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Charley AI will take you all the way from deciding on a topic, to submitting your essay in a matter of seconds.

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Charley identifies the ideal topics for your essay and provides insightful example essays to inspire and guide you.

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Our AI adapts to your desired grade level, and will tailor it's writing style and word choice to suit the grade you want your essay be marked.

Intuitive Essay Generator

Experience seamless essay generation with our user-friendly text editor. Craft compelling essays effortlessly and unlock your full writing potential.

Customizable Essay Creation

Personalize your writing journey with our versatile essay creation page. Select the tone, essay type, word count, and desired grade to start writing the perfect essay tailored to your needs.

175,000+ Users Here's what they say:

I haven't written an essay in 4 months now, and i've got nothing but straight A's and B's. This website is crazy!

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I have no idea how they do this, but it gets me good grades and that's all I care about.

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Just wrote my 4,000 word essay before my teacher finished presenting it... WTF!

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FREE AUTOMATED ESSAY GENERATOR

Essay-maker is an AI tool that can generate an essay on any topic within a couple of minutes. Just follow these simple steps to get your paper:

• State the topic of your future paper
• Press “Continue”
• Revise and edit the essay to fit it to your needs

Generating an essay is only half of the work. We cannot guarantee that this text will be 100% original. Get expert editing help to get a unique, plagiarism-free paper written according to your instructions

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Generating Essay ...

How to use the essay maker tool:

Essay generator is an automated AI tool that can create an essay on any topic within a couple of minutes. Just follow these simple steps to get your paper:

• Paste the topic for the essay you need
• Click "Continue" button to activate tool
• Revise and edit the essay to fit your needs

(Votes: 29 )

How to avoid plagiarism?

Proper citation style.

Avoid plagiarism by always listing the source and formatting it correctly when you are note-taking. Take care of the proper formatting and citation style when using content from outside sources.

Write on your own

Avoid borrowing and overusing large pieces of the content from outside sources, especially Wikipedia. Write your own thoughts and use sources only to support your opinion (remember to cite it though!).

Rewriting Service

PapersOwl Expert can rewrite up to 75% of your content, and edit and proofread your paper to make it plagiarism free and ready to use.

Editing Service

PapersOwl expert can edit up to 50% of your content, proofread and polish your paper to make it plagiarism free and ready to use.

Writing Service

PapersOwl expert can rewrite your paper from scratch according to instructions and guidelines and make it plagiarism free and ready to use.

Suits your similarity index. Consider using it!

How to Use Free Essay Generator

To use the essay generator online, all you have to do is to provide the title or the keywords. Click generate, and the tool will generate the essay. It is that simple. You can generate again and again, until you are happy with the outcome. It features rearranges sentences, so plagiarism is less likely to happen. Just in case, we recommend you to polish your essay and use our plagiarism tool to check its originality.

As you know, plagiarism checks are mandatory these days for all papers of all types. The tool can help you with any type of academic writing in seconds, and you are left with a great paper that will need your editing only. It ensures that writing is professional, accurate, and to the point. 

What Subjects You Can Get Help With

For the lack of a better word, you can use the tool for all subjects, period. The essay generator AI is modern, advanced software that can complete any task in no time and there is no need to worry about it. It automatically replaces weak words and generate essays of great quality. As we have mentioned, you can provide the keywords and the tool will complete the task in no time. This makes essay writing easier than ever before and finally gives you the time you need to invest in your other tasks or to have fun. You can replace words using synonyms later on to make this even better or to look more professional. 

The tool can check the keywords and compare them with our database. It will learn about the topic you need done and also what subject is in question. This is how it is capable to work on any subject and on any topic. 

College Essay Generator Advantages

The essay generator is an amazing tool and the one we are happy to share with you. The first advantage is the fact you will get a generated essay within seconds, so you don’t need to invest a lot of time into writing it. You can work on other tasks, and let’s face it, you have too many of them already.

The second advantage is the fact you will get a professionally written essay. All you have to do then is to download essay in high quality, and you are done. As you can see, this works well and has a ton of advantages as well. There is no need to worry about the quality or anything similar.

After the topic entered process, you will click generate, and you are done. As you can see, this is an extremely simple tool to use, and there are no complicated and hour-long guides you need to read first. For students who are in the rush and who don’t have enough time to work on the papers, the tool is essential. 

We can also see that the tool can work on any essay topic and can help you boost your skills and make them much better. You can use these essays as inspiration, to learn how to write, or to get an idea for your own paper. The possibilities here are endless, and there are countless, the ones we really like.

HOW DOES AN ESSAY GENERATOR WORK?

• All you need to do is enter your essay's topic. The tool will browse our essay collection and generate a paper based on the theme of your assignment.
• As you push the button, the tool starts creating an essay. The solution scans our essay sample base, analyzes vocabulary info, and generates a paper based on the chosen subject criteria.
• It takes no more than 2 minutes for the tool to generate an essay. The paper you get is error-free, contains zero plagiarism and comprehensively covers the topic.
• The final stage is entirely optional. If you are having trouble with the editing or don't like the final version, you may get professional writing help from specialists.

