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Master's in Medical Research Uppsala University Uppsala

Program details, minimum cost of living, requirements.

About Uppsala University:

Founded in 1477,  Uppsala University is a comprehensive research-intensive university with a strong international standing. Our ultimate goal is to conduct education and research of the highest quality and relevance to make a long-term difference in society. Our most important assets are all the individuals whose curiosity and dedication make Uppsala University one of Sweden’s most exciting workplaces.

About Sweden:

Sweden is one of the most educationally recognized places in the world. They continue to offer the opportunity for new beginnings and still cultivate ambition and drive within the students who choose Sweden as their country of choice.

About the city:

Uppsala is a modern city with a long history, known, among other things, for its two universities, its rich cultural life, its beautiful landscape and as the archbishopric within the Church of Sweden. It  is considered a key innovation city in which academia and a distinct business culture unite to create a fertile breeding ground for new ideas. 

Smerud Medical Research Sweden AB

Virdings Allé 32 B, SE-754 50 Uppsala, Sweden.

 +46 70 230 30 77

 +46 18 34 94 45

 [email protected]

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May 29, 2024

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Study finds women are vulnerable in post-war peace processes

by Uppsala University

Post-war peace processes are a dangerous period for women. Many are forced to live close to men who committed serious abuse during the war or are expected to testify in various types of truth commissions, which can be both retraumatizing and stigmatizing. These are the findings of a new study by peace researchers at Uppsala University, published in the journal PLOS ONE .

"In short, peace projects can force women to live side by side with ex-combatants who committed atrocities during the war. This puts them at risk of further threat and violence," explains Karen Brounéus, professor of peace and conflict research at Uppsala University.

Together with colleagues at Uppsala University, the Center for Social Change in Nepal and the University of Colombo in Sri Lanka, she has in a new study examined how peace processes in former conflict-hit areas in Sri Lanka and Nepal have affected women and men. The two countries were chosen because they have been at peace for similar lengths of time, but are very different in other respects. For example, they experienced different types of conflicts, but most importantly, the two conflicts ended in very different ways, which fundamentally affected the peace processes.

In Nepal, the conflict ended with a negotiated peace agreement; in Sri Lanka, the government army defeated the rebel group in a very brutal way. The survey was conducted in the form of a household survey , with over 1,000 people in Nepal and 1,000 people in Sri Lanka participating.

In Nepal, respondents were selected from districts affected to varying degrees by the conflict; in Sri Lanka, respondents were selected to ensure a variety in ethnic backgrounds. In both countries, half the respondents were women and half were men.

Participants were asked about their war experiences, attitudes towards ex-combatants and different types of peace initiatives. The results show clear differences between women and men in their attitudes towards peace-building measures that affect everyday life , with women being more negative than men. However, there is no significant difference in how men and women view processes that take place far away from everyday life, at the elite level.

"For women, a peace agreement does not always mean peace and security. Previous research shows that domestic violence increases during and after war, and that many of the methods used for peace-building pose risks to women," says Brounéus.

"For example, in truth commissions, which are often set up under pressure from the international community, the process of testifying about war crimes can be retraumatizing. In addition, if the testimonies relate to conflict-related sexual violence, this can also lead to the woman being stigmatized. It is therefore not surprising that women in our study have more negative attitudes towards peace initiatives that affect everyday security."

She emphasizes that the results should not be interpreted as women being against peace or not working for peace. On the contrary, previous research has shown that globally, women play a crucial role in both initiating and driving various forms of peace-building.

"Unfortunately, women are rarely part of designing the peace agreement and their safety is not a political priority after war. There is great potential for improvement here, if the international community and the UN were to start making more space for women's perspectives. Research also shows that peace agreements are more sustainable when more voices and perspectives are heard," adds Brounéus.

Journal information: PLoS ONE

Provided by Uppsala University

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May 31, 2024

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Mediterranean diet tied to one-fifth lower risk of death in women

by Brigham and Women’s Hospital

Investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital have identified and assessed underlying mechanisms that may explain the Mediterranean diet's 23% reduction in all-cause mortality risk for American women.

The health benefits of the Mediterranean diet have been reported in multiple studies, but there is limited long-term data of its effects in U.S. women and little understanding about why the diet may reduce the risk of death. In a new study that followed more than 25,000 initially healthy U.S. women for up to 25 years, researchers from Brigham and Women's Hospital found that participants who had greater Mediterranean diet intake had up to 23% lower risk of all-cause mortality, with benefits for both cancer mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

The researchers found evidence of biological changes that may help explain why: They detected changes in biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, insulin resistance and more. Results are published in JAMA .

"For women who want to live longer, our study says watch your diet. The good news is that following a Mediterranean dietary pattern could result in about one quarter reduction in risk of death over more than 25 years with benefit for both cancer and cardiovascular mortality, the top causes of death in women (and men) in the US and globally," said senior author Samia Mora, MD, a cardiologist and the director of the Center for Lipid Metabolomics at the Brigham.

