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Tourism and Hospitality Research

Tourism and Hospitality Research

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  • Description
  • Aims and Scope
  • Editorial Board
  • Abstracting / Indexing
  • Submission Guidelines

Scimago impact factor: 0.846 Tourism and Hospitality Research (THR) is firmly established as an influential and authoritative, peer-reviewed journal for tourism and hospitality researchers and professionals. THR covers applied research in the context of Tourism and Hospitality in areas such as policy, planning, performance, development, management, strategy, operations, marketing and consumer behaviour. We accept papers in other areas within the context of tourism and hospitality provided the paper delivers research with significant implications for tourism and hospitality. Please note that for hospitality papers we expect a subsection in the conclusions of your paper clearly labelled as Industry Implications.

THR promotes qualitative methodologies and will not accept quantitative studies unless they are innovative in their approach and fully embedded in theory development and explicitly offer new knowledge. If your paper utilises quantitative methodological approaches then we expect a clear narrative in your cover letter as to how your quantitative paper meets our scope.

Each issue of Tourism and Hospitality Research publishes detailed, authoritative applied research papers from researchers and practitioners worldwide. We also accept industry Case Studies; Research Notes; Conference Reports; Practitioner Briefings; and Book Reviews that are addressing key issues, challenges and innovative aspects of tourism and hospitality.

Tourism and Hospitality Research (THR) publishes dynamic and original research on a wide range of issues in the context of tourism and hospitality. The scope of the journal is international, and, as a platform for stimulating debate, we welcome theoretical, multidisciplinary and applied submissions that offer meaningful and ambitious contributions to current discourse. THR draws upon the expertise of scholars and practitioners interested in many aspects of tourism and hospitality, including consumer behaviour, marketing, strategy, policy and planning, environmental studies, psychology and many more. The journal’s content includes empirical research, discussions of current issues and case studies. We welcome research notes and full manuscripts as well as book reviews and professional perspectives of tourism and hospitality.

Of particular interest to THR are articles adopting innovative research approaches, manuscripts that examine novel and/or under-researched areas of tourism and hospitality and review papers that support the development of future research agendas.

All papers are subject to double-blind peer review by the journal’s international community of reviewers.

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Manuscript Submission Guidelines: Tourism and Hospitality Research

Please read the guidelines below then visit the Journal’s submission site http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thr to upload your manuscript. Please note that manuscripts not conforming to these guidelines may be returned .

Only manuscripts of sufficient quality that meet the aims and scope of Tourism and Hospitality Research will be reviewed.

There are no fees payable to submit or publish in this Journal. Open Access options are available — see section 3.3 below.

As part of the submission process you will be required to warrant that you are submitting your original work, that you have the rights in the work, and that you have obtained and can supply all necessary permissions for the reproduction of any copyright works not owned by you, that you are submitting the work for first publication in the Journal and that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere and has not already been published elsewhere. Please see our guidelines on prior publication and note that Tourism and Hospitality Research  may accept submissions of papers that have been posted on pre-print servers ; please alert the Editorial Office when submitting (contact details are at the end of these guidelines) and include the DOI for the preprint in the designated field in the manuscript submission system. Authors should not post an updated version of their paper on the preprint server while it is being peer reviewed for possible publication in the journal. If the article is accepted for publication, the author may re-use their work according to the journal's author archiving policy.

If your paper is accepted, you must include a link on your preprint to the final version of your paper.

  • What do we publish? 1.1 Aims & Scope 1.2 Article types 1.3 Writing your paper
  • Editorial policies 2.1 Peer review policy 2.2 Authorship 2.3 Acknowledgements 2.4 Funding 2.5 Declaration of conflicting interests 2.6 Research data
  • Publishing policies 3.1 Publication ethics 3.2 Contributor's publishing agreement 3.3 Open access and author archiving
  • Preparing your manuscript 4.1 Formatting 4.2 Artwork, figures and other graphics 4.3 Supplemental material 4.4 Reference style 4.5 English language editing services
  • Submitting your manuscript 5.1 ORCID 5.2 Information required for completing your submission 5.3 Permissions
  • On acceptance and publication 6.1 SAGE Production 6.2 Online First publication 6.3 Access to your published article 6.4 Promoting your article
  • Further information

1. What do we publish?

1.1 Aims & Scope

Before submitting your manuscript to Tourism and Hospitality Research, please ensure you have read the Aims & Scope .

1.2 Article Types

Tourism and Hospitality Research  covers applied research in the context of Tourism and Hospitality in areas such as policy, planning, performance, development, management, strategy, operations, marketing and consumer behavior. We accept papers in other areas within the context of tourism and hospitality provided the paper delivers research with significant implications for tourism and hospitality. Please note that for hospitality papers we expect a subsection in the conclusions of your paper clearly labeled as Industry Implications. Each issue of  Tourism and Hospitality Research  publishes: detailed, authoritative applied research papers from researchers and practitioners worldwide. We also accept:

Original Manuscripts (6,000 – 8,000 words) An original manuscript furthers understanding of tourism and hospitality by reporting on research that is innovative, previously unpublished and not being considered for publication elsewhere. An original manuscript needs to make a valuable contribution to knowledge, policy or practice in tourism and hospitality by drawing upon sound findings, based on robust data, collected via academically rigorous methods. It should include a rationale justifying the need for the study to be conducted, a critical review of the literature underpinning the research aim, a solid elaboration of the methods used and a deep conceptualisation of results in light of the literature reviewed. Conclusions should offer suggestions for future research and if relevant, management implications.

Conceptual Papers (6,000 – 8,000 words) Conceptual papers ought to develop an idea, model, framework or theory and hold its own merit. The paper should not simply be a literature review! It should have a clear aim and structure, clearly identify the gap in the literature and provide clarity as to how the paper addresses that gap. We encourage authors of conceptual papers to be particularly courageous and innovative both in the conceptualisation and authorship of the paper. Conceptual papers are expected to foster new ideas and research and as such what they may lack in empirical strength must make up in literature review, critical analysis, rigour and interpretation.