Polish your paper and get rid of plagiarism!

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• Any Field of Study
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Essay Generator is rated 4.9 /5 based on 435 user reviews.

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ESSAY GENERATOR

Our essay rewriter is a revolutionary tool designed to help you refine your essay. It can process any content type. Developed by professionals, it delivers results in a matter of seconds providing a 100% original essay. Check out the further benefits:

You don’t have to pay a cent to get your improved paper. Simply upload your essay and enjoy the outcome in just a few seconds!

Click on the Rewrite button and wait… well, you don’t have to wait. Your essay will be processed super fast demonstrating to you all the growth points. You will proceed fast to obtaining a refined essay.

We know the value of authentic texts and did our best to present an instrument that would generate original papers. Whatever the type of your content, our rewriter analyzes the text and optimizes it so that you end up with a unique paper.

A tool that inspires the writer… Sounds like magic, and it actually is to an extent. Whenever you feel burned out, lacking desire, or just spent, try using our rewriter. It surely will highlight ideas making your essay play out in fresh colours.

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Free AI Writer and Text Generator

Generate high-quality, unique essays and articles with Smodin’s free AI writer and text generator. Go from a few phrases to surprisingly great essays and articles with AI copywriting.

How Does Smodin Author Work?

Smodin's AI writer is easy to use. Provide your prompt with a few words and easily generate plagiarism-free, unique, and high-quality articles and essays in minutes. Type what you want to write about in a small sentence or two, with at least the minimum required characters for the tool to work, and click on the generate text button. Our AI Writer will create content which you can review, edit in parts or use only the parts you liked, keep tweaking the original text, or keep generating from the original seed. This easy-to-use AI text generator can be used by all education levels to produce essays and articles and also for copywriting, marketing, page creation, writing paragraphs, headlines, lists, and more. There are no software or programming skills required.

Other AI Writer Tools

Why use an ai content writer.

Writing has always been the most labor-intensive and time-consuming part for creators. You can say goodbye to writer’s block with Smodin’s AI Writer. Smodin’s Artificial intelligence content generator makes content creation as simple as clicking a button. You will also be saving significant amounts of time, and, as it is written by artificial intelligence, the text is unlikely to be plagiarized, you will be generating original content in most cases. Content will come to you like magic and you will be able to get more traffic to your website. Our AI-written text generator writes your essays and articles quickly and easily in any language. It can also help you to generate marketing content for Facebook ads, Google ads, Amazon product descriptions, LinkedIn posts, and more.

What is a Text Generator?

A text generator is an online tool that uses AI and complex algorithms to generate a text from a shortly added seed of characters. A text generation tool carries all of the key points in a text over to the expanded version. The content you receive contains a complete expansion of the initial text you added.

Why should you use a text generator?

Writing is not natural for everyone, which means that some people struggle more than others. Generating text provides a simple step to ensure that you can create something with as little effort as possible. You don’t need to be a professional writer to create fascinating works. You don’t need to scan the Internet, your brain, friends, and online resources to check for ideas. Our text generation tool takes that time-consuming effort and puts it all on a single text. With just a few clicks, your text will be generated and ready for use or correction, thus saving you time, energy, and stress. Using the text generator tool can also help you learn and increase your imagination.

What content can a text generator write?

Our text generator can write all types of text, in multiple languages, you can use it to write blogs, articles, books, essays, below is a more in-depth list of what you can use the writer to write. it can also be used as a big source of inspiration, removing writer’s block, generating new ideas and unexpected outcomes.

Smodin Author Testimonials

From plagiarism-free homework essays to high-quality, unique articles for your blog, Smodin’s AI Writer can help you generate compelling, converting text that’s either descriptive or argumentative with just a few prompts from you. Generate marketing copy for ads, product descriptions, social media content, and more within minutes and in just a few clicks.

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Write Things

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Write Manuals

Write Novels

Write Publications

Write Textbooks

Write Writing

Write Homework

Frequently Asked Questions

What kind of essays and articles can i write with the ai.

As long as you provide us with the right prompt and sufficient context, our AI Writer can generate long text on just about any topic. You can write essays that span a range of topics for any educational level, articles in any niche, and even marketing content for Facebook ads, Google ads, Amazon product descriptions, LinkedIn posts, and more.

What technology should I learn to use this AI Writer?

There are no software or programming skills required to use this tool. Our AI Writer tool has a user-friendly interface where you can generate text in a few simple steps. Just fill in the required information about your topic and we’ll do the rest.

Are essays and articles generated unique and plagiarism-free?

Our AI Writer can produce unique and plagiarism-free content every time as long as you provide us with the right prompt. The essays are 100% generated content, whereas the articles are scraped from content from the web and might contain plagiarised content. Although all essays and all rewritten articles are expected to pass Copyscape or TurnItIn, you should use our plagiarism checker to confirm.

Do I need to edit the essays or articles generated by the AI?

