thesis in medical pg

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Formal MD Thesis Requirement

All students at Yale School of Medicine engage in research and are required to write an MD thesis during medical school. The only exceptions are students who have earned a PhD degree in the health sciences before matriculation and students enrolled in Yale’s MD/PhD program. The YSM MD Thesis is under the governance of the EPCC, which meets regularly to recommend rules, regulations, and deadlines.

Deadlines/Important Dates

Thesis approval process, thesis awards, required formatting and components of the md thesis, examples for reference section formatting, avoiding the risk of copyright violation and liability when submitting your md thesis, instructions for submitting a thesis to the yale medicine thesis digital library, thesis depositors declaration form, evaluations of advisor, student evaluation of thesis advisor.

• Yale School of Medicine Digital Thesis Depositor’s Declaration Form
• Thesis Deadline Extension Request Form

Thesis Deadlines for the 2023-2024 Academic Year

Md students:.

The Office of Student Research, in conjunction with the Dean’s Office, has established the following deadlines for theses submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in May 2024. The deadlines ensure that (1) students have sufficient time to complete their theses; (2) that there is sufficient time for rigorous departmental review and subsequent revision by students before final approval. These deadlines are strictly followed. Students are strongly encouraged to submit their theses well before the Class of 2024 Thesis Deadlines provided below. This timeliness will provide students, advisors, and sponsoring departments sufficient time for useful review and revision. It should be recognized by all concerned that the integrity of the thesis requirement and effective, rigorous review requires adherence to these deadlines. OSR will hold periodic “Thesis Check-in Sessions” via zoom for the Class of 2024 and will send periodic reminder emails with more detailed instructions as these deadlines approach.

*Students missing the August 4th, January 19th, and/or March 29th deadlines will be referred to the Progress Committee to ensure they receive adequate support to make progress towards this graduation requirement. Students missing the January 19th and/or March 29th deadlines will be ineligible for thesis prizes at graduation.

Extensions beyond the above thesis deadlines will be granted only for special circumstances and must have the approval of the student’s thesis mentor/advisor, academic advisor, and the Departmental Thesis Chairperson . Students seeking an extension for the January 19, 2024, deadline must submit a Thesis Deadline Extension Request Form to their Academic Advisor, and the Departmental Thesis Chair, for approval. Students missing the August 4th, January 19th, and/or March 29th deadlines will be referred to the Progress Committee to ensure they receive adequate support to make progress towards this graduation requirement. In the event of an extension, if granted, the following ABSOLUTE Class of 2024 Thesis Extension Deadlines will apply:

*All late theses require an extension. The student must submit the Thesis Deadline Extension Request Form before January 19, 2024.

MD/MHS Students:

Consistent with degree requirements, MD/MHS students must present their thesis to their three-person committee prior to the January 19th deadline. Students are encouraged to start arranging the date of this committee meeting in the fall to avoid unanticipated delays.

MD/PhD Students:

A different process applies to students in the MD/PhD program. For students enrolled in the combined MD/PhD Program, the dissertation submitted to and approved by the Graduate School will satisfy the MD thesis requirement. Therefore, MD/PhD students who have already defended their dissertation and received their PhD should provide this information to OSR via email as soon as possible.

To ensure compliance with YSM graduation deadlines, MD/PhD students in the class of 2024 who have not defended and submitted their dissertation to the Graduate School by the October 1, 2023, deadline will need to submit a copy of their dissertation directly to OSR via the MD/PhD Box Upload Link by March 15, 2024. OSR will convene a committee to review the dissertation, obtain feedback, and provide approval for graduation. Please note that MD/PhD students must also defend and submit their dissertation to the Graduate School no later than March 15, 2024, to meet the Graduate School spring degree deadline for conferral of the PhD degree. MD/PhD students who have not yet defended their dissertation should provide this information to OSR. If there are any questions about the process, please contact the MD/PhD Office.

Financial support is not provided for writing the thesis.

Thesis Preparation and Approval

Preparation for thesis submission begins in the summer of the fourth year with the OSR leadership. At this time, timeline and practices are distributed via email and reviewed with students in class meetings. Because thesis approval is a lengthy process involving three levels of review, students are encouraged to manage their time well and start writing their first draft early in the fall semester of their final year of medical school. A suggested timeline is provided below.

July : Thesis deadlines are distributed via email to all students in the graduating class and an informational session is held. Students should be on track to complete their thesis research by mid-fall. Any student anticipating a challenge in this regard should contact the OSR as soon as possible. All students expecting to graduate in May of a given year must, provide the OSR with information regarding their thesis title and mentor/advisor. Students will receive an email from the OSR containing a Medtrics link requesting this information. The OSR will contact all thesis mentors/advisors to confirm this role and to provide information and expectations regarding the thesis process.

August – December : Students should be finalizing research and writing their thesis draft. As the semester progresses, activities should shift from the data generation/analysis to the writing of the actual thesis. Students should do their best to complete the first draft of the thesis by mid-late December. Because students are also involved in the residency application and interview process, they are discouraged from starting new projects at this time.

December – January : This period is devoted to reviewing and editing of thesis draft that is ultimately approved by their thesis mentor/advisor and submitted by the student to the Thesis Chair of their sponsoring department. The YSM thesis mentor/advisor will be asked to complete a thesis assessment that evaluates the student’s mastery of YSM’s research-related educational objectives and provides formative summative feedback to the student.

January – March : The Departmental Thesis Chair coordinates thesis review by external reviewers. An “external reviewer” is defined as an individual who is not directly involved in the project. This individual may be a Yale faculty member internal or external to YSM or may hold a faculty appointment at an outside institution. This reviewer is required to complete a thesis assessment and provide formative summative feedback, as well as recommendations for any required changes, to the thesis. Departmental Thesis Chairs review assessments, notify students of departmental approval, and transmit these approvals to the OSR.

March : Theses and their associated assessments undergo school-level review by the OSR. Students receive YSM approval of their thesis along with summative feedback obtained during the review process. Students incorporate any required changes into their thesis and upload to the Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library/Eli Scholar via the ProQuest platform (see below).

April : The OSR confirms that theses have been deposited into the Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library and the registrar receives the names of students who have completed the thesis requirement.

The central role of the medical student thesis is to assess student’s performance on the YSM’s research-related educational objectives. As such, all students are expected to produce an excellent piece of scholarly work. In recognition of these achievements, the OSR has worked to develop an award process that celebrates the wonderful research being done by our students without creating a competitive atmosphere surrounding the thesis. Hence, thesis awards are based on competency-based assessments submitted by thesis mentors/advisors and reviewers during the approval process, and internal review of the final thesis that was deposited into the Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library. Consistent with all other graduation prizes, YSM MD Thesis Awards will remain confidential until they are announced in the YSM Commencement Program on May 20, 2024. While some departments may elect to confer thesis “honors” based upon their own internal review, this recognition is distinct from YSM graduation prizes and is not under OSR’s purview.

Read about the required formatting and components for the thesis .

See helpful examples for reference section formatting.

Read about avoiding the risk of copyright violation and liability when submitting your MD Thesis.

Learn more about submitting a thesis to the Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library .

Learn more about the Thesis Depositors Declaration Form.

Learn more about evaluating your experience with your thesis advisor .

Apply for a Thesis Extension

Read about the required formatting and components for the thesis.

Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

Learn more about the journal or submit a manuscript.

Home > MAHE Student Work > KMCMLR

Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2021 2021.

“The Impact of Self-Stigma of Seeking Help and Perceived Social Support on Burnout among Clinical Psychologists” , Aavrita A

The impact of self-stigma of seeking help &percieved social support on burnout among clinical psychologists. , Aavrita .

Immediate Effects of Novel Hand Rehabilitation Board on Fine Motor Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy. , Romita Fernandes. Abraham

"COMPARISON OF THREE SCORING CRITERIA TO ASSESS RECOVERY FROM GENERAL ANAESTHESIA IN THE POST-ANAESTHESIA CARE UNIT- A LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY " , Shagun Aggarwal

Comparative predictive validity of Alberta Infant Motor Scale and Infant Neurological International Battery in Low Birth Weight Infants- A Prospective Longitudinal Study. , Polisetti Siva Sai Anand

Antagonistic Asynchrony in Muscle Recruitment Pattern of Forward Reach Movement In Children With Cerebral Palsy. , Sanya Anklesaria

Muscle fatigue response of rotator cuff muscles in sitting and standing postures , Lisanne Aranha

Effectiveness of static weight bearing versus modified constraint induced movement therapy on improving hand function in hemiplegic cerebral palsy- A Randomized Clinical Trial. , Ruth Bavighar

How informed are our patients about generic medicines? – A study from coastal South India , Darshan BB

Morphological variants of the human spleen, a cadaveric study , Murlimanju BV

Association between cervical breast cancer and Diabtetes mellitus among women seeking health care in tertiary hospitals od south India: A cross sectional study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee

Carcinoma Breast in among Women with Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Control Study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee

Perception of Empathy among medical students: A cross sectional study , Pratik Kumar Chatterjee

CLINICOMYCOLOGICAL PROFILE OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA , Adyashree Dalai

Study of outcome of Ponseti technique of management for idiopathic clubfoot in a tertiary center in south India , Lulu Damsas

Comparative study of emotional labour &burnout on life satisfaction among school teachers across different educational settings , Meghana Dharampalan

“Comparative Study of Emotional Labor and Burnout on Life Satisfaction Among School Teachers Across Different Educational Settings” , Meghana V. Dharmapalan

“Relationship Between Sexual Fantasy, Sexual Communication, Personality Traits and Sexual Satisfaction in Married Individuals” , Rhea Dhir

Comparing the efficacy of USG guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block with or without intercostobrachial nerve block for forearm surgeries – an observational study , DIKSHA D’MELLO

Does Quality of Sitting influence Functional Mobility in Cerebral Palsy? A cross-sectional study , Kaiorisa N. Doctor

Factors effecting gait velocity in osteoarthritis knee-An observational study. , Lisha Gretal D’silva

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Pulmonary Function, Functional Capacity, Quality Of Life And Length Of Stay in individuals undergoing Cardiac Surgery , Fiona Verdine Dsouza

Relationship of Academic Resilience with Self-Efficacy, and Perceived Social Support; Among Civil Service Aspirants , Neha Eldho

EFFICACY, FEASIBILITY, AND SAFETY OF PERCUTANEOUS IMAGE-GUIDED CATHETER DRAINAGE OF THORACIC, ABDOMINAL, AND PELVIC FLUID COLLECTION , Aishwarya Gadwal

Comparison of efficacy of two different bolus doses of norepinephrine as prophylac-tic to prevent post-spinal hypotension during elective caesarean section , PRANATHI GARAPATI

Trends in Frailty and its Associated factors in Community Dwelling Elderly Indian Population during COVID-19 Pandemic- A Prospective Analytical Study , Karan Gautam

Speech Sound acquisition in some south Indian Dravidian languages: A systematic review , Jesica George

Comparison of Femoral nerve block with Dexmedetomidine and Adductor canal block with Dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia for Total Knee Arthroplasty . , NEHA GEORGE

Assessment Of Cardiovascular Risk Factors In Patients With Osteoarthritis Knee , Sagar Goel

Effectiveness of Intermittent Cervical Traction with and without Neural Mobilization in Discogenic Cervical Radiculopathy , Aditi Goyal

Study of maternal and cord blood vitamin B12 levels with anthropometry in term neonates born to normal and malnourished mothers: a hospital based cross sectional study , Sugapradha a. GR

Development of a Questionnaire to Determine the Intervention and Service Delivery Practices of Speech-Language Pathologists for Children with Speech Sound Disorders in India , Shaily Gupta

Relationship between Physical Activity, Objective Sleep Parameters and Circadian Rhythm in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer receiving Chemoradiotherapy- A Longitudinal Study , Rachita Gururaj

“Emotional Contagion, Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies Among Nurses” , Saumya Hariharan

Assessment of knowledge and belief about stuttering among undergraduate medical students , Anushree Harihar

Association of serum lipid levels and other systemic risk factors with retinal hard exudates in diabetic retinopathy patients. , Harshita Mukesh Hiran

Assessment of risk of Diabetes Mellitus by using Indian Diabetes Risk Score among Housekeeping staff , Ramesh Holla

“Emotional Intelligence, Self-compassion, and Life-Satisfaction In Clinical Psychologists” , Vania Jacob

UPPER-CROSSED SYNDROME AND DISABILITY IN SHOULDER ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS. , Aishwarya Jaideep

Study to assess the role of doppler ultrasound in evaluation of arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula and the complications of hemodialysis access , Ishank Jain

Relationship between burnout compassion fatigue, work environment & mindfulness in medical residents , Pranay Javeri

“Relationship Between Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Work Environment and Mindfulness in Medical Residents” , Pranay Harichandra Javeri

“Dating Anxiety in Emerging Adults” , Jisha V. Jayaprakash

“Relationship Between Tolerance for Disagreement and Mindfulness in Married Males and Married Females” , Jahnavi Jha

Antibiotic usage and susceptibility patterns in Uncomplicated UTI in a Tertiary Hospital in South India , Christy John

Association of bed rise difficulty scale with trunk impairment and functional scales among stroke patients , Leena G. John

Is there a correlation between Pediatric Berg Balance Scale and Centre of Pressure Excursion measured through Dual Axis Static Force Plate™ to assess Balance in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy and Typically Developing? , Niharika Joshi

Comparison of Sensory Processing Responses in Cerebral Palsy Subtypes and Typically Developing Children (7-36 months): A Cross Sectional Study. , Archana Antony K

‘A study on the Role of Learned Helplessness, Selfefficacy and Perceived Social Support in Determining Resilience in Parents of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders’ , Benaisha Khurshed Katrak

A study of correlation of maternal serum zinc levels with breast milk and cord blood of late preterm neonates , Rashmi Katti

Correlation of histopathology and direct immunofluorescence findings in clinically diagnosed prurigo nodularis , Haritha K

Difference in proximal femur loading due to muscle activity during partial weight bearing and NWB standing- A cross-sectional study. , Smital Kshirsagar

Effect of Sesamol on neurobiochemical changes in diet induced (DIO) obesity model of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) , Rashmii K.S.

