case study of waste management in india

Plastic Waste Management: A Case Study From Dehradun, India

To enhance the Plastic Waste Management at Dehradun, India, Earth5R, an Environmental Organization based in India initiated a project called ‘ Know Your Plastics ’. The project aims at raising awareness about plastic waste and also aspires to increase recycling rates of products.

Clean-Up And Classification Of Plastic Waste 

As part of the project, volunteers visited 10 locations in their neighborhood to collect the maximum amount of plastic waste possible. A time limit was dedicated to segregating waste into six different categories:   MLP(multi-layer packaging), PET( Polyethylene terephthalate) plastics, LDPE(Low Density Polyethylene), HDPE(High Density Polyethylene), Tetra packs and Synthetic fibers. Any other kind of waste that was found was included in the ‘other’ category.

After the waste was segregated, the data put together is analyzed to figure out what category contributes to most of the pollution. It also assists in finding out which companies are generating most of the plastic waste.

Waste Data Utilised For Research Work And Creating Awareness 

As an effort to bring into perspective the ongoing issue of plastic waste and how it hinders the implementation of sustainable development goals and environmental growth, some data has been represented below:

• The Changing Markets  Foundation stated that as of 2020, Coca-Cola was the largest plastic footprint on earth with 2.9 million metric tonnes of plastic packaging produced annually. While Pepsico, came second with 2.3 millon metric tonnes of plastic waste.
• A Central Pollution Control Board ( CPCB ) report from 2018-19 puts the total annual plastic waste generation in India at a humongous 3.3 million metric tonnes per year.
• More than half of the plastic waste (approx.60%) goes in for recycling whereas the rest of it goes unpicked in the natural environment.
• The current situation of the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated the issue with large amounts of plastic and medical waste being disposed of carelessly.
• As per data from 2019, metropolitan cities like Chennai, Bengaluru and Delhi contribute to more than 50% of the plastic waste deposition.

Recklessly increasing dependency on plastics simply because of their durability is choking our waterways and is becoming an immeasurable threat to the terrestrial as well as the aquatic ecosystem!

Predictions  say that the amount of plastic waste in the environment will only keep increasing if no strict action is taken against it.

Plastic Waste Management Initiative At Dehradun, India

Arya Mitra ,  an   Earth5R volunteer   from Dehradun took the initiative to go about the Global Plastic Waste Crisis from his hometown. He conducted a sequence of 10 cleanup sessions, analysed the waste collected and provided the material.

His views on why he wanted to join the project were, “I wanted to join the ‘Know Your Plastics’ project because I wanted to understand the types of waste and how I could help in achieving  a long term goal, not only by picking up waste right now but actually encouraging the society around me to assist in accomplishing the objective of sustainable development. With the help of Earth5R, I would like to raise awareness about plastic waste not only in my city but outside the boundaries too and also do the required steps that need to be implemented in order to bring the crisis under control and gradually solve it.”

With the help of Earth5R, I would like to raise awareness about plastic waste not only in my city but outside the boundaries too and also do the required steps that need to be implemented in order to bring the crisis under control and gradually solve it-ARYA MITRA, EARTH5R VOLUNTEER @DEHRADUN, INDIA

Plastic Waste Data Collected In Dehradun

Cleanup and segregation of data was carried out in 10 different locations by Arya Mitra in his locality.

He collected and analyzed the data, the results are as follows:

• A total of 246 plastic waste items were collected.
• 150 Multi-Layer Packaging(MLP)Products constituted the highest amount of the plastic waste i.e. 60.9%.
• This was followed by 48 Low Density Polyethylene Products  (LDPE) waste which made up 19.5% of the total.
• 19 Tetra Packs were found which formed 7.7% of the total.
• 9 High Density Plastic (HDPE) Products were found forming 3.6% of the total plastic waste.
• 5 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)Products were found which made up 2.03% of the total plastic waste.

Lack of proper waste management leads to waste being found at places which are harmful for the environment. Arya also stated, “According to my findings, most of the waste was found near school boundaries and comparatively lesser around the residential areas. I also wanted to mention that most of the plastic waste material consisted of things which are usually tabooed in the society for example: pregnancy test kits other contraceptives and packets of tobacco. Maybe people are not comfortable with disposing these off at home and so unfortunately, they happen to litter the streets outside!”