The writing generated by our AI Writer may be a finished product, or may need editing. When using AI writer, there is a possibility of generating unfinished content. We provide an editor and a user-friendly interface to edit and make changes to the generated text the way you want.

How much does the AI Writer cost?

Smodin’s AI Writer is currently free to use. We will be adding additional paid options soon.

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AI Essay Writer

AI Essay Writer by Editpad is a free essay generator that helps you write narrative, persuasive, argumentative and descriptive essays online in seconds.

How to use AI Essay Writer by Editpad?

To use Editpad's AI Essay Writer, you need to follow these simple steps below:

• Type or paste your essay topic or requirements in the input box provided.
• Select the required essay length and writing tone.
• You can also select the " Add References " option if required.
• Click on " Write My Essay " button.
• After that, our essay generator will automatically generate your essay and provide results in the output box.

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Reflective Essay Generator

Ai-powered academic essay writer.

• Academic assignments: Create reflective essays for your coursework or assignments.
• Personal development: Write reflective essays to explore your personal growth and experiences.
• Professional development: Generate essays reflecting on your professional experiences and learnings.
• Research reflection: Write reflective essays on your research findings or processes.
• Educational tools: Use the generated essays as teaching tools for students learning how to write reflective essays.

New & Trending Tools

Professional writer ai, paraphrase ai, cover letter ai.

Essay Generator

Note that the first generation may take longer, but subsequent generation on same topic will be almost instant. You should enable essay rewrite and/or sentence shuffler feature if you wish to obtain unique essay that passes plagiarism check.

Click of a mouse to Generate Your Unique Essay

EssaySoft Essay Generator takes an essay question and keywords as input, and generates creative high quality essay articles that are free of plagiarism, fully automatic in just a few seconds. No matter what essay topic you have been given, our essay generator will be able to complete your essay without any hassle. If you need instant help with any content writing tasks including essays, assignments, article, reports...etc. EssaySoft Essay Generator is the software you know you can trust, simply click your mouse button to produce work to amaze your teachers and professors.

EssaySoft Essay Generator was designed to make your essay writing whole lot easier by:

• Being able to generate essays and articles on virtually any topic
• Writing content automatically
• Producing work that is unique by paraphrasing sentences and replacing words using synonyms
• Keeping track of the number of words in an article to fulfil essay requirements
• Providing a bibliography to cite accurately data used to create the essay
• Re-writing and shuffling content in order to ensure that CopyScape and plagiarism checks are passed
• Adding images to paragraphs making essays more professional

Our Essay Generator ensures that writing is always of the highest quality - whether it is a article, report, assignment, thesis paper or an essay, you can count on Essay Generator to eliminate the risk of errors. So if you have school works, or need to analyse a book or better yet, want to enter a writing competition, this is the software for you! This software is also very useful for SEO content writers who wishes to generate unique articles for their website. You may also try our Essay Master software for assisted essay writing.

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Free Argumentative Essay Generator

State the point to be discussed in your body paragraph

State a supporting point to be discussed in body paragraph

State an opposing point to be discussed in body paragraph

State a similar aspect to be discussed

State a contrasting aspect to be discussed

So, you’ve tried every possible method and technique, but your argumentative essays are still not as good as they should be. What's worse, they take a lot of time to write. Is there a way out?

Yes, there is! With the help of our revolutionary argumentative essay generator, you will boost your creativity and improve the quality of your texts. Use it 100% free of charge to write a perfect argumentative essay!

• ️🚀 How to Use This Tool
• ️💡 Why Use Our Generator?
• ️✍️ What Is an Argumentative Essay?
• ️📚 Essay Structure
• ️🗣️ Types of Arguments
• ️🔥 How to Write
• ️🔗 References

🚀 How to Use Our Argumentative Essay Maker

Our tool is a must-have for all students. Essays that it makes can serve as examples to boost your inspiration. Here’s how to use it effectively:

• Type in your topic.
• Select how many body paragraphs with supporting arguments you want.
• Choose the number of body paragraphs with counterarguments.
• Customize the main body by adjusting the app’s settings (optionally.)
• Press “Generate” and get a fantastic result.

💡 Why Use Our Argumentative Essay Generator?

Our essay maker is one of the best you can get. It's all thanks to its amazing benefits:

✍️ What Is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is a type of writing where you research a specific subject, state your point of view, and gather evidence. Its aim is to persuade readers to side with your viewpoint.

Assignments for argumentative essays usually require substantial research of literature and previously published material. Additionally, you may need to conduct an empirical investigation . It means that you will gather information through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments.

📚 Argumentative Essay Structure

An argumentative essay has a simple structure. It consists of 3 core parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Let’s take a look at each of them separately.

Introduction

Your essay's introduction will consist of 3 parts:

• Every paper begins with a captivating hook that motivates the audience to read your text thoroughly. It can be a shocking fact, a striking piece of statistics, or a humorous phrase.
• The hook is then followed by a brief review of the topic's background .
• Finally, a thesis statement that encapsulates the main ideas and sets the objectives for the entire essay.

