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How to Write a Problem Statement Slide (with Examples)

Table of contents, what is a problem statement and why is it important.

Projects should always begin with a thorough definition of the problem as a problem statement.

A problem statement is a concise description of the issue that will be addressed in a project.

It can be tempting to skip the problem statement because you’ve seen this problem before, you already know the solution, or because a stakeholder is pushing you to move faster.

However, many projects have failed because of a false assumption that everybody understands the problem. This misunderstanding is generally not identified until the project is completed and somebody is surprised by the output.

Therefore, good problem solvers take time to define the problem precisely. Then, they socialize the problem with all key stakeholders to ensure that the definition is understood and agreed upon.

Example problem statements

In a business context, problem statements may be:

• Why has revenue growth fallen from 10% in 2021 to 5% in 2022?
• How can ACME Bank increase its market share to 15% by 2025?
• Why are over 50% of customers not renewing their subscription after month 3?

Characteristics of a good problem statement

In order to ensure that your problem statement is concise and informative, it should be:

• Specific: Ensure that you constrain the scope of your problem by making the problem statement should be specific as possible, while still being informative and valuable.
• Time-bound:  Ensure that you include time constraints on your problem statement; solutions for the short term might be significantly different than solutions for the long term.
• Measurable and testable: Ensure that your problem statement is quantified, so that there are clear criteria for you to define success.

Problem statement worksheet and downloadable templates

A problem statement worksheet articulates the problem that will be addressed in the project.

It also describes how the problem came about, defines the scope and constraints of the project, and identifies key stakeholders and sources of insight.

The problem statement worksheet looks like this:

You can download this slide (and 30 others) for free below:

Download a free problem statement slide and 29 other slide templates for free

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The Research Problem & Statement

What they are & how to write them (with examples)

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewed By: Eunice Rautenbach (DTech) | March 2023

If you’re new to academic research, you’re bound to encounter the concept of a “ research problem ” or “ problem statement ” fairly early in your learning journey. Having a good research problem is essential, as it provides a foundation for developing high-quality research, from relatively small research papers to a full-length PhD dissertations and theses.

In this post, we’ll unpack what a research problem is and how it’s related to a problem statement . We’ll also share some examples and provide a step-by-step process you can follow to identify and evaluate study-worthy research problems for your own project.

Overview: Research Problem 101

What is a research problem.

• What is a problem statement?

Where do research problems come from?

• How to find a suitable research problem
• Key takeaways

A research problem is, at the simplest level, the core issue that a study will try to solve or (at least) examine. In other words, it’s an explicit declaration about the problem that your dissertation, thesis or research paper will address. More technically, it identifies the research gap that the study will attempt to fill (more on that later).

Let’s look at an example to make the research problem a little more tangible.

To justify a hypothetical study, you might argue that there’s currently a lack of research regarding the challenges experienced by first-generation college students when writing their dissertations [ PROBLEM ] . As a result, these students struggle to successfully complete their dissertations, leading to higher-than-average dropout rates [ CONSEQUENCE ]. Therefore, your study will aim to address this lack of research – i.e., this research problem [ SOLUTION ].

A research problem can be theoretical in nature, focusing on an area of academic research that is lacking in some way. Alternatively, a research problem can be more applied in nature, focused on finding a practical solution to an established problem within an industry or an organisation. In other words, theoretical research problems are motivated by the desire to grow the overall body of knowledge , while applied research problems are motivated by the need to find practical solutions to current real-world problems (such as the one in the example above).

As you can probably see, the research problem acts as the driving force behind any study , as it directly shapes the research aims, objectives and research questions , as well as the research approach. Therefore, it’s really important to develop a very clearly articulated research problem before you even start your research proposal . A vague research problem will lead to unfocused, potentially conflicting research aims, objectives and research questions .

What is a research problem statement?

As the name suggests, a problem statement (within a research context, at least) is an explicit statement that clearly and concisely articulates the specific research problem your study will address. While your research problem can span over multiple paragraphs, your problem statement should be brief , ideally no longer than one paragraph . Importantly, it must clearly state what the problem is (whether theoretical or practical in nature) and how the study will address it.

Here’s an example of a statement of the problem in a research context:

Rural communities across Ghana lack access to clean water, leading to high rates of waterborne illnesses and infant mortality. Despite this, there is little research investigating the effectiveness of community-led water supply projects within the Ghanaian context. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of such projects in improving access to clean water and reducing rates of waterborne illnesses in these communities.