I also wanted to mention that most of the plastic waste material consisted of things which are usually tabooed in the society for example: pregnancy test kits other contraceptives and packets of tobacco. Maybe people are not comfortable with disposing these off at home and so unfortunately, they happen to litter the streets outside!– ARYA MITRA, EARTH5R VOLUNTEER

Burning Of Plastic Waste

Due to lack of management in the city, all the waste is littered on the roads and is highly hazardous for the environment. As an outcome of lack of segregation and recycling, plastic is left in the soil to decompose or to be burnt which again poses detrimental effects on the environment.

Another important point that Arya brings up is “I am positive that the rate of plastic consumption in my city is very high. People are not even responsible enough to throw their plastic waste in segregated dustbins that have been set up. Due to their careless behaviour, the entire ecosystem has to bear the consequences.” 

This behavior highlights the lack of education and awareness of the people belonging to the city. 

How To Solve The Global Plastic Waste Issue?

The responsibility of solving the Plastic Waste Crisis falls directly on the shoulders of the people. They must switch to recyclable and reusable plastics or things that do not pose a threat to the environment. 

The government must make policies or laws encouraging plastic ban, use economic incentives to stimulate manufacturers to adopt alternatives to plastic or create revenue that can fund plastic waste cleanup efforts.

As Sylvia Earle, a marine biologist says,  “It is the worst of times but it is the best of times because we still have a chance,”  we must not let go of that chance to protect our ecosystem and the environment around us. Instead, we must work together towards a brighter plastic-free future leading us on the road to sustainable development. It is all in the hands of those in power after all and as citizens of the world we must be responsible enough to give back to Mother Earth for she has granted to us the gift of life.

Reported by Arya Mitra; Edited by Krishangi Jasani

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NCACE - 2016 (Volume 4 - Issue 23)

Solid waste management: a case study of jaipur city.

• Article Download / Views: 35,871
• Total Downloads : 15
• Authors : Sudarshan Kumar, Somendra Sharma, Suraj Jaluthriya
• Paper ID : IJERTCONV4IS23003
• Volume & Issue : NCACE – 2016 (Volume 4 – Issue 23)
• Published (First Online): 24-04-2018
• ISSN (Online) : 2278-0181
• Publisher Name : IJERT

Sudarshan Kumar, Somendra Sharma, Suraj Jaluthriya

Department of Civil Engineering, Poornima Group of Institutions, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India

Abstract Solid Waste Management is a major concern worldwide. Inadequate handling of generated solid waste causes serious hazards to environment as well as living beings. This worldwide problem is also predominating in Jaipur city also. This case study is done to look out for obstacles and prospects of Solid Waste in Jaipur. Acomprehensive study was done regarding collection, transportation, handling, storage, disposal and treatment of solid wastegenerated in Jaipur city. The data acquired related to SWM was collected through site visits and interfacing with people. This study discloses that there is no proper mechanism in the city for treatment of solid waste generated, this leads to dumping of waste in open areas which causes various problems to environment as well as humans living in that vicinity.

Key Words: Solid waste management, Individual field test, Urban environment, Environmental Pollution

INTRODUCTION

Like many cities of India, Jaipur is undergoing rapid development. In Jaipur, the population was 2.34 million according to the 2001 census, and is now estimated to be over

3.5 million Solid waste management is an important part of urban and environmental management, like other infrastructural services has come under great stress, consider low priority areas, solid waste management was never takenup sincerelynor by public nor by concerned agency or authorities and in present time the solid waste is impacting our heath, environment and well-being. Waste minimization is a techniquewhich isused for waste reduction, primarily through reduction at source, it also includes recycling and re- use of waste materials. The benefits ofminimizing of waste is both environmental friendly and of less cost. To execute proper waste management, various points have to be considered such as: Source reduction, Onsite storage, Collection & transfer, Processing, and Disposal. Solid waste may be defined as production of unacceptable substances which is left after they are used once [1].With the increase in various sectors exponentially, more inputs are required. This necessarily means more output is also produced, and established itself in a large amount of waste. Waste is simply something that is no longer deemed useful and is dumped. However, a change in approach to view waste as a resource rather than as something useless is the first step needed to decrease it. Waste can be divided into four categories: solid waste, hazardous waste, biomedical waste, and electronic waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes what is thrown out by households and the commercial sector, such as food leftover, yard abstract, and construction debris. It isvery important to consider because it is the waste that the

normal public has the most contact with, and has a high political profile because the public is made up of voters. Also, MSW is one of the harder types of wastes to manage as it has many different elements, so if it can be managed efficiently, then management of other types of solid waste that are homogenous by nature will be easy to manage.