An argumentative essay usually includes 3 or more body paragraphs that provide supporting or opposing arguments for the chosen topic. There, you usually list examples, evidence, statistics, studies, and citations to strengthen your position. Each paragraph starts with a short topic sentence summarizing its main argument.

A conclusion wraps up the entire assignment and links all the elements together. It aims to give a general overview of the whole essay and give it closure. A well-written conclusion appeals to the reader's emotions and effectively explains why it was essential to analyze the chosen topic in the first place.

🗣️ Types of Arguments

Good argumentation is the secret of a good essay. Even the greatest ideas will sink into the air if not supported by convincing facts. To help you with this task, we present to you 3 most popular argumentation techniques. Choose the one that suits you most!

Classic (Aristotelian)

Let's start with a default framework, also known as Aristotelian . It uses reasoning in combination with logical facts. You can apply it to almost any concept except those that haven’t been researched enough. Aristotelian argumentation is perfect for narrow and straightforward topics.

It has the following structure:

• A brief description of the topic.
• A paragraph that explains your viewpoint.
• A section that describes the opposing idea.
• A presentation of proof that supports your position.

The Toulmin technique works best for unraveling complex issues that can be viewed from many angles. It has 7 primary sections that you can rearrange in any way that works best for your essay:

• A concise statement of your viewpoint.
• Several paragraphs that include supporting proof, such as statistics or scientific facts.
• A paragraph that explains the relationship between your claim and evidence.
• Additional findings to back up your assertion.
• A review of opposing viewpoints.

Note that if you choose the Toulmin approach, your arguments should be used only to refute another claim. So, instead of researching a topic, your Toulmin essay will solely aim at disproving an opposing viewpoint.

The Rogerian technique is somewhere between Aristotelian and Toulmin. If you use it, you accept the legitimacy of both your and the opposition's stance. It's the least aggressive and most courteous approach, which aids in persuading skeptical readers.

It is structured in five steps as follows:

• A description of the topic.
• A paragraph about your opponent’s ideas.
• A section about your viewpoint.
• A proposition of compromise that allows both points of view to coexist.
• A conclusion.

🔥 How to Write an Argumentative Essay

Writing an argumentative essay may initially seem complicated, but knowing the specifics makes it much easier. Here you’ll find a small step-by-step guide that will help you ace your task.

1. Answer the Question from the Topic

An argumentative essay requires you to present a clear opinion. To do it, you can ask yourself a major topic-oriented question. Then, develop your thesis statement as a response to that question. For instance, your question may be, "What is the best drink?" Then your thesis will say: the best drink is pineapple juice.

This technique simplifies the writing process because you’ve chosen a position from the start and won’t have to formulate your opinion later in the main body.

2. State Why the Opposing Argument Is Wrong

To effectively defeat opposing viewpoints , try stating your objections right away. For example, "Some people believe that apple juice is the best, but not everyone supports this opinion. Compared to apple's sour taste, pineapple juice offers a much more balanced flavor that combines sweet and sour." This approach works well since it backs up your point of view with proof and doesn’t allow your opponent to win.

3. Outline Your Main Points

It’s vital to support each claim you make with facts. To do it, make sure to find enough adequate evidence that can serve as key assertions. It’s best if you select the strongest of them and write them down in an outline. To strengthen your claims even further, don't hesitate to make a list of references and citations from different sources.

4. Write a Draft

It's now time to start writing the first draft of your argumentative essay. All you have to do at this stage is to collect all the parts of your outline together. Ensure a logical flow between paragraphs, and use transitional words to connect your ideas.

Additionally, you may use our argumentative essay generator to create a perfect draft that can serve as a basis for your essay. You can then edit and improve it as you see fit.

5. Edit and Proofread

After the draft is complete, you can start polishing and proofreading it. This time, try to locate and resolve all the grammatical and logical mistakes . Look for areas of your essay that can be clarified or arguments that lack persuasiveness.

Finally, when you feel like your essay is perfect, you can call it a day. Until then, try not to hurry and be sure to revise everything carefully.

As you can see, there is nothing impossible about writing an argumentative essay, especially if you have great AI helpers like our free generator. Try it now and see how the quality of your papers goes through the roof!

We also recommend trying out our business tools such as SOAR analysis matrix and STP template .

❓ Argumentative Essay Generator FAQ

❓ what are the 5 parts of an argumentative essay.

The 5 parts of an argumentative essay include an introduction with a hook, background information on your chosen topic, a thesis statement, body paragraphs with an argument for or against your point of view, and a conclusion.

❓ What is the purpose of an argumentative essay?

A compelling argumentative essay aims to state a specific point of view regarding the chosen topic. To do it, you can use different arguments, evidence, and other proof. Aside from that, an argumentative essay also aims to disprove the opposing viewpoint.

❓ How to start the prewriting process for an argumentative essay?

The first step in prewriting the argumentative essay is to research and gather evidence and facts to support your thesis. Also, sometimes you might have to do empirical research. It means gathering information through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments.

❓ In an argumentative essay, what tone should the author use?