Importance of integration of medical ethics with undergraduate medical curriculum- Instructors and student’s perspectives. , Rashmii K.S.

Long-term potentiation (LTP): A simple yet powerful cellular process in learning and memory , Rashmii K.S.

Parkinson's Disease Overview: Alternative Potential Curcumin Treatment, Current Treatment and Prevalence Among Ethnic Groups , Rashmii K.S.

Smart brain of India vs. tricky drugs , Rashmii K.S.

The Role of Professionalism and Ethics Training: Instructor’s and Student’s perspectives in a medical College , Rashmii K.S.

Violence Against Doctors: A Qualitative Study On This Rising Predicament , Rashmii K.S.

Morphometric study of the gracilis muscle and its pedicles , Chettiar Ganesh Kumar

Comparative study of bed side tests to assess difficult airway in paediatric patients , S.Abinandha Kumar

Euphorbia thymifolia (Linn.)- A review on ethno pharmacological properties , Vasavi Kumblekar

COMPARISON OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE TOWARDS THE USE OF SUNSCREEN IN DAILY LIFE BETWEEN FIRST -AND THIRD -YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS , Aarushi Lall

‘Feminist Identity, Socio-cultural Attitude Towards Appearance, and Body Images issues in Emerging Adult Women’ , Sheena Lonappan

A novel approach to quantify the Dynamic Windlass Mechanism , Ishita Mahajan

METFORMIN VERSUS INSULIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES , Varikuti Manogna

Cognitive abilities among employed and unemployed middle-aged women – a systematic review , Aswini M

‘Emotional Intelligence, Job Satisfaction and Psychological Well-being Among Nurses’ , Chetna M

RELATIONSHIP OF COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN(CAD)-BASED PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR FACIAL DYSFUNCTION WITH FACIAL GRADING SYSTEMS FOR BELL’S PALSY: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY , Ankita Mehendale

“Effect of Sensation Seeking and Anxious Traits on Suicidal Ideation Among Adults by Birth Order” , Haripriya G. M

Clinical & radiological assessment of intertrochanteric fractures treated with PFN A2 , Harish M

Effect of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme on respiratory function, functional capacity, and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , Vaibhavi Mhatre

Profiling Communication Characteristics of Individuals with Acquired Neuro-communication Disorder in a Tertiary Care Setup , Nikita Subudhi M

Relationship between weight bearing symmetry, trunk control and fear of fall amongst subjects with stroke: A cross sectional study , VIVIAN NEHAL MONIS

Lower extremity muscle recruitment pattern during sit to stand transfer in children with cerebral palsy as compared to typically developing children- a cross sectional study. , Kiran P. Nadgauda

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Indian classical singers towards vocal healthcare , Raveena Muralidharan Nair

"Perspectives of Indian Speech Language Pathologists on Adolescent Language Assessment" , Rohana Muralidharan Nair

Effect Of Yoga On Perceived Stress And Pulmonary Function In High Stressed Postmenopausal Women , Vinodini NA

Refractory errors, blood groups & diabetes mellitus: A corrleative study in south Indian population , Vinodini NA

Comparison of Functional outcomes for displaced extra-articular distal radius fractures managed by Conservative versus Operative methods: A Prospective cohort study , Muhammed Ehsan Nazeer

COMPARATIVE STUDYOF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VAPOCOOLANT SPRAY VERSUS EMLA®® CREAM IN REDUCING PAIN DURING INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION IN ADULT POPULATION , Sisla Nazer P

Assessment of attitude among public towards stuttering in a coastal city of Southern Karnataka , Prithvi N

"Severity assessment of acute pancreatitis using ct severity index and modified ct severity index: association with clinical outcomes and ranson’s criteria. " , GEETANJALI PARMAR

“The Effect of Culture Shock on Adjustment and Psychological Wellbeing Among College Going Students” , Akanksha Patra

‘Effect of Religiosity on Attitude Towards Euthanasia in Medical Students’ , Sumedha Pawar

Development Of A Questionnaire To Determine The Clinical Assessment Practices Of Speech-Language Pathologists For Children With Speech Sound Disorders In India , Prasila Elsa Philip

Correlation of oxidised LDL with oxidant and antioxidant enzymes in subjects with elevated LDL levels , Pooja p

Association of emotional intelligence of primigravida mothers with breastfeeding self efficacy in the early postpartum period and exclusive breastfeeding rates up to 6 months. , Priyanka Reddy p

Morphometric study of the Sartorius muscle and its vascular pedicles , M.D. Prameela

Comparison of the analgesic duration using ultrasound guided popliteal sciatic nerve block between diabetics with neuropathy and non-diabetics without neuropathy , GANESH PRASAD

Early follicular and Mid-luteal phase associated changes in Lower extremity Muscle strength , length and Agility in amateur female athletes – a Prospective Analytical study , Vishnu Priya

Assessment of mobile device based educational intervention on breastfeeding technique in multigravida mothers and its effect on early infant feeding pattern- A randomized controlled trial. , Keerthi Raj

THERMAL ULTRASOUND, MANIPULATION AND EXERCISE ON PAIN AND MOUTH OPENING IN CHRONIC TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDER: A CASE REPORT , Suchita S. Rao

Correlation of Histopathology and Direct Immunofluorescence: Findings in clinically diagnosed Prurigo nodularis in a Tertiary care hospital , Haritha Reddy

EFFECT OF POSITIONING ON THE PAIN RESPONSE OF INFANTS VACCINATED WITH IPV AND PENTAVALENT (dtwp-HEPATITIS B-HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B) VACCINES , Sontosh Reddy

Assessment of the acceptable length of Right internal jugular central venous catheters. , Nivedhitha R

PRELEVANCE OF WORK RELATED DERMATOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN COVID-19 ERA , Rana R

COMPARISON OF TWO ROUTINE FACIAL EXERCISE PROTCOLS FOR BELL’S PALSY- A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL , Stephanie Santiago

Profiling selected speech characteristics in individuals with Chronic Cough , Nawal Palakkal Sathar

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Writing a medical thesis: tips for post-graduate students.

What is a medical thesis?

A medical thesis is the written work resulting from an original research in the field of Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, and other health and life sciences. It is submitted by the students in order to obtain a higher degree from the University.

However, keep this in mind! The purpose of submitting a medical thesis is not limited to the achievement of a doctoral or post-graduate degree. It is a medium to organize the scientific knowledge in a way to make further progress in the field.

That’s the reason why the experts in  medical thesis writing  stress on the importance of choosing the right topic for your thesis. You must be able to address a genuine problem or series of problems through your medical thesis. Choose a topic that aligns with your interest and where you can offer a fresh perspective through your research study.

Writing your medical thesis

After choosing the topic for your research study, collaborate with your supervisor to design your research study and its goal. Collect all the information and data pertaining to your research before proceeding with your clinical trials.

Now, you are ready with your research data and clinical findings. You just need to pen down your findings in your medical thesis.

That sounds easy, isn’t it?

In reality, it’s not so. But, you need not worry!  Writing a medical thesis  becomes easy and fun if you follow the given steps with competence:

1.Outline the structure of medical thesis

Prepare an outline of the thesis in accordance with the following sections:

• Introduction: Why did you start your study?
• Methods Used
• Results of the study
• Discussion of results

List the major sections and chapters in each. Do a section at a time. Assemble all the figures and tables and organise them into a logical sequence.

2.Writing a title of the thesis

The title reflects the content of your thesis. For writing a perfect thesis title:

• Be concise and accurate. The title must neither be too long nor too short
• Avoid unnecessary words and phrases like “Observation of” or “A study of”
• Do not use abbreviations
• Avoid grammatical mistakes

3.Writing an Introduction

The purpose of writing an Introduction is to provide the reader with sufficient background information on the topic and help him understand and evaluate the results of the present study, without needing to refer to the previous publications on the topic.

• Give this background information in brief in the first paragraph
• Include the importance of the problem and what is unknown about it in the second paragraph
• State the purpose, hypothesis, and objective of your study in the last paragraph

Cite the research papers written on your research topic

• Include unnecessary information other than the problem being examined
• Include the research design, data or conclusion of your study
• Cite well-known facts
• Include information found in any textbook in the field

4.Writing the section of “Methods Used”

This section must be so written that the reader is able to repeat the study and validate its findings.

Write a detailed exposition about the participants in the study, what materials you used and how you analyzed the results

• Give references but no description for established methods
• Give a brief description and references for published but lesser known methods
• Give detailed description of new methods citing the reasons for using them and any limitations if present
• Include background information and results of the study
• Refer to animals and patients as material
• Use trade name of the drugs; instead, use their generic names
• Use non-technical language for technical statistical terms

5.Writing your Results

Keep in mind the objective of your research while writing the “Results” section. The findings of the research can be documented in the form of:

• Illustrative graphs

Use text to summarize small amounts of data. Do not over-use tables, figures, and graphs in your paper. Moreover, do not repeat information presented in the table or figure in the text format. Text must be a summary or highlight of the information presented in tables or figures.

6.Discussing your Results

Good medical theses have a targeted discussion keeping it focused on the topic of the research. Include:

• Statement of the principal findings. Make it clear to show that your thesis includes new information
• Strengths and weaknesses of your study
• Strengths and weaknesses in relation to the other studies
• A take-home message from your study for clinicians and policymakers
• Any questions that are left unanswered in your study to propose new research

How to conclude your medical thesis?

The conclusion of your research study must comprise of:

• The most important statement or remark from the observations
• Summary of new observations, interpretations, and insights from the present study
• How your study fills the knowledge gap in its respected field?
• The broader implications of your work
• How can your work be improved by future research?

However, avoid any statement that does not support your data.

With these tips, write your thesis like a pro and don’t let it delay your doctoral award!

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Medical Shodhganga: NMC Develops a Thesis Topics Repository to Help PG Medicos

New Delhi: Bringing good news to the postgraduate medical students, the National Medical Commission (NMC) announced that it has developed a thesis topics repository for the Indian Medical Postgraduate theses.The repository, named Medical Shodhganga, has been developed by the Commission in association with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to help postgraduate medical students in...

New Delhi:  Bringing good news to the postgraduate medical students, the National Medical Commission (NMC) announced that it has developed a thesis topics repository for the Indian Medical Postgraduate theses.

The repository, named Medical Shodhganga, has been developed by the Commission in association with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) to help postgraduate medical students in case they find it problematic to select thesis topics.

NMC has announced that the thesis topics, which have been included in the repository, were solicited from selected faculties and more than 1400 thesis topics in 24 specialties.

Such topics were included in the Medical Shodhganga repository after being refined by a team of subject experts and scientists from the ICMR. The interested postgraduate medical students can get access to the concerned repository using the web address: https://medshodh.icmr.org.in/

Issuing a circular in this regard, NMC IT Section mentioned, "The ICMR-Department of Health Research (DHR) in association with the National Medical Commission (NMC), has developed Medical Shodhganga, a thesis topics repository of Indian Medical Postgraduate theses to help prospective postgraduates in case of difficulties encountered while selecting thesis topics."

"The thesis topics included in the repository were solicited from the selected faculties & more than 1400 thesis topics in 24 specialties have been received and refined by a team of subject experts and ICMR scientists. The repository may be accessed at the following web address: https://medshodh.icmr.org.in/,"  it further added.

The circular has been sent to the Directors of all medical colleges or institutes. A copy of the same has also been sent to the Secretary of Health of all States.

Writing a thesis is an important part of the PG medical education course curriculum. As per the PG Medical Education Regulations 2000, M.D./M.S. examinations, in any subject shall consist of Thesis, Theory Papers, and clinical/Practical and Oral examinations.

In respect of the Thesis, these regulations mention that every candidate needs to carry out work on an assigned research project under the guidance of a recognised Postgraduate teacher.

Work for writing the Thesis is aimed at contributing to the development of a spirit of enquiry, besides exposing the candidate to the techniques of research, critical analysis, acquaintance with the latest advances in medical science and the manner of identifying and consulting available literature, NMC mentioned while clarifying that the thesis should be submitted at least six months before the theoretical and clinical/practical examination.

