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Why Oral Hygiene Is Crucial to Your Overall Health

Gum disease has been associated with a range of health conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, dementia and more. Here’s what experts say you can do to manage the risk.

By Hannah Seo

The inside of your mouth is the perfect place for bacteria to thrive: It’s dark, it’s warm, it’s wet and the foods and drinks you consume provide nutrients for them to eat.

But when the harmful bacteria build up around your teeth and gums, you’re at risk of developing periodontal (or gum) disease , experts say, which is an infection and inflammation in the gums and bone that surround your teeth.

And such conditions in your mouth may influence the rest of your body, said Kimberly Bray, a professor of dental hygiene at the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

A growing yet limited body of research , for instance, has found that periodontal disease is associated with a range of health conditions including diabetes, heart disease, respiratory infections and dementia.

Exactly how oral bacteria affect your overall health is still poorly understood, Dr. Bray said, since the existing research is limited and no studies have established cause-and-effect.

But some conditions are more associated with oral health than others, experts say. Here is what we know.

The health issues linked with oral health

About 47 percent of people aged 30 years and older in the United States have some form of periodontal disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In its early stages, called gingivitis, the gums may become swollen, red or tender and may bleed easily. If left untreated, gingivitis may escalate to periodontitis, a more serious form of the disease where gums can recede, bone can be lost, and teeth may become loose or even fall out.

With periodontitis, bacteria and their toxic byproducts can move from the surface of the gums and teeth and into the bloodstream, where they can spread to different organs, said Ananda P. Dasanayake, a professor of epidemiology at the New York University College of Dentistry.

This can happen during a dental cleaning or flossing, or if you have a cut or wound inside your mouth, he said.

If you have inflammation in the mouth that is untreated, some of the proteins responsible for that inflammation can spread throughout the body, Dr. Bray said, and potentially damage other organs.

Of all the associations between oral health and disease, the one with the most evidence is between periodontal disease and diabetes, Dr. Bray said. And the two conditions seem to have a two-way relationship , she added: Periodontal disease seems to increase the risk for diabetes, and vice versa.

Researchers have yet to understand exactly how this might work, but in one review published in 2017 , researchers wrote that the systemic inflammation caused by periodontal disease may worsen the body’s ability to signal for and respond to insulin.

In another study , published in April, scientists found that diabetics who were treated for periodontal disease saw their overall health care costs decrease by 12 to 14 percent.

“You treat periodontal disease, you improve the diabetes,” Dr. Dasanayake said.

If large amounts of bacteria from the mouth are inhaled and settle in the lungs, that can result in bacterial aspiration pneumonia , said Dr. Frank Scannapieco, a professor of oral biology at the University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine.

This phenomenon has been observed mainly in patients who are hospitalized or older adults in nursing homes, and is a concern for those who can’t floss or brush their teeth on their own, said Dr. Martinna Bertolini, an assistant professor of dental medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine.

Preventive dental care such as with professional teeth cleanings, or periodontal treatments like antibiotic therapy, can lower the risk of developing this kind of pneumonia, Dr. Scannapieco said.

Cardiovascular disease

In a report published in 2020 , an international team of experts concluded that there is a significant link between periodontitis and heart attack, stroke, plaque buildup in the arteries, and other cardiovascular conditions.

While researchers haven’t determined how poor oral health might lead to worse heart health, some evidence suggests that periodontal bacteria from the mouth may travel to the arteries in vascular disease patients, potentially playing a role in the development of the disease.

And a 2012 statement from the American Heart Association noted that inflammation in the gums has been associated with higher levels of inflammatory proteins in the blood that have been linked with poor heart health.

Some research also suggests that better oral hygiene practices are linked with lower rates of heart disease.

For example, in a study published in 2019 , researchers reviewed the health records of nearly 250,000 healthy adults living in South Korea and found that over about 10 years, those who regularly brushed their teeth and received regular dental cleanings were less likely to have cardiovascular events than those who had poorer dental hygiene, formed more cavities, experienced tooth loss or developed periodontitis.

Pregnancy complications

A number of studies and reviews have found associations between severe periodontal disease and preterm, low birth weight babies, Dr. Dasanayake said. Though more research is needed to confirm the link.

In a 2019 review , researchers found that treating periodontal disease during pregnancy improved birth weight and reduced the risk of preterm birth and the death of the fetus or newborn.

And in a 2009 study , researchers found that oral bacteria could travel to the placenta — potentially playing a role in chorioamnionitis, a serious infection of the placenta and amniotic fluid that could lead to an early delivery, or even cause life-threatening complications if left untreated.

Research also suggests that bacteria from your mouth may activate immune cells that circulate in the blood, causing inflammation in the womb that could distress the placenta and fetal tissues.

There is longstanding research that periodontitis may induce preterm birth in animals like mice, and that treating these infections can protect against low birth weights and preterm birth.

Researchers have been increasingly interested in the role of oral health in dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease, Dr. Scannapieco said.

“Bacteria that are found in the mouth actually have been identified in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s,” he said, implying a potential role for them in the disease.

In a recent review , scientists noted that oral bacteria — especially those related to periodontitis — could either affect the brain directly via “infection of the central nervous system,” or indirectly by inducing “chronic systemic inflammation” that reaches the brain.

However, there’s no evidence that oral bacteria alone could cause Alzheimer’s, the review authors wrote. Rather, periodontal disease is just one “risk factor” among many for people who are predisposed to Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia.

Other conditions

Oral bacteria have also been robustly linked with a number of other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis , Dr. Bray said. And emerging research is starting to link oral bacteria with kidney and liver disease, as well as colorectal and breast cancers .

But more research is needed to confirm all of these links, the experts said. And we still don’t know if regular dental care and periodontal treatments may help prevent or improve any of the conditions mentioned above, Dr. Scannapieco said.

What you can do

The best way to maintain good oral health is to follow the classic dental care advice , including brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing every day, Dr. Scannapieco said.

“Not all people really appreciate their oral health, and they’re only reminded of it when they have a toothache or some pain,” he added. But it’s important to be just as diligent and proactive about your oral health as you are with exercise or diet or any other aspect of well-being.

Hannah Seo is a reporting fellow for The Times, covering mental and physical health and wellness. More about Hannah Seo

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Your Mouth Has a Lot to Say About Your Overall Health

The benefits of good dental hygiene go beyond bright smiles. Making sure you’re brushing properly, flossing daily, and keeping up with dental appointments preserves your overall health.

Dental problems such as gum disease and tooth decay can contribute to a number of health conditions, including heart disease and pneumonia .

This article provides a quick overview of the conditions associated with poor oral health, those that can make your dental health worse, as well as what you can do to maintain your smile.

What Conditions Are Linked to Poor Oral Hygiene?

Increasingly, researchers are finding significant connections between your overall health and dental health. Poor oral hygiene has been directly linked to pneumonia, a range of serious heart problems, as well as complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

Over the last several years, a growing body of evidence has linked dental issues, especially missing teeth and periodontitis (advanced gum disease), with heart disease and other cardiac issues. These cardiac and blood circulation problems include:

• Coronary heart disease : Also known as atherosclerosis , coronary heart disease arises when arteries in the heart harden, interrupting or entirely blocking blood flow.
• Heart failure : This is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently, causing blood to pool in other parts of the body, especially the legs and lungs.  
• Cardiac arrhythmia : Characterized by irregular, too fast, or too slow heartbeat, cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (AFib), may also arise.  
• Stroke : Caused by blood clots or burst vessels in the brain, strokes cause seizures and are a medical emergency.

People with poor oral health have increased rates of heart attack and stroke, among other cardiac issues. While oral problems may not directly cause cardiac conditions, they may contribute to problems with the heart and are related. More research is needed, though, to understand why there is this connection.

Endocarditis

Poor oral hygiene is also a risk factor for endocarditis , an infection of the tissues of the heart. Bacteria in the mouth due to the gum diseases gingivitis and periodontitis can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the endocardium (the tissues in the inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves).