The tone of an argumentative essay should be persuasive and authoritative. Persuasiveness means that you convince the reader that your position is correct and the opposing view is wrong. An authoritative tone will further demonstrate your expertise. Try to strike a balance in tone, and you'll succeed.

🔗 References

• Argumentative Essay/Commentary: The University of Toledo
• How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Easy Step-by-Step Guide: Masterclass
• How to Write a Standout Argumentative Essay: Grammarly
• Suggestions for Developing Argumentative Essays: University of California Berkeley
• Tips for Organizing an Argumentative Essay: Valparaiso University

Free Reflection Paper Generator for Students

Need help with your writing assignment? We've got your back! This free reflection paper generator will help you craft a fantastic essay, get inspiration, and save time.

• 🤖 How to Use
• ✨ Our Tool's Benefits
• 😎 How Our Generator's AI Works
• ️📚 What Is a Reflection Paper?
• ️✍️ How to Write

🚀 Reflection Paper Format

• ❌ What to Avoid

🔗 References

🤖 free reflection paper generator: how to use.

• Choose your assignment type.
• Enter the topic of your paper.
• Add background information or study materials if necessary.
• Press "Generate" to get a well-written and personalized text.

✨ Reflection Paper Generator's Benefits

Here's what makes our reflection paper generator the best of its kind:

😎 How Our Reflection Paper Generator's AI Works

Our tool uses an advanced language model that can generate texts by predicting what words are more likely to come next. This type of AI is at the heart of many state-of-the-art chatbots like ChatGPT.

The main difference between our free reflection paper generator and ChatGPT is that chatbots require you to write precise requests . If you want specific and relevant results, you must write very detailed prompts, which is a challenging and time-consuming process.

In contrast, our tool automatically creates perfect instructions for the AI. It formulates them in a way that ensures customized and relevant results. With the help of our generator, you will get a fantastic reflection paper sample quickly and conveniently.

📚 What Is a Reflection Paper?

A reflection paper is an academic essay expressing your opinion regarding a specific event or text. For instance, you may be asked to reflect on how a particular experience or a book has shaped your views on a subject.

Such essays are fun to write since there are no right or wrong answers. Besides, this kind of writing favors individual expression rather than summarizing the opinions of others.

Types of Reflective Writing

• Experiential reflection focuses on your personal experiences and observations.
• Textual (or reading ) reflection involves analyzing a written text.

Our generator can create perfect examples of experiential and textual reflection papers. Try it out and see for yourself!

✍️ How to Write a Reflection Paper

If it's your first time working on a reflective paper, this handy guide will help you. Follow these five steps to develop an excellent reflective essay.

The first step is to decide what experience or text you want to write about. It's best to choose something that:

• Had a profound impact on you,
• Helped you grow as a person,
• Challenged your beliefs.

Regarding interpretation, experiential and textual reflective essays require different approaches. Below, you'll find questions that will help you stay on track.

Questions for reflecting on an experience :

• What did you want to learn from this experience?
• What new things did you learn from it?
• What did you learn about yourself?
• What would you do differently next time?

Questions for reflecting on a text:

• What ideas stood out for you?
• What has influenced your understanding of the text?
• Does the text support what you already thought?
• How does the text challenge your ideas and assumptions?

The next step is to find a unifying idea or argument that your reflection will convey. Choosing an interesting theme is essential since it'll set the tone of the whole paper and make it more engaging.

A clear structure is essential for your paper's success. Take time to create an outline or a mind map showing connections between your ideas to ensure everything flows well.

Finally, you can start writing your paper. Your essay should have three parts: an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Keep reading to learn more about them!

Now, let's take a look at each element of your reflection essay. In addition to the information below, we recommend creating a sample reflection paper with the help of our generator. This will help you understand your assignment's structure and provide you with additional inspiration.

Introduction

The introduction should clearly state the topic and the purpose of your paper to give readers an idea of what to expect.

Here's what you should include in this part:

• Background. Give enough information for the reader to understand the topic you're discussing.
• Thesis . Finish the introduction with a statement that outlines the main ideas of your essay.

After introducing the topic and the thesis, it's time to elaborate on them and provide examples.

Here's what you can discuss in the body paragraphs:

• Reflect on the topic from a personal perspective.
• Mention the expectations you had regarding the topic.
• Add examples to strengthen your statements and give the reader a better understanding of your message.

The conclusion is the final part of your reflection that summarizes the entire paper. There are several ways you can frame it:

• Describe what you've learned from the experience or text by comparing it to your expectations.
• Explain how the newfound knowledge will influence your future actions.
• Share significant insights you've gained and how they changed your views.
• Think about what you've learned through the process of reflection itself.

This section is optional. You'll need to include it in your paper if you used information from other sources. Make sure to arrange the list of references according to the format your professor wants you to use.