To view the NMC notice regarding the thesis repository, click on the link below:

https://medicaldialogues.in/pdf_upload/nmc-thesis-repository-226934.pdf

Also Read: 'Heal by India' initiative: Centre developing online repository of healthcare professionals

Barsha completed her Master's in English from the University of Burdwan, West Bengal in 2018. Having a knack for Journalism she joined Medical Dialogues back in 2020. She mainly covers news about medico legal cases, NMC/DCI updates, medical education issues including the latest updates about medical and dental colleges in India. She can be contacted at [email protected].

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Towards inclusive learning environments in post-graduate medical education: stakeholder-driven strategies in Dutch GP-specialty training

• N.M. van Moppes   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3457-7724 1 ,
• M. Nasori   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8559-1791 1 ,
• J. Bont   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-0235 1 ,
• J.M. van Es 1 ,
• M.R.M. Visser 1 &
• M.E.T.C. van den Muijsenbergh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-4008 2 , 3  

BMC Medical Education volume  24 , Article number:  550 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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A recent study found that ethnic minority General Practice (GP)-trainees receive more negative assessments than their majority peers. Previous qualitative research suggested that learning climate-related factors play a pivotal role in unequal opportunities for trainees in post-graduate medical settings, indicating that insufficient inclusivity had put minority students at risk of failure and dropout.

Study objectives

We aimed to develop broadly supported strategies for an inclusive learning climate in Dutch GP-specialty training.

We employed Participatory Action Research (PAR)-methods, incorporating Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)-techniques to ensure equal voices for all stakeholders in shaping Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)-strategies for GP-specialty training. Our approach engaged stakeholders within two pilot GP-specialty training institutes across diverse roles, including management, support staff, in-faculty teachers, in-clinic supervisors, and trainees, representing ethnic minorities and the majority population. Purposeful convenience sampling formed stakeholder- and co-reader groups in two Dutch GP-specialty training institutes. Stakeholder discussion sessions were based on experiences and literature, including two relevant frameworks, and explored perspectives on the dynamics of potential ethnic minority trainees’ disadvantages and opportunities for inclusive strategies. A co-reader group commented on discussion outcomes. Consequently, a management group prioritized suggested strategies based on expected feasibility and compatibility.

Input from twelve stakeholder group sessions and thirteen co-readers led to implementation guidance for seven inclusive learning environment strategies, of which the management group prioritized three:

• Provide DEI-relevant training programs to all GP-specialty training stakeholders;

• Appoint DEI ambassadors in all layers of GP-specialty training;

• Give a significant voice to minority GP-trainees in their education.

The study’s participatory approach engaged representatives of all GP-specialty training stakeholders and identified seven inclusive learning climate strategies, of which three were prioritized for implementation in two training institutions.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Following international migration trends [ 1 , 2 ], diversity among students and trainees is growing [ 3 , 4 ], with each of them bringing their specific cultural values, family- and migration histories [ 5 ]. However, postgraduate medical ethnic minority GP-trainees still face underrepresentation [ 3 , 4 ] and may encounter unequal opportunities for success compared to their majority peers [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Learning climate-related factors, notably those related to lacking inclusiveness, likely play a pivotal role in this discrepancy [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].

Educational opportunities in GP-specialty training primarily rely on in-clinic learning, encompassing formal and informal contexts. Formal learning, characterized by structured, planned, and accredited activities within educational institutions, coexists with less structured informal learning, which is self-directed and arises from in-clinic everyday experiences and interactions, often susceptible to unspoken norms. While both approaches complement each other in providing a well-rounded education, the informal context might inadvertently reflect dominant cultural values and attitudes, potentially affecting in-classroom learning [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Particularly for ethnic minority GP-trainees, this lacking transparency may contribute to an increased risk of facing underperformance assessments, as these unspoken norms and values may not be self-evidently familiar to them [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].

Learning environments are subject to complex dynamics. Understanding the interconnected constructs of these dynamics is crucial for implementing transformative changes [ 16 ]. Accordingly, changes for inclusive learning opportunities require input from all organizational layers [ 17 ].

With this study, we aimed to develop broadly supported recommendations for an inclusive learning climate in Dutch GP-specialty training.

We used a qualitative Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach [ 18 , 19 ], applying Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) techniques in stakeholder groups combined with insights from literature (Appendix) along with GP-trainees’ experiences related to inclusive education, to actively engage stakeholders in an inclusive dialogue [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. This approach supported co-ownership, promoted compatibility with the organization’s actual needs, and facilitated successful implementation [ 23 ].

We employed two conceptual frameworks to shape the topic lists for stakeholder groups and guide result analysis.

The Building Equity Taxonomy (BET) framework for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI), addressing students’ needs for equal educational opportunities, and covering the areas of physical integration, social-emotional engagement, equal learning opportunities, instructional excellence, and fostering inspired learners [ 24 , 25 ] (Fig.  1 ). This framework is relevant to various educational settings, including GP-specialty training [ 12 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].

Building Equity Taxonomy [ 24 ] compared to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs [ 25 ]

The Wensing & Grol framework implementation guidance, equivalent to the internationally recognized Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) [ 30 ]. It provides implementation guidance for complex organizations, including clinical healthcare and educational settings [ 30 , 31 ] (Fig.  2 ). This framework underpinned our implementation guidance, which the management team used for prioritization.

The Wensing & Groll model for implementation guidance [ 30 ]

This study took place at Amsterdam UMC’s two GP-specialty training institutes (AMC and VUmc). These institutes have demonstrated commitment to inclusiveness in their 2020–2022 annual reports, and they collaborate with the six other Dutch GP-specialty training institutes under GP-specialty Training Netherlands (HN).

One in three medical graduates in the Netherlands aims to enter GP-specialty training. In response to national medical demands, HN annually expands its acceptance of new trainees, projecting 921 in 2023 and an anticipated 1,190 in 2024, distributed across eight training institutes. About 17% of these trainees belong to ethnic minority groups, with most having completed pre-training at Dutch Medical Schools and a smaller group having graduated abroad [ 7 ]. Due to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) restrictions, the precise distribution of minority trainees across the eight national institutes remains undisclosed. However, a prior quantitative study indicated that by 2023, our pilot institutes showed a relatively proportional representation of Dutch GP-specialty training [ 7 ]. However, it is essential to note that qualitative research emphasizes a thorough description of the setting to enrich readers’ contextual understanding rather than strict representativeness.

The Dutch GP-specialty training program is a three-year dual-track program, supporting professional growth by combining in-clinic experience learning with one-day-a-week in-faculty education. Entry assessments aspire to guarantee the applicants’ knowledge, motivation, and Dutch proficiency. The program includes protocolled assessments, such as practical observations, systematic testing, and reviews of learning objectives.

Study population

Acknowledging the essential need of broad support for inclusive organizational changes, we engaged participants from all backgrounds represented within the organization. Our study population encompassed the ethnic majority background as well as diverse ethnic backgrounds across all organizational layers (ranging from support personnel, management, educational staff (comprising both faculty and clinical educators), and trainees themselves), divided into two stakeholder groups, one co-reader group, and a management team group (Fig.  3 ).

Participant groups

Aiming to prevent eligible participants from experiencing researchers’ pressure, researchers sent information letters to team leaders, requesting them to forward in-faculty teachers, in-clinic supervisors, supporting bureau and management personnel, and trainees. From those interested, we purposefully selected twelve participants (six in each stakeholder group), striving for diversity regarding the position in the institute, age, gender, and ethnicity [ 32 ]. Stakeholders ranged from supporting bureau and management personnel (further in this text referred to as ‘staff’) to trainees, in-faculty teachers, and in-clinic supervisors representing diverse minority backgrounds as well as the majority background.

Stakeholder groups, each representing one GP-specialty training institute, provided input for inclusive strategies. Additionally, a co-reader group comprising interested individuals not in the stakeholder groups provided further insights through written comments. These groups represented diverse organizational layers, cultural backgrounds, ages, and gender. Representatives from management teams then evaluated and prioritized the suggested strategies.

Data collection

Data collection and analysis took place from January 2021 to December 2022. Two researchers (MN, NvM) familiar with PLA-techniques facilitated six 90-minute PLA-based sessions for each stakeholder group. The sessions focused on inclusive learning environments and GP-specialty training’s inclusivity. In a cyclical process [ 33 ](Fig.  4 ), participants engaged in PLA techniques such as ice-breaking, flexible brainstorming, free-associating, direct ranking, mind-mapping, and visual evaluation. These methods facilitated sharing experiences and opinions and aligning these with relevant literature (Appendix, Table  1 ) to identify suitable inclusive strategies. After each stakeholder group session, the facilitator-researchers held debriefing sessions to reflect on their roles and identify areas for improvement. Independently, they summarized the key findings from each session and reached consensus through discussions. They presented these summaries in subsequent sessions for a member check and made adjustments based on participants’ feedback. To ensure a broader perspective, the co-reader group commented anonymously on these approved summaries, allowing them to contribute their personal perspectives, opinions, and experiences freely. Stakeholder groups then discussed and implemented these comments in their final session (Fig.  3 ).

Cyclic phases until consensus of stakeholder groups’ processes [ 33 ]

The stakeholder group topic list focused on:

Exploring :

The initial educational context;

Potential learning climate-related disparities;

Out-of-the-box wishes and key elements for an inclusive learning climate;

Strategy developing and preparing for implementation:

Recommendations for inclusive GP-specialty training;

Mapping onto the BET framework’s hierarchical levels of DEI [ 24 ](Fig.  1 );

Translating recommendations into actionable strategies.

Identifying Wensing & Grol conditions and requirements for implementation [ 30 ](Fig.  2 ).

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, we adapted the study’s in-person design to online methods for creative brainstorming. In these virtual sessions, physical distance and potential distractions of personal environments challenged trust and commitment, especially for GP-trainees who felt vulnerable sharing ideas with in-faculty teachers, in-clinic supervisors, and staff, who might also be their assessors in daily educational contexts [ 34 ]. To address this risk, we dedicated extra time, and utilized online tools: Zoom 5.13.11 for breakout rooms, Padlet 200.0.0 for visualizing PLA techniques, and concise PowerPoint presentations for member check summaries and goal-setting [ 35 ].

The facilitator-researchers (NvM, MN) collected audio recordings and written co-reader comments. An external bureau transcribed audio-recordings verbatim.

One researcher (NvM) regularly presented our findings during periodic staff meetings. These presentations not only aimed to keep the entire team informed but also played a crucial role in garnering broader support and incorporating diverse opinions for our project.

Data analysis

Within three days after each session, we (NvM, MN, and MV) analyzed the transcribed audio recordings and written co-readers’ comments, and discussed our analyses until consensus.

To provide actionable qualitative insights while responding to ongoing participant feedback, we adopted an inductive rapid qualitative data analysis approach inspired by Hamilton’s model [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. This method prioritizes identifying key elements and mechanisms over extensive theoretical insights. Through structured data collection using topic lists and Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) techniques, along with expedited transcription, we efficiently analyzed ideas and condensed findings into concise formats like post-interview notes and matrix summaries. Although not a traditional thematic or framework analysis, we employed theme-informed and framework-informed codes to organize data, considering context and group dynamics, which allowed us to explore interactional group dynamics and communication styles in the participants’ discourse and its points of consensus or contention within specific statements [ 40 ]. We anticipated this method, aligned with the literature, to yield qualitative outcomes as consistent and rich as traditional in-depth transcription coding while facilitating the analysis of interconnected sessions [ 36 , 41 , 42 ].

We analyzed the stakeholders’ ideas, recommendations, and their identifyed Wensing & Grol conditions and requirements for implementation to create implementation guidance [ 30 ]. This guidance encompassed analyzing organizational structure, identifying change potential and barriers, defining the target population, describing tailored DEI-strategies, estimating timelines for internalization processes and implementation, and designing evaluation methods (Fig.  2 ). Subsequently, we invited management group participants for hybrid (online and in-person) meetings, where they engaged in substantive discussions to evaluate this guidance and prioritize recommended strategies, based on the expected feasibility and compatibility with their setting.

Reflexivity and ethics

Two authors, NM and MN, identify as minority females. While their unique backgrounds enhance sensitivity towards minority peers’ experiences, a potential challenge arises where these experiences resonating with them might be more salient. To mitigate this, we organized reflective debriefing sessions addressing diverse viewpoints and emphasizing the researchers’ roles as instruments in data collection and analysis. During these sessions, we engaged in candid discussions probing our experiences, expectations, preoccupations, and opinions that could have influenced our approach to data collection and analysis.

Also, the roles of participating stakeholders may have influenced views they shared in this research process. They spanned all organizational positions, ranging from department heads to trainees, in-faculty teachers, and in-clinic supervisors, representing both, majority and minority backgrounds. While deliberately seeking these varied insights, we remained mindful of potential power dynamics influenced by different positions or ethnic backgrounds. To foster a safe space and address these dynamics, facilitators employed PLA-techniques, such as ice-breakers. Also, they established clear agreements with all stakeholder group members regarding privacy, openness to differing views, and ensuring safety. Should any commitments be breached, facilitators were trained to address them promptly. In fact, stakeholders demonstrated remarkable respect and curiosity towards understanding each other’s perspectives throughout the process.

