research paper on agriculture in india pdf

Advertisement

Agricultural growth and crop diversification in India: a state-level analysis

• RESEARCH PAPER
• Published: 12 January 2024

Cite this article

• Nikkita Gupta 1 &
• Elumalai Kannan 1  

This paper focuses on trend in India’s agricultural growth estimated based on structural breaks in agricultural GDP from 1981–82 to 2019–20, using Bai–Perron multiple breakpoint method. The paper also examines the relationship between agricultural growth and crop diversification. At the national level, five structural breaks in agricultural GDP were identified: 1987–88, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2003–04, and 2011–12. At the state level, structural break points occurred at different time periods indicating the effect of state-specific policy changes or occurrence of extreme climatic events. The southern, western, and central regions have highly diversified cropping pattern, whereas eastern and northern regions follow a specialised cropping pattern. Panel instrumental variable regression results show that crop diversification has a positive and statistically significant effect on agricultural output controlling for effects of other variables such as gross terms of trade, irrigation, cropping intensity, public capital expenditure, fertiliser use and labour. The study results have policy implications for promoting crop diversification that holds the key to sustain agricultural growth in the long run.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price includes VAT (Russian Federation)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Rent this article via DeepDyve

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Performance of Agriculture in Uttar Pradesh

Global Trends in Wheat Production, Consumption and Trade

Small farms and development in sub-Saharan Africa: Farming for food, for income or for lack of better options?

See Kurosaki ( 2003 ) for a long-term analysis of crop diversification and agricultural growth in West Punjab from 1903 to 1992.

According to Kurosaki ( 2003 ), CDI has the intuitive meaning of the probability of hitting different crop if two points are randomly chosen from the whole area under cultivation in a state/district. Besides Herfindahl–Hirschman index, there are other alternative measures used for computing the level of crop diversification (for details see, Shiyani and Pandya 1998 ; Chand 1999 ). Conceptual definition and approaches on diversification in agriculture can be found in Vyas ( 1996 ) and Chand ( 1999 ). Although many studies have considered proportion of area under individual crops in total cropped area (i.e. shift in area from one crop to another crop) as a measure of crop diversification, role of price in influencing the decision of farmers for a shift in cropping pattern can be incorporated in the crop diversification index. The modified index can be written as, CDI* \(=1-\sum_{i=1}^{n}({Q}_{i}{P}_{i}/\sum_{i=1}^{n}{Q}_{i}{P}_{i})\) 2 , where Q is i th crop output and p is price of i th crop output.

In this study, Eq. ( 5 ) is estimated as a production function. We acknowledge the limitation of the current approach as there could be a theoretical linkage between road density and agricultural output.

The entire analysis of performance of agriculture relates to GDP from agriculture (crop) sector. The output from the allied sector is not taken into consideration.

There is a broad consensus among various studies that there were four major national-scale meteorological drought events that took place between 1980 and 2020, namely in 1987, 2002, 2009, and 2012 (Udmale et. al., 2020, Kumar et. al., 2013). India witnessed one of the major national-scale meteorological drought events during 1987.

Acharya SP, Basavaraja H, Kunnal LB, Mahajanashetti SB, Bhat AR (2011) Crop diversification in Karnataka: an economic analysis. Agric Econ Res Rev 24(2):351–358

Google Scholar  

Ahluwalia MS (2000) India’s Economic Reforms: An Appraisal. In: Sachs J, Bajpa N (eds) India in the Era of Economic Reform. Oxford University Press, New Delhi

Akber N, Paltasingh KR (2019) Is Public investment complimentary to private investment in Indian agriculture? Evidence from NARDL approach. Agric Econ 50:643–655

Article   Google Scholar  

Antoshin S, Berg A and Souto M. (2008), Testing for structural breaks in small samples, IMF working paper WP/08/75, international monetary fund, Washington, D.C.

Bai J (1994) Least squares estimation of a shift in linear processes. J Time Ser Anal 15(5):453–472

Bai J, Perron P (1998) Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes. Econometrica 66(1):47–78

Bai J, Perron P (2006) Multiple Structural Change Models: A Simulation Analysis. In: Theory E, Practice: Frontier of Analysis and Applied Research (Essays in Honor of Peter Phillips), (eds) Corbae D. Hansen, Cambridge University Press, S. Durlauf and B.E

Bai, J. and P. Perron (2003),Computation and analysis of multiple structural change models. J Appl Econ” , 18(1): 1–22.

