essay in sanskrit in english

Sanskrit for Beginners

A simple and comprehensive guide

Our complete guide to Sanskrit grammar uses clear and simple language that anyone can understand. We focus on core concepts and principles, not on dull busywork.

You can download this guide as a PDF here .

Last updated on 9 October 2022. Join our mailing list for updates.

Before you begin

You can learn Sanskrit without studying grammar. Our introduction will show you how. If you have questions about this approach or about our guide, write to us and we will reply as soon as we can.

Part I: Fundamentals

Our introduction explains our guide's philosophy and design. Then, our core lessons teach the essential parts of Sanskrit grammar.

Introduction

• For beginners
• For experts

Core lessons

• The Sanskrit language
• Basic vowels
• Short and long vowels
• Compound vowels
• anusvāra and visarga

Uninflected words

Intermission.

Now is a good time to use our acquisition resources and focus on interesting content. Remember: we acquire Sanskrit through content, not through rules!

Part II: Major topics

Each topic below is like its own small book. You can read these topics in any order. Earlier topics tend to focus on details, and later topics tend to focus on meaning.

• The sound system
• Other sounds
• Modern pronunciation
• The sandhi system
• Vowel sandhi
• visarga sandhi
• Consonant sandhi between words
• Consonant sandhi within a word

Nominals 1: Normal stems

• The nominal system
• Basic nominal endings
• -ā , -ī , and -ū stems
• -i and -u stems
• -ai , -o , and -au stems
• Consonant stems

Nominals 2: Pronouns and numbers

• asmad and yuṣmad
• tad , etad , idam , and adas
• kim and yad
• Pronominal adjectives
• Number words

Verbs 1: Special tense-moods

• Special tense-moods
• The present tense
• The command mood
• The ordinary past tense
• The potential mood
• The bhū , div , tud , and cur classes
• The su , tan , and krī classes
• The ad and rudh classes
• The hu class
• karmaṇi and bhāve prayoga

Verbs 2: Other tense-moods

• Other tense-moods
• The simple future tense
• The conditional mood
• The distant future tense
• The distant past tense
• The recent past tense
• The blessing mood

Verbs 3: Derived roots

• Causal roots
• Desiderative roots
• Nominal roots
• Intensive roots
• Types of uninflected words
• The upasarga
• Other prefixes
• ca , vā , and others
• The suffix system
• -tvā and -ya
• -ta and -tavat
• -tavya , -anīya , and -ya
• -at , -āna , and -vas
• Other root suffixes
• Nominal suffixes
• The compound system
• The dvandva
• The tatpuruṣa
• The bahuvrīhi
• The avyayībhāva
• Sentence structure
• Verbless sentences
• Relative phrases
• Participles
• The eight cases
• How Devanagari works
• Vowels and consonants
• Vowel marks
• Consonant clusters
• Numerals and punctuation
• Old Devanagari
• Vedic Devanagari

For further study

If you want to learn more about Sanskrit's rules, we recommend our vyākaraṇa-praveśaḥ series, which is a gentle introduction to traditional Sanskrit grammar. You can also read our site resources page for texts, dictionaries, grammar references, and other helpful resources.

If you feel stuck, write to us and we'll see if we can help.

These appendices discuss other topics that are useful for beginners.

Other scripts

• Romanized Sanskrit

Sanskrit software

• Why use Sanskrit software?
• The Harvard-Kyoto system
• How to type in Sanskrit
• How to use a Sanskrit-English dictionary
• Grammatical Terms

The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education

This is Part I of two-part series on Sanskrit in Indian Education. To read part II, please click here .

Reality-Check 

If you are an Indian reading this essay in English, then it is likely that you are (a) not representative of the average Indian, and (b) alienated from your Indic mother-tongue. The 2011 Census shows that only 10.67% of Indians speak English as either their first, second, or third language. As English-speaking Oxford students and academics discussing Indic languages, we must remember that we do not represent the average Indian. This is because a majority of Indians attend non English medium schools i.e. schools in which non-language subjects such as physics, mathematics, and geography are taught in the student’s mother-tongue (“Household Social Consumption on Education in India”, p. 100). A good test of whether you are alienated from your Indic mother-tongue is to try to formulate your knowledge of Newton’s laws of motion, quadratic equations, and the physical characteristic of plateaus in your mother-tongue (without cheating by whole-scale borrowing of English words!). While the average Indian student educated in his mother-tongue can do this quite easily, English-educated Indians alienated from their mother-tongues (such as you and I) cannot.

Confronted with the growing status of English as an international lingua franca, however, more and more Indian parents are sending their children to English-medium schools. Furthermore, despite their statistical prominence, all Indian languages seem to be in a state of decline. This is shown by their dearth of innovative and impactful scholarly writing as well as by the influx of numerous English words in daily conversation.

Why study Sanskrit?

Having briefly described our current linguistic reality, especially the existential crisis facing all Indian languages, I will now discuss the reasons for learning Sanskrit.