Research Notes (2,000 – 4,000 words) Unlike an original manuscript, a research note includes discussion or debate that adds to a particular theoretical framework or methodology. A research note may, for instance, challenge concepts and methods used in other papers, or add to results achieved in other studies. It may raise issues that deserve further scrutiny or identify new questions to topics previously studied. It may also report on on-going research or suggest the application of theories and models from other disciplines to tourism and hospitality. While its structure may be more flexible than that of a traditional academic paper, a research note needs to develop knowledge of tourism and hospitality by allowing for forward-thinking and / or advancing possibilities for further research.

Professional Perspectives (2,000 – 4,000 words) Such papers ought to present clear issues that are supported by data that has not been previously published in any other format. Practitioners may wish to disseminate findings from a consultancy report or a project that casts new light on a tourism and hospitality issue.  Although the presentation of findings may be more descriptive than traditional research papers, a good professional perspective should present an interesting and provocative viewpoint.

1.3 Writing your paper

The SAGE Author Gateway has some general advice and on  how to get published , plus links to further resources. SAGE Author Services also offers authors a variety of ways to improve and enhance their article including English language editing, plagiarism detection, and video abstract and infographic preparation.

1.3.1 Make your article discoverable

For information and guidance on how to make your article more discoverable, visit our Gateway page on How to Help Readers Find Your Article Online .

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2. Editorial policies

2.1 Peer review policy

SAGE does not permit the use of author-suggested (recommended) reviewers at any stage of the submission process, be that through the web-based submission system or other communication.  Reviewers should be experts in their fields and should be able to provide an objective assessment of the manuscript. Our policy is that reviewers should not be assigned to a paper if:

  • The reviewer is based at the same institution as any of the co-authors
  • The reviewer is based at the funding body of the paper
  • The author has recommended the reviewer
  • The reviewer has provided a personal (e.g. Gmail/Yahoo/Hotmail) email account and an institutional email account cannot be found after performing a basic Google search (name, department and institution). 

2.2 Authorship

All parties who have made a substantive contribution to the article should be listed as authors. Principal authorship, authorship order, and other publication credits should be based on the relative scientific or professional contributions of the individuals involved, regardless of their status. A student is usually listed as principal author on any multiple-authored publication that substantially derives from the student’s dissertation or thesis.

Please note that AI chatbots, for example ChatGPT, should not be listed as authors. For more information see the policy on Use of ChatGPT and generative AI tools .

2.3 Acknowledgements

All contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in an Acknowledgements section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, or a department chair who provided only general support.

Please supply any personal acknowledgements separately to the main text to facilitate anonymous peer review.

2.3.1 Third party submissions

Where an individual who is not listed as an author submits a manuscript on behalf of the author(s), a statement must be included in the Acknowledgements section of the manuscript and in the accompanying cover letter. The statements must:

  • Disclose this type of editorial assistance – including the individual’s name, company and level of input
  • Identify any entities that paid for this assistance
  • Confirm that the listed authors have authorized the submission of their manuscript via third party and approved any statements or declarations, e.g. conflicting interests, funding, etc.

Where appropriate, SAGE reserves the right to deny consideration to manuscripts submitted by a third party rather than by the authors themselves .

2.3.2 Writing assistance

Individuals who provided writing assistance, e.g. from a specialist communications company, do not qualify as authors and so should be included in the Acknowledgements section. Authors must disclose any writing assistance – including the individual’s name, company and level of input – and identify the entity that paid for this assistance. It is not necessary to disclose use of language polishing services.

2.4 Funding

Tourism and Hospitality Research requires all authors to acknowledge their funding in a consistent fashion under a separate heading.  Please visit the Funding Acknowledgements page on the SAGE Journal Author Gateway to confirm the format of the acknowledgment text in the event of funding, or state that: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

2.5 Declaration of conflicting interests

Tourism and Hospitality Research encourages authors to include a declaration of any conflicting interests and recommends you review the good practice guidelines on the SAGE Journal Author Gateway .

2.6 Research data

The journal is committed to facilitating openness, transparency and reproducibility of research, and has the following research data sharing policy. For more information, including FAQs please visit the SAGE Research Data policy pages .

Subject to appropriate ethical and legal considerations, authors are encouraged to:

  • share your research data in a relevant public data repository
  • include a data availability statement linking to your data. If it is not possible to share your data, we encourage you to consider using the statement to explain why it cannot be shared.
  • cite this data in your research

3. Publishing Policies

3.1 Publication ethics

SAGE is committed to upholding the integrity of the academic record. We encourage authors to refer to the Committee on Publication Ethics’ International Standards for Authors and view the Publication Ethics page on the SAGE Author Gateway .

3.1.1 Plagiarism

Tourism and Hospitality Research and SAGE take issues of copyright infringement, plagiarism or other breaches of best practice in publication very seriously. We seek to protect the rights of our authors and we always investigate claims of plagiarism or misuse of published articles. Equally, we seek to protect the reputation of the journal against malpractice. Submitted articles may be checked with duplication-checking software. Where an article, for example, is found to have plagiarised other work or included third-party copyright material without permission or with insufficient acknowledgement, or where the authorship of the article is contested, we reserve the right to take action including, but not limited to: publishing an erratum or corrigendum (correction); retracting the article; taking up the matter with the head of department or dean of the author's institution and/or relevant academic bodies or societies; or taking appropriate legal action.

3.1.2 Prior publication

If material has been previously published it is not generally acceptable for publication in a SAGE journal. However, there are certain circumstances where previously published material can be considered for publication. Please refer to the guidance on the SAGE Author Gateway or if in doubt, contact the Editor at the address given below.