Balakrishnan P, Parameswaran M (2007) Understanding economic growth in India: a prerequisite. Econ Pol Wkly 42(27&28):2915–2922

Basavaraj ND, Gajanana TM, Satishkumar M (2016) Crop diversification in Gadag District of Karnataka. Agric Econ Res Rev 29(1):151–158

Behera UK, Sharma AR, Mahapatra IC (2007) Crop diversification for efficient resource management in India: problems, prospects and policy. J Sustain Agric 30(3):97–127

Bellon MR, Kotu BH, Azzarri C, Caraccicola F (2020) To diversify or not to diversify, that is the question pursuing agriculturaldevelopment for smallholder farmers in marginal areas of Ghana. World Dev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104682

Bhalla GS (2007) Indian Agriculture Since Independence. Sage Publications, New Delhi

Bhalla GS, Singh G (2001) Indian agriculture: four decades of development. Sage Publications, New Delhi

Bhalla GS, Singh G (2009) Economic liberalisation and Indian agriculture: a statewise analysis. Econ Pol Wkly 44(52):34–44

Binswanger HP, Khandler SR, Rosenzweig MR (1993) How infrastructure and financial institutions affect agricultural output and investment in India. J Dev Econ 41:337–366

Birthal PS, Roy D, Negi DS (2015) Assessing the impact of crop diversification on farm poverty in India. World Dev 72:70–92

Birthal PS, PK Joshi, D Roy and A Thorat (2007), Diversification in Indian agriculture towards high-value crops: The Role of Smallholders”, IFPRI Discussion Paper 727 ,Internatioanl Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C.

Casini A, and Perron P. (2019), Structural Breaks in Time Series. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance. Retrieved 31 Oct. 2023, from https://oxfordre.com/economics/view/ https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.001.0001/acrefore-9780190625979-e-179 .

Chand R (1996) Diversification through high value crops in Western Himalayan region: evidence from Himachal Pradesh. Indian J Agri Econ 51(4):652–663

Chand R (1999) Agricultural diversification in india: potentials and prospects in developed region. Mittan Publication, New Delhi

Chand R, Parapparathu S (2012) Temporal and spatial variations in agricultural growth and its determinants. Econ Pol Wkly 47(26&27):55–64

Chand R, Raju SS, Pandey LM (2007) Growth crisis in agriculture: severity and options at national and state levels. Econ Pol Wkly 42(26):2528–2533

Chand R, Raju SS, Pandey LM (2010) Effect of global recession on Indian agriculture. Indian J Agri Econ 65(3):487–496

Dasgupta S, Bhaumik SK. (2014), Crop diversification and agricultural growth in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics , 69 (902–2016–67970), 108–124.

De Janvry A (2010) Agriculture for development: new paradigm and options for success. Agric Econ 41(S1):17–36

Deokar BK, Shetty SL (2014) Growth in Indian agriculture: responding to policy initiatives since 2004–05. Econ Political Weekly 49(26):101–104

Deshpande RS, Arora S (2010) Agrarian Crisis and Farmer Suicide. Sage Publications, New Delhi, Edited

Feliciano D (2019) A review on the contribution of crop diversification to sustainable development goal 1 “no poverty” in different world regions. Sustain Dev 27:795–808

Ghosh M (2002) Trends, random walks and structural breaks in Indian agriculture. Indian J Agri Econ 57(4):679–697

Ghosh M (2008) Economic Reforms and Indian Economic Development. Bookwell, Delhi

Ghosh M (2010) Structural Breaks and Performance in Indian Agriculture. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 65(1):59–79

Gulati A, Fan S (2007) The dragon and the elephant: Agricultural and rural reforms in China and India. International Food Policy Res Institute, Washington, D.C.

Hazell, PBR (200). The Asian green revolution, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00911 , International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C.

Hazra CR (2001) Crop Diversification in India. In: Papademetriou MK, Dent FJ (eds) (2001), Crop diversification in the Asia-Pacific Region, Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations. Regional Office for Asiaand the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand

Jana A, Chattopadhyay A (2023) Drought and Socioeconomic Drivers of Crop Diversity in India: A Panel Analysis. Agri Res 12(4):450–461

Joshi PK, Gulati A, Birthaland Tewari PS, L. (2004) Agriculture diversification in South Asia: patterns, determinants and policy implications. Econ Pol Wkly 39(24):2457–2467

Joshi, P. K.; Birthal, P. S. and Minot, N. (2006), Sources of agricultural growth in India: Role of diversification towards high-value crops. MTID Discussion Paper No. 98 , Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.

