thesis study about squash

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" The utilization of Squash into Jam for Kids and Adults in Calumpit for year 2017 to 2018 "

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TJPRC Publication

Most of the fruits are available in surplus during a particular season and they are perishable in nature. In off seasons, they are scarce. Even after marketing by farmers and vendors still leftover seasonal fruits are abundant to carry out the process. Unless the excess handled properly, it is economic loss to farmers and to vendors. By processing fruits, post harvest losses can be minimized and supplied in preserved form throughout the year to the growing population. Food preservation is a technique of treating and handling food to slow down food spoilage, enhance shelf life, value addition to the product Preparation of jams from seasonal fruits is one of the most popular preservation techniques. Jams have more demand because of their good taste, ready to eat form, easy to store, attractive color, easily available, nutritious and easy to manufacture and have a long shelf life. The fruits were graded in the market based on, ripeness, shape, size The fruits were weighed, washed with tap water. Remove the peel of musk melon and cut into small pieces. From the graded musk melon extract the pulp manually by using the mixer to obtain a fine pulp. Jam is prepared and all proximate analysis is conducted. From the present study to develop a jam from the muskmelon, four formulations with sugar, jaggery and with or without flavors were tested for sensory, physicochemical evaluation such as pH, acidity, TSS, moisture, brix/acid ratio. Two formulations 112 and 122 have high overall acceptability with score 8.2and 8.0 were tested for nutritional analysis which includes carbohydrate, protein, fat, energy, fibre, calcium and vitamin-C. The fruit pulp was taken as control and analysis was done similarly. By that we observed the variations in physicochemical parameters and nutritional composition in different formulations of prepared musk melon jam.

aensionline.com

Jamal Daoud , Mohamed E . S . Mirghani

sciepub.com SciEP

A healthy alternative way of reducing the oil content while retaining the nutritional content of the food could be achieved through vacuum frying. This study aimed to develop a value-added product to squash through the adoption of the vacuum frying technology introduced by the DOST. This specifically determined the acceptability of the quality attributes of vacuum fried young squash and its hypothesized differences in terms of color, taste, texture, and general acceptability by employing the three process schedules. Three batches of thinly sliced frozen squash were fried under vacuum at 80°C for 20 minutes; 90°C for 15 minutes; and 100°C for 10 minutes. The vacuum fried squash were subjected to sensory evaluation of its quality attributes in terms of color, taste, texture and general acceptability using the 9-point Hedonic Scale by the selected panelists (n=30) who were considered as potential customers. Results of the sensory evaluation showed that the quality attributes of the vacuum fried squash were liked very much by the panelists however, significant differences existed in terms of the color and general acceptability of the product. The panelists considered vacuum fried squash which were subjected to the first and second process schedules acceptable.

American Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 6, no. 2

Mario A . De Castro Jr. , Elvi Escarez

miguel antonio go domingo

IJAR Indexing

Making of jams is the common methods of preserving fruit, the main factor being high concentration of sugar that helps in preservation. Carambola is a sub-tropical fruit found in Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. In India the fruit is available in the months of September through October and January through February. The main health benefits of carambola are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and anti-ulcer activity. Product development was carried out using carambola fruit. The jam was developed as a complete natural product with no added preservatives. Organoleptic properties of the product were assessed by sensory evaluation and the jam was found to be acceptable. Shelf-life study of the jam was carried out by microbial analysis and it was found that there was a decrease in the no. of microbial contaminants. Nutritive value of the product was also analyzed; the results obtained were Protein 0.88%, Fat 0.19%, Carbohydrates 44.89%, Energy 185 kcal, Dietary fiber 1.68%, Magnesium 156 mg and Vitamin C 5 mg per 100 gms.