Pregnancy and Birth Complications

Complications during pregnancy and birth can also arise due to poor oral hygiene and health. Additionally, being pregnant makes you more likely to develop gingivitis, periodontitis, loose teeth, or tooth decay due to hormone fluctuations. Problems in the mouth have been linked to a range of such issues, including:

• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Preeclampsia
• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (also known as trench mouth )
• Tumors on the gum tissue of the mother (epulis gravidarum)

Pneumonia is a lung infection that ranges in severity and can become life-threatening.

A 2020 study of pneumonia patients in South Korea found missing teeth, having cavities, and poor oral hygiene to be closely linked to this condition. This is because bacteria in the mouth can enter the bloodstream and infect the lungs, leading to symptoms of pneumonia.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Though the exact nature of the relationship is unknown, associations have also been found between gum disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This autoimmune disease damages the joints, causing pain and inflammation. Certain bacteria in the mouth, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis , have been found in arthritic joints, indicating an association.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Studies have linked gingivitis and Alzheimer’s disease , a progressive form of dementia that causes a degeneration of nerve cells in the brain. Researchers have found that the Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria can travel from the gums to the brain, where they emit enzymes that damage neurons.

Alzheimer’s and Dental Care

People with Alzheimer's disease may need assistance taking care of their teeth. Caregivers or family members may need to help people with Alzheimer's brush and floss regularly.  

What Conditions Can Worsen Oral Health?

Not only can oral health conditions like gingivitis and tooth decay lead to or worsen other health issues, oral health is also affected by other diseases. This is especially the case with chronic and long-term conditions. Here’s a quick breakdown of health problems that can affect your mouth.

Diabetes arises when there are problems converting sugars ( glucose ) into energy, leading to very high blood sugar levels. There are several different types of diabetes, of which type 2 diabetes is the most common.

Diabetes causes excessive urination, sudden weight loss, fatigue, and other symptoms and is associated with periodontal disease. Gum disease can cause tooth loss and other problems.

Living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can lead to AIDS, can significantly impact oral health. With HIV, a range of oral and dental issues can arise, including:

• Periodontitis
• Canker sores
• Oral candidiasis (a fungal infection of the mouth)

Immune Health and Dental Health

People with HIV are more vulnerable to dental and oral problems because the virus attacks and weakens the immune system. As a result, it’s tougher for the body to fight off bacteria in the mouth.   

Osteoporosis

A disease that affects bone health and density, osteoporosis is another condition that can cause significant damage to your teeth and gums. The bone loss associated with this disease can affect the jawbone, causing teeth to loosen or fall out. Weakened bones in the jaw can also cause problems with dental appliances like bridges and dentures .

Osteoporosis is also associated with periodontitis. Though the exact connection isn’t clear, the weakening of the underlying bone may make the gums and teeth more susceptible to bacterial infection.

How to Maintain Oral Health

Good oral hygiene includes the following:

• Brush properly : An electric toothbrush is preferred. If using a manual toothbrush, use small, circular motions. No matter which toothbrush you use, brush for two to three minutes at a time, twice a day.
• Floss : Brushing alone is unable to get into the spaces in between the teeth, floss at least once a day.
• Incorporate fluoride : Fluoride in drinking water (the water you drink from the tap) or toothpaste helps strengthen tooth enamel .
• Get regular care : Make sure to visit a dentist for routine checkups and cleanings two times per year.
• Reduce alcohol and tobacco use : Smoking and using alcohol and chewing tobacco can damage your teeth and gums.
• Be aware of medications : Dry mouth is a common side effect of medications, and it can lead to dental problems.

Dental issues, especially tooth loss and gum disease, have been linked to heart disease, endocarditis, and complications during pregnancy and birth, among other conditions. Furthermore, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and osteoporosis can worsen oral health. Practicing good oral hygiene and getting regular dental checkups are important for maintaining your overall health.   

A Word From Verywell

There’s a close relationship between the health of your teeth and that of the rest of your body. Developing good dental hygiene habits and keeping up with dental appointments are part of broader self-care practices. If you’re concerned about your teeth or are due for a checkup, be sure to call your dentist. 

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Oral health: healthy people 2020 .

Batty G, Jung K, Mok Y et al. Oral health and later coronary heart disease: cohort study of one million people . Eur J Prev Cardiol . 2018;25(6):598-605. doi:10.1177/2047487318759112

Harvard Health. Gum disease and the connection to heart disease .

Bumm C, Folwaczny M. Infective endocarditis and oral health: A narrative review . Cardiovasc Diagn Ther . 2021;11(6):1403-1415. doi:10.21037/cdt-20-908

Yenen Z, Ataçağ T. Oral care in pregnancy . J Tur Ger Gynecol Assoc . 2019;20(4):264-268. doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2018.2018.0139

Son M, Jo S, Lee J, Lee D. Association between oral health and incidence of pneumonia: a population-based cohort study from Korea . Sci Rep . 2020;10(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66312-2

Kriauciunas A, Gleiznys A, Gleiznys D, Janužis G. The influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacterium causing periodontal disease on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: Systematic review of literature . Cureus . 2019;11(5):e4775. doi:10.7759/cureus.4775

Beydoun M, Beydoun H, Hossain S, El-Hajj Z, Weiss J, Zonderman A. Clinical and bacterial markers of periodontitis and their association with incident all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia in a large national survey . J Alzheimer's Dis . 2020;75(1):157-172. doi:10.3233/jad-200064

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Diabetes and oral health .

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. HIV/AIDS & oral health .

National Institutes of Health. Oral health and bone disease . NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center.

Centers for Disease Control. Oral health tips . 

Centers for Disease Control. Oral health tips .

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Diabetes & oral health .

By Mark Gurarie Gurarie is a freelance writer and editor. He is a writing composition adjunct lecturer at George Washington University.  

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• Adult health

Oral health: A window to your overall health

Your oral health is more important than you might realize. Learn how the health of your mouth, teeth and gums can affect your general health.

Did you know that your oral health offers clues about your overall health? Did you know that problems in the mouth can affect the rest of the body? Protect yourself by learning more about the link between your oral health and overall health.

What's the link between oral health and overall health?

Like other areas of the body, the mouth is full of germs. Those germs are mostly harmless. But the mouth is the entry to the digestive tract. That's the long tube of organs from the mouth to the anus that food travels through. The mouth also is the entry to the organs that allow breathing, called the respiratory tracts. So sometimes germs in the mouth can lead to disease throughout the body.

Most often the body's defenses and good oral care keep germs under control. Good oral care includes daily brushing and flossing. Without good oral hygiene, germs can reach levels that might lead to infections, such as tooth decay and gum disease.

Also, certain medicines can lower the flow of spit, called saliva. Those medicines include decongestants, antihistamines, painkillers, water pills and antidepressants. Saliva washes away food and keeps the acids germs make in the mouth in balance. This helps keep germs from spreading and causing disease.

Oral germs and oral swelling and irritation, called inflammation, are linked to a severe form of gum disease, called periodontitis. Studies suggest that these germs and inflammation might play a role in some diseases. And certain diseases, such as diabetes and HIV/AIDS, can lower the body's ability to fight infection. That can make oral health problems worse.

What conditions can be linked to oral health?

Your oral health might play a part in conditions such as:

• Endocarditis. This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers or valves, called endocardium. It most often happens when germs from another part of the body, such as the mouth, spread through the blood and attach to certain areas in the heart. Infection of the endocardium is rare. But it can be fatal.
• Cardiovascular disease. Some research suggests that heart disease, clogged arteries and stroke might be linked to the inflammation and infections that oral germs can cause.
• Pregnancy and birth complications. Gum disease called periodontitis has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight.
• Pneumonia. Certain germs in the mouth can go into the lungs. This may cause pneumonia and other respiratory diseases.

Certain health conditions also might affect oral health, including:

Diabetes. Diabetes makes the body less able to fight infection. So diabetes can put the gums at risk. Gum disease seems to happen more often and be more serious in people who have diabetes.

Research shows that people who have gum disease have a harder time controlling their blood sugar levels. Regular dental care can improve diabetes control.

• HIV/AIDS. Oral problems, such as painful mouth sores called mucosal lesions, are common in people who have HIV/AIDS.
• Cancer. A number of cancers have been linked to gum disease. These include cancers of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, prostate gland and uterus.
• Alzheimer's disease. As Alzheimer's disease gets worse, oral health also tends to get worse.

