phd degrees in education

Doctorate in Education Program Guide

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Educators do their best, but sometimes the system isn’t perfect. Problems fall through the cracks and create more problems. There may be an issue you have a dream of fixing one day. A doctorate in education (Ed.D. or Ph.D.) can help you do that.

If you don’t know which you want to pursue, or you want to know the difference between an Ed.D. and Ph.D. , we’re here to help.

Popular Doctoral Programs in Education

Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below.

What Is a Doctorate in Education Degree?

A doctorate in education is rigorous . It’s an advanced degree with challenging coursework and dissertation research. It offers a variety of valuable experiences and outcomes, from developing leadership skills to pursuing specialized career paths.

A Ph.D. in education helps you gain in-depth working knowledge of educational theories, research, and practices. You’ll be able to work with leading researchers and faculty and build a strong network of fellow educators.

A Ph.D. program typically prepares students for advanced research in education. It’s a research-oriented degree that emphasizes scholarly research, theoretical frameworks and contributing to the knowledge base in education.

An Ed.D. program often focuses on developing skills and knowledge for academic leadership roles. It’s a professional practice-oriented degree that applies research and theory to real-world educational contexts.

Earning an Ed.D. in education can prepare you for leadership roles such as a school principal, university president, or superintendent. Some programs prepare graduates for other community leadership roles. It can also prepare you to become doctoral faculty within an Ed.D. program itself.

Doctoral Programs in Education Courses and Concentrations

The curriculum of a doctorate in education depends on if it’s a Ph.D. or an Ed.D. program. Specializations will also impact curricula — educational psychology covers different topics than education policy would.

Both Ph.D. programs and Ed.D. programs usually cover advanced theories, research, and practical applications in education. Coursework may explore educational leadership, research methods, curriculum development, educational policy, and instructional design.

Doctorate in Education Concentrations

Educational Administration

Educational administration prepares students for leadership roles in educational settings. Key skills taught in the concentration include strategic planning, organizational management, policy analysis, and ethical decision-making.

Higher Education

A higher education concentration develops skills and knowledge for leadership roles in colleges and universities. Learning outcomes include gaining expertise in higher education policy, administration, research, and pedagogy.

Curriculum Instruction

Curriculum instruction involves the design, strategies and assessment of curricula. Gaining expertise in curriculum development, instructional leadership, and research are common points of focus in this concentration.

Educational Leadership

Educational leadership focuses on leadership skills and knowledge specific to educational settings. Students learn about topics like strategic planning, organizational management, policy analysis, and educational equity.

Human Resource Development

Human resource development (HRD) prepares students to lead, design, and implement effective training and development programs in organizations. Learning outcomes include advanced knowledge in adult learning theories, organizational development, and strategic HRD.

How to Apply for a Doctorate in Education Program

Most doctorate in education programs require a master’s degree . Beyond that, Ph.D. in education requirements can vary. Some programs may prefer several years of related work experience. Others look for candidates who have leadership skills in an educational setting or teacher certifications. Or, it can be a combination of all the above.

The following are typical general admission requirements for a doctorate in education program:

• Master’s Degree: Most programs require applicants to hold a master’s degree in education or a related field. Applicants typically need a strong foundation in educational theory and research. Most programs also require a minimum grade point average of 3.0.
• Recommendation Letters: Programs often request 1-3 letters of recommendation from people who can speak to your capabilities. Ideally, they should have knowledge of your academic abilities, work experience, leadership potential, and commitment to the field of education.
• Resume or Curriculum Vitae: A resume or curriculum vitae (CV) highlights your educational background, work experience, research involvement, publications, and other relevant achievements.
• Purpose Statement: A purpose statement is a written essay about your passion and alignment with the program. Here, you’ll explain your motivations for pursuing a doctorate in education, research interest and career goals.
• Test Scores: Some but not all Ph.D. programs require applicants to take the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) and meet score expectations . Fewer Ed.D. programs require it, but some still do.

How Much Does a Doctoral in Education Degree Cost?

The tuition for a doctorate in education can vary based on several factors. The institution can play a significant role in determining the cost. Prestigious universities often have higher tuition rates compared to less renowned institutions.