International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR)

Papaya is a wholesome fruit containing a wide range of nutrients which has several beneficial effects on human health. Since papayas are climacteric fruit, it is prone to respiratory changes after harvest and has a short shelf life. The complicated peeling limits the consumption of the fruit among people. Thus, processing of papaya into various products is essential to preserve the fruit and increase the consumption. Preparation of syrup from the fresh fruit can help in increasing the consumption and reduce the rate of fruit spoilage which leads to wastage of such rich nutritious fruit. To the syrup, vanilla flavored essence was added to increase the acceptability among children. The syrup can be utilized in various ways as it binds with various food varieties than jams and other commercial products that have utilization limitations. Quality analysis and proximate studies were performed. The syrup is found to have 35.6% carbohydrates, 1.67% fiber, 0.86% protein and 0.51% ash content. The syrup is found to be stable for over 45 days under refrigeration. Thus, the production of vanilla flavored syrup not only increases the shelf life but also aids in promoting the rate of consumption among all age groups.

International Journal of Natural Sciences

Md. Zohurul Islam

Kamrunnaher Monalisa

Level of Acceptability of Squash Cake with White Chocolate

• Fermin Steven Tyrone Charles
• Miccaella Bulquerin
• Noah Cembrano
• Cristine Bernardino
• Berlyn Abaya

Squashes are local to the New World, where they were developed by local farming groups before European settlement. Natural products grow quickly.It must be gathered within a couple of days after the structure and should be utilized not long after it was reaped. The skin is, for the most part, viewed as eatable. Cakes are a cutting-edge adjustment of bread. Generally, in the past, bread is more utilized than cake. Cake is a type of sweet food that is produced using flour, sugar, and different fixings that is generally heated. Cake is regularly filled in as a celebratory dish during formal events, such as weddings, commemorations, and birthday celebrations. This study aimed to determine the level of acceptability of squash cake with white chocolate. In another bowl, flour, cinnamon, salt, baking soda, and baking powder were mixed. Afterward, raisins and walnuts were added. As a natively grown vegetable cultivated by Wampanoag Indians, squash holds a special place in American history. In the Americas, squash is one of three primary crops, the other two being maize and beans. A survey questionnaire(checklist) was used by the researchers to gather information from respondents. The researchers distributed the questionnaires to selected students of Bestlink College of the Philippines. The result of this study was tabulated and analyzed. This chapter presented the summary of findings from gathered data, the conclusion drawn, the findings, and the recommendations offered by the researchers.:

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Undergraduate Theses

Feasibility study of establishing a squash canton noodle production plant in bay, laguna.

Mae P. Angeles

Call Number

LG 993 2004 M17 A54

Recommended Citation

Angeles, Mae P., "Feasibility Study of Establishing a Squash Canton Noodle Production Plant in Bay, Laguna" (2004). Undergraduate Theses . 6162. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/etd-undergrad/6162

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Comparison of Soil Carbon Dynamics Between Restored Prairie and Agricultural Soils in the U.S. Midwest

Globally, soils hold more carbon than both the atmosphere and aboveground terrestrial biosphere combined. Changes in land use and land cover have the potential to alter soil carbon cycling throughout the soil profile, from the surface to meters deep, yet most studies focus only on the near surface impact ( 3 and C 4 photosynthetic pathway plant community composition. Comparative analysis of edaphic properties and soil carbon suggests that deep loess deposits in Nebraska permit enhanced water infiltration and SOC deposition to depths of ~100 cm in 60 years of prairie restoration. In Illinois, poorly drained, clay/lime rich soils on glacial till and a younger restored prairie age (15 years) restricted the influence of prairie restoration to the upper 30 cm. Comparing the δ 13 C values of SOC and SIC in each system demonstrated that SIC at each site is likely of lithogenic origin. This work indicates that the magnitude of influence of restoration management is dependent on edaphic properties inherited from geological and geomorphological controls. Future work should quantify root structures and redox properties to better understand the influence of rooting depth on soil carbon concentrations. Fast-cycling C dynamics can be assessed using continuous, in-situ CO 2 and O 2 soil gas concentration changes. The secondary objective of my thesis was to determine if manual, low temporal resolution gas sampling and analysis are a low cost and effective means of measuring soil O 2 and CO 2 , by comparing it with data from in-situ continuous (hourly) sensors. Manual analysis of soil CO 2 and O 2 from field replicates of buried gas collection cups resulted in measurement differences from the continuous sensors. Measuring CO2 concentration with manual methods often resulted in higher concentrations than hourly, continuous measurements across all sites. Additionally, O 2 concentrations measured by manual methods were higher than hourly values in the restored prairie and less in agricultural sites. A variety of spatial variability, pressure perturbations, calibration offsets, and system leakage influences on both analysis methods could cause the discrepancy.