Sanskrit was the lingua-franca of sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine in pre-modern India. To quote Field’s Medallist David Mumford’s review of Kim Plofker’s excellent book Mathematics in India:

“Did you know that Vedic priests were using the so-called Pythagorean theorem to construct their fire altars in 800 BCE?; that the differential equation for the sine function, in finite difference form, was described by Indian mathematician-astronomers in the fifth century CE?; and that “Gregory’s” series π/4 = 1−1/3 +1/5 − … was proven using the power series for arctangent and, with ingenious summation methods, used to accurately compute π _in southwest India in the fourteenth century?” (Mumford 385)

It is an indictment of our education system that most of these remarkable achievements are never mentioned in our textbooks, both in English and in Indian languages. If we want to gain an accurate understanding of the scientific and technological achievements of Indian civilisation, a knowledge of Sanskrit is essential since virtually all pre-modern Indian scientists such as Caraka, Suśruta, Āryabhaṭa, Varāhamihira, Bhāskara II, and Mādhava composed their scientific treatises in Sanskrit. Unfortunately, instead of celebrating these real scientists and their real scientific achievements, certain sections of Indian society continuously concoct fake achievements such as aeroplanes in the Rāmāyana and nuclear fusion in the Vedas. It is obvious that such nonsense is motivated by a deep insecurity about the past. However, as a response to these false claims, many English-educated Indians refuse to believe that there was anything resembling science in ancient India. Like Englishmen, many Indians have been ‘educated’ to view ancient India as a dark period of primitive superstition. If we reflect on this polarisation of opinion, we realise that a lack of knowledge of Sanskrit is the common denominator uniting people on both sides. A sound knowledge of Sanskrit would provide a student with the tools necessary to critically examine claims about Indian intellectual history and arrive at his/her own conclusions. This conclusion would inevitably follow the Buddhist middle-path (Pāli majjhimā paṭipadā): ancient Indians made numerous scientific advancements but were neither omniscient nor utterly ignorant. Teaching Sanskrit is the best way to expose students to the richness of the scientific, philosophical, and practical knowledge-systems of Indian civilisation.

b) Literature

Many of the foundational stories of Indian civilisation which still delight us today have their roots in Sanskrit literature: the story of Rāma and Sīta in the Rāmāyana , the fratricidal tragedy of the Mahābhārata , or Kṛṣṇa’s childhood and his love-affairs with  gopīs in the Bhāgavatapurāṇa . If religion and science isn’t your cup of tea, despair not! Most of Sanskrit literature is actually descriptions of beautiful sunrises, terrifying wars, and sweet love-making. Consider, for example, the lament of a yakṣa separated from his beloved:

tvām ālikhya praṇayakupitāṃ dhāturāgaiḥ śilāyām ātmānaṃ te caraṇapatitaṃ yāvad icchāmi kartum | asrais tāvan muhur upacitair dṛṣṭir ālipyate me krūras tasminn api na sahate saṃgamaṃ nau kṛtāntaḥ || (Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta verse 2.45)   I paint you, angry with affection, on this stone using minerals as colours. As soon as I seek to add myself, fallen at your feet, to the picture, My eyes become smudged with incessant tears. O, how cruel is fate, Since it does not allow the two of us to unite Even in a painting!

Sanskrit literature is filled with millions of such verses: verses which capture the deepest and most secret feelings of the human heart. Besides these tender verses, Sanskrit literature possesses rare examples of literary genius. For example, the 12th century poet Kavirāja’s Rāghavapāṇḍavīya simultaneously narrates the stories of the  Rāmāyana and Mahābhārata using Sanskrit’s seemingly infinite possibility for punning! If students wish to make this rich world of feeling, beauty, and literary genius a part of their life, then they must learn Sanskrit.

c) Language

Sanskrit is a grammatically perfect language with ten verbal-classes, eight cases, three numbers, and three genders (Jones 28). Sanskrit is one of the most well-structured and concise languages in the world. Consider the following English sentence: "I went to the shop to buy sugar".

The prolixity of this eight-word English sentence is evident in the use of filler words such as ‘to’ and ‘the’. Expressing the same thought in a modern Indian language such as Hindi, one would say: " मैं चीनी खरीदने के िलए दुकान गया ।"

Though this Hindi sentence is one word shorter than its English counterpart, it is equally prolix. Suppose one were to express the same thought in Sanskrit: śarkarāyāḥ krayāya vipaṇim agaccham.

We need only four words! In addition to its intrinsic grammatical beauty, a knowledge of Sanskrit will help a student learn other Indian languages more easily since most Indian languages, including Tamil, borrow a large number of loanwords from Sanskrit. I am reminded of my north-Indian friend’s hilarious attempt to order hot water at a restaurant in Karnataka. When he asked for ‘ garam pānī ’ in Hindi, everyone was baffled. However, as soon as he asked for the Sanskritic ‘ uṣṇa jala ’, he got what he wanted! Besides aiding in the comprehension of Indian languages, Sanskrit constitutes ideal preparation for those interested in learning Greek and Latin. This is because these Western classical languages share not only grammatical structure but also numerous cognate words with Sanskrit. Thus, Sanskrit is not only grammatically beautiful but also an ideal gateway to learning other Indian and Indo-European languages.