Other conditions that might be linked to oral health include eating disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and an immune system condition that causes dry mouth called Sjogren's syndrome.

Tell your dentist about the medicines you take. And make sure your dentist knows about any changes in your overall health. This includes recent illnesses or ongoing conditions you may have, such as diabetes.

How can I protect my oral health?

To protect your oral health, take care of your mouth every day.

• Brush your teeth at least twice a day for two minutes each time. Use a brush with soft bristles and fluoride toothpaste. Brush your tongue too.
• Clean between your teeth daily with floss, a water flosser or other products made for that purpose.
• Eat a healthy diet and limit sugary food and drinks.
• Replace your toothbrush every 3 to 4 months. Do it sooner if bristles are worn or flare out.
• See a dentist at least once a year for checkups and cleanings. Your dentist may suggest visits or cleanings more often, depending on your situation. You might be sent to a gum specialist, called a periodontist, if your gums need more care.
• Don't use tobacco.

Contact your dentist right away if you notice any oral health problems. Taking care of your oral health protects your overall health.

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• Gross EL. Oral and systemic health. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Oral health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/oral-health. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Gill SA, et al. Integrating oral health into health professions school curricula. Medical Education Online. 2022; doi:10.1080/10872981.2022.2090308.
• Mark AM. For the patient: Caring for your gums. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2023; doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2023.09.012.
• Tonelli A, et al. The oral microbiome and the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2023; doi:10.1038/s41569-022-00825-3.
• Gum disease and other diseases. The American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-and-other-diseases/. Accessed Feb 1, 2024.
• Gum disease prevention. The American Academy of Periodontology. https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-prevention/. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Oral health topics: Toothbrushes. American Dental Association. https://www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and-research-institute/oral-health-topics/toothbrushes. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
• Issrani R, et al. Exploring the mechanisms and association between oral microflora and systemic diseases. Diagnostics. 2022; doi:10.3390/diagnostics12112800.
• HIV/AIDS & oral health. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/hiv-aids. Accessed Feb. 1, 2024.
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Essay on Dental Hygiene

Students are often asked to write an essay on Dental Hygiene in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Dental Hygiene

Introduction to dental hygiene.

Dental hygiene refers to the practice of keeping our mouths clean and free from disease. This is done by regular brushing and flossing.

Importance of Dental Hygiene

Good dental hygiene is essential for our overall health. It prevents tooth decay, gum diseases, and bad breath. It also helps maintain a bright and confident smile.

Practices for Dental Hygiene

We should brush our teeth at least twice a day, floss daily, and visit the dentist regularly. Eating a balanced diet and avoiding sugary snacks also contribute to dental health.

In conclusion, dental hygiene is an essential part of our daily routine. It is vital for our overall well-being.

250 Words Essay on Dental Hygiene

Dental hygiene is a pivotal aspect of overall health, often overlooked in favor of more immediate health concerns. However, it plays a significant role in preventing oral diseases and maintaining general wellbeing.

The Importance of Dental Hygiene

Dental hygiene is about more than just maintaining a bright smile. It is intrinsically linked with your overall health. Poor oral hygiene can lead to various dental and medical problems such as gum disease, infection, heart disease, stroke, and even diabetes.

Practices for Optimal Dental Hygiene

Optimal dental hygiene involves several daily practices. Brushing teeth at least twice a day, flossing daily, and regular dental check-ups are the cornerstone of good oral health. Additionally, a balanced diet and limiting snacks can prevent tooth decay and periodontal disease.

Consequences of Neglected Dental Hygiene

Neglected dental hygiene can lead to severe consequences. Tooth decay, gum disease, and tooth loss are direct outcomes. In the long run, these conditions can lead to more serious health complications, including cardiovascular disease, respiratory infections, and diabetic complications.

Conclusion: The Interplay of Dental Hygiene and Overall Health

In conclusion, dental hygiene is a critical facet of health that extends beyond the oral cavity. It is a preventive measure against a range of diseases and a contributor to overall wellbeing. Hence, it’s crucial to adopt and maintain proper dental hygiene practices for a healthier life.

500 Words Essay on Dental Hygiene

Dental hygiene, often overlooked, is a critical aspect of overall health. It involves the maintenance of clean teeth and healthy gums to prevent dental problems such as cavities, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The importance of dental hygiene extends beyond oral health, as poor oral hygiene has been linked with serious health issues like heart disease and stroke.

Components of Dental Hygiene

Effective dental hygiene incorporates several practices. Regular brushing and flossing are the cornerstones of good oral health. Brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste removes plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that can cause tooth decay and gum disease. Flossing daily is equally important, as it removes food particles and plaque from between teeth and under the gum line, areas that brushing often misses.

Mouthwash can also be a valuable addition to a dental hygiene routine. It can reach areas that brushing and flossing cannot, reduce the amount of acid in the mouth, re-mineralize the teeth, and help clean the mouth.

The Role of Diet in Dental Health

Diet plays a significant role in dental health. Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products can provide essential nutrients for optimum oral health. Limiting sugary and acidic foods and drinks can help prevent tooth decay and erosion.

Regular Dental Check-ups

Regular dental check-ups are a vital part of maintaining good oral health. Dentists can detect early signs of oral health problems and can provide treatment to prevent further damage. Dental professionals can also perform professional cleaning to remove tartar, a hardened form of plaque that brushing and flossing cannot remove.

The Connection Between Oral Health and Overall Health

Poor oral health can have far-reaching effects on overall health. Research has indicated a link between gum disease and health complications such as heart disease and stroke. Bacteria from the mouth can enter the bloodstream, leading to inflammation and diseases. Therefore, maintaining good oral health is essential for overall well-being.

In conclusion, dental hygiene is an integral part of health that requires consistent care and attention. Incorporating proper brushing and flossing techniques, maintaining a balanced diet, and scheduling regular dental check-ups can significantly improve oral health. Understanding the connection between oral health and overall health can provide further motivation for maintaining good dental hygiene.

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• Health Info

Oral Hygiene

On this page, helpful tips, additional resources, related publications.

Good oral health helps you enjoy life. It lets you: speak clearly; taste, chew, and swallow delicious and nutritious foods; and show your feelings through facial expressions such as smiling.

If you protect your oral health with good oral hygiene practices (brushing and flossing), the odds are in your favor you can keep your teeth for a lifetime.

Brush Your Teeth

To keep your teeth healthy, it is important to remove dental plaque, a sticky, colorless film of bacteria. Plaque buildup can cause tooth decay and gum disease.

Even teeth that already have fillings are at risk for tooth decay. Plaque can build up underneath a chipped filling and cause new decay. And if there are areas in your mouth where your gums have pulled away from the teeth (called gum recession), the exposed tooth roots can decay as well.

Dental plaque is hard to see. You can see it more easily if you stain it. After you brush your teeth, chew “disclosing tablets” (which you can buy at a drug store), or brush with a special disclosing toothpaste. The color will show you where there is still plaque, and you can then brush those areas again to remove it. (Parents – Disclosing tablets can also be very helpful for teaching children how to do a good job brushing their teeth!)

Brushing tips:

• Use fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride is what protects teeth from tooth decay (cavities). It prevents decay by strengthening the tooth’s hard outer surface, called enamel.
• Angle the bristles toward the gumline, so they clean between the gums and teeth.
• Brush gently using small, circular motions. Do not scrub hard back and forth.
• Brush all sides of each tooth.
• Brush your tongue.

And, remember to replace your toothbrush when the bristles become worn.

Fact sheet for caregivers on tooth brushing in older patients.

Language English PDF: Number of pages 4 pages Descargar PDF en inglés : Number of pages 4 páginas Order print version Pedir versión impresa

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Clean Between Your Teeth

Cleaning between teeth to remove plaque is also part of a good oral hygiene routine. If plaque is not removed, some of it can harden below the gum line and irritate the gums. The gums become red, swollen, and may bleed easily. These are signs of gingivitis. Gingivitis caused by plaque buildup is a mild form of gum disease, and you can usually reverse it with daily brushing and flossing.

