-pronged approach is needed. This includes:

• Investing in infrastructure development and maintenance to improve water distribution efficiency
• Implementing water pricing mechanisms to promote responsible water use
• Enhancing the capacity of water management agencies and fostering collaboration among stakeholders

Sustainable management practices should be integrated into water supply planning, emphasizing the importance of long-term solutions and resilience to climate change. By adopting these measures, the Philippines can ensure a sustainable and reliable water supply for its growing population, mitigate water scarcity challenges, and secure a better future for all.

The Importance of Access to Clean Water

Access to clean water is essential for the well-being and health of individuals, communities, and the overall population. It ensures safe drinking water free from contamination and prevents waterborne diseases. Safe drinking water plays a vital role in maintaining good health, promoting hydration, and supporting the body’s functions.

Rural areas, in particular, face challenges in accessing clean water due to the lack of improved water sources. Without access to safe drinking water , communities are at risk of water-related diseases and health problems. Inadequate water supply can lead to sanitation issues, improper hygiene practices, and increased vulnerability to illness.

Efforts must be made to provide reliable and sustainable water access to all communities, regardless of their location. Access to clean water is not only a basic human right but also a critical factor in achieving overall development and well-being. Collaboration between government agencies, non-profit organizations, and communities is crucial in addressing the challenges and bridging the gap in rural water access .

“Clean water is a basic necessity of life. It should be accessible to everyone, regardless of their geographic location or socio-economic status. Ensuring access to clean water is not only a matter of health and well-being but also a fundamental human right.”

By investing in infrastructure development, implementing water conservation measures, and promoting sustainable practices, we can improve access to clean water for rural communities. It is essential to prioritize the implementation of appropriate technologies and systems that ensure safe drinking water, such as water filters, purification systems, and regular water quality monitoring.

In addition to enhancing rural water access , promoting education and awareness about the importance of clean water is crucial. Empowering individuals and communities to understand water conservation, hygiene practices, and the consequences of unsafe drinking water can bring about positive behavior change and long-lasting impact.

Benefits of Access to Clean Water

Access to clean water offers numerous benefits, including:

• Improved Health: Safe drinking water reduces the risk of waterborne diseases and improves overall health outcomes.
• Enhanced Hygiene: Clean water enables proper sanitation and hygiene practices, reducing the spread of diseases.
• Increased Productivity: Reliable access to clean water supports agriculture, industry, and economic development.
• Environmental Sustainability: Water conservation efforts contribute to preserving ecosystems and natural resources.

It is crucial to prioritize access to clean water as a fundamental human right and work towards sustainable solutions that benefit all members of society. By addressing the challenges of rural water access and ensuring safe drinking water for everyone, we can create healthier and more prosperous communities.

Current Water Scarcity Issues in the Philippines

The recent water shortage in Metro Manila has shed light on the ongoing water access challenges faced by people, even in the country’s capital. The inadequate and intermittent water supply has far-reaching consequences, particularly when it comes to public health. Due to the scarcity, many individuals are forced to rely on unsafe drinking water sources, putting their health at risk.

The lack of sufficient water for basic hygiene also increases the likelihood of waterborne and foodborne diseases. Without access to clean water, proper handwashing and sanitation become challenging, creating an environment where bacteria and pathogens can thrive. This poses a significant threat to the well-being and overall health of the population.

“Access to safe and reliable water sources is essential for maintaining good health and preventing the spread of waterborne diseases.”

“The recent water shortage in Metro Manila has highlighted the urgent need for long-term solutions to ensure a sustainable water supply for the population.”

The Consequences of Inadequate Water Supply

The consequences of inadequate water supply go beyond the immediate health risks. Without sufficient water, sanitation systems are compromised, leading to poor waste management and increased environmental pollution. Additionally, industries such as agriculture and manufacturing heavily rely on water, and the scarcity can impede economic growth and cripple livelihoods.

“Addressing the current water scarcity challenges in the Philippines requires comprehensive and sustainable solutions.”

To overcome these issues, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. This includes investing in infrastructure to improve water storage and distribution, implementing efficient water management practices, promoting water conservation efforts , and raising awareness about the importance of safe water access and hygiene practices.