3.2 Contributor's publishing agreement

Before publication, SAGE requires the author as the rights holder to sign a Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement. SAGE’s Journal Contributor’s Publishing Agreement is an exclusive licence agreement which means that the author retains copyright in the work but grants SAGE the sole and exclusive right and licence to publish for the full legal term of copyright. Exceptions may exist where an assignment of copyright is required or preferred by a proprietor other than SAGE. In this case copyright in the work will be assigned from the author to the society. For more information please visit the SAGE Author Gateway .

3.3 Open access and author archiving

Tourism and Hospitality Research offers optional open access publishing via the Sage Choice programme and Open Access agreements, where authors can publish open access either discounted or free of charge depending on the agreement with Sage. Find out if your institution is participating by visiting Open Access Agreements at Sage . For more information on Open Access publishing options at Sage please visit Sage Open Access . For information on funding body compliance, and depositing your article in repositories, please visit Sage’s Author Archiving and Re-Use Guidelines and Publishing Policies .

4. Preparing your manuscript for submission

4.1 Formatting

The preferred format for your manuscript is Word. LaTeX files are also accepted. Word and (La)Tex templates are available on the Manuscript Submission Guidelines page of our Author Gateway.

4.2 Artwork, figures and other graphics

For guidance on the preparation of illustrations, pictures and graphs in electronic format, please visit SAGE’s Manuscript Submission Guidelines   

Figures supplied in colour will appear in colour online regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For specifically requested colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from SAGE after receipt of your accepted article.

Please ensure that you refer to each figure in the article text; this will determine the positioning of the figure in the published article.

Tables and graphs should be submitted in their original Word/Excel format. Powerpoint slides and screengrabs should be avoided. An electronic copy of the original data should also ideally be provided. Tables should not repeat data that are available elsewhere in the paper.

4.3 Supplemental material

Tourism and Hospitality Research  does not currently accept supplemental files.

4.4 Reference style

Tourism and Hospitality Research adheres to the SAGE Harvard reference style. View the SAGE Harvard guidelines to ensure your manuscript conforms to this reference style.

If you use EndNote to manage references, you can download the SAGE Harvard EndNote output file .

4.5 English language editing services

Authors seeking assistance with English language editing, translation, or figure and manuscript formatting to fit the journal’s specifications should consider using SAGE Language Services. Visit SAGE Language Services on our Journal Author Gateway for further information.

5. Submitting your manuscript

Tourism and Hospitality Research is hosted on SAGE Track, a web based online submission and peer review system powered by ScholarOne™ Manuscripts. Visit http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thr to login and submit your article online.

IMPORTANT: Please check whether you already have an account in the system before trying to create a new one. If you have reviewed or authored for the journal in the past year it is likely that you will have had an account created.  For further guidance on submitting your manuscript online please visit ScholarOne Online Help.

As part of our commitment to ensuring an ethical, transparent and fair peer review process SAGE is a supporting member of ORCID, the Open Researcher and Contributor ID . ORCID provides a unique and persistent digital identifier that distinguishes researchers from every other researcher, even those who share the same name, and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between researchers and their professional activities, ensuring that their work is recognized.

The collection of ORCID IDs from corresponding authors is now part of the submission process of this journal. If you already have an ORCID ID you will be asked to associate that to your submission during the online submission process. We also strongly encourage all co-authors to link their ORCID ID to their accounts in our online peer review platforms. It takes seconds to do: click the link when prompted, sign into your ORCID account and our systems are automatically updated. Your ORCID ID will become part of your accepted publication’s metadata, making your work attributable to you and only you. Your ORCID ID is published with your article so that fellow researchers reading your work can link to your ORCID profile and from there link to your other publications.

If you do not already have an ORCID ID please follow this link  to create one or visit our ORCID homepage to learn more.

5.2 Information required for completing your submission

You will be asked to provide contact details and academic affiliations for all co-authors via the submission system and identify who is to be the corresponding author. These details must match what appears on your manuscript. The affiliation listed in the manuscript should be the institution where the research was conducted. If an author has moved to a new institution since completing the research, the new affiliation can be included in a manuscript note at the end of the paper. At this stage please ensure you have included all the required statements and declarations and uploaded any additional supplementary files (including reporting guidelines where relevant).

5.3 Permissions

Please also ensure that you have obtained any necessary permission from copyright holders for reproducing any illustrations, tables, figures or lengthy quotations previously published elsewhere. For further information including guidance on fair dealing for criticism and review, please see the Copyright and Permissions page on the SAGE Author Gateway .

6. On acceptance and publication

6.1 SAGE Production

Your SAGE Production Editor will keep you informed as to your article’s progress throughout the production process. Proofs will be made available to the corresponding author via our editing portal SAGE Edit or by email, and corrections should be made directly or notified to us promptly. Authors are reminded to check their proofs carefully to confirm that all author information, including names, affiliations, sequence and contact details are correct, and that Funding and Conflict of Interest statements, if any, are accurate. 

6.2 Online First publication

Online First allows final articles (completed and approved articles awaiting assignment to a future issue) to be published online prior to their inclusion in a journal issue, which significantly reduces the lead time between submission and publication. Visit the SAGE Journals help page for more details, including how to cite Online First articles.

6.3 Access to your published article

SAGE provides authors with online access to their final article.

6.4 Promoting your article

Publication is not the end of the process! You can help disseminate your paper and ensure it is as widely read and cited as possible. The SAGE Author Gateway has numerous resources to help you promote your work. Visit the Promote Your Article page on the Gateway for tips and advice.

7. Further information

Any correspondence, queries or additional requests for information on the manuscript submission process should be sent to the Tourism and Hospitality Research editorial office as follows:

Editorial Assistant: Alex Lagutova

[email protected]  

Editor-in-Chief: Professor Ioannis S. Pantelidis SFHEA, CMBE, FIH Head of Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Ulster University

[email protected]

Co-editors: Dr Clare Weeden Principal Lecturer in Tourism and Marketing, University of Brighton

[email protected]

Dr Rodrigo Lucena de Mello Senior Lecturer in Marketing, University of Brighton

[email protected]

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Contemporary Research Methods in Hospitality and Tourism

Table of contents, introduction.