Sanskrit Pedagogy

Having (hopefully) persuaded you of the beauty and relevance of Sanskrit, I must now turn to three intractable practical questions: (i) How should Sanskrit be incorporated into our school curriculum? (ii) How should Sanskrit teaching deal with the controversies surrounding Sanskrit? (iii) How can teachers make Sanskrit learning easier and more enjoyable?

As far as the first question is concerned, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 hits the nail on the head:

“Sanskrit will thus be offered at all levels of school and higher education as an important, enriching option for students, including as an option in the three-language formula.” (NEP 2020: 14)

It is significant that NEP 2020 does not argue that Sanskrit should be made compulsory. Any attempt to impose Sanskrit on students is doomed to fail since many students prefer learning another Indian language instead of Sanskrit. However, as NEP 2020 states, Sanskrit should be made available as an option that can be chosen as one’s second or third language. In this respect, NEP 2020 significantly improves on NEP 1986 which, unfortunately, said virtually nothing about the role of Sanskrit in Indian education (NEP 1986. Furthermore, NEP 2020’s explicit mention of the importance of other classical languages such as Tamil and Kannada shows its commitment to preserving and re-invigorating the classical in these dreary post-modern times (NEP 2020 14-15). However, good intentions do not change the world unless accompanied by concrete action. Sanskrit is currently not offered as a language option in most private and government schools, including in the school of this essay’s author. Indeed, most of my Sanskrit-speaking friends actually learnt Sanskrit from traditional paṇḍitas outside the formal academic system. Though Sanskrit should not be made compulsory as a language, all students should be exposed to Sanskrit literature and knowledge-systems in translation. This will expand the student’s horizon beyond the confines of modern languages.

Given the divisiveness of our times, the teaching of Sanskrit will undoubtedly involve numerous controversies. The two most obvious points of contention are the content of the syllabus and the socio-political history of Sanskrit. One can mitigate the first difficulty by insisting on a curriculum grounded in the reading of original Sanskrit texts rather than secondary scholarship. Instead of presenting students with a particular narrative of Indian history, students should be allowed to develop their own understanding of the past through a careful reading of Sanskrit texts. With regard to the alleged discriminatory and elitist nature of Sanskrit, NEP 2020 constitutes a wonderful anti-dote. If successfully implemented, NEP 2020 will open up the study of Sanskrit to interested students from all religions, castes, races, and cultures. It is imperative that students from diverse social backgrounds are made to feel welcome in the modern Sanskrit classroom.

As far as Sanskrit pedagogy is concerned, the need of the hour is qualified teachers who can make language learning enjoyable. Too often, learning Sanskrit involves drowning in a sea of meaningless paradigms to be memorised. This approach ends up detracting students who would have otherwise enjoyed reading Sanskrit texts. Like other Indian languages, Sanskrit should be taught using a combination of everyday conversation and textual study. Crucially, teachers should treat Sanskrit as a language of daily life rather than as a dead language of ancient manuscripts. Such an approach will make students internalise and cherish Sanskrit instead of merely treating it as a scoring subject to achieve better grades. And, hopefully, this study of Sanskrit will create modern Indians who feel proud of their heritage and strive to live up to its demanding ethical ideals:

manasi vacasi kāye puṇyapīyūṣapūrṇās tribhuvanam upakāraśreṇibhiḥ prīṇayantaḥ| paraguṇaparamāṇūn parvatīkṛtya nityaṃ nijahṛdi vikasantaḥ santi santaḥ kiyantaḥ|| (Bhartṛharı̍'s Śatakatraya verse 1.79)   Filled with pure nectar in mind, speech, and body, Pleasing creatures in all three worlds by continuously helping them, Transforming another’s atom-like good quality into a mountain, Always blossoming in their own hearts, How many such good people are there?

Bibliography

“Bhartṛharı̍'s Śatakatraya.” Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL), http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/5_subhas/bh... .

“Household Social Consumption on Education in India.” National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, July 2017-June 2018. http:// www.mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/ Report_585_75th_round_Education_final_1507_0.pdf.

Jones, Sir William. Discourses delivered before the Asiatic Society: and miscellaneous papers, on the religion, poetry, literature, etc., of the nations of India. Printed for C. S. Arnold: 1824. “Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta.” Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL), http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/5_poetry/2_kavya/meg... .

Plofker, Kim. Mathematics in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Page of 4 5 Mumford, David. “Mathematics in India: Reviewed by David Mumford,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society vol. 57, no. 3 (2010): 385-390.