Kannan E (2011) Trends in India’s agricultural growth and its determinants. Asian J Agri Dev 8(2):79–99

Kumar A, Kumar P, Sharma AN (2012) Crop diversification in Eastern India: Status and determinants. Indian J Agri Econ 67(4):1–17

Kumar KN, Rajeevan M, Pai D, Srivastava AK, Preethi B, B, (2013) “On the observed variability of monsoon droughts over India. Weather Climate Extremes 1:42–50

Kurosaki T (2003) Specialization and diversification in agricultural transformation: the case of West Punjab, 1903–92. Am J Agr Econ 85(2):372–386

Mellor JW (2017) Agricultural development and economic transformation: promoting growth with poverty reduction. Palgrave Macmillan

Book   Google Scholar  

Mishra A, Kumar A, Johsi PK (2020) Transforming Agriculture in South Asia: The Role of Value Chains and Contract Farming. Edited, Routledge, London

Patnaik U (2005). Theorizing food security and poverty. Public Lect Deliv at IIC, Delhi, mimeo .

Perron P (2006), Dealing with structural breaks. in: Patterson K. Mills T.C. Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics, Palgrave-Macmillan, 278–352

Pingali PL (2012) Green revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(31):12302–12308

Rao PP, Birthal PS, Joshi PK, Kar D (2004), “Agricultural Diversification in India and Role of Urbanization, MTID Discussion Paper No. 77 , International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.

Rao PP, Joshi PK, Kumar S and Ganguly K (2008). Agricultural Diversification in Andhra Pradesh, India: Patterns, Determinants and Implications. In: Research Report No 2 International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Andhra Pradesh, India

Reddy DN and S Mishra (2010), Agriculture in the Reforms Regime. IN: DN Reddy and S Mishra (Eds.) (2010), Agrarian Crisis in India, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Reddy DN, Mishra S (2009) Agrarian Crisis in India, Edited. Oxford University Press, New Delhi

Sathe D (1998) Asian currency crisis and Indian economy. Econ Pol Wkly 33(18):1003–1005

Sharma HR (2023) Patterns, sources and determinants of agricultural growth in India. Indian J Agri Econ 78(1):26–70

Shiyani RL, Pandya HR (1998) Diversification of agriculture in Gujarat. Indian J Agri Econ 53(4):627–639

Singh RB (2000) Environmental consequences of agricultural development: a case study from the Green Revolution state of Haryana, India. Agr Ecosyst Environ 82(1–3):97–103

Singh S, Singh M (2018) Dynamics of cropping pattern and diversification in Rajasthan during post-liberalisation period. Annals of the RGA 34(1):1–14

Singh P, Adhale P, Guleria A, Bhoi PB, Bhoi AK, Bacco M, Barsocchi P (2022) Crop diversification in South Asia: a panel regression approach. Sustainability 14(15):9363

Thorat S, Fan S (2007), Public investment and poverty reduction: lessons from China and India”, Econom Politic Weekly , 704–710.

Udmale P, Ichikawa Y, Ning S, Shrestha S, Pal I (2020) A statistical approach towards defining national-scale meteorological droughts in India using crop data. Environ Res Lett 15(9):094090

Vaidyanathan A (2010) Agricultural Growth in India: Role of Technology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, Incentives and Institution

Vyas VS (1996) Diversification in agriculture: concept, rationale and approaches. Indian J Agri Econom 51(4):638–643

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors sincerely thank three anonymous referees for their insightful comments, which helped to revise the paper substantially. Authors are also thankful to the Editors of this journal for their constructive suggestions.

Authors declare no funds or grants received for conducting this study.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

Nikkita Gupta & Elumalai Kannan

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elumalai Kannan .

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest.

Authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the contents of this article. As this article uses data that are available in public domain, there are no ethical issues involved in data compilation and hence approval from the institutional ethics review board was not required.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Gupta, N., Kannan, E. Agricultural growth and crop diversification in India: a state-level analysis. J. Soc. Econ. Dev. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-023-00311-7

Download citation

Accepted : 29 November 2023

Published : 12 January 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-023-00311-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Agricultural growth
• Crop diversification
• Structural break analysis