Participant characteristics

Table  1 presents participant characteristics for the stakeholder, co-reader, and management groups. In total, 31 stakeholders participated, aged 24 to 60, including eight males, 24 staff members from diverse organizational positions, seven trainees, and 12 ethnic minority participants.

The stakeholder group sessions had an attendance rate of 97%. All co-readers responded to the request for comments. During the hybrid management group session, 40% of participants attended in-person, while 60% joined online.

Stakeholder group sessions

In line with the topic list, we organized the results into two sections: [ 1 ]Exploring and [ 2 ] Strategy developing and preparing for implementation. In Sect. 2, the stakeholders aligned their results with the BET framework and structured them according to the Wensing & Grol framework.

The initial educational context

Stakeholders defined inclusiveness in the GP-specialty training as collective curiosity and support for trainees’ unique professional identities, regardless of their characteristics or backgrounds. As preconditions for in-faculty teachers, in-clinic supervisors, and staff, participants mentioned [ 1 ] willingness to encounter emotional discomfort [ 2 ], embracing failures in order to learn, and [ 3 ] acknowledgement of unconscious bias.

‘… we will not always succeed to be without prejudice, that is allowed as long as we will put the effort in gaining awareness’ (participant 2, group 1).

Participants emphasized creating a safe learning environment where all voices, including minority voices, can be heard. They suggested reflective questions starting with:

‘ Could you imagine that…’.

Participants highlighted parallel processes whereby educators foster trainees’ personal and professional development, and GPs support patients’ individual coping styles. Such an inclusive and safe learning environment would act as a flywheel, enhancing the institute’s inclusive image and attracting prospective minority trainees, teachers, and in-clinic supervisors.

Co-readers confirmed these view points and they added their concerns regarding prioritization by some staff members:

‘I have nothing to add. I think it is essential that diversity is given a priority, that we as staff all agree that this is important. The pitfall is that some of them might not see the importance’. (co-reader 2)

Potential learning climate-related disparities

Stakeholders from ethnic minority groups expressed distress experiences in a dominant white world:

‘The GP-specialty training population is predominantly white and female; trainees, in-faculty teachers, and in-clinic supervisors even seem to resemble one another. Without them saying or acting, I continuously feel the stress of having to adapt to them, which I will never be able to’ (participant 2, group 1).

Stakeholders discussed the majority’s naivety in understanding the experience of belonging to a minority and expressed concerns about some DEI programs potentially leading to paradoxical stigmatization. They noted instances where in-faculty teachers appointed minority trainees as representatives for their cultural groups, ignoring the vast diversity within these groups. Also, participants reported stereotyping case reports:

‘They always use the example of the non-Dutch speaking overweight Moroccan mother of seven children, not engaged in any sports, who favors sweet and fatty food, and suffers from diabetes’ (participant 3, group 2).

Co-readers added that this one-sided picture made minority trainees uneasy, feeling discussed rather than equal partners in GP-training. Additionally, they emphasized that presenting DEI programs as non-mandatory, implied that diversity and inclusiveness were not necessarily integral to GP-skills requirements.

‘Mandatory inclusive training for mentors, staff, and teachers holds significant importance, signifying our commitment. Participation in these courses should be integrated into evaluations and annual interviews’. (co-reader 4)

Out-of-the-box wishes and key elements for an inclusive learning climate

Upon the invitation to make a wish:

‘Wouldn’t it be wonderful if….‘ ,

stakeholders wished for diverse staff as role models, willing to learn from each other, normalizing various meaningful insights, and embracing diverse worldviews:

‘By using these differences, we keep each other awake and open-minded in exploring possibilities; thus, we allow ourselves to grow without assuming that our paved path is always the best way at the time’ (participant 3, group 1).

Stakeholders indicated the institute’s responsibility to educate GP-trainees for a diverse patient population as an essential component of an inclusive learning environment. Key elements related to such inclusiveness were:

The GP-specialty training should represent society in all its diversity:

‘It’s been a few years since I started GP-specialty training, of course, but… I’m just digging whether I had a feeling of: “I fit in there” or: “I recognize my roots there”. These are important feelings to me to feel safe at my work- and study place’ (participant 7, group 1);

A diverse GP workforce meets patients’ appreciation for GPs they can identify with:

‘Regarding this cultural background or ethnicity, I have the impression that patients from ethnic minorities often liked that I obviously am not Dutch, they said, “oh, you are not Dutch, are you?“, it led to recognition, a little laugh, and connected us. Having a doctor just like them helped my patients to share their concerns.’ (participant 2, group 2);

GP-trainees need identifiable and diverse educational role models:

‘The moment you sit down together and see that diversity, …brings different working styles, learning styles, or communication styles… that you realize we have to do it together, the greater the diversity, the more we learn from one another, the higher we rise, the more fun and creative ideas…’ (participant 4, group 2);

Diverse GP-trainee cohorts improve mutual learning processes:

‘To me, utilizing diversity means that there’s always someone in the classroom who says, “Okay, so what if we look at it from that perspective or through those glasses?’ (participant 1, group 1).

Co-readers agreed and added that GP-specialty training already utilized diversity among in-faculty teachers to some extent:

‘Great idea! Diversity among teachers is already being leveraged to some extent. Trainees can synthesize a blend of styles and insights from different teachers and mentors. Expanding on this concept could help cultivate a more inclusive learning environment’ . (co-reader 1)

Strategy developing and preparing for implementation

Recommendations for an inclusive gp-specialty training.

Participants (stakeholders in collaboration with co-readers) made six fundamental recommendations and mapped these onto the BET framework levels to ensure all aspects of inclusive education would be covered [ 24 ] (Table  2 ).

Actionable strategies

From these recommendations, participants derived seven actionable strategies for promoting inclusive GP-specialty training (Table  3 ).

Provide a clear message of inclusiveness in all internal and external communications .

Participants explored various means and media platforms for promoting the GP-specialty training’s DEI core values (websites, ads, social media, podcasts), focusing on design, content, and appeal to the target group. They recommended involving trainees with media experience rather than exclusively hiring specialized communication consultants.

Appoint DEI ambassadors in all layers of the organization .

Participants suggested involving employees as DEI ambassadors to effectively spread DEI core values in the organization. Ambassadors would undergo comprehensive training in DEI, reflective skills, leadership, and change management. They would also attend conferences, masterclasses, join knowledge networks, and contribute to think tank initiatives as part of their preparation.

Facilitate procedures for secure incident reporting .

Participants highlighting the significant impact of unintentional discriminatory behavior, often resulting in experiencing barriers to reporting such incidents. They proposed implementing low-threshold and secure reporting procedures with targeted questions on DEI and (micro)aggression. Regular team sessions would enable open discussions based on anonymous reports, fostering inclusive education, uncovering organizational trends, and providing support for trainees who faced discrimination, microaggression, or exclusion. Confidential advisors would receive training in DEI, reflective skills, and relevant legislation.

Give a significant voice to minority trainees in ongoing program development .

Participants advised inviting minority trainees to round table discussions, fostering insider perspective exchange with mutual respect, critical reflection, and empathy. Including these diverse voices would promote resilience and professional growth and attract eligible trainees and staff from diverse backgrounds.

Assign more than one in-faculty teacher per group / in-clinic training .

GP-trainees - like all individuals - naturally mirror the behavior of significant others, such as teachers, in-clinic supervisors, or peers. Participants believed that trainees with multiple role models would outperform those with single role models. They suggested introducing dual in-faculty teachers and dual in-clinic supervisors as additional role models and an extra pair of eyes during education. To ensure success, participants recommended training programs for optimum role model utilization.

Offer ‘just-in-time’ learning .

Participants agreed that effective learning is closely related to immediate learning needs. For GP-trainees, such learning needs often arise from societal encounters in the consultation room, e.g., guiding Muslims during Ramadan while simultaneously managing diabetes or comprehending increasing PTSD symptoms around Keti Koti (Afro-Surinamese Emancipation Day). Timely incorporating these contextual factors into training programs could provide directly applicable knowledge.

Provide mandatory DEI relevant training programs for professional development .

Participants emphasized the necessity of new knowledge, skills, and attitudes. They considered within-group differences valuable learning tools for diverse personal and professional development paths. Well-trained staff and trainees could drive inclusive knowledge networks, empower the organization, and positively influence external perceptions. Thus, they recommended mandatory and tailored training programs aligned with the anticipated learning needs from the suggested strategies. Where applicable, they advised considering outsourcing.

Conditions and requirements for implementation

Participants indicated the importance of in-faculty teachers, in-clinic supervisors, and staff having the courage to be vulnerable. They emphasized the essence of transparent norms and values and a welcoming learning environment, and they highlighted an attitude of:

‘… genuinely enjoying to support a diverse population in their growth towards their professional identities’ (participant 6, group 2).

‘Implementing these ideas demands courage and vulnerability, particularly as their execution could inadvertently carry stigmatizing effects’. (co-reader 6)

In this context, they mentioned the risk of unconscious bias, which could require external expert trainers at certain stages:

‘Well, you know, I had a trainee of Moroccan descent, and it shocked me that, while I always thought to be very open, diversity-minded, and curious for everything and everyone, I found it way more difficult to connect than I’d admit. I wonder what would have helped me unveil this blind spot in an earlier stage…’ (participant 5, group 1).

‘… allow and embrace the differences, see them as opportunities that actually add learning qualities, and not take them away? So, professionalism will become more colorful, and it can be viewed from different points of view, not just the traditional, established perspectives and routes’ (participant 1, group 1).

Ultimately, we provided the management group with implementation guidance for these seven strategies, along with an analysis of the target group and context, and summaries of relevant literature on DEI best practices in educational settings (Appendix). The management team agreed that enhancing DEI should have priority in Dutch GP-specialty training:

‘We should acknowledge that we are trailing behind societal advancements in diversity. Therefore, maintaining a strong focus on this topic must stay a priority’ (participant 5, management group).

Based on these comprehensive data, the management group prioritized strategies that covered the overarching recommendations and BET-levels (detailed in Table  3 ; Fig.  1 ), which aided in selecting strategies with anticipated effectiveness. To enhance alignment with the organizational requirements and feasibility, they considered implementation requirements, staff feedback from our presentations during periodic meetings, and opportunities for synergy with existing projects in other Amsterdam UMC departments.

‘We can see that literature describes these strategies as effective and we assume that stakeholders meticulously aligned them with the institute’s needs. Let us not repeat that process but rather look into strategies that can be implemented effectively in our setting’ (participant 1, management group).

‘For each suggested strategy, this guidance envisions its coverage and practical implications. Now, it is up to us to consider how far we are willing to commit. This process prompts pertinent questions on specific effective actions’ (participant 2, management group).

The management group prioritized three strategies:

Appoint DEI ambassadors in all organizational levels,

Give a significant voice to minority trainees in ongoing program development,

Provide mandatory DEI-relevant training programs for professional development to all involved in GP-specialty training.

Summary of findings

In twelve PLA-based stakeholder sessions, participants explored perspectives on potential disparities, underlying causes, and aspirations for an inclusive learning climate in the Dutch GP-specialty training. They suggested seven strategies based on six overarching recommendations, which they presented embedded in an implementation guidance to the management group:

Provide a clear message of inclusiveness in all internal and external communications.

Appoint DEI ambassadors Footnote 1 in all layers of the organization

Facilitate procedures for secure incident reporting.

Give a significant voice to minority trainees in ongoing program development.

Assign more than one in-faculty teacher per group / in-clinic supervisor per trainee.

Offer ‘just-in-time’ learning.

Provide mandatory DEI relevant training programs for professional development.

The management team selected strategies 2, 4, and 7, deeming them most effective, feasible, and aligned with the organization’s requirements.

Comparison to existing literature

Worldwide attention to inclusive learning climates in postgraduate medical education revealed the complexity and multidimensionality of educational constructs and institutes [ 29 , 43 ]. Interpretations of formal and informal learning contexts within these environments depend on the perspectives of various stakeholders [ 15 ]. Consequently, unconsciously normalized rules and codes across all layers may implicitly exclude ethnic minority professionals and -trainees in many ways throughout their careers [ 44 ].

This paper extends the literature on inclusive GP-specialty training [ 15 , 43 , 44 ], detailing the efforts to design- and create broad support for inclusive training strategies. Like most organizational changes, implementing inclusive strategies in GP-specialty training posed challenges and demanded a focus on building confidence and trust in novel approaches [ 45 ]. Hence, understanding the values and expectations of target groups and tailoring strategies to meet their needs and aspirations was crucial. Our study involved representatives from all key stakeholders, including ethnic minority trainees, aiming to address critical research gaps and enhance knowledge quality, relevance, and impact [ 46 ]. Collaborative decisions, rooted in an equal and reciprocal partnership, empowered stakeholders, raised management team awareness and inspired the research team [ 47 ]. These effects mirror findings in previous PAR studies on inclusive primary healthcare [ 48 ] and highlight PAR’s role as a catalyst for transformative change in GP-specialty training [ 33 ].