If plaque stays on your teeth for too long, it can harden. This hardened plaque is called calculus, or tartar. The only way to remove tartar is to have your teeth cleaned by a dentist or dental hygienist. If the tartar is not removed, the gingivitis can get worse and lead to more severe gum (periodontal) disease . In advanced stages, gum disease causes sore, bleeding gums; painful chewing problems; loose teeth; and even tooth loss.

Floss to remove plaque, and food particles, from between your teeth.

Flossing tips:

Some people find flossing difficult because of arthritis or other issues. If it’s too hard to hold floss, try a plastic or wooden dental pick or one of these:

Fact sheet for caregivers on flossing in older patients.

Follow these tips to keep your teeth and gums healthy:

• Brush your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste.
• Clean between teeth regularly, aiming for once a day. Use dental floss or a special brush or wooden or plastic pick recommended by a dental professional. Or try a floss holder, floss threader, or water flosser.
• If you are at a high risk for tooth decay (for example, if you have a dry mouth because of medicines you take), your dentist or dental hygienist may give you a fluoride treatment, such as a varnish or foam during the office visit. Or, the dentist may recommend a fluoride gel or mouth rinse for home use.
• If you are at higher risk for gum disease because of a medical condition (for example, diabetes), your dentist may want to see you more frequently.
• Drink fluoridated water. Drinking water with the right amount of fluoride protects your teeth throughout the day. Learn the fluoride content of your community’s water here or check with your water utility company.
• Don’t smoke. Smoking increases your chance of gum disease. If you smoke and want to quit, there are many resources to help you: FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products , CDC’s Quit Smoking website , and the BeTobaccoFree.gov website .
• If you are planning to become pregnant, have a dental checkup. Because of hormonal changes, pregnant women may develop gingivitis and experience gums that are swollen and bleed easily. During pregnancy, it is especially important to practice good oral hygiene to maintain the health of your gums.
• Eat a well-balanced diet. Limit sweets and sugary drinks, such as soda.
• Oral Health & Older Adults Information from NIDCR of interest to older adults on tooth decay, gum disease, dry mouth, and oral cancer.
• Children’s Oral Health Information from NIDCR of interest to parents of young children.
• Basics of Oral Health Information from the CDC on how to care for your teeth at any age.
• Adult Oral Health Information and oral health tips from the CDC.
• Oral Health Information from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health that answers questions about women’s oral health, including oral health and pregnancy.
• MedlinePlus: Tooth Decay The NIH National Library of Medicine's collection of links to government, professional, and non-profit/voluntary organizations with information on tooth decay.
• MedlinePlus: Gum Disease The NIH NLM collection of links to government, professional, and non-profit/voluntary organizations with information on gum disease.

Fact sheet on maintaining oral health for a lifetime.

Language English PDF: Number of pages 6 pages Descargar PDF en inglés : Number of pages 6 páginas Order print version Pedir versión impresa

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Oral Hygiene Research from NIDCR

• Researchers Call in a Swarm of Tiny, Tooth-Scrubbing Robots
• Turning Back the Clock on Gum Disease
• A Microbial World on the Top of Your Tongue
• Older Americans Are Keeping More of Their Teeth
• Researchers Identify Immune Culprits Linked to Inflammation and Bone Loss in Gum Disease

Oral Health

“There is no health without oral health.” You may have heard this statement but what does it mean? The health of our mouth, or oral health, is more important than many of us may realize. It is a key indicator of overall health, which is essential to our well-being and quality of life.

Although preventable to a great extent, untreated tooth decay (or cavities) is the most common health condition worldwide. When we think about the potential consequences of untreated oral diseases including pain, reduced quality of life, lost school days, disruption to family life, and decreased work productivity, making sure our mouths stay healthy is incredibly important. [1]

What is a Healthy Mouth?

The mouth, also called the oral cavity, starts at the lips and ends at the throat. A healthy mouth and well-functioning teeth are important at all stages of life since they support human functions like breathing, speaking, and eating. In a healthy mouth, tissues are moist, odor-free, and pain-free. When we talk about a healthy mouth, we are not just talking about the teeth but also the gingival tissue (or gums) and the supporting bone, known together as the periodontium. The gingiva may vary in color from coral pink to heavily pigmented and vary in pattern and color between different people. Healthy gingiva is firm, not red or swollen, and does not bleed when brushed or flossed. A healthy mouth has no untreated tooth decay and no evidence of lumps, ulcers, or unusual color on or under the tongue, cheeks, or gums. Teeth should not be wiggly but firmly attached to the gingiva and bone. It should not hurt to chew or brush your teeth.

Throughout life, teeth and oral tissues are exposed to many environmental factors that may lead to disease and/or tooth loss. The most common oral diseases are tooth decay and periodontal disease. Good oral hygiene and regular visits to the dentist, combined with a healthy lifestyle and avoiding risks like excess sugar and smoking, help to avoid these two diseases.

Oral Health and Nutrition: What You Eat and Drink Affects Your Teeth

Just like a healthy body, a healthy smile depends on good nutrition. A balanced diet with adequate nutrients is essential for a healthy mouth and in turn, a healthy mouth supports nutritional well-being. Food choices and eating habits are important in preventing tooth decay and gingival disease.

Minerals like calcium and phosphorus contribute to dental health by protecting and rebuilding tooth enamel. [2] Enamel is the hard outer protective layer of the tooth (fun fact: enamel is the hardest substance in the human body). Eating foods high in calcium and other nutrients such as cheese , milk , plain yogurt , calcium-fortified tofu , leafy greens , and almonds may help tooth health. [2] While protein-rich foods like meat, poultry, fish, milk and eggs are great sources of phosphorus.

When it comes to a healthy smile, fruits and vegetables are also good choices since they are high in water and fiber , which balance the sugars they hold and help to clean the teeth. [2] These foods also help stimulate saliva, which helps to wash away acids and food from teeth, both neutralizing acid and protecting teeth from decay. Many fruits and vegetables also have vitamins like vitamin C , which is important for healthy gingiva and healing, and vitamin A, another key nutrient in building tooth enamel.[2]

Water is the clear winner as the best drink for your teeth—particularly fluoridated water. It helps keep your mouth clean and helps fight dry mouth. Fluoride is needed regularly throughout life to protect teeth against tooth decay. [3] Drinking water with fluoride is one of the easiest and most beneficial things you can do to help prevent cavities.

Is carbonated water a healthy choice for my teeth?

How snacking can affect your dental health

Malnutrition and oral health.

Nutrition and oral health are closely related. The World Health Organization defines malnutrition as deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. This means that malnutrition can be over-nutrition or undernutrition. Dental pain or missing teeth can lead to difficulty chewing or swallowing food which negatively affects nutrition. This may mean eating fewer meals or meals with lower nutritional value due to impaired oral health and increased risk of malnutrition. On the other hand, lack of proper nutrients can also negatively affect the development of the oral cavity, the progression of oral diseases and result in poor healing. [5] In this way, nutrition affects oral health, and oral health affects nutrition.

Nutrition is a major factor in infection and inflammation. [5] Inflammation is part of the body’s process of fighting against things that harm it, like infections and injuries. Although inflammation is a natural part of the body’s immune response to protect and heal the body, it can be harmful if it becomes unbalanced. In this way inflammation is a dominant factor in many chronic diseases. Periodontal diseases and obesity are risk factors involved in the onset and progression of chronic inflammation and its consequences. [6]

Oral Health and General Health

While it may appear that oral diseases only affect the mouth, their consequences can affect the rest of the body as well. There is a proven relationship between oral and general health. Many health conditions may increase the risk of oral diseases, and poor oral health can negatively affect many general health conditions and the management of those conditions. Most oral diseases share common risk factors with chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease , cancers , diabetes , and respiratory diseases. These risk factors include unhealthy diets, particularly those high in added sugar, as well as tobacco and alcohol use. [7]

Infective endocarditis (IE), an infection of the inner lining of the heart muscle, can be caused by bacteria that live on teeth. [8] Gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory diseases of the gingiva and supporting structures of the teeth caused by specific bacteria. There is evidence that the surface of inflamed tissue around teeth is the point of entry for the specific bacteria that cause as much as 50% of the IE cases in the U.S. annually. This means that improving oral hygiene may help in reducing the risk of developing IE. In addition, periodontal disease may be associated with heart disease and shares risk factors including tobacco use, poorly controlled diabetes , and stress . [9,10]

Oral health is an important part of prenatal care. Poor oral health during pregnancy can result in poor health outcomes for both mother and baby. For example, studies suggest that pregnant women who have periodontal disease may be more likely to have a baby that is born too early and too small. [7] Hormonal changes during pregnancy, particularly elevated levels of progesterone, increase susceptibility to periodontal disease, which includes gingivitis and periodontitis. For this reason, your dentist may recommend more frequent professional cleanings during your pregnancy.