“National Education Policy 1986.” Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_docume... .

“National Education Policy 2020.” Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_Eng... .

“2011 Census.” Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2011. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html .

Suggested Citation:  Shree Nahata. 2021. 'The Importance of Sanskrit in Indian Education', Think Pieces Series No. 16. Education.SouthAsia ( https://educationsouthasia.web.ox.ac.uk/ ). 

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Essay on Sanskrit Language!

Sanskrit has been instrumental in lending continuity to Indian civilisation. In its heyday it was spoken and used in all regions of India including the Dravidian south. While Tamil has maintained a more or less independent literary tradition, all other languages in India have taken freely from Sanskrit vocabulary and their literature is permeated with the Sanskrit heritage.

Sanskrit is perhaps the oldest language in the world to be recorded. Classical Sansktrit, which developed from the Vedic times, held sway from about 500 BC to about AD 1000. In independent India it is listed among the languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution though it is not the official language of any state.

The hymns of the Rig-Veda bear the seeds of Sanskrit literature. Orally handed down for long, these hymns not only served the purpose of religion but also were a common literary standard for the Aryan groups in India. After 1000 BC, there developed an extensive prose literature devoted to ritual matters—the Brahttmnas; but in these too there are examples of story-telling, terse and abrupt in style.

The next milestone in the history of Sanskrit is the Grammar of Panini— the Ashtadhyayi. The form of the Sanskrit language as described by him became accepted universally and was fixed for all time. Probably, around the time Panini was codifying the Sanskrit language, the practice of writing had begun.

In the field of secular literature Sanskrit epic poetry (mahakavya) was the next most important development. The story of the Mahabharata was handed down orally for at least a thousand years after the battle it celebrates before becoming relatively fixed in writing. Dvaipayana or Vyasa is seen as the first to have sung of this fearsome struggle of his own time.

Vaisampayana later elaborated the epic; Lomaharsana and Ugrasravas are supposed to have recited the complete Mahabharata which scholars call itihasa. The story of the battle of eighteen days between the Kauravas and the Pandavas on the battlefield of Kurukshetra and the victory of the righteous was probably composed in the epic form not earlier than about 100 BC.

The Ramayana, traditionally ascribed to Valmiki whom Bhavabhuti and others call the ‘first kavi’, is considered to have been composed around the first century BC. On the face of it, it is the story of the adventures of Rama, but involved in this story are unforgettable conflicts of human passions.

Asvaghosa’s epics (first century AD) are the earliest epics now available to show the full-fledged kavya technique. His Buddhacharita and Saundarananda present the Buddhist philosophy of the shallowness of the world through the delights of poetry—the ornament of language and meaning. Later, in the fifth century AD, came Kalidasa with his Kumarasambhava which gives the story of the origin of Kartikeya, son of Shiva, and Raghuvamsa, a portrait gallery of the kings of Rama’s line, illustrating the four ends, virtue, wealth, pleasure and release, pursued by different rulers.

To the sixth century belongs Bharavi whose epic Kiratarjuniya presents a short episode from the Mahabharata as a complete whole. Rich description and brilliant characterisation are matched by a heroic narrative style.

Sanskrit literature shows a wide variety of forms and types. The katha tradition is exemplified in the Panchatantra, apparently written in the fourth century AD by Vishnusharman whose country was the Vakataka Empire (in the Deccan).

Bana’s Kadambari (7th century AD) is a novel about the timidities and missed opportunities of youth leading to tragedy. In the eleventh century we have Goddhala’s Udayasundari, a romantic novel. The critic King Bhoja’s Sringaramanjari is an entertaining ‘illustrating novel’ on the various types of love.

Somadeva’s Kathasaritsagara is a huge collection of stories skilfully narrated. Kshemendra’s illustrating novels are bitter satires on corrupt bureaucracies and deceit and vice. Some of his works are Kalavilasa, Darpadalana and Desopadesa.

The use of Sanskrit prose for scientific, technical and philosophical purposes is first exemplified by Patanjali’s Mahabhashya, a commentary on Katyayana’s Vartikas on Painin’s grammar. After this time, and during the early centuries of the Christian era, much technical and scientific literature came into being, Aryabhata and Bhaskara wrote on mathematics and astronomy, Charaka and Susruta on medicine, and Kautilya on politics and administration.

Literary criticism is another field in which Sanskrit literature is rich. The oldest work of Indian literary criticism is Bharata’s Natya Shastra. Bhamaha (5th century AD) is the earliest individual critic whose work is available; he sets out the genres as drama, epic, lyric, prose biography and (usually prose) novel besides discussing literary expression and what makes it beautiful. Dandin (7th century AD) adds to the genre campu or narration in mixed prose and verse, which became quite popular later.

Vemana, Rudrata, Anandavardhana, Kuntaka, Udbhata, Lollata and Dhananjaya are just some well- known critics who have analysed and enriched the world of literary concepts. Bhoja (11th century) is one of the greats among Indian critics, giving us the largest number of references and quotations and showing a fine taste in selection and comment.