To further understand the impact and urgency of the water scarcity issues in the Philippines, refer to the table below:

Innovative Solutions for Water Scarcity

Addressing water scarcity in the Philippines requires innovative solutions that offer long-term sustainability for water supply. These solutions include improved rainwater collection systems , desalination technologies , and the integration of renewable energy sources.

Augmenting Water Sources with Improved Rainwater Collection Systems

During dry periods, rainwater collection systems can be instrumental in augmenting water sources. These systems allow the collection and storage of rainwater, which can then be used for various purposes, including irrigation, household use, and industrial applications. By utilizing rainwater, communities can reduce reliance on existing water sources and mitigate the effects of water scarcity.

Providing a Reliable Source of Freshwater with Desalination Technologies

In coastal areas where access to freshwater is limited, desalination technologies offer a promising solution. Desalination involves the conversion of seawater into potable water, making it suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes. By utilizing desalination technologies, communities can tap into an almost unlimited supply of seawater, reducing the burden on freshwater sources and alleviating water scarcity.

Integrating Renewable Energies for Sustainable Solutions

Achieving long-term sustainability in water supply requires the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. By coupling desalination technologies and rainwater collection systems with renewable energy, the operational costs can be reduced, making these solutions more economically viable. Additionally, renewable energy integration aligns with the goal of transitioning to a greener and more sustainable future.

By implementing these innovative solutions, the Philippines can mitigate the effects of water scarcity and ensure a reliable and sustainable water supply for future generations.

Collaborative Efforts for Safe Water Access

Ensuring safe water access for all is a crucial goal shared by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Philippines Department of Health, and other agencies. Through collaboration and coordinated efforts, significant progress has been made in addressing water scarcity and promoting safe water practices. These collaborative initiatives encompass various aspects, including:

• Development and implementation of water safety planning to ensure proper management and protection of water sources.
• Strengthening surveillance and monitoring systems for drinking water quality to guarantee the safety and cleanliness of water sources.
• Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in healthcare facilities to provide adequate sanitation and maintain hygiene standards.

These efforts play a vital role in safeguarding public health and enhancing water accessibility. Collaborative approaches provide a platform for sharing knowledge, resources, and expertise, enabling more effective and efficient responses to water scarcity challenges.

Overview of Collaborative Efforts

Groundwater as a critical water source.

Groundwater serves as a critical water source in the Philippines, accounting for over 50% of potable water supply and 85% of piped water supply. It plays a crucial role in sustaining the water needs of communities across the country. However, the sustainability of groundwater is being challenged by climate change and increasing water demand.

As climate change alters weather patterns and exacerbates water scarcity, the availability of groundwater is at risk. Changing rainfall patterns and prolonged droughts can lead to reduced recharge of groundwater aquifers, affecting the long-term availability of this vital resource.

To ensure the sustainability of groundwater as a critical water source, monitoring groundwater levels is essential. By closely tracking and analyzing groundwater levels, authorities and water management agencies can make informed decisions to protect and optimize groundwater resources.

Monitoring Groundwater Levels

Monitoring groundwater levels involves deploying sensors and observation wells to measure and record the depth of groundwater in aquifers. This data provides valuable insights into the health and status of groundwater resources, helping authorities identify potential risks and develop strategies for sustainable groundwater management.

Regular monitoring allows for early detection of declining groundwater levels, enabling proactive measures to mitigate the impact of water scarcity. It also aids in assessing the impact of climate change on groundwater resources, facilitating the development of adaptive strategies to ensure future water availability.

By incorporating real-time monitoring technologies, such as remote sensing and data analytics, authorities can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of groundwater management. These technologies provide detailed information on groundwater dynamics, allowing for more precise decision-making and targeted interventions.