Stakeholder insights, combined with DEI-strategy literature, underscored the need for a gradual, committed cultural shift towards inclusivity in the learning environment. Based on these insights, the management group recognized that this transformation would necessitate a set of strategies addressing inclusiveness at various levels rather than relying on one single intervention [ 26 , 28 , 49 , 50 ]. They employed our Wensing and Grol-based implementation guidance to select the following feasible strategies aligned with the GP-specialty training context as a first step in an ongoing process:

Providing mandatory DEI-relevant training programs to all stakeholders supports cultural responsiveness within all strategies to be implemented. It facilitates understanding how cultural backgrounds and experiences influence teaching and learning [ 49 ]. Ultimately, it fosters engagement and motivation to create collaborative learning environments and accommodate learners’ needs based on their diverse backgrounds [ 26 ].

Appointing DEI ambassadors in all layers of the organization has in other contexts proven to enhance the effectiveness of DEI-related strategic initiatives [ 51 ]. DEI ambassadors engage change agents within their teams, foster collaboration and effective communication, facilitate diversity goals, and involve key stakeholders in sustainable, inclusive changes [ 50 ].

Giving a significant voice to minority trainees empowers and amplifies their agency. Including their experiences and perspectives in staff meetings and brainstorming sessions is a crucial first step toward an open and innovative culture. Prior research indicated that promoting minority trainees’ participation requires supportive supervision, encouraging them to share transformative ideas [ 28 ].

Strengths and limitations

Our participatory approach fostered broad support across all organizational levels. PLA-based stakeholder discussions facilitated open dialogue, refined ideas, and sparked valuable insights. Co-reader feedback prompted stakeholder group participants to reevaluate their interpretation of specific experiences. This approach allowed diverse perspectives and theoretical idea saturation, aiding participants in identifying seven actionable strategies with high potential for effective implementation. In turn, these results allowed the management group to leverage their organizational expertise and prioritize three strategies they considered feasible and compatible with the organization’s requirements.

While most post-graduate medical education settings share similarities, contextual variations, such as educational emphasis and cultural factors, may exist, leading to potential limitations in the transferability of our findings. Nonetheless, the dynamics between informal and formal in-classroom learning remain pertinent across various postgraduate medical contexts, where in-clinic learning, shaped by day-to-day experiences and supervisor-trainee dynamics, inevitably influences formal learning objectives and settings. Also, our study’s confinement to two Dutch GP-specialty training institutes and its relatively modest participant count may require caution in the transferability of our findings to other similar settings. In light of this, it is noteworthy that statistics from a previous quantitative study suggest that by 2023, our pilot institutes closely mirrored Dutch GP-specialty training in terms of minority trainee [ 7 ]. Moreover, we provided meticulous descriptions of our setting to enhance contextual understanding, aiding in assessing transferability to similar settings. Additionally, the explicit commitment to inclusiveness by the participating GP-specialty training institutions, which could be instrumental in promoting successful implementation, could pose challenges when transferring the results to less DEI-focused settings.

Still, employing multiple sources by connecting stakeholder perspectives to relevant literature and two frameworks enabled participants to structure their thoughts and opinions on the organization’s DEI strengths and limitations, along with the opportunities and challenges for implementation. For future researchers, this approach may prove valuable in identifying overarching concepts and theories that transcend specific individuals or contexts and facilitate the assessment of the transferability of our findings to similar educational settings [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ].

Implications for further research and practice

Fostering a DEI-minded culture in post-graduate medical training calls for a multifaceted strategy. As training institutes diversify and curricula address nuanced topics, skills for adeptly navigating complex conversations become increasingly critical for educational staff. The ongoing process of promoting inclusive teaching, assessment, and curriculum design abilities will necessitate the inclusion of a wide range of perspectives. Consequently, we recommend involving stakeholders from the most diverse backgrounds possible. Also, the explicit commitment to inclusiveness by the participating GP-specialty training institutions may pose challenges when transferring the results to less DEI-focused settings. Therefore, we suggest further investigation in such contexts to better understand the transferability of our results.

Ensuring high-quality, inclusive learning environments in postgraduate medical education is crucial for educational opportunities and the overall quality of healthcare [ 56 ]. However, this inclusiveness is not solely shaped by the beliefs and values of teachers; it is also intricately influenced by the complex social and cultural dynamics within educational institutions [ 29 ]. Inclusiveness strategies are catalysts for enduring cultural transformation, demanding the consistent integration of multiple strategies through incremental steps over an extended period [ 43 ]. The three strategies identified in our study, which were prioritized for implementation, represent initial strides toward instigating this cultural transformation. Subsequent phases involving evaluation, adaptation, and implementation of additional strategies are imperative for sustaining engagement in a culture of inclusive postgraduate medical education. All Dutch GP-specialty training institutes closely monitor our findings and have committed to implementing mandatory DEI-relevant training programs for their staff and trainees.

Additional research on the impact of the implemented strategies and the level of stakeholder engagement throughout the implementation phase is needed. This follow-up research should encompass inclusive teaching methods, assessment strategies, curriculum design, attitudes, and the ethnic minority trainees’ experienced inclusion aligned with the BET framework.

Engaging stakeholders in PLA-based sessions at two Dutch GP-specialty training institutes proved instrumental in identifying recommendations for an inclusive learning climate. Stakeholders identified seven tangible DEI-strategies, addressing all five BET aspects:

Provide a clear message of inclusiveness in all internal and external communications: enhances inclusive accessibility and a diverse learning community;

Appoint DEI ambassadors in all layers of the organization: promotes knowledge exchange, reflection on potential biases, and active engagement in DEI networks;

Facilitate secure DEI-incident reporting procedures;

Give a significant voice to minority trainees in ongoing program development: empowers them and creates reciprocal learning;

Assign more than one teacher per group / in-clinic training: creates multiple role models and perspectives;

Offer ‘just-in-time’ learning: fosters social and educational engagement;

Provide mandatory DEI-relevant training programs for professional development: promotes DEI-expertise and awareness among all involved.

Based on anticipated feasibility and effectiveness, the management group prioritized strategy numbers 2, 4, and 7 for implementation.

Our integrative approach supported collaborative, context-specific strategy development and prioritization, effectively balancing anticipated effectiveness and compatibility. As such, this approach will prove valuable in identifying widely supported DEI strategies within varying and complex post-graduate medical educational contexts.

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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We affirm that no individuals other than the listed authors provided professional writing or analysis services. Still, we thank all anonymous participants whose contributions enriched this study.

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All authors have made substantial contributions to the conception OR design of the work; OR the acquisition, analysis, OR interpretation of data; OR have drafted the work or substantively revised it. All authors have approved the submitted version (and any substantially modified version that involves the author’s contribution to the study); and have agreed both to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. Contributions per author: N.M. van Moppes: Conception, Design of the work, Acquisition, Analysis and interpretation of data, Drafted the work and integrated all revisions; M. Nasori: Conception, Design of the work, Acquisition, Analysis and interpretation of data, Substantively revised the work; J. Bont: Substantively revised the work; J.M. van Es: Substantively revised the work; M.R.M. Visser: Conception, Design of the work, Substantively revised the work; M.E.T.C. van den Muijsenbergh: Conception, Design of the work, Substantively revised the work.

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van Moppes, N., Nasori, M., Bont, J. et al. Towards inclusive learning environments in post-graduate medical education: stakeholder-driven strategies in Dutch GP-specialty training. BMC Med Educ 24 , 550 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05521-z

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05521-z

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2022-2023 PhD Thesis Titles    2021-2022 PhD Thesis Titles    2020-2021 PhD Thesis Titles   

2018-2019 PhD Thesis Titles    2017-2018 PhD Thesis Titles    2019-2020 PhD Thesis Titles   

2018-2019 PhD Thesis Titles    2017-2018 PhD Thesis Titles    2016-2017 PhD Thesis Titles  

2015-2016 PhD Thesis Titles    2013-2014 PhD Thesis Titles    2012-2013 PhD Thesis Titles   

2011-2012 PhD Thesis Titles  

Candidates for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Solomon abiola, b.s. princeton university, m.s. carnegie mellon university; translational biomedical science.

Thesis: The Rise of Temperature and Fall of Fever: A 21st-Century Translational Science Approach to Infectious Disease Forecast using Machine Learning Transformers, mHealth Application Node and Wearable Device Edge

Advisor: Dr. Benjamin Miller  

Sara Ali, B.S. Rochester Institute Of Technology, M.S. University of Rochester; Biophysics

Thesis: A Bioinformatics Pipeline for Identifying Structurally Conserved ncRNAs: From Prediction to Validation

Advisor: Dr. David Mathews  

Naemah Alkhars, B.S. Kuwait University, M.S. University of Rochester; Translational Biomedical Science

Thesis: Three-dimensional Maternal influence on Children at High Risk of Severe Early Childhood

Advisor: Dr. Jin Xiao  

Katherine Andersh, B.S. University Of Arizona, M.S. University of Rochester; Neuroscience

Thesis: The role of proinflammatory cytokines in glaucomatous neurodegeneration

Advisor: Dr. Richard Libby  

Uday Baliga, B.S. Colorado State University, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Gene Delivery:  Multigenic approaches

Advisor: Dr. David Dean  

Sara Blick-Nitko, B.S. Rochester Institute of Technology, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Platelet Ido1 in Plasmodium yoelii Uncomplicated Malaria Infection

Advisor: Dr. Craig Morrell  

Zachary Brehm, B.M. SUNY College Potsdam, M.S. SUNY College Potsdam; Statistics

Thesis: Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Complex Tissue Bulk RNA-seq Data

Advisor: Dr. Matthew McCall  

Tina Bui-Bullock, B.S. The University Of Texas At Austin, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology and Immunology

Thesis: Elucidating Host Factors That Modulate Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis Severity in Obesity-Related Type 2 Diabetes

Advisor: Dr. Steven Gill  

Kimberly Burgos Villar, B.A. Daemen College, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Expression and Function of SPRR1A, a Novel Marker of the Ischemic Cardiac Border Zone

Advisor: Dr. Eric Small  

Wesley Chiang, B.S. University Of California-Irvine, M.S. University of Rochester; Biophysics

Thesis: Nano for Neuro: Developing Hybrid Quantum Dot Nano-Bio Assemblies to Probe Neuroinflammatory Activation

Advisor: Dr. Todd Krauss  

Jessica Ciesla, B.S. SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, M.S. University of Rochester; Biochemistry

Thesis: Mechanisms Through Which Metabolism and the Human Cytomegalovirus UL26 Protein Contribute to Anti-Viral Signaling

Advisor: Dr. Joshua Munger  

Martin Cole, B.E. The Open University, M.S. University of Rochester; Statistics

Thesis: Scratching the Surface: Surface-Based Cortical Registration and Analysis of Connectivity Functions

Advisor: Dr. Xing Qiu  

Luke Duttweiler, B.A. Houghton College, M.A. SUNY Brockport, M.A. University of Rochester; Statistics

Thesis: Spectral Bayesian Network Theory: Graph Theoretic Solutions to Problems in Bayesian Networks

Advisor: Dr. Sally Thurston and Dr. Anthony Almudevar  

Esraa Furati, M.B.B.S. University of Dammam, M.S. University of Rochester; Pharmacology

Thesis: Insights into the Roles of Aging and Chemokine Signaling During Neuromuscular Regeneration

Advisor: Dr. Joe Chakkalakal

Erin Gibbons, B.S. University Of Connecticut, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology and Immunology

Thesis: Investigation of mTORC1-mediated genes Neutrophil Elastase and Glycoprotein-NMB  Demonstrates Tumor Promotion and GPNMB as a Serum Biomarker for  Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

Advisor: Dr. Stephen Hammes  

Christie Gilbert Klaczko, B.S. SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry; Translational Biomedical Science

Thesis: Oral Cross-kingdom Bacterial-fungal Interactions in a Cross-sectional Pregnant Population Living in Low Socioeconomic Status in Rochester, New York

Jimin Han, B.S. Duquesne University, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Investigating the role of CLN3 in retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction in CLN3-Batten

Advisor: Dr. Ruchira Singh  

Jarreau Harrison, B.S. CUNY Medgar Evers College, M.S. University of Rochester; Pharmacology

Thesis: HSPB8 Attenuates Pathological Tau Accumulation

Advisor: Dr. Gail Johnson  

Alicia Healey, B.S. Simmons College, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology and Immunology

Thesis:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation modulates monocytic cell responses during respiratory viral infection

Advisor: Dr. B. Paige Lawrence  

Omar Hedaya, B.S. Kuwait University, M.S. University of Rochester; Biochemistry

Thesis: uORF-mediated Translational Regulation of GATA4 in the Heart

Advisor: Dr. Peng Yao  

Emma House, B.S. Wayne State University, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Investigating the Role of CD4+ T Cells in Flavorings-Related Lung Disease

Advisor: Dr. Matthew D. McGraw  

Yechu Hua, B.A. Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Health Services Research and Policy

Thesis: Did Greater Price Transparency of Hospital Care Lower Health Care Costs?