NSF Grant 1331906

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• Master of Science
• Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences

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• West Lafayette

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Additional committee member 2, additional committee member 3, additional committee member 4, additional committee member 5, usage metrics.

• Environmental biogeochemistry
• Soil chemistry and soil carbon sequestration (excl. carbon sequestration science)

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• Joseph Small
• Jose David Beltran Lizarazo

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• Michael Loren Davis

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• Juan Felipe Ariza Mejia

Casey Anna Stone

Spring 24 Graduate College Post-Comprehensive Research Fellowship

• Michele Capovilla-Searle

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• Joseph Starr

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Gravity Research Foundation, Awards for Essays for 2024

• by rezzolla
• 2024/05/14 2024/05/14

Gravity Research Foundation PO BOX 81389 Wellesley Hills MA 02481-0004, USA

Roger W. Babson (Founder), George M. Rideout, Jr. (President)

The trustees are pleased to announce the Awards for Essays for 2024.

1. $4,000 – Holographic Inflation, Primordial Black Holes and Early Structure Formation by Tom Banks, NHETC and Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019; email: [email protected] and Willy Fischler, Department of Physics and Texas Cosmology Center, Weinberg Institute, Center for Theory, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712; email: [email protected]

2. $700 – The Secret Structure of the Gravitational Vacuum by Samir D. Mathur, Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; email: [email protected]

3. $600 – Universal Acceleration and Fuzzy Dark Matter by Douglas Edmonds, Department of Physics, Penn State Hazleton, Hazleton, PA 18202; email: [email protected], Joshua Erlich, Department of Physics, William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185; email: [email protected], Djordje Minic and Tatsu Takeuchi, Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; emails: [email protected], [email protected]

4. $500 – In Search of the Biggest Bangs since the Big Bang by John Ellis1,2, Malcolm Fairbairn1, Juan Urrutia3,4 and Ville Vaskonen4,5,6, 1TPPC Group, Physics Department, King’s College London, Strand WC2R 2LS, UK; 2Theoretical Physics Department, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland; 3Keemilise ja Bioloogilise Fuusika Instituut, Ravala pst. 10, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia; 4Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 21, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; 5Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; 6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

5. $400 – Fully Extremal Black Holes: A Black Hole Graveyard? by Francesco DiFilippo, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic, email: [email protected] , Stefano Liberati, SISSA – International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; IFPU – Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34104 Trieste, Italy; INFN Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy; email: [email protected] and Matt Visser, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; email: [email protected]

Selected for Honorable Mention this year were (listed in alphabetical order): Francesco Alessio and Michele Arzano; Spyros Basilakos, Dimitri V. Nanopoulos, Theodoros Papanikolaou, Emmanuel N. Saridakis and Charalampos Tzerefos; Elmo Benedetto, Christian Corda and Ignazio Licata; Nigel T. Bishop, Vishnu Kakkat, Amos S. Kubeka, Monos Naidoo and Petrus J. van der Walt; Philippe Brax and Pierre Vanhove; Molly Burkmar and Marco Bruni; Juan A. Canas, A. Martin-Ruiz and J. Bernal; Raul Carballo-Rubio and Astrid Eichhorn; Juanca Carrasco-Martinez; Man Ho Chan; S. Mahesh Chandran and S. Shankaranarayanan; Hong Zhe Chen; RY Chiao, NA Inan, DA Singleton, ME Tobar; Sayantan Choudhury; A. A. Coley; Bruno Arderucio Costa; Jesse Daas, Cristobal Laporte, Frank Saueressig and Tim van Dijk; John Bruce Davies; Arthur E. Fischer; T. R. Govindarajan; Eduardo Guendelman; Yuan K. Ha; Shahar Hod; Viqar Husain, Irfan Javed, Sanjeev Seahra and Nomaan X; Lawrence M. Krauss, Francesco Marino, Samuel L. Braunstein, Mir Faizal and Naveed A. Shah; Philip D. Mannheim; Alexander I. Nesterov; Fabrizio Pinto; Tom Rudelius; Jorge G. Russo; Victoria Shenderov, Mark Suppiah, Thomas Beitel, Sreenath K.Manikandan and Igor Pikovski; Tejinder P. Singh; Slava G.Turyshev; C.S.Unnikrishnan; Jenny Wagner