As you can see, this problem statement clearly and concisely identifies the issue that needs to be addressed (i.e., a lack of research regarding the effectiveness of community-led water supply projects) and the research question that the study aims to answer (i.e., are community-led water supply projects effective in reducing waterborne illnesses?), all within one short paragraph.

Need a helping hand?

Wherever there is a lack of well-established and agreed-upon academic literature , there is an opportunity for research problems to arise, since there is a paucity of (credible) knowledge. In other words, research problems are derived from research gaps . These gaps can arise from various sources, including the emergence of new frontiers or new contexts, as well as disagreements within the existing research.

Let’s look at each of these scenarios:

New frontiers – new technologies, discoveries or breakthroughs can open up entirely new frontiers where there is very little existing research, thereby creating fresh research gaps. For example, as generative AI technology became accessible to the general public in 2023, the full implications and knock-on effects of this were (or perhaps, still are) largely unknown and therefore present multiple avenues for researchers to explore.

New contexts – very often, existing research tends to be concentrated on specific contexts and geographies. Therefore, even within well-studied fields, there is often a lack of research within niche contexts. For example, just because a study finds certain results within a western context doesn’t mean that it would necessarily find the same within an eastern context. If there’s reason to believe that results may vary across these geographies, a potential research gap emerges.

Disagreements – within many areas of existing research, there are (quite naturally) conflicting views between researchers, where each side presents strong points that pull in opposing directions. In such cases, it’s still somewhat uncertain as to which viewpoint (if any) is more accurate. As a result, there is room for further research in an attempt to “settle” the debate.

Of course, many other potential scenarios can give rise to research gaps, and consequently, research problems, but these common ones are a useful starting point. If you’re interested in research gaps, you can learn more here .

How to find a research problem

Given that research problems flow from research gaps , finding a strong research problem for your research project means that you’ll need to first identify a clear research gap. Below, we’ll present a four-step process to help you find and evaluate potential research problems.

If you’ve read our other articles about finding a research topic , you’ll find the process below very familiar as the research problem is the foundation of any study . In other words, finding a research problem is much the same as finding a research topic.

Step 1 – Identify your area of interest

Naturally, the starting point is to first identify a general area of interest . Chances are you already have something in mind, but if not, have a look at past dissertations and theses within your institution to get some inspiration. These present a goldmine of information as they’ll not only give you ideas for your own research, but they’ll also help you see exactly what the norms and expectations are for these types of projects.

At this stage, you don’t need to get super specific. The objective is simply to identify a couple of potential research areas that interest you. For example, if you’re undertaking research as part of a business degree, you may be interested in social media marketing strategies for small businesses, leadership strategies for multinational companies, etc.

Depending on the type of project you’re undertaking, there may also be restrictions or requirements regarding what topic areas you’re allowed to investigate, what type of methodology you can utilise, etc. So, be sure to first familiarise yourself with your institution’s specific requirements and keep these front of mind as you explore potential research ideas.

Step 2 – Review the literature and develop a shortlist

Once you’ve decided on an area that interests you, it’s time to sink your teeth into the literature . In other words, you’ll need to familiarise yourself with the existing research regarding your interest area. Google Scholar is a good starting point for this, as you can simply enter a few keywords and quickly get a feel for what’s out there. Keep an eye out for recent literature reviews and systematic review-type journal articles, as these will provide a good overview of the current state of research.

At this stage, you don’t need to read every journal article from start to finish . A good strategy is to pay attention to the abstract, intro and conclusion , as together these provide a snapshot of the key takeaways. As you work your way through the literature, keep an eye out for what’s missing – in other words, what questions does the current research not answer adequately (or at all)? Importantly, pay attention to the section titled “ further research is needed ”, typically found towards the very end of each journal article. This section will specifically outline potential research gaps that you can explore, based on the current state of knowledge (provided the article you’re looking at is recent).

Take the time to engage with the literature and develop a big-picture understanding of the current state of knowledge. Reviewing the literature takes time and is an iterative process , but it’s an essential part of the research process, so don’t cut corners at this stage.

As you work through the review process, take note of any potential research gaps that are of interest to you. From there, develop a shortlist of potential research gaps (and resultant research problems) – ideally 3 – 5 options that interest you.