Advisor: Dr. Yue Li  

Feng Jiang, B.S. Wuhan University, M.S. University of Rochester; Biochemistry

Thesis: The Molecular Mechanism and Biological Impact of Cis-acting Elements and Trans-acting Factors in mRNA Translation Regulation

Amber Kautz, B.S. Cornell University, M.S. Boston University; Epidemiology

Thesis: Maternal Non-Adherence to the Dietary Fat Recommendations During Pregnancy and Neonatal Adiposity and Infant Weight Gain: The Role of Inflammation

Advisor: Dr. Diana Fernandez  

Gabrielle Kosoy, B.S. SUNY College At Geneseo, M.S. University of Rochester; Biophysics

Thesis: Understanding vaccine antibody response: high throughput measurements of equilibrium affinity constants for influenza, cross-reactivity of SARS antibodies, and asthmatic response

Thomas Lamb Jr., B.S. St Josephs College, M.S. University of Rochester; Toxicology

Thesis: Chemical Characterization and Lung Toxicity of Humectants and Flavored E-cigarettes

Advisor: Dr. Irfan Rahman  

Linh Le, B.S. Truman State University, M.S. Truman State University, M.S. University of Rochester; Neuroscience

Thesis: The effects of microglial adrenergic signaling and microglial renewal on Alzheimer’s disease pathology

Advisor: Dr. Ania Majewska  

Jiatong Liu, B.S. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: The Role of Senescent Cells in Aging Fracture Healing

Advisor: Dr. Lianping Xing  

Daniel Lopez, B.A. University Of California-Los Angeles, M.A. Stanford University. MPH Cuny Hunter College; Epidemiology

Thesis: The Neurobiological Correlates of Problematic Gaming Behaviors in Adolescents

Advisor: Dr. Edwin van Wijngaarden  

Ferralita Madere, B.S. Xavier University Of Louisiana, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology

Thesis: Elucidating Complex Transkingdom Interactions in the Female Reproductive Tract Microbiome in Health and Disease

Advisor: Dr. Cynthia Monaco  

Courtney Markman, B.S. Rochester Institute Of Technology, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: The role(s) of JAG1 during Embryonic Cochlear Development

Advisor: Dr. Amy Kiernan  

Andrew Martin, B.S. North Adams State College, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology

Thesis: Mechanism and Consequence of IFN--mediated Loss of Tissue Resident Macrophages on Host Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii

Advisor: Dr. Felix Yarovinsky  

Alyssa Merrill, B.S. Nazareth College Of Rochester, M.S. University of Rochester; Toxicology

Thesis: Pregnancy-dependent Cardiometabolic Effects of Anti-estrogenic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

Advisor: Dr.Marissa Sobolewski and Dr. Deborah Cory-Slechta  

Briaunna Minor, B.S. Xavier University Of Louisiana, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology

Thesis: Implications for Targeting Tumor Associated Neutrophils to Attenuate Estrogen Mediated Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Progression

Mostafa Mohamed, M.S. Alexandria University, M.D. Alexandria University; Epidemiology

Thesis: Association Between Chemotherapy Dosing, Treatment Tolerability, and Survival Among Older Adults with Advanced Cancer

Advisor: Dr. David Rich  

Adrián Moisés Molina Vargas, B.S. University of Alcala, M.S. University of Rochester; Genetics

Thesis: Developing Design Strategies for Efficient and Specific CRISPR Cas13 RNA-Targeting Applications

Advisor: Dr. Mitchell O'Connell  

Teraisa Mullaney, B.S. Rochester Institute Of Technology, M.S Rochester Institute Of Technology, M.S. University of Rochester; Health Services Research and Policy

Thesis: Understanding the Role of Navigation Capital in Health Services and Social Determinants of Health: A Health Capability Explanation

Advisor: Dr. Peter Veazie  

Daxiang Na, B.S. Peking University, M.S. Peking University, M.S. Brandeis University, M.S. University of Rochester; Genetics

Thesis: An Investigation of the Relationship between Auditory Dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s Disease Using Amyloidosis Mouse Models

Advisor: Dr. Patricia White  

Thomas O'Connor, B.S. SUNY University at Buffalo, M.S. University of Rochester; Genetics

Thesis: Adaptive and Protective Responses of Skeletal Muscle to Endurance Exercise in the Context of Aging, Juvenile Radiotherapy, and Tubular Aggregate Myopathy

Advisor: Dr. Robert Dirksen and Dr. James Palis  

Raven Osborn, B.A. University Of Missouri-Columbia; Translational Biomedical Science

Thesis: Single-cell gene regulatory network analysis reveals cell population-specific responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung epithelial cells

Advisor: Dr. Juilee Thakar and Dr. Stephen Dewhurst  

Emily Przysinda, B.A. Skidmore College, M.S. University of Rochester; Neurobiology and Anatomy

Thesis: Social processing and underlying language deficits in schizophrenia during naturalistic video viewing

Advisor: Dr. Edmund Lalor  

Emily Quarato, B.S. University Of Alabama At Birmingham, M.S. University of Rochester; Program

Thesis: High levels of mesenchymal stromal cell efferocytosis induces senescence and causes bone loss

Advisor: Dr. Laura Calvi  

Zahíra Quiñones Tavárez, B.S. Pontificial Catholic University Mother and Teacher, M.P.H. University of Rochester; Translational Biomedical Science

Thesis: Linking Exposure to Flavors in Electronic Cigarettes and Coughing

Advisor: Dr. Deborah Ossip  

Matthew Raymonda, B.S. University Of North Carolina At Wilmington, M.S. University of Rochester; Biochemistry

Thesis: Identifying Metabolic Vulnerabilities Associated with Viral Infections

Savanah Russ, B.A. SUNY Geneseo, M.P.H Yale University; Epidemiology

Thesis: Association Between Community-Level Socioeconomic Status and Spatiotemporal Variation in COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake

Advisor: Dr. Yu Liu  

Cooper Sailer, B.S. University at Buffalo, M.A. University at Buffalo, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Characterization of CAR-T cell phenotypes to augment response against solid tumors

Advisor: Dr. Minsoo Kim  

Jishyra Serrano, B.S. Universidad Adventista De Las Antillas; Translational Biomedical Science

Thesis: Prenatal Maternal Stress and Inflammation: Association to Childhood Temperament

Advisor: Dr. Thomas O'Connor  

Yuhang Shi, B.A. Henan Agricultural University, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology

Thesis: Interactions Between Viruses and the Innate Antiviral Factors SERINC5, BST2 and BCA2

Advisor: Dr. Ruth Serra-Moreno  

Anjali Sinha, B.E. PES Institute of Technology, M.S. University at Buffalo, M.S. University of Rochester; Neuroscience

Thesis: Role of mAChR signaling and M-current in EVS mediated responses of mammalian vestibular afferents

Advisor: Dr. J. Chris Holt  

Celia Soto, B.S. SUNY Geneseo, M.S. University of Rochester; Pathology

Thesis: Elevated Lactate in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Bone Marrow Microenvironment Dysfunction

Advisor: Dr. Benjamin Frisch  

Michael Sportiello, B.S. University Of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology

Thesis: Investigating CD8 T cell tissue resident memory phenotype, function, metabolic activity, and differentiation

Advisor: Dr. David Topham  

Kumari Yoshita Srivastava, B.S. National Institute of Science Education And Research, M.S. National Institute of Science Education And Research, M.S. University of Rochester; Biophysics

Thesis: Structure and Function Analysis of Bacterial Riboswitches that Control Translation

Advisor: Dr. Joseph Wedekind  

Kathryn Toffolo, B.S. SUNY College at Buffalo, M.S. University of Rochester; Neuroscience

Thesis: Semantic Language Processing: Insight into Underlying Circuitry and Development using Neurophysiological and Neuroimaging Methods

Advisor: Dr. John J. Foxe  

Megan Ulbrich, B.S. University Of Pittsburgh, M.S. University of Rochester; Microbiology and Immunology

Thesis: The Activity of Vibrio cholerae Effector VopX Targets Host Cell Pathways that Reorganize the Actin Cytoskeleton

Advisor: Dr. Michelle Dziejman  

Erik Vonkaenel, B.S. Slippery Rock University Of Pennsylvania, M.A. University of Rochester; Statistics

Thesis: Methods for Microglia Image Analysis

Amanda Wahl, B.S. Saint John Fisher College, M.S. University of Rochester; Pharmacology

Thesis: Redefining the function of salivary duct cell populations utilizing a structural, functional, and computational approach

Advisor: Dr. David Yule  

Yunna Xie, B.S. Sichuan University, M.S. Universität Heidelberg; Health Services Research & Policy

Thesis: Is Physician Expertise Working as a Barrier to the Implementation of New Clinical Interventions? A Neural Network Approach

Shen Zhou, B.S. Shanghai University, M.S. Brandeis University, M.S. University of Rochester; Genetics

Thesis: The Study of c-Cbl in Clear Cell Sarcoma

Advisor: Dr. Mark Noble

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Thesis Writing: The T, H, E, S, I, S Approach – Review of the Book

Vijendra devisingh chauhan.

1 Pro Vice Chancellor, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

2 Professor and Head, Department of Orthopedics, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Rajiv Mahajan, Dr. Tejinder Singh, editors. 2022. 1st ed. Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.354. Rs. 795/-. ISBN: 978-93-5465-131-1.

After a long time, I am seeing a book on thesis writing which would be of a great use for the medical fraternity and especially, the postgraduates (PGs).

I recapitulate my residency days when I did my thesis project. I had no clue from where to begin; I was fortunate to have a good mentor who mentored me but every PG resident is not so lucky. This book will definitely supplement the efforts being made by PG thesis supervisors in guiding the PGs.

After going through the book, it inspired me to write a review. The title of the book is so catchy “THESIS WRITING ‒ the T, H, E, S, I, S. Approach.” It compelled me to peep into the book and explore the acronym ‒ T: Tickling, H: Hologram, E: Expansion, S: Scenarios, I: Improvisation, and S: Summary. I found that every chapter is crafted using this philosophy. The second reason which stimulated me to go through this book is that it has been authored by well-known medical educationists who could appreciate the real need of the PGs of this country.

I have no hesitation in saying that not only fresh PGs but even many of their guides may be ignorant of what constitutes writing/guiding a quality thesis. J. Frank Dobi once said “ The average PhD thesis is nothing but transference of bones from one graveyard to another .” Moreover, this is true even for PG medical thesis produced in this country every year. I quote Prof. Vivek A Saoji, Vice-Chancellor, KLE Academy of Higher Education of Research, Belgaum, Karnataka, who has appropriately mentioned in his foreword of this book, “ Proper guidance and training will go a long way in improving the quality of research the postgraduates do and in turn the quality of thesis .”

Usually, in a multiauthored book, style changes with every chapter. Credit goes to the editors, Dr. Rajiv Mahajan and Dr. Tejinder Singh for keeping the uniform language, writing style, and format for each chapter. Hence, one finds continuity and connectivity between the chapters. The editors have ensured that the reader remains hooked to the book till the end. The flowcharts and boxes have been provided for easy remembrance and recapitulation of the salient features of the chapters. I personally feel that these tables, boxes, and flowcharts must be printed and hanged in the seminar room of the departments. I would suggest authors to prepare a small booklet so that these flowcharts are available to the students in their pockets when they are embarking on their thesis.

The book begins with a chapter on “Role and importance of thesis in PG training.” It talks about the statutory and mandatory requirements of the training and how research and publication can open new vistas and opportunities for a PG student. The author has supplemented the list of funding agencies and the nature of support extended for research. The chapter ends with a beautiful inspiring story of Dr. Althesis, tips for conducting a research – a self-checklist to facilitate writing a PG thesis and tips for writing a high-quality thesis.

Chapter 2 deals with the basic concepts of research. It describes lucidly what makes good research and different types of research, i.e., quantitative, qualitative, basic and applied research, and prominent features of each. The author has nicely depicted commonly employed sampling strategies. Stress has been laid on collecting tools for data collection and establishing ethical considerations. Simple examples of quantitative and qualitative research make things simplified for readers.

Chapter 3 is on research design. I need to congratulate the editors for providing a separate chapter on research design. Yes, this is a big confusion for the teacher as well as for the students. A nice pictorial classification has been provided and each design has been explained in a Lucid language with examples so that the PGs can choose the right design for the thesis. I liked the flowcharts and boxes provided, particularly ‒ criteria to choose research design and ‒ choosing study design. The author has used an analogy to explain certain difficult terminology. It made things so simple, both for teachers as well as students.

Chapter 4 ‒ how to start a research describes the importance of the research problem, how to identify the broad problem, and develop a research question. It reflects on types of research questions and explains beautifully what constitutes a good research question using PICO-T and C-Re FINERS criteria. The author has done a creditable job of explaining the concept of hypothesis and various steps involved in writing a good hypothesis; and has rightly cautioned the readers about the errors in hypothesis testing.

Chapter 5 deals with aims and objectives. I am sure after reading this chapter, the students would be able to frame the aim and objectives for their research with great ease. Every chapter provides you with the scenario for easy and better understanding, followed by tips.

Chapter 6 deals with a review of the literature. This is the most difficult and tedious part of a thesis, but one of the most important parts. The author has demonstrated how to use various commonly used search engines, how to develop strategies for literature search, identify the keywords, and the use of Boolean operators. Emphasis is on how to critically analyze the searched material and write the literature review.