This announcement and abstracts of award-winning and honorable mention essays are posted on our web site, http://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org. The five award-winning essays are also posted on our website and will be published in the October 2024 SPECIAL ISSUE of the International Journal of Modern Physics D (IJMPD).

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How 5 N.Y.C. Neighborhoods Are Struggling With Climate Change

New data projects are linking social issues with global warming. Here’s what that means for these New York communities.

By Hilary Howard

Photographs by Jade Doskow

Some of the effects of climate change on New York City neighborhoods are clear: extreme heat. Persistent flooding.

But as city leaders explore which neighborhoods are most vulnerable to a warming world, they are also focusing on less obvious factors like poverty, chronic health conditions and language barriers that can deepen the impact of climate change.

Several new data-gathering efforts are helping shed light on how socioeconomic issues can add to a community’s overall risk as droughts, floods and wildfires become more extreme and sea levels rise.

The findings indicate that in the city, the neighborhoods most unprepared for climate change have a lot in common: They are poor; have congestion and histories of redlining or industrial pollution; and for many of their residents, English is a second language.

“You find these same situations in all these locales: very little tree covering, heavily exposed pollutants and projects and industry that’s been zoned to be placed there,” said Mychal Johnson, a founding member of the nonprofit South Bronx Unite , which helped develop the U.S. Climate Vulnerability Index , an expansive mapping project that compiled public data from across the country.

And in April, the New York City Mayor’s Office of Climate & Environmental Justice published a similar project and interactive map .

Using these tools and other similar indexes, here are some of the most vulnerable regions in the city.

‘A very vicious cycle’

Congestion in the south bronx.

The Cross-Bronx Expressway cuts off the South Bronx from the rest of the borough, with cars and trucks — over 187,000 daily — spewing pollution.

The construction of the thoroughfare in the middle of the last century displaced 60,000 residents and helped condemn much of the area around it to poverty, as well as elevated rates of asthma.

Disproportionate levels of health consistent with high levels of poverty make climate change harder on residents of the South Bronx, said Earle Chambers, an epidemiologist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Extreme heat, a major issue in the South Bronx , is especially tough on those with chronic illnesses. And New Yorkers with asthma were in danger last summer when wildfires in Canada turned the skies red over New York. Those with financial hardships were further challenged, visiting emergency rooms — a guaranteed way to seek treatment regardless of income or insurance — in record numbers.

In the South Bronx, where 94 percent of residents are Black or Hispanic, the percentage of residents living below the poverty level is about twice the city average, as is the percentage of adults 25 and over who did not graduate from high school, according to a census analysis of neighborhoods in the South Bronx region, including Grand Concourse, Melrose, Mott Haven, Point Morris and Hunts Point, by Social Explorer , a demographic data firm.

Adult asthma rates in the South Bronx are significantly higher than the city average — 6 percent compared with 3.8 percent citywide — and over a third of residents are obese and considered to be at risk for diabetes and heart disease.

Living near a congested highway can produce a domino effect of challenges, said Arif Ullah, the executive director of South Bronx Unite.

“If a child has asthma or heart disease, there are more absences from school, which means a risk of not graduating, which could affect job prospects,” Mr. Ullah said. “It’s just a very vicious cycle.”

Ritchie Torres, the Democratic congressman who represents the area, along with Senator Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York, secured $2 million for the city and state to study covering parts of the expressway with parks and other amenities.

Such a project would help “right the historical wrong” of the expressway being built in the South Bronx to begin with, Dr. Chambers said.