❌ Reflection Paper Writing: What to Avoid

To write a perfect paper, make sure to avoid the following:

• Avoid writing a stream of consciousness . While your essay is supposed to capture emotional experiences, it should have a clear structure and organization.
• Avoid treating it like a research paper. A reflection essay may include some research, but its main focus is to tell your story.
• Avoid treating it like a book review. Reflective writing focuses on your understanding of the text, not its summary or retelling.
• Avoid trying to include everything. Instead, clearly define the scope of your paper based on your opinions and feelings.
• Avoid focusing on the past. It's better to focus on how you've grown and gained insights that can be applied in the future.

Another way to write a brilliant essay is to use our tool for inspiration. All you need to do is fill in the fields, and our reflection paper generator's AI will take care of the rest.

You can also use our essay extender and topic sentence maker to improve your writing even further. Try them out, and good luck!

• How to Write a Reflection Paper (Components and Examples): Indeed
• Reflection Paper: University of Arkansas
• Reflection Papers: Cleveland State University
• How to Write a Reflective Essay with Sample Essays: Owlcation
• How to Write a Reflective Essay: Grammarly

AI may be to blame for our failure to make contact with alien civilisations

Sir Bernard Lovell chair of Astrophysics and Director of Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester

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Michael Garrett does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University of Manchester provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has progressed at an astounding pace over the last few years. Some scientists are now looking towards the development of artificial superintelligence (ASI) — a form of AI that would not only surpass human intelligence but would not be bound by the learning speeds of humans.

But what if this milestone isn’t just a remarkable achievement? What if it also represents a formidable bottleneck in the development of all civilisations, one so challenging that it thwarts their long-term survival?

This idea is at the heart of a research paper I recently published in Acta Astronautica. Could AI be the universe’s “great filter” – a threshold so hard to overcome that it prevents most life from evolving into space-faring civilisations?

This is a concept that might explain why the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (Seti) has yet to detect the signatures of advanced technical civilisations elsewhere in the galaxy.

The great filter hypothesis is ultimately a proposed solution to the Fermi Paradox . This questions why, in a universe vast and ancient enough to host billions of potentially habitable planets, we have not detected any signs of alien civilisations. The hypothesis suggests there are insurmountable hurdles in the evolutionary timeline of civilisations that prevent them from developing into space-faring entities.

I believe the emergence of ASI could be such a filter. AI’s rapid advancement, potentially leading to ASI, may intersect with a critical phase in a civilisation’s development – the transition from a single-planet species to a multiplanetary one.

This is where many civilisations could falter, with AI making much more rapid progress than our ability either to control it or sustainably explore and populate our Solar System.

The challenge with AI, and specifically ASI, lies in its autonomous, self-amplifying and improving nature. It possesses the potential to enhance its own capabilities at a speed that outpaces our own evolutionary timelines without AI.

The potential for something to go badly wrong is enormous, leading to the downfall of both biological and AI civilisations before they ever get the chance to become multiplanetary. For example, if nations increasingly rely on and cede power to autonomous AI systems that compete against each other, military capabilities could be used to kill and destroy on an unprecedented scale. This could potentially lead to the destruction of our entire civilisation, including the AI systems themselves.

In this scenario, I estimate the typical longevity of a technological civilisation might be less than 100 years. That’s roughly the time between being able to receive and broadcast signals between the stars (1960), and the estimated emergence of ASI (2040) on Earth. This is alarmingly short when set against the cosmic timescale of billions of years.

This estimate, when plugged into optimistic versions of the Drake equation – which attempts to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilisations in the Milky Way – suggests that, at any given time, there are only a handful of intelligent civilisations out there. Moreover, like us, their relatively modest technological activities could make them quite challenging to detect.

Wake-up call

This research is not simply a cautionary tale of potential doom. It serves as a wake-up call for humanity to establish robust regulatory frameworks to guide the development of AI, including military systems.

This is not just about preventing the malevolent use of AI on Earth; it’s also about ensuring the evolution of AI aligns with the long-term survival of our species. It suggests we need to put more resources into becoming a multiplanetary society as soon as possible – a goal that has lain dormant since the heady days of the Apollo project , but has lately been reignited by advances made by private companies.

As the historian Yuval Noah Harari noted , nothing in history has prepared us for the impact of introducing non-conscious, super-intelligent entities to our planet. Recently, the implications of autonomous AI decision-making have led to calls from prominent leaders in the field for a moratorium on the development of AI, until a responsible form of control and regulation can be introduced.

But even if every country agreed to abide by strict rules and regulation , rogue organisations will be difficult to rein in.

The integration of autonomous AI in military defence systems has to be an area of particular concern. There is already evidence that humans will voluntarily relinquish significant power to increasingly capable systems, because they can carry out useful tasks much more rapidly and effectively without human intervention. Governments are therefore reluctant to regulate in this area given the strategic advantages AI offers , as has been recently and devastatingly demonstrated in Gaza .

This means we already edge dangerously close to a precipice where autonomous weapons operate beyond ethical boundaries and sidestep international law. In such a world, surrendering power to AI systems in order to gain a tactical advantage could inadvertently set off a chain of rapidly escalating, highly destructive events. In the blink of an eye, the collective intelligence of our planet could be obliterated.