Average Annual Tuition and Fees: Online vs. On-Campus Programs

Online Doctorate in Education

On-Campus Doctorate in Education

The program format also impacts tuition. Online programs sometimes have lower tuition due to reduced campus infrastructure costs. Full-time students generally pay higher tuition rates than part-time students due to campus-specific fees and higher course loads..

Other associated costs include textbooks, technology fees, research expenses and potentially housing and travel expenses for in-person programs.

What Can You Do With an Online Doctorate in Education?

A doctorate in education provides many career options . One path you can take is entering academia as a professor. You could also pursue leadership roles in K-12 institutions. For example, you could become a principal or superintendent, or a higher education leader. Other careers include educational consulting, policy analysis and research.

With a doctorate in education, you can make a meaningful impact in various settings. Common examples include schools, colleges, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and research institutions.

According to April 2024 Payscale data , the average base salary for someone with a doctorate in education is $88,000.

Frequently Asked Questions About Doctorates in Education

Ed.d. vs. ph.d. in education: what is the difference.

Students of both an Ed.D. or Ph.D. are prepared with the skills to impact education positively, but from different perspectives. An Ed.D. focuses on practical application in education and prepares students for educational leadership, such as a principal, superintendent, or college president. A Ph.D. is a research-focused degree.

Can you get an Ed.D. or a Ph.D. in education online?

Yes, there are many online programs for an Ed.D. or a Ph.D. in education. Schools like the University of Arizona, Drexel University and Walden University offer online doctorates in education. Each program typically has a main focus. For example, Arizona State University’s online doctor of education is in leadership and innovation.

How many years does it take to get a doctorate in education?

How many years it takes to get a doctorate in education varies by program, required credits, and whether you’re a full-time or part-time student. The average time to complete an Ed.D. is three years. Whether you already have a master’s degree or have completed doctorate coursework can also affect completion time.

Do all doctorate in education programs require a master’s degree?

Many doctorate in education programs require a master’s degree, but some will allow you to earn a master’s degree as part of the Ph.D. curriculum. These programs may make accommodations for students with a bachelor’s who want to jump directly into a doctoral program.

Is getting an online doctorate in education worth it?

An online doctorate in education can be worth it for several reasons. A Ph.D. and Ed.D. are the highest level of education a person can earn in the field. NCES data shows online education doctoral programs are cheaper than in-person programs. Online programs also provide flexibility and convenience.

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Doctor of Philosophy in Education

The Johns Hopkins School of Education’s full-time PhD program offers an individually tailored learning experience based on a student’s interest in finding solutions to pressing education problems. Select applicants receive full tuition and a stipend.

The School of Education will pause admission to the Doctor of Philosophy in Education (PhD) program for the 2025-26 academic year while we add several programmatic improvements. The next intake for admission to the PhD program will be for students who want to matriculate in the Fall 2026 semester. The online application will open in August 2025 to begin accepting submissions, and the application completion deadline will be December 16, 2025. Please complete our Request for Information Form to receive updates and announcements for the next admission period.

The program provides rigorous interdisciplinary training that develops students’ abilities to conduct evidence-based research on real-world educational challenges. Instruction and mentorship emphasizes the development and evaluation of policies and practices that address real-world educational problems.

Students benefit from a one-to-one apprenticeship model that pairs exceptional interdisciplinary candidates with nationally acclaimed faculty mentors, along with engaging coursework, sophisticated methodological training, and cohort-based learning.

Questions? Please reach out and we’ll be in touch soon.

Learn about our PhD students.

Upcoming Admissions Events

Have questions about our degree programs, the application, or financial aid and costs? Join us for an inside look at a graduate experience defined by innovation and driven by evidence-based research. Learn more about your area of interest or career path, meet some of our faculty, and connect to the Johns Hopkins School of Education community. Check out our admissions events and register for a virtual information session today.

International Teaching & Global Leadership Alumni Panel

Education Policy Student Panel

Doctor of Education Student Panel

Core Faculty

Jennifer adams, phd.