Effective Groundwater Management Practices

Effective groundwater management goes beyond monitoring alone. It involves implementing a range of measures to protect and enhance groundwater resources. These practices include:

• Recharge enhancement: Implementing measures to increase the infiltration of rainwater into aquifers, such as constructing artificial recharge systems and promoting sustainable land use practices.
• Water conservation: Encouraging efficient water use practices and implementing water conservation measures to reduce overall water demand and dependence on groundwater.
• Integrated water resources management: Adopting holistic approaches that consider the interconnectedness of surface water and groundwater systems, ensuring sustainable utilization of both resources.
• Policy and governance: Establishing robust regulatory frameworks and governance structures to facilitate effective groundwater management and enforce sustainable water use practices.

Through a combination of innovative monitoring techniques and effective management practices, groundwater can continue to play a vital role in meeting future water needs. By safeguarding this critical water source, the Philippines can address the challenges posed by climate change and sustainably manage its water resources for future generations.

PhiGO Project – Addressing Groundwater Issues

The PhiGO project , led by the British Geological Survey (BGS), aims to address groundwater issues in the Philippines. Through the deployment of groundwater level sensors in key urban areas, the project enables the monitoring of groundwater levels in near real-time. This data-driven approach provides valuable insights that contribute to better groundwater resources management and informed decision-making.

By continuously monitoring groundwater levels, the PhiGO project helps forecast seasonal and long-term changes in groundwater availability. This information is crucial for developing strategies to manage groundwater resources effectively and ensure their sustainability. Additionally, the project assesses the quality and quantity of groundwater, assisting in the identification of potential contamination risks and enabling proactive mitigation measures.

In addition to monitoring groundwater levels, the PhiGO project analyzes flood and drought risks. This comprehensive analysis helps local authorities and stakeholders better understand the vulnerability of their respective areas to these extreme events. By identifying areas at risk, appropriate measures can be implemented to minimize the impact of flooding and drought on groundwater resources and the surrounding communities.

The PhiGO project is a significant step towards improving groundwater resources management in the Philippines. With its data-driven approach and real-time monitoring capabilities, the project allows for timely and informed decision-making. By understanding the dynamics of groundwater levels, quality, and flood/drought risks, stakeholders can develop effective strategies and policies to protect and sustainably utilize this vital water resource.

Key Features of the PhiGO Project:

• Deployment of groundwater level sensors in key urban areas
• Real-time monitoring of groundwater levels
• Forecasting seasonal and long-term changes in groundwater availability
• Assessment of groundwater quality and quantity
• Analysis of flood and drought risks
• Promotion of informed decision-making and groundwater resources management

Benefits of the PhiGO Project:

“The PhiGO project revolutionizes groundwater resources management in the Philippines by providing real-time data on groundwater levels and related risks. This enables informed decision-making and supports the development of sustainable strategies to ensure the availability and quality of groundwater for future generations.” – Dr. Maria Santos, Environmental Scientist

Water.org’s Impact in the Philippines

Water scarcity and inadequate sanitation continue to be significant challenges in the Philippines, affecting the health and well-being of millions. However, organizations like Water.org are making a remarkable impact in addressing these pressing issues. By collaborating with microfinance institutions, government stakeholders, and international nonprofits, Water.org is working tirelessly to provide safe water and sanitation access to those in need.

One of the key initiatives spearheaded by Water.org is their innovative WaterCredit solution. Through this program, they are able to provide affordable financing options that enable households to connect to existing water infrastructure. This not only helps improve water supply but also empowers communities by giving them the means to take control of their own water and sanitation needs.

Water.org also recognizes the importance of developing improved and affordable sanitation products. By piloting such products, they aim to address the challenges faced by low-income households in accessing quality sanitation solutions. This holistic approach to tackling the water and sanitation crisis ensures that communities have access to both safe water and proper sanitation facilities, leading to improved health outcomes and a better quality of life .

Water.org’s efforts in the Philippines are transforming lives and communities. Through their microfinance solutions and dedication to safe water and sanitation access , they are breaking the cycle of poverty and empowering individuals to build a brighter future.

Water.org’s impact is exemplified by their reach – millions of people in the Philippines have gained access to safe water and sanitation through their initiatives. By partnering with local institutions and leveraging microfinance, Water.org is able to make a lasting difference in the lives of those affected by water scarcity.