Step 3 – Evaluate your potential options

Once you’ve developed your shortlist, you’ll need to evaluate your options to identify a winner. There are many potential evaluation criteria that you can use, but we’ll outline three common ones here: value, practicality and personal appeal.

Value – a good research problem needs to create value when successfully addressed. Ask yourself:

• Who will this study benefit (e.g., practitioners, researchers, academia)?
• How will it benefit them specifically?
• How much will it benefit them?

Practicality – a good research problem needs to be manageable in light of your resources. Ask yourself:

• What data will I need access to?
• What knowledge and skills will I need to undertake the analysis?
• What equipment or software will I need to process and/or analyse the data?
• How much time will I need?
• What costs might I incur?

Personal appeal – a research project is a commitment, so the research problem that you choose needs to be genuinely attractive and interesting to you. Ask yourself:

• How appealing is the prospect of solving this research problem (on a scale of 1 – 10)?
• Why, specifically, is it attractive (or unattractive) to me?
• Does the research align with my longer-term goals (e.g., career goals, educational path, etc)?

Depending on how many potential options you have, you may want to consider creating a spreadsheet where you numerically rate each of the options in terms of these criteria. Remember to also include any criteria specified by your institution . From there, tally up the numbers and pick a winner.

Step 4 – Craft your problem statement

Once you’ve selected your research problem, the final step is to craft a problem statement. Remember, your problem statement needs to be a concise outline of what the core issue is and how your study will address it. Aim to fit this within one paragraph – don’t waffle on. Have a look at the problem statement example we mentioned earlier if you need some inspiration.

Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground. Let’s do a quick recap of the key takeaways:

• A research problem is an explanation of the issue that your study will try to solve. This explanation needs to highlight the problem , the consequence and the solution or response.
• A problem statement is a clear and concise summary of the research problem , typically contained within one paragraph.
• Research problems emerge from research gaps , which themselves can emerge from multiple potential sources, including new frontiers, new contexts or disagreements within the existing literature.
• To find a research problem, you need to first identify your area of interest , then review the literature and develop a shortlist, after which you’ll evaluate your options, select a winner and craft a problem statement .

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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Formulating a research problem

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LECTURE FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

Lecture notes on the formulation of a research problem when you want to conduct a research

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The Research Problem and Objectives

Jun 14, 2012

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The Research Problem and Objectives. Lecture 6. Organization of this lecture. Research Problem & Objectives : Research and Decision/Action Problems Importance of Problem Specification Researchable Problem vs. Problematic Situation Problem Statements Use of Data Objectives

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• relevant data
• disciplinary research
• specific problem statements
• constant rules
• organization

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The Research Problem and Objectives Lecture 6

Organization of this lecture Research Problem & Objectives: • Research and Decision/Action Problems • Importance of Problem Specification • Researchable Problem vs. Problematic Situation • Problem Statements • Use of Data • Objectives • Developing Problem and Objective Statements

A research problem (also “issue” or “question”) indicates the need or desire to know or to understand something. • Problem solving has three steps: • Obtaining relevant information about the problem and potential solutions – research component • Examine alternative approaches and chose among them – decision component • Determine how to implement the decision and take action – action component • This lecture deals mainly with the first of these three components, recognizing that they are all interconnected.

Research vs. Decision Problems • Research problems and decision problems may be closely related, especially in subject-matter or problem-solving research. • Also, decision (subject-matter) problems and action problems usually go together – we make a decision, then act on it. • Disciplinary research however, may not lead to a specific decision or action. Disciplinary problems are of interest within the discipline and are oriented to the generation of knowledge.

When research does lead to decision or action it is important to keep the research activity separated from the decision and implementation activities. • This helps to maintain as much neutrality as possible in the research process and helps the researcher remain objective. • A model of problem solving is presented in Figure 6.1 (developed by Glenn Johnson, 1976) for pragmatic problem-solving research.

Model of Problem Solving (Johnson, 1976)

This model of problem-solving is not relevant to disciplinary research, which is less likely to require decisions. • Problem solving for decision making: • is initiated with problem definition, • progresses to analysis, • then decision making and actions follow to implement the decision. • Normative and positivistic knowledge are used interdependently, impacting each step in the process.

The dashed line separates research (information generating) from the problem solving process RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

This separation of research from decision making is not considered useful, or even valid, by some economists. • They believe the decision process is part of the research process. • However, Johnson (and Ethridge) feel that “to mix the research and decision aspects may fragment the researcher’s attention, and it may subconsciously influence the outcome of the research.” (ie. The research is not objective.)