Associate Professor Director, International Teaching and Global Leadership

Affiliation

Innovative Teaching & Leadership

International Teaching & Global Leadership

Robert Balfanz, PhD

Professor Co-Director, Center for Social Organization of Schools

Center for Social Organization of Schools, SOE Leadership

Education Policy & Politics, Research, Evaluation & Assessment, Social Context of Education

Ashley Rogers Berner, PhD

Associate Professor Director, Johns Hopkins Institute for Education Policy

Institute for Education Policy, SOE Leadership

Curriculum Studies, Education Policy & Politics, Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Rebecca Cruz, PhD

Assistant Professor

Center for Safe and Healthy Schools, Innovative Teaching & Leadership

Education Policy & Politics, Social Context of Education, Special Education

Marcia Davis, PhD

Associate Professor (Research) Co-Director, Center for Social Organization of Schools Director of Research, Baltimore Education Research Consortium

Learning & Instruction, Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Norma L. Day-Vines, PhD

Counseling & Educational Studies

Counseling & Human Development

Hunter Gehlbach, PhD

Professor Faculty Lead, PhD Program

Advanced Studies in Education

Learning & Instruction, Measurement & Research Methodologies

Odis Johnson, Jr., PhD

Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Executive Director, Johns Hopkins Center for Safe and Healthy Schools Director, Institute in Critical Quantitative, Computational, and Mixed Methodologies

Center for Safe and Healthy Schools, SOE Leadership

Education Policy & Politics, Measurement & Research Methodologies, Social Context of Education

Richard Lofton, PhD

Center for Safe and Healthy Schools

Education Policy & Politics, Social Context of Education

Douglas J. Mac Iver, PhD

Center for Social Organization of Schools

Curriculum Studies, Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Martha Abele Mac Iver, PhD

Associate Professor Associate Dean of Research

Research, Evaluation & Assessment

Olivia Marcucci, PhD

Advanced Studies in Education, Center for Safe and Healthy Schools

Social Context of Education

Ebony McGee, PhD

Counseling & Human Development, Postsecondary Education, Social Context of Education, Urban Education

Stephen Morgan, PhD

Bloomberg Distinguished Professor

Measurement & Research Methodologies, Social Context of Education

Jonathan Plucker, PhD

Research Professor Faculty Lead, Master of Science in Education Policy

Education Policy & Politics, Gifted Education, Learning & Instruction

Eric Rice, PhD

Social Context of Education, Urban Education

Joshua C. Schuschke, PhD

Educational Technology

Alexandra Shelton, PhD

Learning & Instruction, Special Education

Angela R. Watson, PhD

Assistant Research Professor

Institute for Education Policy

Education Policy & Politics

Program Overview

With its goal of pursuing big ideas and sharing knowledge to address real-world challenges, Johns Hopkins University takes pride in its founding mission as the U.S.’s first research university. The full-time Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Education at the Johns Hopkins School of Education embraces that tradition. We offer a world-class, research-focused program that prepares exceptional scholars to investigate and develop policies and practices that improve educational outcomes from pre-K through secondary school and beyond.

Students draw insights from different disciplines (e.g., educational psychology, learning sciences, sociology of education), synthesizing their knowledge to craft multidisciplinary, evidence-based approaches to address educational policies and practices — particularly those that can improve outcomes for historically underserved populations. Immersion in modern research methods — advanced statistical techniques, open science approaches, and data science — facilitates students’ capacities to argue for research-based educational reforms.

Students benefit from the mentorship of nationally acclaimed researchers in an apprenticeship model as well as collaborative learning opportunities from courses, research groups, and their cohort. Our graduates go on to careers in higher education as professors, policymakers, and influential scholars at research-intensive universities, institutes, and centers.

All PhD students at the School of Education are eligible for a fellowship for up to four years. The fellowship includes a yearly stipend and will cover tuition and fees. The fellowship also covers individual health, dental, and vision insurance. All PhD students must be registered full time and be in good academic standing every semester to continue to be eligible for their fellowship.

Through our PhD program, students acquire cutting-edge research skills that position them for tenure-track faculty positions in higher education, policymaking roles with state agencies or school systems, and leadership positions in educational research organizations.

• Research and Post Secondary Teaching
• University Professor
• University Researcher
• Policy Analyst

“ What set my experience apart was the chance to work with remarkable mentors who are not only impactful researchers in the field, but also genuinely care about me as a person.