‘Trees as a high-leverage solution’

The lack of forest cover in red hook, brooklyn.

Red Hook, an isolated, low-lying waterfront neighborhood, still affected by an industrial history and by emissions from a nearby cruise ship terminal , also has a shortage of trees.

In 2012, hundreds of trees were felled or damaged by Hurricane Sandy, which flooded the area and knocked out the power and water at the Red Hook Houses, New York City’s second-largest public housing complex. In order to make repairs there , officials cut down about an additional 400 trees.

Trees serve as a buffer for storm water, filter the air, provide oxygen and store carbon dioxide. In addition to shading people, they also shade buildings, which helps reduce energy consumption.

But trees struggle to thrive in Red Hook. The water table is high, meaning the ground is often saturated, and most of the soil is red clay, which can be dense, making it difficult for trees to take root.

(NYC Parks, which is behind a citywide tree-planting and maintenance effort , has planted 565 trees in the neighborhood since 2015, and intends to plant 40 more this spring.)

Some residents have taken it upon themselves to nurture the street trees. Red Hook Conservancy , a nonprofit, organizes groups to clean out tree beds and nourish them with mulch or compost.

Students are doing their part, too. Six graders at nearby Harbor Middle School undertook a project to design and build guards to protect tree beds.

Lynn Shon, a teacher at the school, led the project. “Students looked at data and discovered that flooding, sea level rise and extreme heat were problems disproportionately impacting Red Hook, along with the urban heat island effect ” (when cities tend to be warmer than rural areas), she said. “They were able to identify trees as a high-leverage solution.”

A food desert, surrounded by water

Edgemere, queens, lacks fresh produce (but has plenty of flooding)..

Shantae Johnson moved to Edgemere five years ago because of the cheap rent, she said. Ms. Johnson, a single mother, was on a tight budget, which revolved around feeding her seven children.

She soon realized there were no grocery stores in the flood-prone neighborhood. In Edgemere, a beach community, a simple chore like food shopping is already a major operation. But as flooding becomes more commonplace, navigating the waterlogged areas makes the task even more onerous.

“We have the double whammy effect,” said Sonia Moise, president of the area’s civic association , referring to flooding from two directions: the Atlantic Ocean to the south and Jamaica Bay to the north.

Every week, Ms. Johnson would lug her shopping cart onto the subway and travel from the Rockaway Peninsula in southern Queens to Union Square in Manhattan (over an hourlong trip) to do her grocery shopping.

“It took a toll on me,” she said.

But two years ago, Ms. Johnson caught a break. She stumbled upon a community garden during a walk. Soon, she had her own patch of land and was growing spinach and basil. She harvested so much squash last summer that she filled her freezer and gave away the rest.

The garden changed her life, Ms. Johnson said. “I get friendship, community, food and an oasis,” she said.

The Garden by the Bay is a precious resource in amenity-poor Edgemere, where the closest grocery store is over a mile away, Ms. Moise said.

The food desert here is just one problem, said Jackie Rogers, the president of the 15,000-square-foot garden, which has five community plots and 23 for individual use. “We check all the boxes when it comes to deserts,” she said. “Food, transportation, education, recreation, lack of infrastructure.”

On the food front, there is some good news: This fall, a 20,000 square-foot grocery store is scheduled to open. It will be part of a mixed-use affordable housing complex with over 2,000 apartments.

Ms. Rogers would like to see more amenities and infrastructure upgrades — like more raised streets — first. “I’m sounding the alarm,” she said. “We need resiliency here.”

A need for English classes and information

In throgs neck, the bronx, big demands on a little library.

During extreme weather, staying informed is key to staying safe. But for New Yorkers who do not speak English or lack internet services, doing so can be a challenge.

Public libraries can help. And in the event of a storm or flood, many libraries go into disaster relief mode, becoming communications hubs and distribution centers for clothing, food and medicine.

“Librarians are always collaborating to connect people to resources, that’s what we do,” said Emily Drabinski, president of the American Library Association.