A full chapter has been devoted to writing a synopsis which every PG has to submit within the 1 st semester of the PG program. The chapter on materials and methods (M&M) has been prepared like a recipe in a cookbook. A lot of stress is on how to write M&M. The tips provided are worth remembering.

I have seen students and their mentors frequently rushing to the statistician for the calculation of the sample size. Chapter 9 has touched this subject beautifully. It starts with why we need an adequate sample size for any research. It then goes on to ingrain the recipe of sample size, calculation, effect size, standard deviation, type 1 error, power, direction of the effect, expected attrition, and statistical test and each is explained with examples.

Chapter 10 is on results and inferences; the authors have given very practical tips for the presentation of the results. There are general tips on preparing tables, graphs, pie charts, bar graphs, line graphs, and scatter plots. The authors have nicely described P value and its utility in deriving scientific inferences.

Managing the timeline is a very important aspect in the life of the resident. The resident is busy in clinics, patient care, operation theaters, and teaching and at the same time, he has to conduct a research. Managing time is an art. The editors have devoted a separate chapter on this subject. Concepts of the time management matrix, the Gantt chart, and the backward planning have been adequately explained in this chapter.

Ethics and plagiarism are a buzz word now. A separate chapter has been devoted to cover various ethical aspects involved in thesis writing and publications. The authors have discussed in detail about autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, informed consent, the consent process and plagiarism, and how to avoid plagiarism. I am happy to note the topic of plagiarism has been touched and the penalties described by University Grant Commission have been included. Tools to be used for detection have been mentioned. In fact, without a plagiarism check, thesis should not be submitted. A small mention about the availability of various platforms for uploading thesis could have been added. A checklist to avoid plagiarism is appreciated.

A student of medicine is afraid of “biostatistics” and always confused which test needs to be used for his thesis. The authors have provided a nice table on how to choose the appropriate statistical tests. The authors have nicely defined various variables, data collection, data entry and cleaning, assessing the distribution of data, approach to data analysis, and application of post hoc tests. A separate chapter has been devoted to IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) for data validation and analysis and how to make good use of this tool.

Compilation of thesis is very important. Majority of the universities provide templates of the title page and the certificates to be annexed. The authors have lucidly and in a systematic manner described what needs to be done under each heading. They also discussed about research and ethics committee approval letters, pro forma of study, consent forms, master charts, photos, permission letter from other institution if applicable, conflict of interest form (for funded projects), disclosure of the source of funding (if applicable), Gantt chart, certificate of clinical trials registry-India registration (if applicable), and above all are very useful tips for writing the thesis draft and binding of thesis document.

Handling revision is a big issue. The movement the student hears this, he becomes disturbed. The authors have nicely discussed about the reasons for thesis revisions in a tabular form. I liked the tables ‒ how to communicate to the examiners after making revisions. The authors also provided useful tips for preventing rejection and revisions.

Chapters 18 and 19 talk about disseminating thesis research through quality poster and publication of the paper. These two chapters are very practical chapters and I am sure the students would definitely be benefited. I am sure if these practical tips are followed, we would see quality posters and publications from our PGs. A separate chapter devoted to a manuscript-based thesis introduces the readers to a different approach of thesis writing – like a manuscript.

The book ends with chapters on translation education research. It talks about how a student can place his research into “a knowledge to action cycle” and how can PG students strive to achieve translation of their research to standard practice.

All good medical institutions in the country are running 2–3 days’ workshop on research methodology. I think if we can design these workshops based on the basic principles illustrated in this book, it would ensure consistency in the research component in the PG curriculum and second, things would become easy for students to comprehend.

I would like to end with the quote of Mortimer J. Adler: “ In the case of good books, the point is not to see how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you.” Yes, “Thesis Writing: The T, H, E, S, I, S Approach” gets through to you and I am sure it would inspire you to revisit it again and again.

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Uttarakhand junior doctor found dead, parents claim suicide, blame professors

The junior doctor's family has alleged that continued harassment by his professors drove him to suicide, while his batchmates blamed the "toxicity" that involved junior doctors working 20 hours a day..

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• Divesh Garg, 26, found dead on May 17
• His father alleged professor even demanded Rs 5 lakh to pass him
• Post-mortem examination hasn't revealed exact cause of death

A junior doctor at a private medical college and hospital in Uttarakhand was found dead in his hostel, days after a professor rejected his thesis twice. His family has alleged that continued harassment by his professors drove him to die by suicide, while his batchmates blamed the "toxicity" that involved junior doctors working 20 hours a day.

Dr Divesh Garg, a 26-year-old first-year paediatric student at the Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences in Dehradun, was found dead inside his hostel room on May 17. The police have filed an FIR against Dr Utkarsh Sharma, head of department of Paediatrics, as well as professors Ashish Sethi and Bindu Agarwal under section 306 of the IPC in connection to Garg's death.

The FIR was based on a complaint lodged by Divesh's father, Ramesh Garg, in which he accused Sharma, Sethi and Agrawal, as well as the management committee of the college, of driving his son to suicide.

"My son joined college in October 2023. A few days later, Utkarsh Sharma, Ashish Sethi, Bindu Agrawal and the management committee started harassing him. They made him work 36-hour shifts even with a 104-degree fever. My son told me, 'Utkarsh Sharma rejected my thesis twice and demanded 500,000 rupees for passing. He insulted me in front of patients, and Bindu Agrawal mentally tortured me'."

"He had called me at 10 am on the morning of May 17 and said, 'take me away, or I'll commit suicide'. We assured him that we would come to get him the next day and urged him not to take any wrong step," he said.

Ramesh Garg said he received a call on May 17 night and the caller, claiming to be Utkarsh Sharma, said that his son had been admitted at the emergency ward.

"At about 10:40 pm, I received another call that informed us that his body was in the mortuary. When we reached there, students gathered \told us that the lights of his hostel room were switched off for 15-20 mins and had been cleaned up," he said, alleging that his son's death was the result of a conspiracy.

Speaking to India Today TV, Divesh's uncle Mohan Dutt Garg said his nephew was "a very simple, quiet, and humble boy who had completed his MBBS from Mathura".

"He had informed us about being harassed earlier as well, including the denial of leave for his mother's treatment. Divesh's thesis was rejected, and he was pressured with repeated demands for Rs 5 lakh."

Umesh Bansal, Divesh's cousin, told India Today, "We submitted an application to the police on May 20. We were made to wait for hours at the station and asked for video evidence. Some even suggested to forget about the FIR."

While Divesh's family awaits more details surrounding the cause of his death, Dehradun SSP Ajay Singh told India Today TV on Wednesday that the post-mortem examination of his body did not reveal the exact reason.

"The viscera has been sent for further examination. We have recorded the statements of students, faculty and family, but nothing has come to light so far to determine whether the death was a suicide or due to other reasons. After the viscera examination, we will proceed with the investigation based on the evidence and witness statements," he added.

Meanwhile, the management of the Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences said they have demanded an "impartial" investigation into the matter, adding that it was fully cooperating with the police investigation.

In a statement, the institute also called for a thorough enquiry from all angles to uncover the truth, which also includes investigation of Divesh Garg's phone call records, WhatsApp chats, and social media activities.

It further said that it has formed an interim enquiry committee, which will conduct a thorough investigation of all aspects related to the junior doctor's death and prepare a report.

India Today has approached officials for their statement on allegations of extortion and tampering with evidence. There has been no response yet.

Divesh Garg's death sparked protests at the hospital premises staged by PG doctors, which disrupted patient care services. The protests, however, ended on Wednesday after talks with the hospital management.

A hashtag #JusticeForDrDiveshGarg also started doing the rounds on social media.

Dr Rishabh, a senior of the victim, told India Today TV, "The toxicity that took Divesh's life involved working 20 hours a day. There's no time to eat. All PG students are suffering from this."

Another classmate, Pavitra said, "There is toxicity everywhere here. We are all humiliated. Divesh was very troubled. We had previously asked for someone to look after him... The administration needs to pay attention to our mental health too."

On his part, Dr Anupam, also a batchmate, said, "Divesh was very cheerful. He even worked with a 103-degree fever. The work culture was making him despondent. The last time I met him, he was not happy; he was crying and distressed." Published By: Karishma Saurabh Kalita Published On: May 23, 2024

Medical PG in Australia- Steps, Benefits and Future Prospects

Key Takeaways 

• Doing medical PG in Australia helps you add value to your medical career and build up strong prospects of a good job and permanent residency. 
• To pursue medical post graduation in Australia, you need to clear the AMC 1 and AMC 2 examinations. 
• After completing medical PG, you can choose to settle in Australia with a PR visa and dive into the field you prefer. 
• There are several benefits of completing PG in Australia, which include high-paying roles, quality of life, extensive job opportunities and a lot more. 

Pursuing post-graduation in Australia is a dream that not everyone is able to fulfil. However, the process is streamlined for international medical graduates, and the government of Australia invites IMGs to pursue residency or PG there. However, due to a lack of knowledge and guidance, several global doctors are unaware of the fact that pursuing a medical PG in australia requires clearing a straightforward exam in your home country. 

In this blog, we will help you navigate the step-by-step process of pursuing a medical PG in Australia. You'll be astonished to witness the simplicity of the process, and hopefully, our blog will help you give wings to your dreams!

Step 1: Document Verification (AMC Portfolio And EPIC Verification)

Begin by ensuring that your educational qualifications and work experience are in line with the Australian Medical Council (AMC) requirements. Compile and submit the necessary documents for verification, including your medical degree, internship details, and any additional qualifications. Additionally, you may need to undergo EPIC (Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials) verification.

Prerequisites For Document Verification

Skill Assessment or Document Verification is the first and the most important part of the process. This helps build authority and enhances transparency regarding your documents in front of the assessing authorities. The documents required for skill assessment are- 

• MBBS/MD/MS Degree
• Valid Passport
• Government ID Proof
• Work Experience Evidence (If Any)
• Medical Registration Certificate
• Passport-Sized Photograph.

What Is EPIC Verification?

EPIC stands for Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials, and EPIC verification is a service provided by the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG). This service is specifically designed to authenticate and verify the primary source documents of international medical graduates (IMGs) who are applying for ECFMG certification, which is often a prerequisite for pursuing medical licensure or residency programs in the United States.

Step 2: AMC 1 Examination

Prepare for and take the AMC 1 (Australian Medical Council) Examination. This is a comprehensive multiple-choice exam that assesses your medical knowledge and clinical skills. A successful outcome is crucial for progressing further in the process.

About AMC Exam

The Australian Medical Council (AMC) Exam is a series of assessments designed to evaluate the eligibility and competence of international medical graduates seeking to practice medicine in Australia. The AMC sets rigorous standards to ensure that foreign-trained doctors meet the necessary requirements for registration and are competent to provide safe and effective medical care.

Eligibility criteria for the AMC Exam include holding a primary medical qualification from a recognised institution, completing an internship, and demonstrating proficiency in English through an accepted language test.

Successful completion of the AMC Exam is a prerequisite for medical registration in Australia. After passing the exams, candidates must apply for registration with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA).

The AMC MCQ exam is a 3.5-hour test with 150 multiple-choice questions, of which all questions are expected to be answered. It is conducted multiple times a year in different test centres spread across the world. There is no prior experience required to take the AMC exam. 

Step 3: English Proficiency Exam

Demonstrate your proficiency in English by taking an English language proficiency exam recognised by Australian authorities. As of 2024, the accepted exams include IELTS (International English Language Testing System), PTE (Pearson Test of English) and OET (Occupational English Test).

IELTS, or the International English Language Testing System, is a globally recognised standardised test designed to assess the English language proficiency of individuals who plan to study, work, or migrate to English-speaking countries. Clearing IELTS Academic with an overall and individual band of 7 or above is required for global professionals to migrate to Australia. 

The Pearson Test of English (PTE) is a computer-based English language proficiency test designed to assess the reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills of non-native English speakers. The PTE exam is divided into three main parts: Speaking and Writing (together), Reading, and Listening. Each part assesses specific language skills through various tasks.

To get a work visa in Australia along with registration, a person must clear the PTE exam with a score of 65 or above. 

The Occupational English Test (OET) is an English language proficiency test designed specifically for healthcare professionals. It assesses the language skills of healthcare practitioners who intend to work in English-speaking environments. A score of 350 or above, or a minimum of Grade B, is required to prove your English proficiency through this exam. 

Step 4: AMC 2 Examination/WBA Program

Post clearance of your AMC and English proficiency exam, you must apply for registration with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) through the AMC. This process involves providing evidence of your qualifications, completing an English language proficiency test, and meeting other registration requirements.

After passing the AMC 1 Examination, candidates typically proceed to the AMC 2 Examination, which evaluates clinical skills and knowledge. Alternatively, some candidates may choose the Workplace-Based Assessment (WBA) program, which involves supervised clinical practice and assessments in an Australian healthcare setting.

Step 5: Registration + 1 Year Residency

Upon successful completion of the necessary exams and assessments, apply for medical registration with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Following registration, engage in a one-year supervised residency, also known as the Internship Year, in an accredited Australian hospital.