The pre-eminence of Sanskrit was first seriously threatened by the Muslim invasions around AD 1200. However, the tradition of Sanskrit literature continued strongly and the number of Sanskrit works composed and preserved during this period is considerable. Rajasthan, Odisha as well as the south continued the Sanskrit literary tradition.

Some writers of note are Amarachandra, Someswara, Balachandra, Vastupala, Princess Ganga, Ahobala, Dindima and Gopala. The Kerala king Manaveda wrote the play Krishnagiti which is the prototype of Kathakali but with songs in Sanskrit. There were also satirical monologues and comedies, some of the famous writers being Nilakantha and Venkatadhvarin.

The period of British rule exercised an unfavourable influence on Sanskrit. In spite of the appearance of English and the increasing use of modern Indian languages, however, literary composition in Sanskrit has continued on a moderate scale down to the present time.

An important use to which the Sanskrit language is put at present is as a source of vocabulary for the modern languages. Sanskrit is able to provide, on a large scale, new technical terms which the modern languages are unable to find in their own resources.

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Sanskrit Bhasha Ka Mahatva Essay On Sanskrit Language For Students & Children In Simple English

Sanskrit is the most ancient language in India. It is a rich and complex language with many meanings and nuances. In this article, we will explore some of the interesting facts about Sanskrit to help you learn more about this fascinating language.

The sanskrit bhasha mahatva paath ke aadhar per is an essay on the Sanskrit language for students and children in simple English.

INTRODUCTION

Sanskrit is an old language that was used in Asian nations, and it has a number of languages that are descended from it.

The Sanskrit language is also known as the Deva bhasha, which means “language of the gods,” and Dev Vani, which means “god’s voice.”

The Sanskrit language has been written in the Devanagari character since the 10th century, although it is now printed in the Vernacular Indian script.

Sanskrit is also derived from the Sanskrit term Samayak kritam, which means “polished or perfect verb.”

The Sanskrit language is used in Asian nations, mostly in India, since Sanskrit was the only language known in the ancient world when there were no languages like English, Hindi, or Marathi.

There were many Sanskrit books produced, as well as poets like as Kalidasa who authored different plays and poems in Sanskrit.

There are also a number of publications published in Sanskrit that may be downloaded. Sanskrit is an extra topic for individuals in India.

The Sanskrit language has a long history and is a part of the Indo Iranian language family. It has also been shown that they are the most closely related to the Iranian language Avestan.

Sanskrit supplied different characteristics in other Indo European languages, and it was also discovered that Sanskrit was a foundation language for a number of other Indo European languages.

The earliest Sanskrit text discovered was in the Rig Vedic culture’s sacred book, which contains different Rig Vedic material.

There are also texts on the Sama Veda, yajur Veda, Ayurveda, and brahaman dance and performance, which were utilized as a court in the ancient era to address different issues.

The Sanskrit language is the oldest of them all, with remnants of it discovered in numerous Golden texts.

Sanskrit is an important language that is also difficult to master since it includes many difficult-to-pronounce terms.

However, Sanskrit is a superior language to all others since it has every term you could possibly need, as well as various pronunciations and meanings.

However, some languages contain distinct words with the same pronunciation, such as English, where the words no and know are pronounced the same but have different meanings, making a single pronunciation of the word incomprehensible; instead, you must know where the pronunciation is employed.

The Sanskrit language serves as a foundation for a variety of languages. For example, many religious languages are developed from the Sanskrit language, as are some letters in the popular English language.

Sanskrit is also an old language, as shown by the fact that it appears in many ancient texts written in Sanskrit.

If you have any more questions on Essay Sanskrit Bhasha Ka Mahatva, please post them in the comments section below.

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Sanskrit to English and Jainism Essay Examples

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Life , Ethics , Morality , Suicide , Philosophy , English , Translation , Jainism

Published: 05/12/2021

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Reflection 1

The number of problems facing translation of Sanskrit to English in terms of philosophy is legion. However, these problems are bound to occur in a field such as philosophy where every idea is always available for lengthy debate. The above fact, however, does not change the fact that there are indeed some words that make a difference in their translation. It should be noted that while philosophy is universal, the languages are not. Translators of Indian philosophy should, therefore, put arrogance aside and take their time to fully consider the meanings of words before publication to prevent serious confusion of future learners of Indian philosophy.

The insensitivity of morality should also be taken into account. Philosophy is a broad subject and it is both unethical and intellectually selfish to try to deride the morality aspect. There should be renewed emphasis and reinstatement of the moral aspect of the morality of yoga sutra. The increased emphasis of “dharma” and its translation into English has been, and I think is completely overrated. Clearly, the word has multiple meanings in multiple scenarios, and the author himself has clearly stated that it is difficult for that word to be translated into English. The justification, however, has taken up so many pages of the introduction in what seems a justification for the improper use of the word and apparently the mistranslation as well.