If you are struggling with morning sickness, the stomach acid from vomiting can erode or wear away tooth enamel. To help prevent the effects of erosion, rinse your mouth with 1 teaspoon of baking soda mixed in a cup of water, then wait 30 minutes before brushing your teeth. [11]

Conditions that impact oral health

Certain conditions may also affect your oral health, including:

• Anxiety and stress. Stress is a normal human reaction that everyone experiences at one point or another. However, stress that is left unchecked can contribute to many health problems including oral health issues. While behavioral changes play a leading role in these poor oral health findings, there are certain physiological effects on the body as well. Stress creates a hormone in the body called cortisol. Spikes in this hormone can weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to developing periodontal disease. Evidence has shown that stress reduces the flow of saliva which in turn can contribute to dental plaque formation. [12] Certain medications like antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can also cause dry mouth, increasing risk of tooth decay. Additionally, stress may contribute to teeth grinding (or bruxism), clenching, cold sores, and canker sores.
• Osteoporosis and Paget’s Disease . Medical conditions such as osteoporosis are a fitting example of why it is so important to let your dentist know about all the medications you are taking. Certain medications like antiresorptive agents, a group of drugs that slows bone loss, can influence dental treatment decisions. That is because these medications have been associated with a rare but serious condition called osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), which can damage the jawbone. Bisphosphonates (Fosamax, Actonel, and Boniva) and Denosumab (or Prolia) are examples of antiresorptive agents. Although it can occur spontaneously, ONJ more commonly occurs following surgical dental procedures like extracting a tooth or implant placement. Be sure to tell your dentist if you are taking antiresorptive agents so they can take that into account when developing your treatment plan.

A healthy, pain-free mouth can lead to a better state of mind!

Eating concerns: what to eat if you have….

Depending on the type of orthodontic treatment, your braces may have brackets, bands, and wires. In this case, it is important to avoid eating hard or sticky food. This includes things like nuts, popcorn, hard candy or gum, which could break or displace parts of your orthodontics and potentially delay your treatment. Enjoying pasta, soft veggies, fruits, and dairy products are good choices. Having good oral hygiene is key in making sure tooth decay do not form around the braces. This means making sure the teeth and braces are thoroughly cleaned of food debris so that plaque does not accumulate. Allowing plaque to build-up can cause white spots on the surfaces of the teeth. You can ask your dentist for tips on how to maintain good oral hygiene.

If you have clear trays or aligners that are removable, you should always remove your trays before eating or drinking any liquid other than water. Regardless of whether food is hard or soft, removing your tray before eating helps to ensure effectiveness of your treatment.

If you wear dentures, adjusting to what and how you eat can be a major challenge. When you first get dentures, your mouth and tissue need time to adjust to chewing and biting. Starting with soft foods like soups, smoothies, and applesauce for your first few meals can help make the transition more comfortable. Be mindful of hot dishes and drinks as it can sometimes be difficult to gauge the temperature of your food. After a couple of days, you can move onto more solid foods as your mouth begins to adjust to the dentures. Take care to avoid hard or sticky food and tough meats which could break or damage your dentures. Denture-friendly foods include slow-cooked or ground meats, cooked fish, ripe fruits, and cooked vegetables. A good tip is that if you can cut the food with a fork, chances are the food will not damage your dentures.

Dry mouth or xerostomia can make it difficult to talk, chew, and swallow food. Symptoms of dry mouth may include increased thirst, sore mouth and tongue, difficulty swallowing and talking, and changes in taste. [14] If you are experiencing a dry mouth, it is important to talk to your oral health care provider (as well as primary care provider) to better understand the potential causes and management. Regardless of the cause, you have lots of options for making it easier to eat. First, ensure that you drink plenty of fluids and sip cold water between meals. Chew your food well if you’re having trouble swallowing and only take small bites. Combining solid foods with liquid foods such as yogurt, gravy, sauces, or milk can also help. You want to avoid foods that are acidic, hot, or spicy as these may irritate your mouth further. Good oral care also plays a key role in alleviating dry mouth and preventing tooth decay, which is a common oral complication of dry mouth.

Oral Health Tips

Here are some actions you can take to support good oral health: [15]

• Drink fluoridated water and brush with fluoride toothpaste.
• Practice good oral hygiene. Brush teeth thoroughly twice a day and floss daily between the teeth to remove dental plaque.
• Visit your dentist at least once a year (the average person should go twice a year), even if you have no natural teeth or have dentures.
• Do not use any tobacco products. If you smoke, seek resources to help you quit.
• Limit alcoholic drinks. Some alcoholic beverages can be very acidic, resulting in erosion of tooth enamel, and those with a high alcohol content can lead to dry mouth. Also be mindful of drink mixers, many of which are high in sugar and can increase the risk of tooth decay.
• If you have diabetes , work to support control of the disease. This will decrease the risk for other complications, including gum disease. Treating gum disease may help lower your blood sugar level.
• If your medication causes dry mouth, discuss other medication options with your doctor that may not cause this condition. If dry mouth cannot be avoided, drink plenty of water, chew sugarless gum, and avoid tobacco products and alcohol. Your oral health care provider may be able to recommend over-the-counter or prescription medications to improve your dry mouth as well.
• See your doctor or a dentist if you experience sudden changes in taste and smell.
• When acting as a caregiver, help those who are not able to brush and floss their teeth independently.
• Chew sugar-free xylitol gum between meals and/or when you are unable to brush after a meal.

Bottom Line – There Is No Health Without Oral Health

As growing research and studies reveal the link between oral health and overall health, it becomes more evident that taking care of your teeth isn’t just about having a nice smile and pleasant breath. Studies show that poor oral health is linked to heart disease, diabetes, pregnancy complications, and more, while positive oral health can enhance both mental and overall health. Good oral hygiene and regular visits to the dentist, combined with a healthy lifestyle and avoiding risks like excess sugar and smoking, help to keep your smile and body healthy.

• Oral Cavity (mouth) starts at the lips and ends at the throat including the lips, inside the cheeks and lips, the tongue, gums, under the tongue, and roof of the mouth.
• Enamel is the hard calcified tissue covering the surface of the tooth.
• Gingiva (gums) is the soft tissue covering the necks of the teeth and the jaw bones.
• Periodontium is a group of specialized tissues that surround and support the teeth, including the gingiva and bone.
• Periodontal disease (gum disease) includes gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is the mildest form, in which the gums become red, swollen, and bleed easily. Gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and good at-home oral care. If untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontitis where chronic inflammation causes the tissues and bone that support the teeth to be damaged. Overtime, teeth can become loose and may fall out or need to be removed. [16]
• Check out the Harvard School of Dental Medicine for more information and resources for oral health
• Peres MA, Macpherson LM, Weyant RJ, Daly B, Venturelli R, Mathur MR, Listl S, Celeste RK, Guarnizo-Herreño CC, Kearns C, Benzian H. Oral diseases: a global public health challenge. The Lancet . 2019 Jul 20;394(10194):249-60.
• American Dental Association. n.d. Nutrition: What you eat affects your teeth . Mouth Healthy.
• Kohn WG, Maas WR, Malvitz DM, Presson SM, Shaddix KK. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. (2001).
• Chi DL, Scott JM. Added sugar and dental caries in children: a scientific update and future steps. Dental Clinics . 2019 Jan 1;63(1):17-33.
• Ehizele AO, Ojehanon PI, Akhionbare O. Nutrition and oral health. Benin Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2009;11(1).
• Suvan JE, Finer N, D’Aiuto F. Periodontal complications with obesity. Periodontology 2000 . 2018 Oct;78(1):98-128.
• Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. International journal of health sciences . 2017 Apr;11(2):72.
• Lockhart PB, Brennan MT, Thornhill M, Michalowicz BS, Noll J, Bahrani-Mougeot FK, Sasser HC. Poor oral hygiene as a risk factor for infective endocarditis–related bacteremia. The Journal of the American Dental Association . 2009 Oct 1;140(10):1238-44.
• Borrell LN, Papapanou PN. Analytical epidemiology of periodontitis. Journal of clinical periodontology . 2005 Oct;32:132-58.
• Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, Papapanou PN, Osinbowale O, Trevisan M, Levison ME, Taubert KA, Newburger JW, Gornik HL, Gewitz MH, Wilson WR. Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does the evidence support an independent association? A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation . 2012 May 22;125(20):2520-44.
• American Dental Association. (n.d.). Pregnant? 9 Questions You May Have About Your Dental Health
• Reners M, Brecx M. Stress and periodontal disease. International journal of dental hygiene . 2007 Nov;5(4):199-204.
• American Dental Association. (n.d.). Osteoporosis and Oral Health .
• Cancer Treatment Centers of America. (n.d.). Dry mouth .
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. Oral Health Tips .
• The American Academy of Periodontology. (n.d.). Gum Disease Information .