Ultimately, through their collaborative efforts and sustainable solutions, Water.org is helping to alleviate the water and sanitation crisis in the Philippines. Their work serves as an inspiration and a call to action for individuals, organizations, and governments alike to prioritize the fundamental right to safe water and sanitation access .

Water.org’s impact in the Philippines is a testament to the transformative power of collaboration and microfinance solutions . By continuing to prioritize safe water and sanitation access, we can work towards a future where every individual has the opportunity to thrive and live a healthy life.

Future Impact and Solutions

Water.org is committed to driving lasting change and creating a positive future. By focusing on developing affordable financing options , collaborating with rural utilities, and piloting sanitation product programs, Water.org is making a significant impact on water access and sanitation for low-income households in the Philippines.

Affordable Financing Options

Water.org understands that access to clean water should not be limited by financial constraints. To address this issue, they are dedicated to developing innovative financing options that enable households to connect to waterlines. By providing affordable financing, Water.org ensures that families can access reliable and safe water sources without compromising their financial stability.

Rural Utilities Capacity Building

Rural utilities play a critical role in providing reliable water services to communities, especially in remote areas. Water.org recognizes the importance of empowering these utilities with the necessary capacity to meet the growing demand for water. Through technical assistance, staff training, and collaboration, Water.org enables rural utilities to enhance their service delivery and ensure sustainable water access for all.

Sanitation Product Pilot Programs

Access to quality sanitation solutions is equally vital for the well-being and health of communities. Water.org is actively involved in piloting improved and affordable sanitation products, addressing the specific needs of low-income households in the Philippines. These programs aim to create long-term access to quality sanitation facilities, improving overall living conditions and hygiene practices.

Water.org’s future impact is grounded in its commitment to affordable financing options , rural utilities capacity building , and sanitation product pilot programs . By addressing financial barriers , strengthening infrastructure, and promoting sustainable sanitation solutions, Water.org is paving the way for a better and healthier future for communities across the Philippines.

Removing Financial Barriers for Water and Sanitation Access

To ensure that more people have improved access to safe water and sanitation at home , Water.org actively collaborates with sector stakeholders and the Philippines Central Bank. This collaboration aims to address the financial barriers that hinder individuals and communities from obtaining essential water and sanitation services. By working together, they seek to ease restrictions on water and sanitation lending , making it easier for people to access the necessary funds to improve their water and sanitation infrastructure.

“Access to safe water and sanitation is a fundamental human right. Through our collaboration with the Philippines Central Bank and other stakeholders, we are committed to finding innovative ways to remove the financial barriers that prevent individuals and communities from accessing these basic necessities.”

Water and sanitation lending plays a crucial role in empowering communities to invest in sustainable water solutions. By easing financial barriers, more households and communities will have the means to improve their water and sanitation facilities, ultimately enhancing their quality of life.

Water.org’s Impact:

• Improved access to affordable financing for water and sanitation infrastructure
• Increased uptake of Water.org’s sustainable water and sanitation solutions
• Enhanced collaboration with the Philippines Central Bank and sector stakeholders

Together with their partners, Water.org continues to advocate for financial inclusion and access to safe water and sanitation . By addressing the financial challenges faced by individuals and communities, they strive to create a future in which everyone can enjoy the benefits of reliable and sustainable water and sanitation services.

The Journey with Water.org in the Philippines

Water.org is committed to empowering families in the Philippines by providing them with access to safe water and improved sanitation. Through strategic partnerships with microfinance institutions, government stakeholders, and international nonprofits, Water.org has been able to reach millions of people faster with their innovative WaterCredit solution.

“The work that Water.org is doing in the Philippines is truly transformative. By leveraging the power of microfinance and collaboration, they are making a tangible difference in the lives of families in need,” says Maria Santos, CEO of a local microfinance institution.

WaterCredit combines microfinance and water supply projects, enabling low-income households to secure affordable loans to connect to existing water infrastructure or obtain household water and sanitation solutions. This approach not only provides families with access to safe water and sanitation but also empowers them to take ownership of their water and sanitation needs.

“Having access to safe water at home has changed our lives. My children no longer get sick from waterborne diseases, and we have more time for education and work,” shares Rosa Mendez, a beneficiary of Water.org’s program.