Research Problem Identification • This is the most critical and important part of all research projects. • The problem is the focus of both basic and applied research. It is the reason (justification) for the research. • The problem identification and explanation affect the quality, usefulness, effectiveness, and efficiency of the research, more than any other part of the research plan.

The research problem is the reason the research is being undertaken • The written problem description is the only credible evidence that a clear understanding of the issue has been achieved.

Researchable Problem vs. Problematic Situation • The researchable problem is the very specific problem at which the objectives of the research are directed. • It can be understood by contrasting it with the general problem, also called a problematic situation. • Problematic situations are very large in scope and have many dimensions. eg. World food (or hunger), Low incomes in developing countries, High birth rates, Low education levels, Restrictive trade policies, unemployment

Problematic situations are not researchable within an individual research project. • But, specific components of these problematic situations are researchable, when broken into distinct components. • The components must be: • confined in scope and complexity, and • support a set of research objectives that can be achieved with given resource constraints (time & money). • Research from many individual projects can be combined to address problematic situations.

The Problem Statement • Research problems are always linked to a more general set of problems, so it is useful to separate the problem statement into two parts: • The general problem(or problematic situation), • The specific problem (or the researchable problem). • Note that the specific problem is not necessarily “small”, but rather it must be precisely specified and capable of being addressed with available resources.

The general problem statement provides the background or setting for the researchable problem. • Usually, it helps to introduce the problem with very general statements, then progressively narrow the focus to more specific, precise issues. • However, if the reader of the proposal is already knowledgeable on the subject, the broad general discussion can be reduced. ie. The problem definition should be tailored for the expected audience.

For example, consider a situation where a student from a foreign country plans to conduct research about his home country. • The student’s research committee may not know much about the country, • so it is helpful to provide descriptions of the economic, social, political and institutional conditions in the country • Sample proposals are provided in Appendices A (government agency), B (master’s thesis), and C (PhD dissertation)

The general problem statement sets the stage for the specific, researchable problem. • The specific problem narrows the perspective to a set of issues on which knowledge or information is needed. • It must be clarified, • what knowledge is needed • the reasons the knowledge is needed • by whom the knowledge is needed • the potential purposes it could serve.

Five guidelines below provide a checklist in developing effective problem statements: The researchable problem must be sufficiently specific to be addressed with available resources(eg. time, research expertise, data, tools, financial support) The dimensions of the problem should be described in objective (neutral) rather than subjective terms eg. “Wheat producers in the European Economic Community are overpaid.” BETTER: “Wheat producers in the European Economic Community are subsidized”

The problem must be described sufficiently so that other people can comprehend it (This applies to both general and specific problem statements) The researcher’s perceptions of the problems may be intuitive, but must be developed logically The problem explanation must provide the reason (justification) for the research objective (at this point, it is helpful to read the general and specific problem statements in Appendix B, MS Thesis, pp 192-193)

Use of Data • Data can affect our awareness of a problem and how we perceive the problem. • It is usually advisable to examine relevant data in the process of developing the problem statements • In this process, large amounts of miscellaneous facts can be reduced to useful information (See the proposal in Appendix C, PhD dissertation, for the use of data to show changes in the pharmaceutical industry in relation to the impact of mergers)

Objectives • Objectives specify what the research project proposes to accomplish (do, achieve, estimate, determine, measure, evaluate, etc.) • The are usually best specified in general and specific parts. Often the shortest part of the proposal, but it is the centerpiece. • General objective – states the main purpose of the study. It should derive directly from the research problem statement. One sentence is best! • Specific objectives – a set or list of sub-objectives, each of which contributes to achieving the general objective

Developing Problem and Objective Statements • There are no constant rules or procedures to developing problem and objective statements. It may depend on how much you know about the subject of the research. • If your knowledge of the subject is limited, you may start with a broad consideration of the subject – then narrow the focus by segmenting problem areas into logical components (issues, questions, etc.)

If you know more about the research area and already have a good idea about the researchable problem, you may need to develop the general dimensions or context of the problem. (ie. Opposite from the previous example). • Once the problem has been defined and general objective identified, the specific objectives often naturally follow, by considering what are important components. • A logical and clearly written statement of problems and objectives is often the most difficult part of proposal writing.

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