Last reviewed December 2022

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• v.13(1); Jan-Mar 2021

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Oral Hygiene Among Students of a Private University

Muhammad z. iqbal.

1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

Rahul Rathi

2 Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

Sunil K. Prajapati

Khaleda omar, mohd b. bahari, sawri rajan.

3 Community Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

Fahad I. Al-Saikhan

4 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia

Muhammad S. Iqbal

The objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice among pre-final and final year students of pharmacy, medicine, biotechnology, and business faculties about oral hygiene.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of students towards oral hygiene at a private university in Malaysia. Validated questionnaires were distributed to a convenient stratified sample of 324 students studying in the different selected faculties, namely pharmacy, medicine, biotechnology, and business, respectively. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 24.0 was used to analyze the data.

With regard to knowledge, upon evaluation, it was seen that the students of the Faculty of Pharmacy had the highest percentage of adequate knowledge, which was statistically significant with a P -value of 0.001 and the effect size of 0.246. On the evaluation of attitudes, it was seen that the Faculty of Biotechnology had the highest positive attitudes. According to race, Malay students had the highest positive attitude among all the races that participated in the study, which showed a P -value of 0.037 with the effect size of 0.034. Regarding practice, the Faculty of Pharmacy had the lowest practice compared with the other faculties. This variable had a P -value of 0.001 and showed to have significance against the practice with an effect size of 0.193.

Conclusion:

Overall, a good attitude was seen amongst the students on their oral hygiene. It was also observed that the attitude, knowledge, and practice of the students in a private university increased with an increasing level of education.

I NTRODUCTION

Oral hygiene is related to every aspect of our lives but is often taken for granted. Our mouth is the window to the health of our bodies.[ 1 ] It can show signs of nutritional deficiencies or general infection. Whether you are 90 or 9 years of age, oral hygiene is important. Oral hygiene is a vital aspect of everyone including university students.[ 2 ] Having a busy student life should not be an excuse to neglect the importance of oral hygiene. It is especially important to students taking up courses related to the medical field.[ 2 ] After completing their studies, the university students would be a role model to the community and having proper oral care is important to encourage others to take care of their oral hygiene.[ 3 ]

Oral hygiene is vastly related to the knowledge and behavior towards it. Knowing oral health status leads to decent oral hygiene practice. However, even with knowledge, without having the proper attitude and practice, oral hygiene may be unsatisfactory.[ 4 , 5 ] The impact of improper oral hygiene practice should be known by everyone. Being a student, they will one day deal with a lot of people belonging to different cultures, age groups, and from different backgrounds in the field. By having a proper knowledge and oral hygiene behavior as well as a good attitude, they can act as role models for their family and also to the community at large.[ 6 ]

There are many ways to obtain good oral hygiene. Many techniques have been proved to have a good impact on oral hygiene. One of the main practices is brushing the teeth.[ 7 ] The right way recommended by the American Dental Association (ADA) is by placing the toothbrush at a 45º angle against the gums and move it back and forth in short strokes.[ 8 ] Brushing of the tongue can also be done to help remove the bacteria and also to freshen the breath.[ 9 ] Using a mouth rinse or mouthwash, together with daily brushing and flossing, will increase oral hygiene. Antimicrobial mouthwash helps to reduce bacteria and plaque activity, which can lead to gingivitis and gum disease.[ 9 ] Fluoride mouth rinses can also help by preventing the decaying of the teeth. Another step that can help in oral hygiene is by reducing the number of sweetened drinks consumed.[ 10 ]

The knowledge, attitude, and practice of oral hygiene are very important among students from different faculties, such as the Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicine, Business, and also Biotechnology. This research was done to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and also the practice of oral hygiene among students in a private medical university.

M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS

This study was conducted on pre-final and final year students from the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Business, and Biotechnology at a private medical university to evaluate their knowledge, attitude, and practice on the way the students take care of their oral hygiene. This study was carried out over a period of 9 months (September 2017 to May 2018), during which data collection and data analysis were performed.

Stratified convenient sampling was done[ 11 , 12 , 13 ] to determine the sample size of this research. This method was used to collect data from different faculties with different gender, race, marital status, year of study, place of living, and age group. For avoiding any bias and discrimination, the sample was obtained by random recruitment of Medical, Business, Biotechnology, and Pharmacy pre-final and final year students at a private medical university who were willing to participate in the study voluntarily. Participants’ consent was obtained before answering the questionnaire, and the survey was conducted through a self-administered questionnaire written in English. The sample size ( n = 350) was decided based on the student population in the pre-final and final year from each faculty. The questionnaire was prepared after a couple of days of the literature reviews of many studies performed globally. Thus, a modified questionnaire was prepared and validated by experienced professionals from related fields, like dentists, doctors, and professors, before the questionnaire was improved and developed for data collection.

The knowledge part of the questionnaire consisted of 15 multiple choice questions in a conventional format of one correct answer and two wrong answers. Students were to read and choose only one preference between A to C, based on their knowledge. The participants’ response was scored based on their correct and wrong answers. A score of 0 was credited to each wrong answer, while a score of 1 was credited to each correct answer. The criteria for scoring were taken from a former study performed in Malaysia,[ 14 , 15 , 16 ] and the results found were calculated as follows: The criteria for the scoring of participants’ Knowledge were as follows:

Criteria for the scoring of participant’s Knowledge.

The second part consisted of 10 attitude-based questions to check on participants’ attitudes regarding oral hygiene. All the statements were positively keyed, and participants were requested to read and express as to what extent they agreed or disagreed with the statements. Participants were to choose their answer from the 5-point Likert scale ranging from “Strongly disagree” to “Strongly agree” and scored as (strongly disagree = 1, disagree = 2, neutral = 3, agree = 4, and strongly disagree = 5).[ 17 ] The criteria for the scoring of attitudes of the respondent were as follows:

Criteria for the scoring of the participant’s Attitude.

The practice part of the questionnaire consisted of 10 statements, of which participants were to read and choose the option of either “Yes” or “No” based on their practice in taking care of their oral hygiene in their daily life. The same scoring procedure was employed for the practice part. A score of 0 was credited to the wrong answer and 1 to the correct answer. The criteria for evaluation were defined by the Bloom’s cut-off point.[ 18 ] The criteria for the scoring of participants’ Knowledge were as follows:

Criteria for the scoring of participants’ Practice.

P -value < 0.05 shows the presence of statistical significance.

Ethical approval and confidentiality

All aspects of the study protocol, including access to and the use of clinical information and demographics of the participants, were authorized by the AIMST Ethical Board and Committee with reference number AUHEC/FOP/2018/21 before this study was carried out. All the ethical aspects of the study were reviewed. The students participated in this study out of their own will, and those who refused or were not willing to take part were not forced to participate. Distribution of consent form was done to patients who were voluntarily willing to participate in the survey, and all information given by the participants was strictly confidential, protected, and was used for this particular clinical research only.

Demographics of the current study were different, including faculty, year of education, gender, age, residence, race, and marital status of the students. The results of this study are shown in Table 1 .