Reflection 2

According to Jainism, the only way to freedom was to give up all action. The reason behind this was celebrated when so-called conquerors would starve themselves slowly to death. The manner in which he puts it seems like an unpleasant form of suicide and is indeed a form of capitulation on life on earth. It also makes room for assumptions that starvation is indeed the only path to freedom and all who do not follow this path are unworthy of the rewards. Jainism encourages extreme passivity towards all forms of harm. It does not allow for the harming of any living thing at any cost. Far better be it to mortify the flesh than to harm a living thing. The statement means that human beings are not even allowed to eat to survive. Not even to defend themselves when being attacked. According to him, it was in order to remove the survival instinct in human beings and allow events to occur for the sake of others.

This sense of allowing events to take their course and not being a part of them is essentially a long drawn out suicide. Under Jainism, this is the only way to escape bondage. To me it appears that these individuals are not particularly interested in living but do not want to take their lives directly and instead hide behind their own semblance of morality to commit suicide. While suicide victims are often considered cowards for choosing the easy way out, join followers apparently inflict upon themselves a method so profound it appears to be a form of disproving the cowardice prejudice.

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Essay on Diwali in Sanskrit

This post is an essay on Diwali in Sanskrit.

दीपावलिः इति विषये संस्कृते निबन्धः ।

दीपावली पर निबंध संस्कृत में।

English and Hindi translation are given for better understanding.

This Essay can be referenced by school students and Sanskrit learners.

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Video of Essay on Diwali in Sanskrit

भारते विविधाः उत्सवाः प्रचलन्ति। ‘दीपावलिः’ इति मम प्रियः उत्सवः। दीपोत्सवः मह्यम् अतीव रोचते।

एषः धार्मिकोत्सवः अस्ति। अस्य उत्सवस्य भारतीयसंस्कृत्याम् अतीव महत्त्वपूर्णस्थानम् अस्ति। सामान्यतः, उत्सवः एकस्य दिनस्य वर्तते। परम्, एतस्मिन् बहवः दिनाः सन्ति। एषः उत्सवः, अश्विने कार्तिके च भवति। एतस्मिन् उत्सवे जनाः प्रथमदिवसे गोवत्सं सम्पूजयन्ति। धनत्रयोदश्यां सायङ्काले कुबेरपूजनम् आचरन्ति।

सर्वे विविधान् दृष्टिसुखदान् स्फोटकान् स्फोटयन्ति। निशीयसमये, सर्वत्र दीपाः प्रज्वलिताः। नयनमनोहरं दृश्यं खलु एतत्। नरकचतुर्दश्यां जनाः अभ्यङ्गपूर्वकं स्नानं कृत्वा श्रीकृष्णं पूजयन्ति। अमावस्यायां सायङ्काले लक्ष्मीपूजनं भवति। प्रतिपदि पत्नी पतिं नीराजयति। यमद्वितीयायां भगिनी बन्धुं नीराजयति।अस्मिन् दिवसे जनाः मिष्टान्नभोजनस्य आनन्दम् अनुभवन्ति।

एतेन उत्सवेन परस्परसौहार्दं वर्धते। अतीव आनन्ददायकः उत्साहकरः च एषः उत्सवः।

bhārate vividhāḥ utsavāḥ pracalanti। ‘dīpāvaliḥ’ iti mama priyaḥ utsavaḥ। dīpotsavaḥ mahyam atīva rocate।

eṣaḥ dhārmikotsavaḥ asti। asya utsavasya bhāratīyasaṃskṛtyām atīva mahattvapūrṇasthānam asti। sāmānyataḥ, utsavaḥ ekasya dinasya vartate। param, etasmin bahavaḥ dināḥ santi। eṣaḥ utsavaḥ, aśvine kārtike ca bhavati। etasmin utsave janāḥ prathamadivase govatsaṃ sampūjayanti। dhanatrodaśāyāṃ sāyaṅkāle kuberapūjanam ācaranti।

sarve vividhān dṛṣṭisukhadān sphoṭakān sphoṭayanti। niśīyasamaye, sarvatra dīpāḥ prajvalitāḥ। nayanamanoharaṃ dṛśyaṃ khalu etat। narakacaturdaśyāṃ janāḥ abhyaṅgapūrvakaṃ snānaṃ kṛtvā śrīkṛṣṇaṃ pūjayanti। amāvasyāyāṃ sāyaṅkāle lakṣmīpūjanaṃ bhavati।  pratipadi patnī patiṃ nīrājayati। yamadvitīyāyāṃ bhaginī bandhuṃ nīrājayati।  asmin divase janāḥ miṣṭānnabhojanasya ānandam anubhavanti।

etena utsavena parasparasauhārdaṃ vardhate। atīva ānandadāyakaḥ utsāhakaraḥ ca eṣaḥ utsavaḥ।

Essay on Diwali

Various festivals are celebrated in India. Diwali is my favourite festival. I like this festival very much.