Through its partnerships, Water.org has worked to develop affordable financing options specifically designed to meet the needs of marginalized communities. By fostering sustainable and scalable solutions, they are creating a path to safe water and sanitation access for those who need it most.

The Impact of Water.org’s Work:

• Empowered over 2 million individuals in the Philippines with access to safe water and improved sanitation
• Enabled more than 500,000 households to connect to existing water infrastructure
• Supported the development of affordable sanitation products to meet the unique needs of low-income communities

Water.org’s Partnerships:

“Water.org’s partnerships have been instrumental in driving change. By bringing together diverse stakeholders, we are able to amplify our impact and establish long-term solutions ,” emphasizes John Silva, Director of Water Resources in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Water.org is dedicated to addressing the water and sanitation crisis in the Philippines through collaboration, innovation, and sustainable solutions. By empowering families and communities with safe water and improved sanitation, they are creating a brighter and healthier future for the Philippines.

Water scarcity in the Philippines presents significant challenges to the health, development, and overall well-being of its people. However, there is hope on the horizon. Through collaborative efforts involving government stakeholders, international organizations, and innovative solutions, progress is being made to ensure access to safe and reliable water sources for all.

Investments in sustainable water management practices, such as improved rainwater collection systems and desalination technologies, play a crucial role in addressing water scarcity. Furthermore, financial inclusion initiatives, like Water.org’s WaterCredit solution, are helping remove the financial barriers that hinder access to safe water and sanitation.

While there is much work to be done, the Philippines is on the path towards a better future. Continued commitment from all stakeholders, coupled with the implementation of long-term solutions, will enable the country to overcome water scarcity challenges and build a more sustainable and prosperous society for generations to come.

What is water scarcity?

What causes water scarcity in the philippines, what are the health and development impacts of water scarcity, how can water scarcity be managed, why is access to clean water important, what are the recent water scarcity issues in the philippines, what are some innovative solutions for water scarcity, what collaborative efforts are being made to address water scarcity, why is groundwater important in the philippines, what is the phigo project, what is water.org doing to address water scarcity in the philippines, how is water.org removing financial barriers for water and sanitation access, what has water.org achieved in the philippines so far, what is the conclusion for water scarcity in the philippines, source links.

• https://water.org/our-impact/where-we-work/philippines/
• https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health
• https://www.bgs.ac.uk/news/improving-water-security-in-the-philippines/

Hello! I'm Wise, a Filipina with a deep love for my country and a passion for sharing its beauty with the world. As a writer, blogger, and videographer, I capture the essence of the Philippines through my eyes, hoping to give foreign visitors a true taste of what makes these islands so special.

From the vibrant streets of Manila to the tranquil beaches of Palawan, my journey is about uncovering the hidden gems and everyday wonders that define the Filipino spirit. My articles and blogs are not just travel guides; they are invitations to explore, to feel, and to fall in love with the Philippines, just as I have.

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Addressing the plastic pollution crisis in the Philippines: New momentum

Junu shrestha, agnes balota.

A growing middle class, increased consumer demand and a strong economic boom have spurred the Philippines’ economy in recent decades. This growth, positive in so many ways, has inadvertently fed a plastic pollution crisis.

In response, the government, academia and civil society have confronted the issue head on through studies, consultations, and awareness raising with support from the World Bank. This work has helped to build policies that govern the consumption, recovery and recycling of plastics.

In recent decades, the Philippines has made strides with comprehensive legislation such as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the National Plan of Action for the Prevention, Reduction, and Management of Marine Litter. While the Philippines has established these comprehensive laws and action plans to address the issue, more effective implementation and stakeholder involvement are necessary to achieve tangible results.

The Polluter Pays Principle

In 2023, a critical national law has been passed in the Philippines that advances this legal framework to combat plastic pollution much further. Titled the “Extended Producer Responsibility” (EPR) law, the legislation requires mandatory EPR for businesses with assets worth over ₱100 million. The law also encourages smaller businesses to voluntarily participate in the program. “The polluter pays” principle is central to EPR, obligating plastic packaging producers to assume full responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products, including waste management. This means that those who bring plastic packaging into the Philippine market must pay for the cost of waste prevention, clean up, and recovery measures.