Demographic information of the respondents

The sample size ( n = 350) was decided based on the student population in the pre-final and final year from each faculty. From the Faculty of Pharmacy, 50 students were chosen from each year. However, 110 students voluntarily answered the survey form. As for the Faculty of Medicine, 100 students were expected to fill in the survey, but only 81 students took part. Thirty students from each year were chosen from the Faculty of Biotechnology, and the answered survey collected was 67. The final number of the survey response collected was 324.

Table 2 represents the total mean knowledge score of respondents from the study participants. There were 15 different questions regarding oral hygiene.

Knowledge score regarding oral hygiene

Paired t -test/ANOVA was used to find the P -values.

Statistically significant difference was seen between the total knowledge score of respondents and the students’ faculty ( P = 0.001), the year of education ( P = 0.003), and the marital status ( P = 0.041).

Table 3 represents the total mean attitude score of respondents from the study participants. Ten different questions were asked to the study participants regarding oral hygiene.

Attitude score regarding oral hygiene

Statistically significant difference was seen between the total attitude score of respondents and the students’ faculty ( P = 0.006) and the year of education ( P = 0.027). In contrast, none of the other variables show a statistically significant association with the knowledge score.

Table 4 represents the total mean practice score of respondents from the study participants. Ten different questions were asked to the study participants regarding the oral hygiene practices of respondents.

Practice score regarding mental health disorder

Statistically significant difference was seen between the total practice score of respondents and the students’ faculty ( P = 0.001), the year of education ( P = 0.037), the place of living ( P = 0.001), and the age groups of students ( P = 0.043). In contrast, none of the other variables show a statistically significant association with the knowledge score.

D ISCUSSION

Oral hygiene is vastly related to the attitude, practice, and the amount of knowledge a person has towards it. Having proper knowledge of oral hygiene will help in better oral hygiene practice. However, even with knowledge, without having the correct habit and mindset put into practice, a person’s oral hygiene may be unsatisfactory. It is believed that students of higher educational levels should take into consideration the importance of maintaining proper oral hygiene.

A statistically significant association was seen with the faculty and the knowledge score of respondents with P -value 0.001 and year of education with P -value 0.003, which shows that this variable had a relationship with the knowledge that the respondents’ have towards oral hygiene. Based on this study, the highest percentage that showed adequate knowledge was by the pharmacy students. Based on a study performed at the University of Barcelona by Cortes et al. [ 19 ] on The Evolution of Dental Health in Dental Students, it was seen that the knowledge of oral hygiene was adequate among dental students rather than medical students, which continued to increase throughout this previously conducted study. Statistically, no significant association was seen in any other variable with the knowledge score of the respondents.

The results of the current study correlate with the research done by Astrom et al .[ 20 ] on the stability of oral health-related behavior in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 35 years old. From this, it was seen that gender differences and better oral hygiene knowledge and practices were found among the female respondents and this may be due to their interest and concern in maintaining a good appearance. A study conducted by Peker et al. [ 21 ] in Turkey on a group of Turkish dental students showed that oral and dental hygiene knowledge of female students was better than males.

Respondents’ attitude towards oral hygiene care obtained through different faculties (Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Biotechnology, and Business) was considered as one of the vital factor variables for the current study. Statistical significance was seen in the student-faculty variable with the P -value 0.006 and year of education with P -value 0.021. Statistically, no significant association was seen in any other variable with the knowledge score of the respondents. A study done on a group of dental students in Bangalore, India, by Neraja et al .[ 22 ] confirmed that oral hygiene attitudes improved with increasing levels of education. There is progress in personal oral hygiene, which was shown to be linked to their dental education experience.

Statistical significance was seen between the faculty of the students and practice with the P -value 0.001. Similarly, statistical significance was seen between the year of education and practice of students for their oral hygiene; it shows that these variables had a relationship with the practice of respondents towards oral hygiene. A previous study conducted by Yildiz et al. [ 23 ] in Turkey among Turkish dental students shows that these students had a rather low oral hygiene awareness at the beginning of their dental education. Their oral hygiene behavior has improved tremendously in the final years of education.

A study conducted by Al-Ansari et al. [ 24 ] in a college in Kuwait concluded that the male Health Sciences College students seemed to have appropriate knowledge on some oral hygiene topics, but limited knowledge on the others. A previous research done by Peker et al .[ 21 ] among a group of Turkish Dental Students in Turkey states that oral and dental hygiene knowledge and attitudes about oral and dental hygiene care improved with increasing levels of education. From an article published in the European Journal of Dentistry by Rahman et al .[ 25 ] on oral behavior of dental students in the United Arab Emirates, female students have shown better dental care practice than male students.

C ONCLUSION

In conclusion, among the students of the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, Biotechnology, and Business, the faculty of pharmacy had shown the most positive attitude towards oral hygiene. Final year students showed to have better oral hygiene knowledge, attitude, and practice when compared with pre-final year students. Generally, both genders had poor practice, but females had a slightly higher percentage of good practice than males. All the Malay and Chinese students showed the highest positive attitude compared with other races. Overall, it was found that most of the respondents showed a positive attitude, adequate knowledge, and poor practice towards their oral hygiene.

Limitations of the study

There are multiple limiting factors in the current study. This was a single-centre study and was conducted in a private medical university which is located in the state of Kedah, and the results cannot represent the entire Malaysian community. The results may be skewed due to a significantly higher number of female respondents, a higher number of respondents of the same age group (21–25 years old), a higher number of single students, and also higher number of pharmacy students. In terms of ethnicity, there was a difference in sample size from each group, which can lead to bias in results.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia, for the support in the publication of this manuscript. The authors would also like to express their sincere gratitude to all the participants involved in this study in any capacity.

R EFERENCES

Applying to Dental Hygienist Program Application Essay

My decision to become a dental hygienist dates back to my high-school days. Nevertheless, my initial interest in dental hygiene was sparked by an incident that I witnessed, when a close relative required cosmetic dentistry due to poor oral-hygiene practices. I have limited knowledge on the subject of dental hygiene but I am quite aware of the difference that this information can bring to people’s lives (Anderson & Smith, 2009). Pursuing a course in dental hygiene at the West Coast University would help me realize my personal and career goals. To familiarize me with the specifics in the field of dental hygiene, I spent time with two professional dental hygienists. My experience with the dental hygienists involved observing them as they carried out routine activities that involved clients from diverse backgrounds. This paper is a response to the observations that I made during my visits to two dental hygienists Sergio Rodriguez and Abraham.

My first visit was to Sergio Rodriguez’s Crossroads Dental Group and Orthodontics, which is located in Upland California. Rodriguez has been a dental hygienist (DH) for over five years and he has enjoyed his work and all it brought including its financial benefits (Rodriguez, 2015, October X). During my visit to Rodriguez’s practice, he had quite a busy day in the office and I witnessed him serving seven clients. Some of the clients that Rodriguez dealt with required standard procedures while others prompted the dental hygienist to think ‘outside the box.

One of the most notable cases that I witnessed during my brief stint with Rodriguez involved a patient who had her gums measured. Before this experience, I had no idea that gums could be measured for any reason. Rodriguez informed me that the procedure that involved measuring gums was known as periodontal probing. Consequently, gums are supposed to measure between 2 and 3 millimeters and not more than that. The hygienist decided that the right course of action was to clean the client’s gums measured between 4 and 6 millimeters. From this patient’s visit, I also learned that part of a dental hygienist’s job was to make sure that the procedures that he/she offered to a patient were as pain-free as possible. I also learned that some of the conditions that dental hygienists might deal with could have direct connections to other serious medical conditions such as diabetes and cancer. When I was in high school, I expected that a DH’s medical repertoire was limited to the field of dentistry. However, during my stay in Rodriguez’s office, I witnessed him utilizing his knowledge in other medical fields and conditions including blood sugar levels, nutrition, and cancer.