Humanity is at a crucial point in its technological trajectory. Our actions now could determine whether we become an enduring interstellar civilisation, or succumb to the challenges posed by our own creations.

Using Seti as a lens through which we can examine our future development adds a new dimension to the discussion on the future of AI. It is up to all of us to ensure that when we reach for the stars, we do so not as a cautionary tale for other civilisations, but as a beacon of hope – a species that learned to thrive alongside AI.

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• Extraterrestrial life
• Give me perspective

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Before global scrutiny, Indian spice maker MDH faced many US rejections

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• MDH has had many rejections in the US over bacteria, data show
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At least five missing in landslide in central Kenya

A landslide that followed heavy rain in central Kenya has swept away at least five people, residents said on Wednesday, and the Red Cross said its workers would assist in rescue efforts.

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Guest Essay

The Deep, Tangled Roots of American Illiberalism

By Steven Hahn

Dr. Hahn is a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian at New York University and the author, most recently, of “Illiberal America: a History.”

In a recent interview with Time, Donald Trump promised a second term of authoritarian power grabs, administrative cronyism, mass deportations of the undocumented, harassment of women over abortion, trade wars and vengeance brought upon his rivals and enemies, including President Biden. “If they said that a president doesn’t get immunity,” Mr. Trump told Time, “then Biden, I am sure, will be prosecuted for all of his crimes.”

Further evidence, it seems, of Mr. Trump’s efforts to construct a political world like no other in American history. But how unprecedented is it, really? That Mr. Trump continues to lead in polls should make plain that he and his MAGA movement are more than noxious weeds in otherwise liberal democratic soil.

Many of us have not wanted to see it that way. “This is not who we are as a nation,” one journalist exclaimed in what was a common response to the violence on Jan. 6, “and we must not let ourselves or others believe otherwise.” Mr. Biden has said much the same thing.

While it’s true that Mr. Trump was the first president to lose an election and attempt to stay in power, observers have come to recognize the need for a lengthier view of Trumpism. Even so, they are prone to imagining that there was a time not all that long ago when political “normalcy” prevailed. What they have failed to grasp is that American illiberalism is deeply rooted in our past and fed by practices, relationships and sensibilities that have been close to the surface, even when they haven’t exploded into view.

Illiberalism is generally seen as a backlash against modern liberal and progressive ideas and policies, especially those meant to protect the rights and advance the aspirations of groups long pushed to the margins of American political life. But in the United States, illiberalism is better understood as coherent sets of ideas that are related but also change over time.

This illiberalism celebrates hierarchies of gender, race and nationality; cultural homogeneity; Christian religious faith; the marking of internal as well as external enemies; patriarchal families; heterosexuality; the will of the community over the rule of law; and the use of political violence to achieve or maintain power. This illiberalism sank roots from the time of European settlement and spread out from villages and towns to the highest levels of government. In one form or another, it has shaped much of our history. Illiberalism has frequently been a stalking horse, if not in the winner’s circle. Hardly ever has it been roundly defeated.

A few examples may be illustrative. Although European colonization of North America has often been imagined as a sharp break from the ways of home countries, neo-feudal dreams inspired the making of Euro-American societies from the Carolinas up through the Hudson Valley, based as they were on landed estates and coerced labor, while the Puritan towns of New England, with their own hierarchies, demanded submission to the faith and harshly policed their members and potential intruders alike. The backcountry began to fill up with land-hungry settlers who generally formed ethnicity-based enclaves, eyed outsiders with suspicion and, with rare exceptions, hoped to rid their territory of Native peoples. Most of those who arrived in North America between the early 17th century and the time of the American Revolution were either enslaved or in servitude, and master-servant jurisprudence shaped labor relations well after slavery was abolished, a phenomenon that has been described as “belated feudalism.”

The anti-colonialism of the American Revolution was accompanied not only by warfare against Native peoples and rewards for enslavers, but also by a deeply ingrained anti-Catholicism, and hostility to Catholics remained a potent political force well into the 20th century. Monarchist solutions were bruited about during the writing of the Constitution and the first decade of the American Republic: John Adams thought that the country would move in such a direction and other leaders at the time, including Washington, Madison and Hamilton, wondered privately if a king would be necessary in the event a “republican remedy” failed.

The 1830s, commonly seen as the height of Jacksonian democracy, were racked by violent expulsions of Catholics , Mormons and abolitionists of both races, along with thousands of Native peoples dispossessed of their homelands and sent to “Indian Territory” west of the Mississippi.

The new democratic politics of the time was often marked by Election Day violence after campaigns suffused with military cadences, while elected officials usually required the support of elite patrons to guarantee the bonds they had to post. Even in state legislatures and Congress, weapons could be brandished and duels arranged; “bullies” enforced the wills of their allies.

When enslavers in the Southern states resorted to secession rather than risk their system under a Lincoln administration, they made clear that their Confederacy was built on the cornerstone of slavery and white supremacy. And although their crushing defeat brought abolition, the establishment of birthright citizenship (except for Native peoples), the political exclusion of Confederates, and the extension of voting rights to Black men — the results of one of the world’s great revolutions — it was not long before the revolution went into reverse.