Jaipurs daily production of solid waste is almost1150 MT/day. Out of which around200-250 MT still remains on the streets and roads, that means lifting efficiency is around 80%. The per capita solid waste generation per day isaround 450 gm, which withafamily size of almostfive, results in 1.75 kg/day.There is none of data published on the composition of waste in Jaipur, although the figures of India in generally are reasonably accuratedepiction for Jaipur also. In India, thecomposition of waste is around 50% biodegradable, 25% inertwaste 9% plastic, 8% paper, 4%scraps, and 1% glass. The composition of different wastes keeps varying from season to season. In thesummer time there is more biodegradable waste produced because of more vegetation.The composition ofplastic in waste has probably been decreasing due to the recent ban on plastic bags in Rajasthan from beginning August 2010[2].Solid waste management was selected as the topic of this study because it is a visible environmental sustainability issue that India is confronting, since Jaipur is a rapidly developing city, effective waste management practices is especially needed. The objective of the study was to learn as much as possible about Jaipurs SWM through a broad-based approach.

Management of the transfer station or community bin.Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site. Waste disposal in landfill sitesbut in most of the Indian cities open dumping is the Common Practices which ispolluting environment and Public health.

Main sources of Solid Waste

Household waste, Commercials waste, Hotels, Clinics and dispensaries waste, Construction and demolition waste, Horticulture, Sludge

Solid Waste Management in Jaipur

Central Pollution Control Board conducted a study on the status of Municipal Solid Waste Collection, Treatment & Disposal in and around Jaipur City in 2007-2008. Most of the population of the city does not store the waste at source and instead disposes the waste into the garbage bins, roads, open

spaces, drainage pipes, etc. Isolation of recyclable waste is not practiced. Most of the recyclable material is also disposed of with domestic and trade waste. Therefore, recyclable waste is generally found mixed with rubbish on the streets, into the garbage bins and at the dumping zones from where part of this waste is picked up by the street sweepers. There is no door-to-door collection systemavailable of waste except in case of few housing societies. Street sweeping is thus the only process of primary collection of waste. There has been a momentous increase in the production of solid waste in Jaipur over the last few decades. The daily predicted generation of municipal solid waste in Jaipur city is about 1050 to 1150 TPD (tonnes per day), which is collected through street sweepers and from community waste storage sites. Thewaste generally transported every day is 900 TPD, which is about 85% of the waste generated in the city. Remaining solid waste is transported through specialdrives which happen weekly. This report further explain about SWM of Jaipur city is that the main system of primary collection of waste is street sweeping. There are about6400 streets sweepers in the city for street cleaning. Some roads are cleaned each day and some are cleaned periodically, twice a week or once in a week. Transportation of waste is done through a variety of vehicles such as 3-wheelers, tractors and trucks. Thevehicles are loaded manually with help of labours and these are used for 2-3 shifts in a day. Insufficient number of transport vehicles is also a major concern. The transportation system also does notis in sync with the systemof primary collection and waste storage facilities.

Status of SWM in Jaipur City

It was seen that there was lack of community garbage collection facility in slums; slum dwellers community dump their garbage nearby the living area.

The refuse bins in old Jaipur area were very dirty and overflowing. People often threw thegarbage outside the garbage bins. The inconvenience of huge garbage on streets and sorting by the sweepers or moving stray animals on thestreets represent very ugly scene.

It was observed at many places in the morning, thick black smoke spreaded over large areas on the roads due to burning of fallen leaves, plastics and other wastes.

Mot of the drains along the road and even main sewer lines near Mother Dairy, Bais Godam, Durgapura and Pratapnagar were found blocked due to indiscriminate dumping ofGarbage

Graph I. Waste generation rate

The use of commercial trucks with or without hydraulic system for waste transportation was very common in Jaipur City. It has a carrying capacity of 3.5 to 8.0 Tonwaste at a time. Garbage from the roadside garbage bins is lifted manually and thrown into thetrucks. Besides this, tractor, dumper placer, mobile compactor etc. were also used to transportwaste to the dumping site.

JMC had one mechanized sweeping machine to pick garbage from not reachable places.Presently, JMC uses this machine on highways, mainly in traffic congested areas.