This first chapter provides an overview of all the chapters included in this book. This book focuses on contemporary research methods in hospitality and tourism. Revisiting the traditional research methods is necessary for academia and practitioners in the hospitality and tourism field. New understandings and interpretations of traditional research paradigms such as positivism and interpretivism as well as more recent paradigms such as realism and pragmatism in the context of hospitality and tourism are vital to strengthen the research practices. We hope that the edited book can help researchers and practitioners in our field in their research journeys and applications.

Contemporary Research Paradigms and Philosophies

Understanding the most appropriate research philosophy to underpin any piece of scholarly inquiry is crucial if one hopes to address research problems in a manner distinct from those already evidenced across extant literature. Distinct philosophical ideas and positions are often associated with specific research designs, therefore influencing the research approach adopted in any given study. Identifying an appropriate philosophical approach requires robust comprehension of how philosophical positions differ, alongside a reflective understanding of one's own perceptions and beliefs regarding what knowledge and reality “are” and how new knowledge is discovered, developed, and/or confirmed. This chapter therefore discusses different research paradigms and philosophies in order to identify core distinctions therein, highlighting the advantages and the challenges associated with different philosophical approaches to research along the way.

Procedural Ethics vs Being Ethical: A Critical Appraisal

Tourism researchers, like those in other fields, are subject to multiple ethical dilemmas. Consequently, scholars in the field have called for researcher reflectivity, and specifically ethical reflexivity. Based on this it is recognized that when conducting research merely meeting procedural ethics requirements may not be sufficient. Rather, there is a need to move beyond procedural ethics to capture ethics in practice and to critically recognize what it takes to be ethical when undertaking research. This reflective chapter contributes to the discussion on research ethics in tourism by sharing critical reflections on the ethical journeys of the chapter authors, all of who, in differing ways, study sensitive topics. As such, the chapter draws on work looking at sensitive content on social media, disabled children, sex, and bestiality. The chapter highlights the ongoing and responsive approach to being ethical adopted by these researchers. The chapter reveals how ethical issues and challenges unique to the individual researcher were navigated in practice. Overall, the chapter challenges researchers to be ethical in their research rather than simply conform to research ethics procedural requirements. It calls on researchers to engage in critical and adaptive thinking while balancing radical and traditional approaches to ethics.

Get on Task: A Pragmatic Tutorial on Planning and Conducting a Systematic Literature Review

This chapter provides a roadmap for a systematic literature review built around the guiding questions of basic research design. First, we highlight the relevance and development of systematic literature reviews in tourism research. Second, we put the systematic review into perspective by outlining its characteristics and by clarifying the methodological assumptions. Third, we bring together recommendations based on previous research and review guidelines and present a step-by-step tutorial for a systematic literature review. From this chapter, readers will understand the foundations of systematic literature reviews, will be able to apply the methodology to their review projects and are introduced to further readings and best practice examples.

Bibliometric Studies in the Hospitality and Tourism Field: A Guide for Researchers

Bibliometrics is an instrument that allows the analysis of evolution, current state, and future trends in a scientific field. Many disciplines, such as hospitality and tourism, have undertaken bibliometric studies. Based on a review of the leading bibliometric methods used in the main bibliometric documents published in the hospitality and tourism field between 2010 and 2019, this chapter aims to propose a bibliometric guide to help researchers undertake studies based on bibliometric techniques, both evaluative and relational. Any bibliometric research comprises five phases: setting the research questions, selecting the appropriate database, establishing the criteria to follow, filtering the data, applying the proper methods, and analyzing the results. This chapter elaborates on these stages, highlighting the most important evaluative and relational techniques to study the structure of a scientific field from a bibliometric approach. Bibliometric studies provide valuable knowledge for academia, governments, and research centers. It also helps journals' editors evaluate publications and make editorial decisions.

Embedded Questions in Online Survey Email Invitations: The Impact on Response Rate and Quality

Extended research efforts have been dedicated to understanding how different aspects of online surveys impact the response rate and quality of collected data. With the hope to yield higher response rates, leading survey software solutions (e.g., SurveyMonkey, Qualtrics, QuestionPro) introduced a new technique of embedding a question from an online survey into invitation emails sent to the respondents. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the impact of embedded questions on survey response rate and quality. The results of two experimental studies show that respondents are more likely to respond to a survey with an embedded question compared to an email without one. No statistically significant differences were discovered regarding data quality that was assessed via survey completion rate, respondent bias, and attention check questions. The chapter provides suggestions and guidelines for increasing online surveys' response rate and quality.

Designing Good Survey Studies

The aim of any research is to create knowledge and to generate new insights. For insights from empirical research to be valid, the data from which insights are derived must be valid. Empirical data in tourism and hospitality research is predominantly collected by means of surveys. The chapter discusses a range of dangers to data validity associated with survey research; explains under which circumstances surveys represent a suitable or unsuitable method of data collection; and offers practical recommendations that can easily be adopted by survey researchers to ensure maximum validity of their data.

Publishing Experimental Research in Hospitality and Tourism: Some Key Insights

Experimental design has long been used by psychology and consumer behavior researchers to examine causal effects of interventions on human responses. However, it remains underutilized in hospitality and tourism research. Furthermore, problems in design, implementation, and report of results were identified in previous hospitality and tourism publications. It is imperative to equip hospitality and tourism experimenters with sophisticated and state-of-the-art knowledge about experimental design, and to draw their attention to some crucial, but easily neglected, issues in designing the experiment and writing the experimental research paper. Given these reasons, this book chapter discusses some key issues in experimental design and provides corresponding insights related to the sections of introduction, literature review, hypothesis, method, analysis, and results in an experimental research paper, while the uniqueness of hospitality and tourism is considered. It is expected that the chapter will be useful for hospitality and tourism researchers to plan, conduct, and report their experimental studies in the future.