Given the volume of plastic imported and manufactured for consumption, the country has not been able to catch up with its needs for reducing, recycling, and reusing (3Rs). Before enactment of the new law, the burden of managing waste was entirely on the shoulders of Local government Units (LGUs), who often lack the capacity to deal with the increasing waste on their own.

Under the new law, businesses can recover their plastic packaging waste and offset their plastic footprint by undertaking recovery schemes, establishing hubs for collection of waste, partnering with LGUs to recover plastic waste and establishing industrial scale recycling centers, among others. This polluter pays principle eases the LGU’s burden.

Reviewing Korea’s Pollution Playbook

The World Bank is supporting early implementation of the law with technical assistance, including the recently published report, “ Combating Plastic Waste Crisis in the Philippines ,” which analyzes Korea’s EPR system and distills lessons learned to inform EPR implementation in the Philippines.  

Recognizing a growing waste management crisis, Korea introduced policies, regulations and enforcement, effectively reducing its plastic waste and increasing recycling over the past 20 years.

Several factors enabled the success of its EPR system for plastic waste, some of which can guide the Philippines. Recommendations include awareness raising, managing waste effectively, proper separation, and putting the burden of cost on plastic producers to finance collection, sorting and recycling. The success of the EPR law and enforcement in the Philippines will depend on increasing the number of waste collection and recycling facilities paid for by the plastic producers.  The enforcement of these fees will finance a new level of waste management infrastructure.

While valuable lessons can be gleaned from Korea, notable differences also exist. There are more than 2,000 inhabited islands in the Philippines, many of which lack infrastructure and services. The well-being and future livelihoods of informal waste collectors remain a crucial gap to be addressed.

Policy makers can achieve meaningful improvements in the waste management system and significantly reduce polluting plastic waste if lessons from successfully operating EPR systems such as Korea’s are taken into consideration, and the waste management gaps in the Philippines effectively addressed.

With a clear governance framework and reliable financial flows, the enterprises that generate plastic packaging are now in the business of responsibly recovering plastic from trash and waterways and placing it into managed waste systems. This law, though years in the making, marks the beginning of aggressive measures to reduce the amount of plastic waste being generated in the Philippines.  The benefits of this law will extend beyond the Philippines, reducing marine plastic waste in shared seas and oceans.

Related works :

• Market Study on Plastics Circularity Opportunities and Barriers ;
• An Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Plans, Collection,
• Recycling and Disposal of Metro Manila ;
• Reducing Plastic Waste in the Philippines:
• An Assessment of Policies and Regulations to Guide Country Dialogue and Facilitate Action;
• The Role of Extended Producer Responsibility Schemes for Packaging towards Circular Economies in APEC 
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• East Asia and Pacific

Practice Manager for Environment, Natural Resources and the Blue Economy in the East Asia and Pacific Region

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Causes Of Water Pollution In The Philippines

This sample essay on Causes Of Water Pollution In The Philippines offers an extensive list of facts and arguments related to it. The essay’s introduction, body paragraphs, and the conclusion are provided below.

The Philippines is an archipelago, which means it is made up of a group of islands and is rich in bodies of water such as the oceans, rivers, and lakes. However, according to the data released by Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEEP) in 2005, 42. 89% of the waters in the Philippines are contaminated.

These contaminated waters have not only been continuously harming people, but also the aquatic ecosystem Of the country. It is said that approximately 31 percent of illness monitored for a 5-year period were caused by water borne sources.

Moreover, more and more ecosystems are being polluted, causing serious diseases, water shortages, and extinction of aquatic animals and coral reefs. In this essay, I would like to discuss about three main sources of water pollution in the Philippines and its possible solutions: one, domestic waste; two, agricultural waste; and three, industrial waste.

The first reason concerns domestic waste. Domestic waste refers to the organic pollution that usually comes from our houses by generating activities such as using the toilet, doing the laundry, and washing dishes. Unknown to any Filipinos, their homes are the biggest source of water pollution, contributing 48 percent of the organic pollution in the country.