Quantities of Waste Generated and its characteristics in City

Waste Quantity-916 TPD

Waste Generation Rate-0.59 kg/c/day Compostables-45.50%

Recyclables-12.10 % Moisture Present-21%

System Implementation

Solid waste is managed by the JMC.Sweepers bring the waste to a municipal bin. Two to three sweepers come to one container. The JMC bought about 800 waste disposal bins to be distributed throughout the city. In theory, one-cubic-meter waste disposal bins with a storage capacity of half ton of waste are placed every 250 meters along streets. Currently 55 of the 77 wards have containers; the wards of the Old City are notcontainerized due to past objections, likely regarding space concerns.Those containersthat are in usage are often in very poor condition, with holes so big that waste is spilling out the sides. There are approximately 40 such bins in Civil Lines, according to a permanent garbage worker who works there. In Civil Lines at least, JMC lorries are observed to arrive around 7:30 AM to remove the waste. Two large bins of 2.5 or 3.5 cubic meters can fit on each lorry. Each bin is mechanically hoisted up onto the back of the lorry, and in its place an empty bin is left. In other areas such as along JLN Marg, residents dispose of their own waste in community bins which are shared by about 20-25 homes. A municipal van comes daily topick it up.

Issues in waste management in Jaipur

There is a rate of 10-20% absenteeism at thework place.30 At times, rather than coming to work, workers will just send someone else in their place. There are about 100 days off a year (including Sundays) when the formal sector workers do not collect garbage and it just sits on the streets. However even the percentage Jaipur spends on staff salaries seems disproportionately high. This is likely a result of hiring more employees every year without increasing each of their duties accordingly, so more people are covering the same work. The C/N ratio ranges from 20 to 30. Calorific value ranges between 800-1000 Kcal/kg. In cities, the major fraction is compostable materials is 40-60% and that of inert 30-50%. The organic fraction increases while moving from rural to urban areas. The percentage of recyclable waste is verymuch low as these are picked up by the street sweepers from the houses. Treatment and disposal methods in use in India for MSW mainly include land filling, composting and very few wastes to energy initiatives (incineration, RDF and bio methane). Jaipur is also facing the similar situation where open, uncontrolled and poorly managed land filling is common.

Disposal sites in Jaipur

Mathura Das Pura: This site is located in the east of the city. Total area for the site was 176 Bighas. This site is the old most site and is about 17 Km from the main city. Approximately 300-400 TPD of garbage is being dumped every day at this site.

Langariyawas: This site is located in the east direction of the city, 3-4 Km from the Mathura-Das-Pura. The area of this landfill site is 483 bigha.

Sewapura: This site is located at a distance of 20 Km from the main city on Jaipur-Delhi highway. Its total area is

Total amount of waste dumped in these 3 dumping sites and vehicles taking number of trips to these sites in a particular time period (source JMC)

200 bigha.Approximately, 200-300 TPD of garbage was being gone every day to this site.

The overall objective of this study was to investigate Jaipurs solid waste management system by how the system is implemented, the successes and challenges and how those

challenges are being addressed, and the nature of public- private partnerships and how they can be improved. At the conclusion of the study, it was found that Jaipurs waste management system involves many types of workers who all have specialized jobs, including government executives in political and administrative positions, a permanent and impermanent faction in the formal sector, the informal sector and private contractors. The formal sector seems to be carrying out their duties effectively and on time, and there are few complaints from citizens about their interaction with waste service providers. Still there are many areas for improvement, including better law implementation and reinforcement, reduction of corruption, updated technology, better-trained staff, more manpower, increased education and awareness, and more funding. With growing population and economy of the urban regions in the state, generation of municipal solid waste is on the rise. The usage of plastics is despoiling the landscape, blocking drainage systems, and affecting health ofanimals. There is a need to ensure proper collection, segregation, processing and disposal of solid waste.

SUGGESTIONS

In improving collection mechanism

Waste must be collected at pre-informed timings.The arrival of waste collectors should be announced through methods such as ringing a bell.

Waste can be kept inside or outside the house.Different bins for different varieties of wastes must be kept so that each category of wastewill follow a different path.

In improving storage of solid waste

The transfer station needed to be so designed such that the waste can directly be transferred into a large vehicle or container.Large vehicles having containers with a capacity of 20-30 cubic meters are typically used for disposal sites which are at long distance.The design and capacity of transfer stations and storage equipment largely depends on thequantity of waste and on type of vehicles used for primary and secondary waste.