Conducting a Systematic Qualitative Content Analysis in Hospitality and Tourism Research

Considering the significant increase of studies in the hospitality and tourism field that use content analysis as a research method, this chapter aims to describe the research process when the methodology of qualitative content analysis is utilized. Particular attention is placed on the operational procedures of this method—from the initial planning and preparation to presentation of findings and evaluation of the process, as this is often omitted by hospitality and tourism researchers. Four distinct stages are described in this chapter: preparation, data collection and analysis, reporting findings, and evaluation of the process. The discussion in this chapter helps to clarify how qualitative content analysis should be undertaken in a systematic manner, which would be of particular benefit to hospitality and tourism researchers. Advantages and disadvantages of the qualitative content analysis and its contribution to hospitality and tourism studies are also discussed.

The Use of Qualitative Content Analysis in Hospitality and Tourism

This chapter discusses the use of qualitative content analysis in the field of hospitality and tourism. The primary objective of this chapter is to draw attention to the use of a content analysis approach for the treatment of data. As a further objective, the chapter contributes to current knowledge by underscoring a qualitative content analysis approach that would be of benefit to hospitality and tourism scholars. Overall, the chapter serves to inform hospitality and tourism scholars of how to increase the trustworthiness of qualitative content analysis approaches, which is seen as one of the most crucial impediments to its use.

Reflections of a Qualitative Researcher: Structuring a Qualitative Research Methodology–An Illustration from a PhD Thesis

Selecting the methodological approach is a critical decision as it largely determines the effectiveness of the research. Encapsulating the research approach as a chapter in a thesis is often a challenge to many young researchers, despite the abundance of guides on PhD thesis writing and on the various approaches to research methodologies. However, most guides are descriptive and fail to provide appropriate illustrations of a methodology chapter especially in qualitative research. In a qualitative methodology chapter, key factors are the assumptions, theoretical lens, and worldviews on the topic, making qualitative methodology chapter less definite, more subjective and lacks a conventional model. This chapter addresses the need for qualitative research samples and aims to advance the understanding of writing a qualitative research methodology chapter by providing essential guidelines. The guidelines are drawn from an actual qualitative research methodology chapter of a PhD thesis in the field of tourism and social cohesion.

Experience Sampling Method in a Qualitative Study of Tourists' Smartphone Use

This chapter explores the use of experience sampling method (ESM) in a qualitative research design, departing from reflections on ontological and epistemological aspects of the tourist experience. It suggests that the tourist experience can be studied in its ordinary moments and proposes the use of ESM to capture such experience of “everydayness.” The chapter illustrates how the method can be used and provides some guidelines for its implementation, drawing examples from a qualitative study on tourists' smartphone use that combines ESM questionnaires with semi-structured interviews. ESM consists of sending participants several micro-questionnaires at random times during their trip, asking questions about their experience and perceptions. Thanks to modern mobile technologies, the method can be used on participants' own smartphones, through various programmable applications. The method allows to inquire into aspects of experience that the participants themselves may not be aware of, or may fail to recollect after the trip, thus increasing ecological validity and reducing recall bias.

Ethnography Explained: Toward Conducting, Analyzing, and Writing an Ethnographic Narrative

Throughout this chapter you will be exposed to the meaning and types of ethnographic research. An emphasis will be made on the use of ethnography in hospitality and tourism settings. Variations of ethnography such as netnography, chrono ethnography, and ethnographic interviews are explained along with their benefits and drawbacks. This chapter includes guidance on how to conduct an ethnography including the scope and context, length of the project, access to and selection of informants, position of the researcher, issues of concealment or disclosure, and the language used to write the ethnographic narrative. Furthermore, you will be exposed to some of the principal forms of analysis in ethnography including thematic, domain, taxonomic, componential, sociograms, and typologies. Finally, this chapter provides examples of some of the main decisions involved by a researcher engaged in ethnographic inquiry.

Abductive Thematic Analysis in Hospitality and Tourism Research

The chapter discusses abductive thematic analysis as an innovative qualitative methodology in hospitality and tourism research. The novelty of the abductive approach is to combine the power of both deductive and inductive reasoning: it is possible to initiate the research starting from an existing theoretical, without renouncing to a creative phase where the researcher interprets the phenomenon beyond the words utilized and theorizes dependencies between concepts. The chapter further presents a case study to illustrate how abductive thematic analysis can be applied to study small hospitality and tourism businesses. The chapter further highlights the benefits of adapting thematic analysis to abductive reasoning, which is a paradigmatic position thus adding rigor to hospitality and tourism. The chapter finally highlights future avenues for development of methodology research toward adding further rigor to this novel methodology.

The Comparison-Based Case Study Approach in Hospitality and Tourism Research *

This chapter provides a detailed account of the comparison-based case study approach and argues that traditional case study approaches should adopt the comparison-based case study model. This study outlines the benefits and drawbacks of the comparative case study design. The penultimate section provides an example of a comparison-based case study to illustrate the virtues and the shortcomings of this mode of research. The chapter concludes with suggestions to aid novice tourism researchers and postgraduate students.

Action Research in Hospitality and Tourism Research

In the context of tourism and hospitality studies, the potential of action research for generating robust actionable knowledge has not been yet realized. This chapter provides an account of the theory and practice of action research, demonstrates how it may be designed and implemented, and how it may generate actionable knowledge. It provides illustrative examples and shows how this research approach aligns effectively with some of the themes that currently engage the attention of researchers in the fields of tourism and hospitality such as process improvement, sustainability, and community-based tourism development. Thus, it makes a case for more widespread use of action research in the field.