This is a religious festival. This festival has a very important place in Indian culture. Normally, a festival lasts for one day. However, this festival lasts for many days. It is celebrated in the months Ashwina and Kartika. On the first day of this festival, people do puja of a cow’s calf. On the evening of Dhanatrayodashi, people worship Lord Kubera.

Various kinds of crackers are burst. In the evening, many lamps are lit. This is a very pleasant scene. On the day of Narakachaturdashi, after doing Abhyangasnana, people worship Lord Shrikrishna. On the evening of the new moon day, people worship the Goddess Lakshmi. On the day of Pratipada, the wife performs aarti of her husband. On the day of Yamadvitiya, a sister performs the aarti of her brother.On these days, people enjoy eating sweets.

The spirit of brotherhood increases during this festival. This festival is full of happiness and enthusiasm.

दीपावली पर निबंध।

भारत में विविध उत्सव प्रचलित हैं। दीपावलि यह मेरा प्रिय उत्सव है। दीपोत्सव मुझे बहुत पसंद है।

यह एक धार्मिक उत्सव है। इस उत्सव का भारतीय संस्कृति में महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। उत्सव साधारणतया एक दिन का होता है, परंतु इस उत्सव के बहुत दिन होते हैं। यह उत्सव अश्विन और कार्तिक महिनों में आता है। इस उत्सव में लोग पहले दिन गाय के बछड़े की पूजा करते हैं। धनत्रयोदशी के दिन शाम को कुबेरपूजन किया जाता है।

सभी लोग विविध प्रकार के पटाखें फोड़ते हैं। रात्री के समय दीप जलायें जाते हैं। यह दृश्य नेत्रसुखद होता है। नरकचतुर्दशी के दिन लोग अभ्यंग स्नान करके भगवान श्रीकृष्ण की पूजा करते हैं। अमावस्या के दिन शाम को लक्ष्मीपूजन करते हैं। प्रतिपदा के दिन पत्नी पति की आरती उतारती है। यमद्वितीया के दिन बहन भाई की आरती उतारती है।   इस उत्सव में लोग स्वादिष्ट व्यंजन खाने का आनंद लेते हैं।

इस उत्सव से एक दूसरे में अपनापन बढ़ता है। यह उत्सव अतिशय आनंददायक और उत्साहवर्धक है।

Importance of Machines

Importance of Art

Republic Day of India

Examination

Pandita Ramabai

Teachers Day

The Experience of Covid

Essay on Ganeshotsav

Importance of Indian Festivals

Importance of Discipline

Importance of Sports

Nutritious Diet

Books My Friend

Mahatma Gandhi

Lokmanya Tilak

Importance of Knowledge

Makar Sankranti

Indian National Flag

Importance of Cleanliness

Importance of Exercise

Importance of Water

Summer Season

Rainy Season

My favourite Teacher

Indian Independence Day

Raksha Bandhan

International Yoga Day

World Environment Day

River Ganga

Abdul Kalam

Goddess Saraswati

Sanskrit Language

Festival of Holi

Shri Krishna

Shri Ganesha

Other Interesting Sections

Learn about Sanskrit Axioms which is a statement or proposition which is regarded as being established, accepted, or self-evidently true.

Learn about Sanskrit Proverbs which are a short, well-known saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice.

Learn about Shloka or shlokas in Sanskrit which consists of four padas of 8 syllables each, or of two half-verses of 16 syllables each.

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100 Words Essay On Sanskrit In English

Sanskrit is an ancient and classical language of India in which ever first book of the world Rigveda was compiled. It is also the world’s oldest language. Sanskrit, no doubt is no easy language for one to learn. In today’s world Sanskrit is now being taught in schools and colleges as a subject or an alternative subject.

Another fact that we should all be well of is that in the year 2010, the state in India, Uttarakhand became the first state in India to have Sanskrit as its second official language and in 2019, Himachal Pradesh became the second state to have Sanskrit as the second official language. The language is vital especially to Indian culture because we see the use of the language being used a lot in religious literature.

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2024 Essay and Poetry Prizes

The English department wishes to recognize the creativity of its undergraduate students and continue to foster the talent of our poets and essayists. You are invited to apply to the following prizes. 

The Howard Babb Memorial Essay Prize is open to all Humanities Undergraduate Students. The best essay or research paper will be awarded $500. The essay or research paper has no minimum of maximum length, but should have some bearing on the topic of literature.  The Brett Baldwin Prize in Poetry   is open to all Humanities Undergraduate Students. Students may submit a total of 3 poems not to exceed a total of 10 pages. One winner will receive $500.  The James McMichael Prize for Excellence in Poetry  requires completion of one course from Writing 30 or Writing 90 by the end of Winter 2024 in order to apply.  Students may submit a total of 3 poems not to exceed a total of 10 pages. First place will win $2000.  The Undergraduate Award for Excellence in Poetry  also requires completion of one course from Writing 30 or  Writing 90 by the end of Winter 2024 in order to apply.  Students may submit a total of 3 poems not to exceed a total of 10 pages.  First place will win $3000. 