But in Throgs Neck, an isolated community with little public transit, there is just one library for tens of thousands of people. The Throgs Neck Library, housed in a squat one-story building in the poorest part of the neighborhood just off the Cross Bronx Expressway, offers limited services.

Yet the need is there, said Leida Velazquez, the branch manager. Over the past year, she has seen an increase in patrons using the computers, as well as requests for assistance in applying for identification cards, jobs and food stamps benefits. “I’ll print applications for them,” she said.

With the recent influx of migrants, there is also a strong demand for English classes at the branch. But the building is too small to offer them, Ms. Velazquez said, so she often refers people to the Bronx Library Center. Getting there requires two buses and takes over an hour.

The demand for library services and support in this area of Throgs Neck underscores its need. According to Social Explorer, nearly a third of residents in the census tract closest to the library are below poverty level. And about one out of four residents has no other computing device besides a smartphone. Nearly half of people 5 and older speak a language other than English at home.

Across the city, budget cuts have caused many branches to make do with skeletal staffs and outdated HVAC systems, which could hamper their ability to function as cooling centers , said Lauren Comito, the executive director of Urban Librarians Unite. And more cuts could be on the way .

“If we want libraries to prepare for climate disaster, we will need more funding and to train staff,” she said.

‘Volatile and Dangerous’

A legacy of toxins in east williamsburg and greenpoint, brooklyn.

In the late 19th century, more than 50 oil refineries sat on the banks of Newtown Creek, a 3.8 mile waterway between Brooklyn and Queens. Now, the Brooklyn side of the creek is home to one of the largest oil spills in American history, and of two of the city’s four Superfund Sites (areas so toxic they qualify for government intervention).

But for Willis Elkins, the executive director of Newtown Creek Alliance , an environmental nonprofit, the most urgent threat to the area is a 117-acre storage facility.

There, two large tanks store liquefied natural gas, which can be converted to fuel for heating during cold-weather emergencies. “Liquefied gas is incredibly volatile and dangerous to store and transport,” Mr. Elkins said.

“The liquid gas is not even 1,000 yards from where we live,” said Elisha W. Fye, the vice president of the resident council of Cooper Park Houses, a public housing complex that sits next to the site.

Area residents have concerns about groundwater flooding people’s homes with toxins. Remnants of coal tar , a substance that was used when the site was an oil refinery, still bubble up at low tide, said Mr. Elkins, who added that other chemicals have also been detected around the site, which sits in a flood zone.

Mr. Fye, 70, has been part of several successful community efforts to block upgrades to the site, which is owned by National Grid, a company that provides gas to 1.9 million customers in New York City and on Long Island.

Several activists and energy experts want the site to shut down. But National Grid maintains that the site provides energy reliability in the event of extreme weather, and that the Greenpoint facility “meets or exceeds all safety regulations,” Karen Young, a spokeswoman for the company, said.

National Grid is investing millions in a new fire suppression system for the site; its old one was flooded and destroyed during Hurricane Sandy. And it is seeking millions more in proposed rate hikes for other upgrades.

If approved, residents in Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island could see their monthly heating bills increase by more than $65 by 2026, and local gas infrastructure would remain in place well into the 2080s, which is against the state’s climate goals, said Kim Fraczek, the director of the Sane Energy Project , a group that has helped shut down several of National Grid’s expansion efforts.

Ms. Young said that most of the revenue from increased rates would cover federal and state safety mandates .

But Ms. Fraczek would like to see a more specific accounting, she said. “It’s an economic issue, it’s an environmental justice issue.”

Hilary Howard is a Times reporter covering how the New York City region is adapting to climate change and other environmental challenges. More about Hilary Howard

Learn More About Climate Change

Have questions about climate change? Our F.A.Q. will tackle your climate questions, big and small .

Giant batteries are transforming the way the United States uses electricity. Here’s how .

Are carbon offsets for air travel worth it? A lot of them don’t work and some might even be harmful, but there are alternatives .

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“Buying Time,” a series from The New York Times, looks at the risky ways  humans are starting to manipulate nature  to fight climate change.

Did you know the ♻ symbol doesn’t mean something is actually recyclable ? Read on about how we got here, and what can be done.