JEL Classification

• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

AGRICULTURE SECTOR AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The present research paper has focused on the role of the agriculture sector in rural development of India. The secondary data were used and it was obtained from various sources like annual reports of agriculture and farmers welfare department, ministry of rural development, census reports, and NSSO data. Agriculture sector significantly contributes to the positive improvement of the economy generally and rural development particularly. India is an agricultural country with 195 million hectares is gross cropped area, 141 million hectares of land as net sown area, the highest percentage of land under cultivation in the world. The country accounts for 17.7 percent of the world's population and ranks in the second largest populated country. The country has about 68.8 percent of the population living in its rural areas and the only source of their livelihood is agriculture and allied activities. The total production of food grains was increased from 259.29 million tonnes in 2011-12 to 284.95 million tonnes in 2018-19. The contribution of agriculture in gross value added at basic prices has continuously fallen in India from 17.72 percent in 2012-13 to 14.09 percent in 2019-20. The share of agriculture in employment declined from about 69.7 percent in 1951 to about 54.6 percent by 2011. The amount of agricultural credits are very much insufficient and the private non-institutional sources still remained a significant contribution in supplying credit to the farmers and rural peoples. To achieve sustainable rural International Research Journal of Human Resource and Social Sciences ISSN(O): (2349-4085) ISSN(P): (2394-4218) Impact Factor 5. development through agricultural practices, it needed the more than four percent growth rate in agriculture, provision of quality and adequate quantum of inputs such as quality seeds, fertilisers, and their timely supply besides electricity, socioeconomic inclusion policy and participation of the rural people in development strategies are the key concerns of the policy.

Related Papers

deary ratnaningsih

Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial

Kamille Vaz

RESUMO: Com este artigo temos a intenção de expor o estudo acerca da produção do conhecimento sobre o professor de Educação Especial (EE) no Brasil durante os anos de 2000 a 2016. O objetivo é analisar como está sendo disseminada a concepção sobre esse professor específico pelas pesquisas acadêmicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa, cuja base teórico-metodológica é o materialismo histórico-dialético. Utilizamos o balanço de produções acadêmicas como procedimento metodológico para a coleta e análise de dados, o qual contribui para a seleção dos trabalhos acadêmicos e a análise inicial sobre a concentração desses trabalhos em ano, local, professores e grupos de pesquisa. Nos 16 anos que abarcamos nesta pesquisa, foram selecionados 24 trabalhos entre teses, dissertações, artigos científicos e trabalhos publicados em anais de eventos, os quais tinham como foco de análise o professor de EE. Tais trabalhos nos permitiram destacar a imprecisão sobre a forma de denomina...

Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages - POPL '14

Delia Kesner

Diabetes & Metabolism

Ivana Olecká

ArchéoSciences

Wolfgang Rabbel

Ali Emre Arslan

War is a conflict between political groups, historically mostly between states. However, recently, there has been a shift towards more civil wars and conflicts involving non-state actors like guerrilla groups and terrorist organizations. Interstate wars (between states) have become less common. They've been replaced by civil wars and conflicts within a single state. War may have an official or semi-legal character. This means that declaring a state of war does not always mean direct hostilities. Declaration of war may have diplomatic or legal procedures. Post-Cold War, 'new' wars emerged within states, marked by ethnic tensions, advanced military tech, and non-state actors like terrorists.

Formación universitaria

Olga Margarita Malacara Martinez

SSRN Electronic Journal

Jurnal Peduli Masyarakat

Richa Noprianty

The use of contraceptives in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic has decreased by 35% to 47%. This resulted in the pregnancy rate increasing by 67 pregnancies from the previous year. In West Java, the pregnancy rate jumps by 10%. One of the efforts to suppress the spike in baby births is through the Keluarga Berencana (KB) program for couples with childbearing age. The aim of this community service is to provide knowledge about contraceptive tools and methods in suppressing baby booms. This community service method is in the form of interactive education based on information technology and offline interactive education. The target is 30 women of childbearing age couples aged between 15-45 who used contraception and did not make repeat visits during the Covid-19 pandemic. The implementation technique is divided into three stages, namely the first stage is to assess the level of understanding respondent with a pre-test use to google form, the second stage is to carry out counseling...

RELATED PAPERS

Wijang Wisnu Raharjo

Hydrology Research

Samuel Nii Odai

International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing

shiv narayan

Thēmis Revista De Derecho

David Friedman

Cuadernos De Marte

Flabián Nievas

Daniel Kapusta

Information Sciences

Jorge Gotay

IUTAM Book Series

Edwin Kreuzer

FILA SUNARIAH

LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas

Ana Carla Bruno

fabbris Luigi

RELATED TOPICS

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024