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I Hope You All Feel Terrible Now

How the internet—and Stephen Colbert—hounded Kate Middleton into revealing her diagnosis

Updated at 4:04 p.m ET on March 22, 2024

For many years, the most-complained-about cover of the British satirical magazine Private Eye was the one it published in the week after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. At the time, many people in Britain were loudly revolted by the tabloid newspapers that had hounded Diana after her divorce from Charles, and by the paparazzi whose quest for profitable pictures of the princess ended in an underpass in Paris.

Under the headline “Media to Blame,” the Eye cover carried a photograph of a crowd outside Buckingham Palace, with three speech bubbles. The first was: “The papers are a disgrace.” The next two said: “Yeah, I couldn’t get one anywhere” and “Borrow mine, it’s got a picture of the car.” People were furious. Sacks of angry, defensive mail arrived for days afterward, and several outlets withdrew the magazine from sale. (I am an Eye contributor, and these events have passed into office legend.) But with the benefit of hindsight, the implication was accurate: Intruding on the private lives of the royals is close to a British tradition. We Britons might have the occasional fit of remorse, but that doesn’t stop us. And now, because of the internet, everyone else can join in too.

Read: Just asking questions about Kate Middleton

That cover instantly sprang to mind when, earlier today, the current Princess of Wales announced that she has cancer. In a video recorded on Wednesday in Windsor, the former Kate Middleton outlined her diagnosis in order to put an end to weeks of speculation, largely incubated online but amplified and echoed by mainstream media outlets, about the state of her health and marriage.

Kate has effectively been bullied into this statement, because the alternative—a wildfire of gossip and conspiracy theories—was worse. So please, let’s not immediately switch into maudlin recriminations about how this happened. It happened because people felt they had the right to know Kate’s private medical information. The culprits may include three staff members at the London hospital that treated her, who have been accused of accessing her medical records, perhaps driven by the same curiosity that has lit up my WhatsApp inbox for weeks. Everyone hates the tabloid papers, until they become them.

In her statement, Kate said that after her abdominal surgery earlier in the year, which the press was told at the time was “planned”—a word designed to minimize its seriousness—later tests revealed an unspecified cancer. She is now undergoing “preventative chemotherapy,” but has not revealed the progression of the disease, or her exact prognosis. “I am well,” she said, promising that she is getting stronger every day. “I hope you will understand that as a family, we now need some time, space and privacy while I complete my treatment.”

This news will surely make many people feel bad. The massive online guessing game about the reasons for Kate’s invisibility seems far less fun now. Stephen Colbert’s “spilling the tea” monologue , which declared open season on the princess’s marriage, should probably be quietly interred somewhere. The sad simplicity of today’s statement, filmed on a bench with Kate in casual jeans and a striped sweater, certainly gave me pause. She mentioned the difficulty of having to “process” the news, as well as explaining her condition to her three young children in terms they could understand. The reference to the importance of “having William by my side” was pointed, given how much of the speculation has gleefully dwelt on the possibility that she was leaving him or vice versa.

Read: The eternal scrutiny of Kate Middleton

However, the statement also reveals that the online commentators who suggested that the royal household was keeping something from the public weren’t entirely wrong. Kate’s condition was described as noncancerous when her break from public life was announced in late January . The updated diagnosis appears to have been delivered in February, around the time her husband, Prince William, abruptly pulled out of speaking at a memorial service for the former king of Greece. Today’s statement represents a failure of Kensington Palace to control the narrative: first, by publishing a photograph of Kate and her children that was so obviously edited that photo agencies retracted it, and second, by giving its implicit permission for the publication of a grainy video of the couple shopping in Windsor over the weekend. Neither of those decisions quenched the inferno raging online—in fact, they fed it.

Some will say that Kate has finally done what she should have done much earlier: directly address the rumors in an official video, rather than drip-feed images that raised more questions than they answered. King Charles III has taken a different approach to his own (also unspecified) cancer, allowing footage to be filmed of him working from home. But then again, Kate has cancer at 42, is having chemo, and has three young children. Do you really have it in you to grade her media strategy and find it wanting?

Ironically, Britain’s tabloid papers have shown remarkable restraint; as I wrote earlier this month , they declined to publish the first paparazzi pictures of Kate taken after her withdrawal from public life. They have weighted their decisions toward respect and dignity—more so than the Meghan stans, royal tea-spillers, and KateGate theorists, who have generated such an unstoppable wave of interest in this story that its final destination was a woman with cancer being forced to reveal her diagnosis. If you ever wanted proof that the “mainstream media” are less powerful than ever before, this video of Kate Middleton sitting on a bench is it.