In improving Transportation of solid waste

Under the 2000 rules, the transport vehicle must be covered. In the beginning, therefore,municipal authorities needed to provide a cover for existing vehicles.The transport of waste can be managed and monitored centrally and through a largedecentralized settlement. In either case, municipal officers should ensure the efficiency ofthe arrangement. Transport services can be contracted out to private operators.The transport system must be coordinated with the secondary storage system of waste toprevent manual and multiple handling of waste.

In improving Disposal of solid waste

Treatment of organic waste -Household waste can contain 40 or 50 percent organic waste. Waste from vegetable markets contain even higher in amounts. As organic waste cause major hygienic and environmental problems in cities and at landfills, the 2000 rules mandate improved management and treatment of this fraction before final disposal [3]. Several treatment methods for organic waste are available like composting, anaerobic digestion, Incineration etc.

Treatment of Inorganic Waste-The inorganic portion of municipal household waste can be divided into recyclable materials and non-recyclable materials. The earlier recyclable materials are separated from the solid waste, the higher their value and the easier will be the further processing methods. The appropriate treatment method or inorganic waste will depend on its physical and chemical characteristics and also

on its reuse potential. In India, the principal treatment method for inorganic waste is recycling.

Disposal in Landfills

L Oliver Solid waste management of Jaipur-An overview and analysis. 2011

Amit Singh Municipal Solid Waste Management in current Status and Way2011

Rahul Nandwana and R C Chhipa Impact of Solid Waste Disposal on Ground Water Quality in Different Disposal Site at Jaipur, India.2014

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Solid Waste Management in India: A Ground Report

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• Tabassum-Abbasi 12 ,
• Sonu Kumar Sahu 13 &
• S. A. Abbasi 13  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering ((LNCE,volume 275))

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Ever since solid waste generation began to spiral up from early 1970s onwards enormous efforts have been vested from scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs as also governmental agencies, to control/treat/reuse/recycle/recover Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). But the quantities and complexities of the MSW have only been rising, that too rising steeply… almost exponentially. From the late 1980s two new solid waste streams—e-waste and plastic waste—have been added while the stream of battery waste has swelled. As all these are non-biodegradable as well as hazardous, they have made handling of MSW increasingly more complex. The situation is particularly grim in developing countries like India who are facing the prospect of being swamped by MSW. This study has aimed to go beyond the claims of governmental agencies, and the material available in scientific papers, books and reports, to assess the ground reality associated with the MSW challenge.

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SKS gratefully acknowledges the three National Science Academies for summer fellowship.

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Tabassum-Abbasi, Sahu, S.K., Abbasi, S.A. (2023). Solid Waste Management in India: A Ground Report. In: Siddiqui, N.A., Baxtiyarovich, A.S., Nandan, A., Mondal, P. (eds) Recent Advances in Recycling Engineering . AIR 2021. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 275. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3931-0_1

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India's Wastewater Problem

A s is the case with rapid population growth and urbanization in many so-called developing nations, waste management becomes a problem not only in rural areas but also in densely populated cities. A textbook example of this growth outpacing infrastructural capacities is the situation in urban hotspots in India like Delhi, where a report by Euronews from May 2023 mentions neighborhoods with “open gutters […] filled with plastic and grey-colored water”. While the number of operational sewage treatment plants doubled between 2014 and 2020, the capacity for water treatment is still severely lacking.

According to the latest annual report by the Central Pollution Control Board, India generated 72.4 billion liters of wastewater per day across all provinces, with Maharashtra (9.1 billion), Uttar Pradesh (8.3 billion), Tamil Nadu (6.4 billion) and Gujarat (5.0 billion) being responsible for around 40 percent of wastewater.

The 1,093 sewage treatment plants only had operational capacities of 26.9 billion liters of wastewater per day, with around 400 plants either non-operational or under construction as of the latest available tally from 2020/2021. This translates to only 37 percent of sewage being treated, exacerbating the risks of communicable diseases and contaminated food and drinking water.

While India is seemingly hard-pressed to keep up with the amount of wastewater its population generates, measures to grant more people access to potable water and basic sanitation and hygiene were scaled up significantly in recent decades. For example, the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign, translatable to Clean India, initiated in 2014 aims to eliminate open defecation by installing upwards of 100 million toilets in the country.

Nevertheless, in 2022, only 75 percent of rural Indian households had at least basic access to sanitation , while 30 percent of homes didn’t have their own washing facility with soap and water according to data from the WHO and Unicef’s Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene .

Description

This chart shows the development of the number of operational sewage treatment plants and annual sewage generation in India.

This article originally appeared on Statista and was syndicated by MediaFeed.

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