The federal government soon allowed former Confederates and their white supporters to return to power, destroy Black political activism and, accompanied by lynchings (expressing the “will” of white communities), build the edifice of Jim Crow: segregation, political disfranchisement and a harsh labor regime. Already previewed in the pre-Civil War North, Jim Crow received the imprimatur of the Supreme Court and the administration of Woodrow Wilson .

Few Progressives of the early 20th century had much trouble with this. Segregation seemed a modern way to choreograph “race relations,” and disfranchisement resonated with their disenchantment with popular politics, whether it was powered by Black voters in the South or European immigrants in the North. Many Progressives were devotees of eugenics and other forms of social engineering, and they generally favored overseas imperialism; some began to envision the scaffolding of a corporate state — all anticipating the dark turns in Europe over the next decades.

The 1920s, in fact, saw fascist pulses coming from a number of directions in the United States and, as in Europe, targeting political radicals. Benito Mussolini won accolades in many American quarters. The lab where Josef Mengele worked received support from the Rockefeller Foundation. White Protestant fundamentalism reigned in towns and the countryside. And the Immigration Act of 1924 set limits on the number of newcomers, especially those from Southern and Eastern Europe, who were thought to be politically and culturally unassimilable.

Most worrisome, the Ku Klux Klan, energized by anti-Catholicism and antisemitism as well as anti-Black racism, marched brazenly in cities great and small. The Klan became a mass movement and wielded significant political power; it was crucial, for example , to the enforcement of Prohibition. Once the organization unraveled in the late 1920s, many Klansmen and women found their way to new fascist groups and the radical right more generally.

Sidelined by the Great Depression and New Deal, the illiberal right regained traction in the late 1930s, and during the 1950s won grass-roots support through vehement anti-Communism and opposition to the civil rights movement. As early as 1964, in a run for the Democratic presidential nomination, Gov. George Wallace of Alabama began to hone a rhetoric of white grievance and racial hostility that had appeal in the Midwest and Middle Atlantic, and Barry Goldwater’s campaign that year, despite its failure, put winds in the sails of the John Birch Society and Young Americans for Freedom.

Four years later, Wallace mobilized enough support as a third-party candidate to win five states. And in 1972, once again as a Democrat, Wallace racked up primary wins in both the North and the South before an assassination attempt forced him out of the race. Growing backlashes against school desegregation and feminism added further fuel to the fire on the right, paving the way for the conservative ascendancy of the 1980s.

By the early 1990s, the neo-Nazi and Klansman David Duke had won a seat in the Louisiana Legislature and nearly three-fifths of the white vote in campaigns for governor and senator. Pat Buchanan, seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1992, called for “America First,” the fortification of the border (a “Buchanan fence”), and a culture war for the “soul” of America, while the National Rifle Association became a powerful force on the right and in the Republican Party.

When Mr. Trump questioned Barack Obama’s legitimacy to serve as president, a project that quickly became known as “birtherism,” he made use of a Reconstruction-era racist trope that rejected the legitimacy of Black political rights and power. In so doing, Mr. Trump began to cement a coalition of aggrieved white voters. They were ready to push back against the nation’s growing cultural diversity — embodied by Mr. Obama — and the challenges they saw to traditional hierarchies of family, gender and race. They had much on which to build.

Back in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville, in “Democracy in America,” glimpsed the illiberal currents that already entangled the country’s politics. While he marveled at the “equality of conditions,” the fluidity of social life and the strength of republican institutions, he also worried about the “omnipotence of the majority.”

“What I find most repulsive in America is not the extreme freedom reigning there,” Tocqueville wrote, “but the shortage of guarantees against tyranny.” He pointed to communities “taking justice into their own hands,” and warned that “associations of plain citizens can compose very rich, influential, and powerful bodies, in other words, aristocratic bodies.” Lamenting their intellectual conformity, Tocqueville believed that if Americans ever gave up republican government, “they will pass rapidly on to despotism,” restricting “the sphere of political rights, taking some of them away in order to entrust them to a single man.”

The slide toward despotism that Tocqueville feared may be well underway, whatever the election’s outcome. Even if they try to fool themselves into thinking that Mr. Trump won’t follow through, millions of voters seem ready to entrust their rights to “a single man” who has announced his intent to use autocratic powers for retribution, repression, expulsion and misogyny.

Only by recognizing what we’re up against can we mount an effective campaign to protect our democracy, leaning on the important political struggles — abolitionism, antimonopoly, social democracy, human rights, civil rights, feminism — that have challenged illiberalism in the past and offer the vision and political pathways to guide us in the future.

Our biggest mistake would be to believe that we’re watching an exceptional departure in the country’s history. Because from the first, Mr. Trump has tapped into deep and ever-expanding illiberal roots. Illiberalism’s history is America’s history.

Steven Hahn is a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian at New York University and the author, most recently, of “ Illiberal America: a History .”

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