My second visit to a DH was to Abraham Castellanos at the Mario Castellanos’ Dental Office in Fontana California. Abraham has been a practicing DH for over two years. He enjoys his job immensely especially when he meets new clients. From my observations, I learned that Abraham was quite passionate about oral health. During my stay at Abraham’s office, I witnessed his interactions with three patients. Most of the patients who visited Abraham required simple procedures. One of the most notable patient interactions at Abraham’s office involves him explaining to a patient that deep cleaning is not something that should be done routinely. Instead, deep cleaning is only necessary when individuals neglect to clean their teeth. Before my visit, I was under the impression that deep cleaning was a routine procedure that all people should undergo albeit periodically. However, Abraham made me realize that people who clean their teeth adequately do not require deep cleaning. In my opinion, if people utilized the advice given out by DHs, the dental health of the entire nation would improve drastically. My opinion was solidified by Abraham when he said that DHs were the “first line of defense against painful and debilitating problems” (Castellanos, 2015, October X). I will always remember how the hygienist explained the importance of his career by noting that the mouth was the gateway to harmful infections that might travel to the rest of the body.

My visits to these two DHs made me realize that my passion for dental hygiene has a social bearing. When patients walked in for consultations with the DHs, they were under distress because they realized that they were close to the dreaded dentist’s encounter. However, when the DHs helped them and gave them reassuring advice the patients felt relieved. I was only an observer but I also felt relieved whenever a patient was done with gum cleaning or when an individual realized there was a better way of taking care of his/her dental health. All these experiences aligned with my lifelong goal of helping people by instilling useful knowledge. Furthermore, when I asked the two DHs about the motivation behind their career choices, they all said it was because their job gave them the chance to ‘help people. For the brief moment when I shared their experience, I got a taste of the satisfaction that comes with helping people and it was very fulfilling.

Before pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Dental Hygiene, I tackled a Bachelor of Art in Mass Communication. I intend to combine the expertise that I will gather from these two programs and utilize it in my career as a DH. During my visits to the DHs, I learned that communication is an essential part of their practice. For instance, most of the patients who walked into the DHs’ offices had an air of mistrust around them but this was remedied by good communication on the side of the professionals. My good communication skills can be useful in reassuring patients thereby eliminating most of their fears (Nunn & Purifoy-Seldon, 2011). Furthermore, I learned from Rodriguez that being firm when communicating the dangers of bad oral hygiene is a valuable skill.

My interest in DH was sparked by an incident where one of my relatives deformed her teeth and later required cosmetic dentistry. However, my deep-rooted desire to help others or act as a public liaison officer in matters of dental health is my main motivation when I am seeking admission in your Bachelor of Science in Dental Hygiene Program at West Coast University. I have various skills that will be useful to your institution including my need to improve the knowledge levels of our current society. My preliminary research indicates that my experiences align with the core principles of your program and that is why I am seeking admission to your organization. I look forward to hearing from you shortly.

Anderson, K. L., & Smith, B. S. (2009). Practicing dental hygienists’ perceptions about the bachelor of science in dental hygiene and the oral health practitioner. Journal of dental education , 73 (10), 1222-1232.

Castellanos, A. (2015). Personal interview.

Nunn, P. J., & Purifoy-Seldon, B. (2011). The current status of allied dental faculty: a survey report. Journal of Dental Education , 68 (3), 329-344.

Rodriguez, S. (2015). Personal interview.

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IvyPanda. (2022, April 18). Applying to Dental Hygienist Program. https://ivypanda.com/essays/admissions-essay-dental-hygienist-program/

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IvyPanda . "Applying to Dental Hygienist Program." April 18, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/admissions-essay-dental-hygienist-program/.

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Why I Want to Be a Dental Hygienist Essay

Among many other dental hygiene application essay examples, this one is a must-read. The following dental hygiene essay will give several arguments on why you might want to be a dental hygienist over anything else. The author will talk about their childhood and skills and say a few words about the obligations of a dental hygienist. Read the sample and write your own Why I Want to Be a Dental Hygienist Essay.

It may not be such an easy task to choose a career to pursue, as one may like to believe. Some people have taken a long time to realize their desired professions. Others recognize their early life potential and make their career choices instantly. For a variety of compelling reasons, I have decided to pursue a career in dental hygiene.

I used to eat a lot of sugary food when I was about ten years old without realizing how much harm was done to my teeth. It wasn’t long before my first premolar tooth began to hurt. The misery and anguish that I had to endure before removing it were intolerable. This experience inspired me to start helping others to improve their oral health.

Since then, I have always wanted to work in dental hygiene. I wished to provide people with qualified preventive care. At the same time, I understood the trouble doctors and their dental patients went through. I’ve prepared myself for a challenging mission of becoming an advocate for personal dental hygiene across the country.

As you may know, being a dental hygienist can be a very challenging task. However, I am confident that I have all of the required skills. I am open-minded, attentive to detail, compassionate, and committed. Moreover, in a stressful situation, I will be ready to act with zero uncertainty. My goal is to have nothing less than perfect results in all my future endeavors.

Once it comes to sensitizing people about the risks of bad oral hygiene, my skills will become essential. The oral cavity is one of the most sensitive regions. So, dealing with patients requires a great deal of accuracy. I can also create an informal and friendly atmosphere for any client so that they can feel comfortable.

Over the past few years, the need to promote dental care has increased. It especially concerns the prevention of various oral infections. As a consequence, this puts a lot of stress on dentists who have to look after the increasing number of patients. While dentists are often concerned with technical procedures, dental hygienist services are required to provide preventive care. That is, among other responsibilities that aid in the treatment of patients with dental problems.

I can think of several main duties of a dental hygienist that I can skillfully perform. Several of the essential tasks include brushing and polishing the teeth of customers, as well as flossing them. Sealing the teeth of patients to avoid cavities is also a critical duty. Another task is to consult the clients. A dental hygienist should keep them updated about how to improve dental health and resolve any occurring issues.

A dental assistant must take and analyze X-rays until a dentist evaluates the anatomy of the teeth for new treatment procedures. Dental hygienists are accountable for devising the patient’s report cards. A dental hygienist’s job includes assisting the dentists. They are responsible for dental care procedures that are more complicated and require additional experience. For example, a fluoride varnish must be done by the dentist.

I would like to faithfully represent the society once I have earned the first accreditation as a dental hygienist. I desire to improve in the profession. So, I will surely pursue further studies in this area to reach a master’s degree. This goal is set for my long-term vision of working in public institutions, such as dental schools, hospitals, research centers. I even consider working as a hygiene coordinator in a dental clinic.

How to start a dental hygiene written essay?

An excellent way to start a dental hygiene essay is like any other personal statement or a recommendation letter. Begin with a short sentence explaining your interest in the topic. It will help to capture the reader’s attention.

What are the benefits of being a dental hygienist?

There are many good reasons to work as a dental hygienist. Due to ever-increasing population numbers, such jobs will remain in high demand for a long time. You’ll have a flexible schedule and a satisfying salary. Most notably, you can help improve people’s health and lives.

How do I write an essay on dental hygiene?

Start with an introduction and mention the reason for your interest in the profession. List your qualities that will be useful in the area of dental hygiene. Talk about the duties of a dental hygienist. In your conclusion, summarize your key points and write about your future career plans.

What does it mean to be a dental hygienist?

It’s when you have the right qualifications and knowledge about dental medicine. The ability to apply this expertise in your field of work is also significant. Above all, being a dental hygienist means that you should always be ready to help those with a problem.

What should an oral hygiene essay be about?

An oral hygiene essay should be about the practices of maintaining your oral hygiene. It would help if you also elaborated on the dangers of neglecting it. Be sure to make it interesting and thought-provoking for the reader.

What to include in a “why I want to be a dental hygienist” essay?

The good idea is to include your personal story. Talk about why you want to become a dental hygienist, express your passion for this career. Also, do not forget to list the skills that you think will help you in the profession.

Cite this paper

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Home — Essay Samples — Life — Dental Assistant — Qualifying as a Dental Hygienist

Qualifying as a Dental Hygienist

• Categories: Dental Assistant

About this sample

Words: 348 |

Published: Jan 29, 2024

Words: 348 | Page: 1 | 2 min read

Table of contents

Academic background and experience, personal qualities, commitment to continuing education.

• American Dental Hygienists’ Association. (2018). The dental hygienist’s role in patient motivation . Retrieved from https://www.adha.org/resources-docs/2018-Revised-Standards-for-Clinical-Dental-Hygiene-Practice.pdf
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). Dental hygienists: Occupational outlook handbook . Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/dental-hygienists.htm

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