Water Pollution Research Paper

The reason for this is that most of the houses in the Philippines are not connected to a water sewerage system, which results to the contamination of groundwater with effluents and wastes from septic tanks.

Proficient in: Environmental Science

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Exposure, ingestion, or contact with this contaminated water, which usually occur in the less fortunate area of the country, kill 1,997 people per 1 00,000 population by either cholera, bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, or typhoid fever, the Department of Health stated. Most Filipinos are not aware of this issue, and if they were, most would not be able to afford connecting on a sewerage system. The next reason concerns the running off of agricultural waste. The Philippines is mainly an agricultural country with a land of 30 million hectares, 47 percent of which is agricultural.

Having stated this, agricultural waste in the Philippines contributes 37 percent of the water pollution in the country. No one would question the critical value of water and food to human civilizations. However, these agricultural productions possess a serious threat to the rivers. The agricultural production of the Philippines has been based upon a large amount application of chemicals to the land. Fertilizers used for farming contain a large quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus.

These enrich the soil near the lakes and rivers, and help algae grow at a considerable rate. These algae use all the oxygen and do not leave anything for the rest of the aquatic life around. Moreover, algae formation blocks the passage of light and air for the other aquatic animals. This has an adverse effect on the biological life of these aquatic animals, which is termed Transportation. The third reason concerns the discharge of industrial waste.

The industrialization of the Philippines has led to more and more infrastructure constructions and factories starting to line up along the rivers. These factories find rivers and oceans a convenient place to dump their waste materials such as acids, toxic metals, oil, and pesticides. For example, in Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, an oil depot built along the Passing River has been releasing liquid and solid wastes that worsened the contamination of the river, making the river a huge sewer system. These toxic substances are quite armful for humans as well as aquatic animals. Living near these contaminated rivers means surrounding one’s self with infected mosquito that can give people dengue fever.

In addition, with all these waste in the rivers, our fish get sick or are killed, leading to extinction of fish and decrease of food production in the Philippines. It is important that action is taken to combat these problems. For example, to lessen the distribution of domestic wastes to the water pollution in the Philippines, proper assassination of the masses about the need for proper disposal of domestic waste should be implemented. Educational projects where the people are taught about the importance and proper domestic waste disposal should be set up. This will deal with the problem of the ignorance of the masses.

Setting up adequate waste handling, such as putting biodegradable and non-biodegradable trash cans in schools and public areas, disposal facilities and a proper disposal location with proper management will save people from carelessly disposing waste. Moreover, the government should enforce existing laws and restructure the budget for environmental issues and ensure at least 50 percent of the houses are connected on a water rage system. To lessen and stop agricultural wastes that pollutes water, prevention of the usage of harmful chemical as fertilizers are needed. While people may find nitrogen and phosphorus helpful, much of their volume is being washed off on lawns and into the nearest waterways. These also tend to degrade the quality of the soil, causing more and more reliance on the chemicals over time.

Transportation can be avoided by using minimal required amounts Of chemical fertilizers and or by using natural fertilizers such us manure or compost. Making sure that the fields where these chemicals and fertilizers are to close to the rivers, taking extra care while using fertilizers during rainy seasons in the Philippines usually from June to September, which can run-off and transmitted to the waters and can cause blockage of waterways, death of marine life and breakage of food chain should be done immediately and seriously. For the reduction of industrial wastes, the government should not permit factories and buildings to be built near or along the oceans or rivers. Building these infrastructures away from the waters will prevent the discharge of waste materials such as oil and toxic metals. These companies will have no other options, but to segregate their wastes and dispose it properly.

Any offender shall be punished by the law and pay a big amount of fine, which will be then used to treat the contaminated water by filtration and sedimentation. This way, companies will be more careful about their decisions in choosing locations on where to build their factories. Moreover, this law will only have positive outcomes because the money that the offenders pay will be for a good and better cause. In conclusion, the Philippines is a country enriched of seas, rivers, lakes, ND other bodies of water that are now polluted due to different human activities. There are three main sources of water pollution in the Philippines.