Applying Grounded Theory in Hospitality and Tourism Research: Critical Reflections

Grounded theory (GT) is an inductive paradigm-based research method that focuses more on data depth and quality than the generalizability of results to a broader population and is substantially different from conventional hypothetico-deductive research approaches. GT has become a popular research approach in several social science fields including tourism and hospitality. By reviewing the development of GT and its associated philosophical underpinning, this chapter compares three widely used GT approaches advocated by Glaser (Classical GT), Strauss and Corbin (Straussian GT), and Charmaz (Constructivist GT). Given the various interpretations and approaches to GT, this chapter therefore offers an overview of the key distinguishing characteristics of these approaches to GT so as to facilitate more thoughtful approach selection in keeping with philosophical positions, research questions, and research objectives. This chapter then proposes a step-by-step guideline of the application of this method through an illustrative example in tourism. The chapter concludes with a critical reflection on this widely used qualitative research method and considers possible future developments.

What's Past Is Prologue: Oral History's Offer to Hospitality and Tourism Research

The purpose of this chapter is to explain and celebrate the benefits of oral history for tourism and hospitality research. Oral history is accessible and interdisciplinary, often used in local projects and community groups which creates some disdain from traditional academics. Despite this, there is an accepted call for the depth and detail in tourism and hospitality research that oral history can bring. The opinion of the authors is that many researchers are not as transparent as they could be about their research method and this is a disappointment for those that wish to gain a full understanding of what has taken place and why. So, this chapter will (1) elaborate on the reasons for and development of oral history technique; (2) illustrate how this method can be used by researchers; (3) provide examples from the extant literature; and (4) conclude with suggestions of how this type of research may be taken further. A variety of references have been used to encourage wider reading and the aim is to be thought provoking and encouraging. Tourism and hospitality from any angle are all about the human experience and oral history interviews bring depth and richness to both present and future interpretations.

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COVID-19 and hospitality and tourism research: An integrative review

COVID-19 caused a shockwave in all facets of the contemporary tourism industry, triggering a surge in relevant research. Responding to the sheer magnitude of the event, and the plethora of research opportunities, scholars have been investigating the pandemic from an array of perspectives, at both a micro and macro level. With the aim of advancing the existing conceptual capital, this study uses a systematic integrative review to summarize, critique and synthesize the COVID-19-related studies published in hospitality and tourism journals; it identifies important gaps and highlights a future research agenda. We select 362 articles relevant to our analysis and conduct our research using VOSviewer visualization software. Findings, of particular interest and importance to scholars, illuminate thematic areas that may stimulate further research endeavors.

1. Introduction

Hospitality and tourism (henceforth, H&T) research is experiencing a renaissance caused by an unexpected event, COVID-19. The pandemic, which paralyzed the industry's sectors at a global scale, causing devastating and still rising economic and operational externalities, inspired an unprecedented research explosion ( Sigala, 2020 ). Indicatively, in the first 14 months since the outbreak of the pandemic back in December of 2019, more than 400 articles have been published in H&T journals: a remarkable feat considering academia's normally weak performance in reflecting current events. Seeing these cataclysmic events unfolding in front of a global audience, a number of scholars have taken the opportunity to investigate the impact of the pandemic from an array of perspectives.

COVID-19 is by nature a transformational event, thus bearing the ability to significantly change both the industry's strategic and operational norms and the specificities of relevant research. Reflecting on the above, and by espousing Elsbach and Knippenberg's (2020 , p. 1277) notion that integrative literature reviews “are among the most useful vehicles for advancing knowledge and furthering research in a topic domain”, this research note aims to: a) provide a brief visual description of the COVID-19-related work published in H&T journals, and b) via synthesis and integration, to identify existing research gaps and suggest an agenda for future research. In line with the conceptual reflections of Furunes (2019) , our work goes well beyond a mere description of existing literature by elaborating on ideas that could identify new research opportunities and thus drive relevant future research.

2. Methodology

Despite an absence of widely accepted standards, especially in the field of H&T ( Furunes, 2019 ), we turn to an integrative literature review as a systematic and appropriate way of conducting our study. Furunes also states that such reviews tend to a) include articles that utilize a variety of methodologies, and b) espouse a specific methodology outlining how the review was performed. Reflecting on the study's purpose, the following three research objectives were set: a) to explore the emerging COVID-19 themes in H&T literature, b) to illustrate the evolution of COVID-19 research in H&T since the outbreak of the pandemic by identifying research trends, and c) to develop a visualization of bibliographic coupling.

An extensive search of the Scopus database revealed 417 COVD-19-related articles published in H&T peer-reviewed journals (English language only) between December 1st, 2019 and March 7th, 2021. The search terms utilized (i.e., terms included in the publication's title, abstract and/or keywords) were “COVID-19” and “Hospitality or Tourism industry”. The prescribed systematic screening procedure used to refine our search results, and ensure the validity of the study, reflecting both inclusion (mentioned above) and exclusion criteria (e.g., direct relevance to the H&T industry), yielded 362 articles that fit our research purposes. Fifty-five articles were excluded on the grounds of being unrelated with the H&T industry, despite including the specific terms in their abstract, title, etc. Relevant information pertaining to the “title”, “year of publication”, “author(s) name”, “affiliations”, “keywords”, “abstract”, “journal” and “citation count” was exported from the system for subsequent analysis, using VOSviewer visualization software.

3. Findings

Reflecting on our first objective to explore emerging COVID-19 themes in H&T literature, a network map of co-occurrence of the terms in the title and abstract of recorded papers was developed (see Fig. 1 ). We note that each node is associated with a specific term and its size indicates the frequency of occurrence in all 362 documents included in our analysis. The curved links between nodes indicate co-occurrence in the same publication, the thickness denotes the strength of this relationship, and the in-between distance, the relatedness of the links. Nodes with common attributes are assigned to color-coded clusters; an exercise ideal for identifying different conceptual subfields and notable gaps, thus highlighting an agenda for future research.