Education (Online), EdD

School of education.

To address the dramatically changing landscape of education in the 21st century, which includes new research on the science of learning, advances in technology, and the emergence of a for-profit education sector, the Johns Hopkins School of Education offers an innovative online Doctor of Education degree program. This EdD program is designed to prepare an exceptional corps of educational practitioner-scholars, both nationally and internationally, who can set a high standard for transformational leadership in education, apply evidence-based practices to improve educational outcomes, and meet the vast challenges associated with improving learning outcomes in both public and private educational environments.

Please note there are different program requirements for different cohorts. Those requirements can be found under the tabs labeled: Program Requirements 2023 & Forward, Program Requirements 2022 Cohort, Program Requirements 2021 Cohort, and Program Requirements 2013-2020 Cohorts.

For more information about the EdD program, please visit the  website . If you have any questions about the EdD program, please contact  [email protected] .

Admission Requirements

At minimum, applicants to the EdD program should hold a master’s degree from an accredited college or university. Previous degrees must document high academic achievement (a minimum GPA of 3.0) in an area of study closely associated with the objectives of the program. If the earned degree or credit is from an educational institution abroad, the candidate’s academic record must be evaluated by a credential evaluation agency before consideration for admission. Applicants must submit the online admission application form, application fee, official transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended, a curriculum vitae (résumé), a Problem of Practice Statement, online (asynchronous) interview, and two letters of recommendation signed by each recommender. These letters should include the following:

• A professor with whom the applicant worked in their master's program who can speak to the applicant's competency to conduct rigorous, applied scholarly work, and
• A colleague/supervisor from the applicant’s professional context/industry who can attest to the applicant's qualifications to pursue a doctorate, and the applicant’s impact on the recommender’s  professional practice.

International students must fulfill the general requirements for admission and complete additional requirements—see International Students Admission . 

Note: This program is not eligible for student visa sponsorship .

Students who enter the program will be required to successfully complete a series of pre-orientation modules prior to enrollment in the program. All students are expected to show competence in the content areas of these modules.

Please note that for the online EdD program, an offer of admission is for the specific cohort to which an application is submitted. Students may accept or decline the admission offer only; deferring to a future cohort is not an option.

Program Requirements Cohort 2023 and Forward

Program structure and requirements.

Program requirements include a minimum of 90 graduate credits. Students must enter the program with a master’s degree with 36 graduate-level credits, which will be transferred into the EdD program. If a student does not have the required 36 master’s credits, the student will be admitted on a conditional basis and must complete the additional graduate-level credits at a regionally accredited college or university (or its equivalent) by the final semester before expected degree conferral. Students with  post-master’s graduate credit  in related education content completed prior to admission to the EdD program may petition to transfer in an additional six (6) credits of equivalent coursework with appropriate documentation and with the approval of the EdD program director. Thus, students must complete between 48 and 54 credits at the doctoral level at JHU. The program includes the following required coursework components*:

For a full listing of academic standards and policies, please visit the website .   

In addition to successfully completing all coursework requirements,  students admitted in 2023 and thereafter  must also complete a Doctoral Dossier consisting of three faculty-mentored research projects.

Problems of Practice and Doctoral Dossier

Students examine a Problem of Practice (POP)—an area of concern they have observed within their professional context—that becomes the focus of the student's Doctoral Dossier, which consists of three main projects described below.

As part of our commitment to social justice, the EdD program does not privilege one form of communication over another. Thus, all components of the Doctoral Dossier can be communicated in a modality of the student’s choosing: video, oral, scholarly writing, or public-facing writing. Additionally, students can choose the type of scholarship project they will work on during years two and three of the program. Our Doctoral Dossier is based upon  Boyer’s Four Domains of Scholarship  (1990) and includes:

          RESEARCH PROJECT 1 :

Scholarship of Integration:  To begin their Doctoral Dossier process, all students will spend their first two semesters reviewing the research literature and using systems thinking to refine their Problem of Practice. The culmination of this process will be the Scholarship of Integration project, which is a synthesis of the literature reviewed that identifies and describes the underlying causes of and factors contributing to their chosen POP. This project is foundational to understanding the identified problem and determining what students choose to research in years two and three.