The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based diverse diet that is rich in plants (nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes). The main fat is olive oil (usually extra virgin), and the diet additionally includes moderate intake of fish, poultry, dairy, eggs, and alcohol, and rare consumption of meats, sweets, and processed foods.

The current study investigated the long-term benefit of adherence to a Mediterranean diet in a U.S. population recruited as part of the Women's Health Study, and explored the biological mechanisms that may explain the diet's health benefits. The study investigators evaluated a panel of approximately 40 biomarkers representing various biological pathways and clinical risk factors.

Biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation made the largest contribution, followed by triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, adiposity, insulin resistance. Other biological pathways related to branched-chain amino acids, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, glycemic measures, and hypertension make smaller contributions.

"Our research provides significant public health insight: even modest changes in established risk factors for metabolic diseases—particularly those linked to small molecule metabolites, inflammation, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, obesity, and insulin resistance —can yield substantial long-term benefits from following a Mediterranean diet. This finding underscores the potential of encouraging healthier dietary habits to reduce the overall risk of mortality," said lead author Shafqat Ahmad, Ph.D., an associate professor of Epidemiology at Uppsala University Sweden and a researcher in the Center for Lipid Metabolomics and the Division of Preventive Medicine at the Brigham.

The current study identifies important biological pathways that may help explain all-cause mortality risk. However, the authors note some key limitations, including that the study was limited to middle-aged and older well-educated female health professionals who were predominantly non-Hispanic and white. The study relied on food-frequency questionnaires and other self-reported measures, such as height, weight and blood pressure. But the study's strengths include its large scale and long follow-up period.

The authors also note that as the concept of the Mediterranean diet has gained popularity, the diet has been adapted in different countries and cultures—but changes to the traditional diet could change its influence on health.

"The health benefits of the Mediterranean diet are recognized by medical professionals, and our study offers insights into why the diet may be so beneficial. Public health policies should promote the healthful dietary attributes of the Mediterranean diet and should discourage unhealthy adaptations," said Mora.

In addition to Ahmad and Mora, Brigham authors include M. Vinayaga Moorthy, I-Min Lee, Paul M. Ridker, JoAnn E. Manson, Julie E. Buring, and Olga V. Demler.

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New Research Shows Women Are Vastly Undertreated for Heart Disease Compared to Men

Kristen Fischer is a journalist who has covered health news for more than a decade. Her work has appeared in outlets like Healthline, Prevention, and HealthDay.

• Older women with heart disease are less likely to be treated with cholesterol-lowering drugs than men.
• Regardless of gender, guidelines suggest adults should try taking a statin, or should take a statin with another cholesterol-lowering medication, to manage or prevent heart disease.
• It's not clear why the disparity exists, but experts say it could have something to do with women being more reluctant to take statins over side effect concerns.

Women are less likely than men to receive cholesterol-lowering drugs that could protect their health, according to a new study.

Specifically, as compared to older men, older women with heart disease aren’t treated as often with statins or other cholesterol-lowering medications, despite the fact that the treatment is recommended for both genders.

The new research also found that women are less likely to be prescribed both statins and ezetimibe, another cholesterol-lowering drug if statins alone aren’t helping.

The findings were presented at a European Society of Cardiology (ESC) conference in April, but have not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

“While this is not the first study to show sex disparities in statin therapy, the first important thing to note is that despite studies showing this again and again, the problem is not getting better,” said Alexander Turchin, MD , associate professor of diabetes, endocrinology, and hypertension at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

“We need to urgently understand why this is happening and how we can serve our female patients better,” he told Health .

Here’s what experts had to say about the new research, why gender disparities persist in heart disease care, and how to best protect your health.

dragana991 / Getty Images

Proven Treatments for Heart Disease, But Fewer Women Use Them

People with a specific type of heart disease called coronary artery disease often have elevated LDL cholesterol levels , putting them at high risk for heart attacks. Because of this, these patients can usually benefit from taking some kind of cholesterol-lowering drug.

For people who can tolerate them, statins are usually a go-to treatment and work by reducing the amount of LDL cholesterol in the blood. If statins alone don’t help someone get to optimal levels, patients are usually encouraged to add another cholesterol-lowering drug called ezetimibe to their treatment plan. Target levels for LDL cholesterol are the same for men and women.

Though these guidelines are clear, this new research suggests a gap in treatment for women with heart disease.

Researchers from Sweden looked at 1,037 men and 415 women who were diagnosed with coronary artery disease between 2012 and 2020. The male and female participants were, on average, 68 years old and 70 years old, respectively. None of them had experienced a heart attack.

The research team followed up with participants three years after their diagnosis and found that 54% of women were using cholesterol-lowering drugs, as compared to 74% of men. And just 5% of women were taking a statin and ezetimibe, while 8% of men were taking both medications.

Additionally, this research found “that the sex disparity increases with time, with more women than men discontinuing statin therapy,” Turchin explained.

Across all ages, medication usage was highest after people were diagnosed, but it went down over the following years—and the dip was most profound in women.

For instance, 65% of women under 60 were taking cholesterol-lowering drugs the week after their diagnosis. Three years later, only 52% were still taking their medication. For men under 60, medication usage was much more stable—79% were taking it immediately after diagnosis, and 78% still were years later.