Step 6: Apply For PG (Postgraduate)

With your internship completed, you can then apply for Medical Postgraduate Training positions. This involves submitting applications to the respective medical colleges or hospitals offering specialised training programs in your chosen field of study.

If accepted into a PG training program, actively participate in the structured training program under the supervision of experienced medical professionals.

Successfully completing the required training period and assessments may lead to obtaining fellowship status with the relevant medical college, signifying your specialisation in the chosen field.

After completing your post graduation, there are several pathways in front of you to choose from. However, the final decision should depend on your career goals and plans. Some common pathways include the following- 

• Specialist Registration

Upon completing a PG program, medical professionals often need to apply for specialist registration with the Medical Board of Australia. This registration is necessary to practice as a specialist in a specific medical field.

• Fellowship Training

Some medical professionals choose to pursue fellowship training in a specialised area. This involves additional supervised practice and training to gain expertise in a particular field of medicine.

• Clinical Practice

Graduates may choose to enter clinical practice, applying the knowledge and skills acquired during their PG program. This could involve working in hospitals, private clinics, or other healthcare settings.

• Research and Academia

Those interested in research and academia may explore opportunities in universities, research institutions, or medical schools. Engaging in research projects, publishing papers, and contributing to academic endeavours are common paths.

• Teaching and Training

Medical professionals with postgraduate qualifications often take on roles as educators, contributing to the training and education of medical students, residents, or junior doctors.

• Private Practice

Some medical professionals choose to establish private practices, offering specialised services to patients. This path requires considerations related to setting up and managing a private medical practice.

After a few years of practice, you become eligible for a PR or permanent residency. This allows you to relish the various perks of living as an Australian resident. Therefore, medical PG in Australia is a path that leads to endless opportunities. 

Why Pursue A Medical PG In Australia?

There are several exquisite perks of pursuing a medical PG in Australia, which include the following- 

• Global Recognition

Holding a PG qualification from Australia can enhance your professional standing and open doors to opportunities worldwide.

• Quality Education and Training

Australia is known for providing high-quality medical education and training. PG programs are designed to meet international standards, ensuring that graduates are well-equipped with the knowledge and skills required for clinical practice.

• Cutting-Edge Research and Technology

Australian medical institutions often engage in cutting-edge research and have access to advanced medical technologies. This exposure allows students to stay at the forefront of medical advancements.

• Diverse Clinical Exposure

Australia's healthcare system provides diverse clinical exposure, allowing medical professionals to gain experience in a variety of medical settings. This diversity is valuable for developing a well-rounded skill set.

• Quality of Life

Australia consistently ranks high in terms of quality of life. With a strong economy, excellent healthcare system, and beautiful landscapes, it offers an attractive living environment for international students.

• Opportunities for Migration

Completing a medical PG program in Australia may open avenues for migration. Australia has a points-based immigration system, and holding a recognised Australian qualification can contribute to meeting eligibility criteria for skilled migration.

All in all, completing a medical PG in Australia can open up opportunities for you, such as high-paying jobs, outstanding work opportunities, quality of life and prospects of permanent residency. 

Final Thoughts

Taking the AMC exam is mandatory for medical graduates who wish to pursue medical post-graduation or even set up medical practice in Australia. To ensure the process is smooth and free of roadblocks, it is important to have a guiding angel by your side. 

Academically helps global doctors prepare for the AMC exam and undertake the whole registration process with significant ease. Through online guidance and support, Academically, an online learning platform based in Australia helps global doctors realise their dreams of pursuing post-graduation in their preferred medical background.  

Fill up this form for a free one on one counselling session.

Sheenu Sharma

About the author.

Sheenu Sharma is a seasoned writer with several years of experience curating content in the EdTech and healthcare sectors. She believes in delivering information and facts to the readers by crafting compelling stories. Through the platform of Academically, she aims to help global healthcare professionals in their career aspirations and dreams!

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"By implementing routines in follow-up services for this group of patients it is possible to create optimal conditions for early detection. These routines include bowel preparation , but also the quality of the procedure, adaptation to genetic risk but also accommodating psychosocial needs among patients.

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Junior Doctor Found Dead In Uttarakhand Hostel, Family Alleges Harassment By Professors

Curated By : News Desk

Last Updated: May 23, 2024, 19:57 IST

Dehradun, India

The incident has sparked protests among PG doctors at the hospital premises, demanding justice for their colleague and highlighting the toxic work environment they face. (Image via X/@DoctorHussain96)

Divesh Garg, a 26-year-old first-year paediatric student at the Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences in Dehradun, was found lifeless on May 17, sparking allegations of harassment and toxic work conditions

A junior doctor at a private medical college and hospital in Uttarakhand died by suicide in his hostel room just days after his thesis was rejected by a professor.

Divesh Garg, a 26-year-old first-year paediatric student at the Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences in Dehradun, was found lifeless on May 17, sparking allegations of harassment and toxic work conditions.

Family members of the deceased allege that continuous harassment by his professors led him to take his own life.

His father, Ramesh Garg, recounted the distressing ordeal his son faced. He accused the professors and the college management of subjecting Divesh to unbearable pressure, including long working hours even when he was unwell and demands for bribes to pass his thesis.

“My son joined college in October 2023. A few days later, Utkarsh Sharma, Ashish Sethi, Bindu Agrawal and the management committee started harassing him. They made him work 36-hour shifts even with a 104-degree fever. My son told me, ‘Utkarsh Sharma rejected my thesis twice and demanded 500,000 rupees for passing. He insulted me in front of patients, and Bindu Agrawal mentally tortured me,” Ramesh Garg told news publication India Today .

His father revealed that his son had called him at 10 am on the morning of May 17, expressing distress. “Take me away, or I’ll commit suicide,” his son said.

“We assured him that we would come to get him the next day and urged him not to take any wrong step,” Ramesh disclosed.

Following Ramesh’s complaint, accusing Sharma, Sethi, Agrawal, and the college management committee of driving his son to suicide, the police have registered an FIR.

The college management has called for an impartial investigation into the matter and has formed an interim inquiry committee to look into the case.

The incident has sparked protests among PG doctors at the hospital premises, demanding justice for their colleague and highlighting the toxic work environment they face.

While speaking to the publication, a student from the Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences revealed how “the toxicity that took Divesh’s life involved working 20 hours a day.”

He adds, “There’s no time to eat. All PG students are suffering from this.”

A classmate of the victim said, “Divesh was very cheerful. He even worked with a 103-degree fever. The work culture was making him despondent. The last time I met him, he was not happy; he was crying and distressed.”

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‘A routine circus’: To get stipends, PG medical students lobby, move court

Despite NMC orders, medical colleges underpay resident doctors, threaten them into silence. In government colleges, they can be delayed for months.

Sheena Sachdeva | May 27, 2024 | 03:53 PM IST

NEW DELHI: No matter who runs the medical college, stipends are a problem for postgraduate medical students. Despite orders from the medical education regulator, National Medical Commission (NMC) and state bodies, private medical colleges continue to underpay resident doctors or, more perfidiously, force them to return a part of the amount after paying to square things with the regulations.

In public medical colleges, too, stipends are often way below standards set by the state and delayed by months.

For a brief period during the COVID-19 pandemic, resident doctors were able to wrangle better pay for themselves. Several states raised the stipends paid to medical interns and residents. But problems with stipend for PG medical students in India have persisted. Now, the residents and their associations across the country are demanding a common policy.

Also read ‘Bonded Labour’: Karnataka’s private medical college students in a fix over mandatory rural service

PG Medical Stipend: Private medical colleges

In early 2023, an NMC survey of close to 8,000 PG students revealed that 26% of students of private medical colleges were denied stipends and 42% said the amount was not at par with government colleges. Further, stipends of 1,228 students were taken back by the colleges.

In a private medical college in Udaipur, Rajasthan, resident doctors are receiving Rs. 20,000 as stipends – a quarter of what they are supposed to be paid. For junior residents, the stipends are supposed to be Rs. 80,000-82,000, Rs. 84,000 and Rs. 87,000 in the first, second and third years, respectively. Another private medical college, also in Udaipur, initially deposits the full stipend and then threatens residents into returning it, said a student, asking not to be named.

A similar instance was reported by Careers360 in Telangana in April 2023 and the problem still persists across private medical colleges in the state. Students in Medchal and Mahabubnagar, Telangana, said they haven’t received stipends for months.

“Despite multiple orders from the NMC and Telangana’s health ministry, no action has been taken yet,” said Bathula Venkata Durga Ashok, a first-year resident at a private medical college in Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad, which has allegedly not paid stipends since September last year. He is now planning to sue.

Also read NMC guidelines on fees for 50% seats in private medical colleges to be effective from next academic session

PG Medical Students Stipend: Government colleges

A third-year resident of a government medical college in Hyderabad said that private colleges take advantage of loopholes in the guidelines. “During NMC inspections, they ask for random resident’s bank statements to check if the colleges are crediting the stipends. So, colleges deposit the money at first to bring the transaction on paper, but later ask the residents to withdraw it through cheque and return it,” he explained. That said, his own stipend is delayed by months.

According to the Postgraduate Medical Education Regulations 2023, “The postgraduate students of the institutions which are located in various states/union territories shall be paid remuneration being paid to the Post Graduate students of state government medical institutions/central government medical institutions, in the state/union territory in which the institution is located.”

But in many government colleges, too, the stipends are a fraction of what’s paid in government medical colleges. In Telangana, for example, residents are entitled to Rs. 58,000 as stipend for junior residency, senior residency Rs 62,000 and final year residents are supposed to receive Rs 67,000.

But in several colleges, both public and private, students are paid as little as Rs 12,000-20,000 per month, said a resident from a private medical college in Telangana.

Multiple representations from Telangana Junior Doctors Association (T-JUDA) to the state health minister, medical council, and directorate of medical education have fallen on deaf ears. “We have asked students to ultimately move to court and we will be filing the case in high court soon,” said Harsha Gandhi, president of T-JUDA.

Also read ‘Either I clear FMGE or leave India’ : Foreign medical graduates trapped in vicious cycle

PG students threatened

According to some students, college administrations are threatening the residents. “Many students are afraid to speak against the stipend issue as they fear their degrees will get jeopardised. But the authorities will take the issue seriously only when more and more people speak up,” said Gandhi.

But few students do. In private medical colleges, 50% seats are under management quota where students secure admission by paying as much as Rs. 3-4 crore, amounts that only the most affluent families can afford.

Ashok explained: “Half of these students don’t ask for stipends because maybe they don’t need it. The rest who are in merit seats are threatened into not even mentioning it. Eventually, no one resists. If students ask for stipend, the colleges demand extra fees and credit the same amount in the students’ bank accounts.”

Last year, Healthcare Reforms Doctor’s Association (HRDA) had written to A Gopal Reddy, chairman of Telangana Admission and Fee Regulatory Committee (TAFRC), accusing private medical colleges of collecting excess fees. In February, the T-JUDA had written to the Telangana health minister, Cilarapu Damodar Raja Narasimha, apprising him of the issue.

Neither elicited any response.

Also read ‘Medical education needs ground-breaking reforms’: IMA students’ network head

Government Medical Colleges: Delayed stipend

In government medical colleges, even where stipends are as per set standards, they are delayed for months for many residents. A third- year resident at a government medical college, Hyderabad, informed Careers360 that his stipend has been delayed by close to three months. “The stipend for February came in April. The college authorities always have some excuse,” he said, adding that there have been delays since the first year.

T-JUDA members have to constantly follow-up with the department for monthly stipends.

“It’s a routine circus. Multiple consultations and representations to the director of medical education have been made and whenever we push them hard, a month’s stipend is released,” said Gandhi. The association is constantly trying to make sure every month the stipends are released on time.

Also read Zoram Medical College: Why Mizoram wants centre to take over its only medical college

PG stipends: Uniform policy, schedule

In Andhra Pradesh, after a group of students moved the high court, all stipends were released. An order was also passed which mandated the release of stipends like government employee salaries which are cleared every month on time.

“We have suggested a similar policy in Telangana. The stipends will be like regular salaries of state government employees. We have submitted the same document to the principal secretary of the health ministry as well,” said Gandhi.

In private medical colleges, students suffer in silence. “One of my friends had to sell his ancestral land to pursue medical education in a private medical college in Telangana. Many take loans or have families to look after,” stated a final-year resident of a government medical college.

Further, many residents have alleged corruption in both private colleges and NMC. “It’s like an open secret that everyone is aware of but no one speaks about,” said a resident who didn’t want to be named.

Students and their associations think a uniform policy, strictly enforced, is the way forward.

Dr Karan Juneja, national co-convenor, Indian Medical Association-Juniors Doctors Network (IMA-JDN) said, “The problem is that there is disparity in each state. A minimum of Rs. 50,000-60,000 should be paid to residents every month across the country. We are not asking for high stipends. It’s difficult for PG residents to survive without a stipend because many of them are married and have families to take care of. Residents not only work but also teach. Stipend is their right.”

Juneja suggested that city-wise stipends should be paid to residents. “If NMC can regulate and bring a uniform bond policy, then why not a uniform PG stipend policy?” he said.

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