Example projects include :  A podcast, video series, manuscripts for publication in a professional or scholarly journal, lengthy presentation targeting policymakers. Within all project modalities, the factors contributing to the POP are discussed through a synthesis of the research literature.

 RESEARCH PROJECT 2 :

Following completion of the Scholarship of Integration project, students will  choose one of the following two options  for Research Project 2 :

Scholarship of Application:   Demonstrate the application of the research to practice.  The purpose of this project is to a) consider how the research perpetuates and/or disrupts oppression, b) critique relevant systems, structures, and institutions, and c) determine avenues to effectively disseminate evidence to a wider audience and stakeholder group.

Example projects include :  historical analysis of a topic, curriculum creation, community organization, autoethnography, instructional pedagogy, and others.  

Scholarship of Teaching:   Development and improvement of pedagogical practices.  Students examine teaching processes and assessments to improve practice.

Example projects include : autoethnography of one’s teaching, innovative teaching materials, curricula, development of new courses, or development of a new pedagogical framework.  

 RESEARCH PROJECT 3 :

Following successful completion of Research Project 2, students will choose one of the following projects and orally present a proposal for their third project to a panel of faculty:

The  scholarship option NOT chosen for Project 2 , or

Scholarship of Discovery:  Search for new knowledge. Students conduct evidence-based research that leads to knowledge creation.   

Example projects include :  investigating the effectiveness of a curriculum created during year 2 (Scholarship of Teaching), interviewing people related to a Problem of Practice whose voices are missing from the research literature; examining the perspective of LGBTQ+ teachers living in the southern United States using Photovoice, etc. This project may be provided in any modality to better reach the student’s intended audience.               

RESEARCH PROJECT 4:

During the final year, students will complete Research Project 3, write an  Executive Summary  that ties their three projects together, and write a  final reflection  on their doctoral journey. The Doctoral Dossier will be presented and assessed during the final Doctoral Dossier course. Additionally, students may choose to present their Doctoral Dossier work at a school-wide student conference.

Students are expected to complete the program coursework and independent research concurrently. This program is cohort-based, thus if students require a leave of absence for any reason, they will return in the appropriate course sequence with the next cohort the following year.

The following table below provides an overview of the program requirements for cohorts admitted in 2023 and later:

 *Courses and course sequences are subject to change.

Program Requirements 2022 Cohort

Program requirements include a minimum of 90 graduate credits. Students must enter the program with a master’s degree with a minimum of 36 graduate-level credits, which will be transferred into the EdD program. If a student does not have the required 36 master’s credits, the student will be admitted on a conditional basis and must complete the additional graduate-level credits at an accredited college or university by the final semester before expected degree conferral. Students with  post-master’s graduate credit  in related education content completed prior to admission to the EdD program may petition to transfer in an additional 6 credits of equivalent coursework with appropriate documentation and with the approval of the EdD program director. Thus, students must complete between 48 and 54 credits at the doctoral level at JHU. The program includes the following required coursework components (subject to change):

Students who extend their program of study may be required to enroll in additional doctoral research credits.

Additionally, students admitted in 2022 must also pass an oral comprehensive examination, demonstrating attainment of competencies, and complete a Dossier Style Dissertation research project. 

Problems of Practice and Dossier Style Dissertation 

Students examine a Problem of Practice (POP)—an area of concern they have observed within their professional context. This POP becomes the focus of the student's Dossier Style Dissertation, which is embedded within the EdD program coursework. The Dossier Style Dissertation includes two pathways: 1) Applied Project or 2) Empirical Project Deeper Dive.

Applied Project:

Year 1 :  During the first year in the program, students synthesize research literature to understand factors relevant to the POP from a broader systems perspective.

Year 2 : Students conduct an empirical study examining their POP within their professional context. Students then defend their proposal for an applied project based on their findings as well as a brief literature review that supports their rationale and justification for their proposed applied project.

Year 3 : Students create and defend their final applied project to their Doctoral Committee.

Empirical Project Deep Dive:

Year 1 : During the first year in the program, students synthesize research literature to understand factors relevant to the POP from a broader systems perspective.