Fig. 1

Network map of co-occurrence of terms in the title and abstract of recorded papers.

Note: Minimum number of occurrences of a term = 10 (109 terms).

As exhibited in Fig. 1 , Fig. 2 , three distinct clusters were revealed from this analysis. The first cluster, coded in green, revolves around the pandemic's impact on the industry with the most frequent keywords being “pandemic”, “impact”, “crisis”, “health”, “safety” and “economy”. The second cluster, coded in red, entails keywords relevant to the industry in the post-COVID era. Indicative terms included in this cluster are “post-COVID”, “development”, “change”, “opportunity”, “sustainability” and “challenge”. Finally, the third cluster, coded in blue, is related to research on the pandemic's effect on tourist perceptions, including terms like “study”, “research”, “analysis”, “model”, “perception”, “intention”, “attitude”, “behavior” and “practical implications”.

Fig. 2

Clusters of most frequent terms in COVID-19 research in H&T ( Green, Red and Blue ).

Note: Wordclouds were developed using a free online software tool at https://www.wordclouds.com . (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Our second objective was to illustrate the evolution, over time, of COVID-19 research in H&T by identifying research trends that may inform future studies. For such a purpose, an overlay visualization map (see Fig. 3 ) of co-occurrence of the terms in the title and abstract of recorded papers over time was developed. The size of the circles indicates the frequency of the term's appearance, whereas the distance between two circles indicates their correlation. The overlay color denotes the average publication year of the papers that include the specific term. In our figure, the terms colored blue indicate studies published early on in the pandemic, whereas yellow terms represent endeavors with a more recent publication date.

Fig. 3

Overlay map of co-occurrence of terms in the title and abstract of recorded papers over the time.

The visualization map that was developed indicates that studies focused on “change”, “opportunities”, “post COVID”, and “future” tended to be published in the early stages of the pandemic. In contrast, studies revolving around “model”, “data”, “practical implications”, “behavior” and “attitudes” were those more recently published. It is clear that relevant research in this field has evolved considerably over the past 14 months, with early studies—at the time unaware of the severity and magnitude of the pandemic—focusing on the potentially vast opportunities for sustainability, transformation and operational change. This narrative saw the pandemic as a transient event that could nevertheless substantially change the industry's deeply rooted operational paradigms, thus the focus was primarily on the post-COVID-19 era. We note that most of these early studies were of a conceptual nature, due to the paucity of data at the time, and were based on the theoretical foundations of existing literature on pandemics, crisis management and recovery. 1

As the uncertainty caused by the pandemic persisted, a shift in scholars' thematic focus and interest became evident. The impact and detrimental effects of the event came to the forefront, with studies exploring related topics from diverse perspectives, with a focus on the risks and challenges for the industry's operations, its employees, and its customers. Subsequently, and with ever-increasing primary data at the disposal of the academic community, studies began to empirically explore attitudes and behaviors, develop relevant models, and highlight implications for both hospitality operations and tourism destinations.

Finally, our third objective was to further dissect the intellectual structure of the domain by identifying the publications with the highest contribution to the body of COVID-19 literature via a bibliographic coupling approach. Bibliographic coupling—the opposite of co-citation, which was deemed unsuitable for our purposes 2 —exists when two publications cite the same third publication. This approach provides, via a cluster method, an in-depth overview of the mapping of a specific scientific domain by identifying how scholars synthesize knowledge and construct links in existing literature ( Biscaro & Giupponi, 2014 ; Jarneving, 2007 ), whereas Glanzel and Czerwon (1996) argue that this is considered ideal at the early stages of a discipline's evolution, especially when highly cited publications are not yet available. According to Van Eck and Waltman (2014 , p. 287) “the larger the number of references two publications have in common, the stronger the bibliographic coupling relation between the publications”. As exhibited in Fig. 4 a and b, each circle represents a publication, with larger circles indicating those with greater importance. Depending on how the weight of each publication is calculated, the size of the circle represents either the power derived from bibliographic citations ( Fig. 4 a), or the total link strength of coupling ( Fig. 4 b). The closeness of the publications suggests citing of the same journals, whereas the color-coded clusters indicate a strong relationship between them.

Fig. 4a

Bibliographic coupling of H&T COVID-19 papers ( weight=number of citations ).

Note: The weight of the publication reflects the number of citations. Ninety-one articles with a minimum of five citations were included in this analysis (only first authors are named). Nine articles with a total strength of 0 (not connected to each other) were also excluded from the diagram, thus reducing the total number included in our bibliographic coupling visualization to 82. The top five publications with the greatest number of citations are presented in the table.

Fig. 4b

Bibliographic coupling of H&T COVID-19 papers (weight=total link strength).

Note: Our second version of bibliographic coupling is based on Total Link Strength. Ninety-one out of 362 articles met the threshold of minimum five citations. Nine articles with a total strength of 0 (not connected to each other) were also excluded from the diagram, thus reducing the total number included in our bibliographic coupling visualization to 82. The top five documents with the greatest total link strength are presented in the table (only first authors are named).

Eighty-two publications are included in our bibliographic coupling visualization. With regards to citations, the top five articles, up to March 2021, were Gössling et al. (2020 ; n = 322), Hall et al. (2020 ; n = 91), Sigala (2020 ; n = 81), Higgins-Desbiolles (2020 ; n = 78) and Yang et al. (2020 ; n = 63). Nevertheless, the top five articles with the stronger bibliographic coupling relationship were Li et al. ( 2021 ; total link strength = 39.00), Gössling et al. (2020 ; total link strength = 32.00), Zheng et al. (2021 ; total link strength = 32.00), Hall et al. (2020 ; total link strength = 29.00), and Kaushal and Srivastava (2021 ; total link strength = 24.71). Similarities are also evident in relation to the previously presented network map for the co-occurrence of terms. In particular, the red cluster includes publications relevant to the industry's post-COVID-19 era, the green, to the pandemic's impact, and the blue contains research related to themes connected to tourist perceptions, attitudes and behavior.