Overall, men were more apt than women to reach their LDL cholesterol targets.

“Our findings should be a wake-up call about the undertreatment of women with heart disease,” Nina Johnston, MD, PhD , study author and researcher from Uppsala University in Sweden, said in a press release . “Equal prescribing practices are needed so that women receive all recommended therapies and are protected from adverse outcomes.”

A Pervasive Issue for Women with Heart Disease

This new research follows a long line of studies that have found treatment disparities between men and women with heart disease.

Over two decades ago, Michael Miller, MD , professor of cardiovascular medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and Penn Medicine, similarly found that women’s treatment for heart disease lagged behind significantly.

“The new study extends these findings by including non-statin therapies (such as ezetimibe), that were not available when our study was done,” Miller told Health.

More recently, a 2019 report noted 67% of women were on a statin compared to about 78% of men. That same study showed about 19% of the women said they hadn’t previously been offered a statin compared to roughly 14% of men. Women were also more likely to decline statins and were less likely to agree that they drugs were safe and effective.

Additionally, a 2023 study found that, among older adults with high cardiovascular risk, women were less likely to start statin therapy. Yet another trial showed that fewer women achieved their LDL cholesterol and blood pressure goals when researchers compared therapies.

Why Are Women Less Likely to Be Treated for Heart Disease?

Johnston told Health that her team is investigating why these disparities exist, and that further research is needed.

One possible explanation, Johnston said, is that women may be less likely to undergo a revascularization process, or receive a stent. These patients are always evaluated by cardiologists, and tend to have higher usage rates of cholesterol-lowering drugs, especially as compared to patients who are only treated by primary care doctors, she explained.

Concerns about side effects could be another driver of these disparities, experts agreed. For one, Johnston said, “more women than men report side effects of statins.”

Hearing stories about these side effects—which include muscle aches , fatigue, headache, and more—could make some women afraid to try the drugs, Turchin explained.

Some women may believe that supplements can work better, or that statins have devastating side effects, “neither of which are true except in very rare circumstances,” Miller added.

Another reason why women may hesitate: They typically develop heart disease at an older age than men do, and may be reluctant to add another medication to their routine, said Turchin.

“Older people are generally the most likely to get a heart attack or a stroke,” he added. “They need more protection from them, not less.”

Taking Charge of Your Heart Health

Determining whether you need statins or other cholesterol-lowering medications depends on each individual.

U.S. guidelines recommend doctors prescribe statins to anyone ages 40 to 75 who has a higher risk of a cardiovascular disease and at least one risk factor for heart disease, such as diabetes or hypertension .

“Statins should be started once a diagnosis of coronary artery disease is made, or earlier in patients at high cardiovascular risk,” said Johnston.

If you’re concerned about how gender may be impacting your care, Miller suggested asking your healthcare provider to confirm that women should be getting the same treatment for heart disease as men. If the provider is unclear, seek out a different doctor, he said.

It’s also important that physicians take concerns about statin side effects seriously. If it means more women take the drugs, it may be helpful for doctors to slowly increase medication doses in female patients over time, Johnston explained.

“The importance of statin treatment in coronary artery disease needs to be explained to all patients, but especially women who appear to be more skeptical as to the benefits,” she said.

European Society of Cardiology. Women with heart disease are less likely to receive life-saving drugs than men .

US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement . JAMA . 2022;328(8):746-753. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.13044

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. What is atherosclerosis?

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Coronary heart disease: treatment .

National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus.  How to take statins .

Hao Q, Aertgeerts B, Guyatt G, et al. PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe for the reduction of cardiovascular events: a clinical practice guideline with risk-stratified recommendations . BMJ . 2022;377:e069066. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069066

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About cholesterol .

Miller M, Byington R, Hunninghake D, Pitt B, Furberg CD. Sex bias and underutilization of lipid-lowering therapy in patients with coronary artery disease at academic medical centers in the United States and Canada. Prospective randomized evaluation of the vascular effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) Investigators .  Arch Intern Med . 2000;160(3):343-347. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.3.343

Nanna MG, Wang TY, Xiang Q, et al. Sex differences in the use of statins in community practice .  Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2019;12(8):e005562. doi:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.118.005562

Brown CJ, Chang LS, Hosomura N, et al. Assessment of sex disparities in nonacceptance of statin therapy and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among patients at high cardiovascular risk .  JAMA Netw Open . 2023;6(2):e231047. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1047

Reynolds HR, Cyr DD, Merz CNB, et al. Sex differences in revascularization, treatment goals, and outcomes of patients with chronic coronary disease: Insights from the ISCHEMIA Trial .  J Am Heart Assoc . 2024;13(5):e029850. doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.029850

Russ MA, Wackerl C, Zeymer U, et al.  Gender based differences in drug eluting stent implantation - data from the German ALKK registry suggest underuse of DES in elderly women .  BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2017;17(1):68. doi:10.1186/s12872-017-0500-y

National Health Service. Statins: side effects .

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