Year 2 : Students design a more robust empirical study to more deeply examine their POP within their professional context. Students orally present their proposed design to their Doctoral Committee.

Year 3 : Students analyze and write up their data and orally defend their findings to their Doctoral Committee.

Although somewhat different from a traditional dissertation in its completion and focus, students are nevertheless expected to demonstrate mastery of the relevant literature, to obtain extant and/or collect additional data, and to interpret the results in light of previous studies.

All students will also demonstrate mastery of first- and second-year competencies through an oral comprehensive assessment. 

Typically, we expect students to complete three years of coursework and independent research concurrently. Some students may need more than three years to complete their research, in which case they will be required to enroll in at least one credit hour per semester after completion of the required 90 credit hours.

The following table below provides an overview of the program requirements for the 2022 cohort:

Program Requirements 2021 Cohort

 Additionally, students admitted in 2021 must also pass an oral comprehensive examination, demonstrating attainment of competencies, and complete either a Dossier Style Dissertation or Applied Dissertation research project. For information regarding the Applied Dissertation, please see the 2013-2020 Cohorts tab.  

The following table below provides an overview of the program requirements for the 2021 cohort:

Program Requirements 2013-2020 Cohorts

 Additionally, students admitted in cohorts 2013-2021 must also pass an oral comprehensive examination, demonstrating attainment of competencies, and complete an Applied Dissertation or Dossier Style Dissertation research project. For information regarding the Dossier Style Dissertation requirements, please see the 2021 Cohort tab.  Information regarding the Applied Dissertation is provided below.

Problems of Practice and Applied Dissertation 

Students examine a Problem of Practice (POP)—an area of concern they have observed within their professional context. This POP becomes the focus of the student's Applied Dissertation research. The Applied Dissertation is embedded within the EdD program coursework, which provides students with a unique opportunity to examine an issue important to the organization in which they are employed.

During the first year in the program, students examine their articulated POP to identify underlying causes and associated factors. During the second year of the program, students develop a potential solution, such as an intervention or policy change, and a plan to study the implementation of this intervention as well as proximal outcomes. Students will demonstrate mastery of first- and second-year competencies through written and oral comprehensive assessments, which will serve as indicators of readiness for conducting their applied research. Students will then evaluate the effectiveness of this solution as their Applied Dissertation (Year 3).

Although somewhat different from a traditional dissertation in its completion and focus, students are nevertheless expected to demonstrate mastery of the relevant literature, to obtain extant and/or collect additional data, and to interpret the results in light of previous studies. The dissertation will be presented at a final oral defense before the student’s Dissertation Advisory Committee.

Typically, students will complete three years of coursework and independent research concurrently. It is possible that some students may need more than three years to complete their research, in which case they will be required to enroll in at least one credit hour per semester after completion of the required 90 credit hours.

The following table below provides an overview of the program requirements for the 2013-2020 cohorts:

Learning Outcomes

Program goals.

Upon successful completion of the EdD, we expect that graduates will:

• Participate as a self-reflexive, social justice-oriented learner within diverse educational or learning communities.
• Analyze and critique educational practice and research from a social justice and systems perspective.
• Apply relevant methodologies to address critical challenges in education.
• Demonstrate a curiosity for, and a systematic approach to, at least one major topic of study within education resulting in an emerging expertise.
• Integrate research and practice-based knowledge to develop research-informed decisions and opinions about educational experiences, processes, policies, and institutions.
• Communicate effectively to diverse audiences about educational research, experiences, processes, policies, and institutions.

The Ph.D. in Education is an interdisciplinary doctoral program that combines advances in the social sciences, sciences, arts, and humanities with deep expertise in educational research, policy, and practice to train students for careers as academics, researchers, policymakers, and leaders who will improve educational outcomes in the United States and around the world. Ph.D. candidates will collaborate with faculty from across Harvard graduate and professional schools and conduct groundbreaking research — forging new fields of inquiry that will transform education practice and policy.  Candidates for the Ph.D. in Education choose from among three concentrations: Culture, Institutions, and Society; Education Policy and Program Evaluation; or Human Development, Learning and Teaching.

All Ph.D.s are granted through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.