4. Conclusion and future research

The explosion of COVID-19 research in H&T has created both opportunities and challenges. With regards to opportunities, this review highlights gaps in extant literature and unveils interesting topics for further study. Research in certain thematic areas (see Table 1 for suggested topics) could be further intensified with a particular focus on the post-COVID era. Our suggestions, reflecting the findings of this systematic integrative review, include topics that have yet to receive adequate attention by scholars. Other positive impacts include the proliferation of research notes, pre-prints, and open access journals; all being positive developments for the scholarly community.

Suggested agenda for further research endeavors.

Topics reflecting gaps in extant literature, thus considered ideal for future research endeavors, fall under six broad thematic areas, namely, a) human resources management (HRM), b) finance/economics, c) education and research, d) marketing, e) micro-level (operations), and f) macro-level (destination). With regards to HRM, notable topics include the impact of the pandemic on the hospitality workforce, and the status of relevant practices in the post-COVID era, with specific emphasis on e-training and development. Finance and economic topics, of particular importance for an industry striving to overcome the biggest financial crisis in its modern history, revolve around tourist expenditure behavior, investor confidence, corporate financial tools (including bankruptcy models), and the impact of government stimulus and aid packages. Furthermore, the theme of education and research may provide ample opportunity for those interested in post-pandemic research agendas and paradigm shifts, educational technologies, experiential learning activities, and the expansion of the discipline's conceptual boundaries via the development of a post-COVID curriculum.

The popularity of marketing topics will continue to rise, as many will likely embark on investigating the expectations, perceptions and attitudes of post-pandemic travelers. Relevant topics may include tourists' risk perceptions and travel willingness, consumption traits, pent-up tourism demand, and the impact of the prolonged psychological strain on travelers. The pandemic has also brought to the forefront numerous micro-level operational issues worthy of further investigation. Notable topics include digitalization and the use of robots in day-to-day operations, the resurgent importance of health and safety practices, yield and revenue management in the post-pandemic era, and developing the industry's new modus operanti via innovation and technological advancements. Finally, macro-level (destination) themes, include post-pandemic recovery and image restoration, post-COVID crisis management paradigms, politics and government interventions, sustainability and transformation, and operational strategies for travel service providers (intermediaries).

The COVID-19 pandemic has without a doubt received unprecedented coverage by scholars; coverage which may help reform, reinvent or transform the industry's operational paradigms in a way that goes well beyond what is envisioned by traditional theories of crisis management, communication and recovery. It is still unclear whether this explosion will expand our conceptual horizons by shifting to more transformative or interdisciplinary research paths, or whether this was just a sign of saturation of the discipline's core themes and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for scholars to enrich their publication repertoire. What is clear is that COVID-19 will have a lasting effect on industry operations, relevant research, as well as on education.

Unsurprisingly, this publication fever has also drawn criticism, with concerns ranging from poorly conceived methodologies, unsubstantiated results and conclusions, quality deficiencies, disproportionate ‘promotion’ of individual research agendas, personal bias, and ethical and academic integrity issues; all elements that have already caused a surge in retracted articles, although this has been most prevalent in medical journals ( Soltani & Patini, 2020 ). Others (see, Dinis-Oliveira, 2020 ) warn that due to the fluidity and urgency of the situation, the danger of nurturing a controversial ‘speed science’ publishing mentality—where a manuscript is submitted, reviewed and accepted in just few days—is higher than ever. Furthermore, Eichengreen et al. (2021) suggest that such eventualities might diminish trust towards individual researchers and their work. Additional challenges caused by this narrative include the increased difficulty in publishing non-COVID-related research, and the vast peer-review problems experienced by the editorial teams of journals due to the volume of new submissions.

Reflecting on the above, we also draw our attention to the idea of problematizing reviews, an alternative to traditional integrative systematic reviews such as the one presented in this paper. Responding to the need for more innovative ways to conduct literature reviews, and by challenging long-standing orthodoxies, Alvesson and Sandberg (2020 , p. 1301) introduced this distinctly different approach whose “overall aim is to combine critical and constructive considerations of a research domain, to open it up for serious consideration and reconstruction in ways that help us think ‘better’ and differently about the world and ourselves”. Espousing the fundamental principles of reflexivity and selectivity, the proposed approach may provide scholars and industry stakeholders alike with a new-found vantage point on how to review, comprehend, utilize and further expand COVID-19-related literature.

Finally, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of bibliometric studies—well documented in extant literature—and the quantitative nature of this integrative review. Moreover, the utilization of only one database (Scopus) for retrieving relevant material, and the inclusion of only English language peer-reviewed articles may be scrutinized by some.

1 Subsequent investigations revealed that early COVID-19 studies were strongly influenced by the works of Faulkner (2001) , Hall (2010) and Ritchie (2004) .

2 Extant literature (see, Boyack & Klavans, 2010 ) suggests that bibliographic coupling is ideal when clustering very recent papers—which is the case for COVID-19 literature—while co-citation clustering works best when examining papers are written over a much longer timespan.

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    Introduction. Hospitality and tourism (henceforth, H&T) research is experiencing a renaissance caused by an unexpected event, COVID-19. The pandemic, which paralyzed the industry's sectors at a global scale, causing devastating and still rising economic and operational externalities, inspired an unprecedented research explosion ( Sigala, 2020 ).

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    Development hinders occupancy in 2024, despite consistent room demand. While occupancy in Dallas-Fort Worth remains under many other major U.S. metros and below the market's all-time high of 70.3 percent in 2016, the Metroplex ranks as one of the top markets for demand in 2024.

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