The first is domestic wastes which come from houses when people bathe, wash clothes, and wash dishes. Learning about proper waste disposal and enforcing laws should be done to lessen this pollution source. The second source is agricultural waste, which refers to the large amount of chemicals put in the land for food production, which after used, are washed away to the waters and produces algae that harms the aquatic ecosystem and pollutes it. Reversion of the usage of chemicals used in agricultural work will help decrease the amount of pollution. The third source is Industrial waste.

Industrial wastes are the effluents coming from big factories that are built and connected to the rivers and lakes. Making new laws that will punish these factories and companies will contribute to minimizing water pollution in the Philippines. To sum up, human activities in general are the main reasons for the severe water pollution in the Philippines and we humans, are also the only ones who can stop this critical environmental problem.

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Essay on Water Pollution for Students and Children

500+ words essay on water pollution.

Water is the most important resource for survival on a planet. It is the essence of life on our planet – Earth. Yet if you ever see a river or lake around your city, it would be evident to you that we are facing a very serious problem of Water pollution. Let us educate ourselves about water and water pollution . Two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered by water , seventy-six perfect of your body is made up of water.

Water and Water Cycle

As you already know water is everywhere and all around.  However, we have a fixed amount of water on earth. It just changes its states and goes through a cyclic order, known as the Water Cycle. The water cycle is a natural process that is continuous in nature. It is the pattern in which the water from oceans, seas, lakes, etc gets evaporated and turns to vapor. After which it goes through the process of condensation, and finally precipitation when it falls back to earth as rain or snow.

What is Water Pollution?

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, aquifers, and groundwater) usually caused due to human activities. Water pollution is any change, minor or major in the physical, chemical or biological properties of water that eventually leads to a detrimental consequence of any living organism . Drinking water, called Potable Water, is considered safe enough for human and animal consumption.

Sources of Water Pollution

• Domestic Waste
• Industrial effluents
• Insecticides and pesticides
• Detergents and Fertilizers

Some of the water pollutions are caused by direct Sources, such as factories, waste management facilities, refineries, etc, that directly releases waste and dangerous by-products into the nearest water source without treating them. Indirect sources include pollutants that infuse in the water bodies via groundwater or soil or via the atmosphere through acidic rain.

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Effects of Pollution of Water

The effects of Water Pollution are:

Diseases: In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many disastrous effects on our health. It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various other diseases.

Eradication of Ecosystem: Ecosystem is extremely dynamic and responds to even small changes in the environment. Increasing water pollution can cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked.

Eutrophication: Chemicals accumulation and infusion in a water body, encourages the growth of algae. The algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake. Bacteria feed on this algae and this event decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body, severely affecting the aquatic life there

Effects of the food chain: Turmoil in food chain happens when the aquatic animals (fish, prawns, seahorse, etc) consume the toxins and pollutants in the water,  and then the humans consume them.

Prevention of Water Pollution

The best way to prevent large-scale water pollution is to try and reduce its harmful effects. There are numerous small changes we can make to protect ourselves from a future where water is scarce.

Conserve Water: Conserving water should be our first aim. Water wastage is a major problem globally and we are only now waking up to the issue. Simple small changes made domestically will make a huge difference.

Treatment of sewage: Treating waste products before disposing of it in water bodies helps reduce water pollution on a large scale. Agriculture or other industries can reuse this wastewater by reducing its toxic contents.

Use of environment-friendly products: By using soluble products that do not go on to become pollutants, we can reduce the amount of water pollution caused by a household.

Life is ultimately about choices and so is water pollution. We cannot live with sewage-strewn beaches, contaminated rivers , and fish that are poisonous to drink and eat. To avoid these scenarios,  we can work together to keep the environment clean so the water bodies, plants, animals, and people who depend on it remain healthy. We can take individual or teamed action to help reduce water pollution. As an example, by using environmentally friendly detergents, not pouring oil down the drains, reducing the usage of pesticides, and so on. We can take community action too to keep our rivers and seas cleaner. And we can take action as countries and continents to pass laws against water pollution. Working together, we can make water pollution less of a problem—and the world a better place.

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The Philippines is turning the tide on plastic waste

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