future of pakistan short essay in urdu

The Future of Pakistan

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With each passing day, Pakistan becomes an even more crucial player in world affairs. Home of the world’s second-largest Muslim population, epicenter of the global jihad, location of perhaps the...

With each passing day, Pakistan becomes an even more crucial player in world affairs. Home of the world’s second-largest Muslim population, epicenter of the global jihad, location of perhaps the planet’s most dangerous borderlands, and armed with nuclear weapons, this South Asian nation will go a long way toward determining what the world looks like ten years from now. The Future of Pakistan presents and evaluates several scenarios for how the country will develop, evolve, and act in the near future, as well as the geopolitical implications of each.

Led by renowned South Asia expert Stephen P. Cohen, a team of authoritative contributors looks at several pieces of the Pakistan puzzle. The book begins with Cohen’s broad yet detailed overview of Pakistan, placing it within the context of current-day geopolitics and international economics. Cohen’s piece is then followed by a number of shorter, more tightly focused essays addressing more specific issues of concern.

Cohen’s fellow contributors hail from America, Europe, India, and Pakistan itself, giving the book a uniquely international and comparative perspective. They address critical factors such as the role and impact of radical groups and militants, developments in specific key regions such as Punjab and the rugged frontier with Afghanistan, and the influence of—and interactions with—India, Pakistan’s archrival since birth. The book also breaks down relations with other international powers such as China and the United States. The all-important military and internal security apparatus come under scrutiny, as do rapidly morphing social and gender issues. Political and party developments are examined along with the often amorphous division of power between Islamabad and the nation’s regions and local powers.

Uncertainty about Pakistan’s trajectory persists. The Future of Pakistan helps us understand the current circumstances, the relevant actors and their motivation, the critical issues at hand, the different outcomes they might produce, and what it all means for Pakistanis, Indians, the United States, and the entire world.

Praise for the work of Stephen P. Cohen

The Idea of Pakistan : “The intellectual power and rare insight with which Cohen breaks through the complexity of the subject rivals that of classics that have explained other societies posting a comparable challenge to understanding.”— Middle East Journal

India: Emerging Power : “In light of the events of September 11, 2001, Cohen’s perceptive, insightful, and balanced account of emergent India will be essential reading for U.S. foreign policymakers, scholars, and informed citizens.”— Choice

Related Books

Stephen P. Cohen

April 12, 2016

Bruce Riedel

January 17, 2012

September 21, 2004

Stephen P. Cohen is a senior fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. Long considered one of America's foremost experts on South Asia, he is the author of several influential books on the region, including The Idea of Pakistan and India: Emerging Power (both Brookings). He is also coauthor with Sunil Dasgupta of Arming without Aiming: India's Military Modernization (Brookings, 2010).

English in Pakistan: Past, Present and Future

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English is in a great paradox in Pakistan. It helps young Pakistanis climb up the social ladder easily but it also prevents others from doing so or, at least, proves to be the biggest impediment in their path. Most people, even in urban areas, know only a few words of English but cannot understand or hold sustained conversation in the language. However, in elite society people speak English spontaneously and naturally not to impress the native speaker of the language but as a matter of habit. So far, it is the language in which the state apparatus functions at the highest level. The judgments of the superior judiciary are in English as are the orders of the government. The officer corps of the armed forces functions in English. In the universities, think tanks, NGOs and newspapers English is the main language of employment. In short, English is the most important elite language, the language of power, in Pakistan. This chapter presents a diachronic (historical) analysis of the roles and functions of English that shape up modern Pakistan. It looks into the ways in which people of different generations have used English and what the future holds for English in Pakistan.

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Rahman, T. (2020). English in Pakistan: Past, Present and Future. In: Giri, R.A., Sharma, A., D'Angelo, J. (eds) Functional Variations in English. Multilingual Education, vol 37. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52225-4_9

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Punjab and Pakistan / آزادی مبارک ہو Posted by Rachael on Aug 15, 2018 in Uncategorized

With our world today so defined by national boundaries ( قومی سرحدیں/qaumi sarhaden, fem. pl. noun ) that we have come to perceive as rigid and existent from time immemorial, it is difficult to conceive of a time when such boundaries existed only in the imaginations of a few and most people’s lives and perspectives ( نظریہ/nazariya, masc. ) were not defined by arbitrary designations of border and nationality ( قومیت/qaumiyat, fem. ). Prior to the Independence ( آزادی/aazaadi, fem. noun; آزاد/free, adj. ) of India and Pakistan from British Rule at midnight on the 14th and 15th of August, 1947, the Indian and Pakistani states of Punjab that we now recognize were one broad swath of territory that today, as two distinct states that are part of different countries, still share rich linguistic and cultural elements.

The border closing ceremony at the Wagah border; image by Arian Zwegers on Flickr, licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Now, as we approach the celebration of the Independence Days of Pakistan and India, on August 14th and 15th, respectively, it may be prudent to reflect on the brutal history ( تاریخ/taarikh, fem. ) that accompanied these days, often greeted with merriment today. It is difficult to conceive of the vast numbers of people who experienced displacement and violence due to Partition ( تقسیم/taqseem, fem. ). Essentially, over 14 million people were displaced according to their religion, which created a refugee catastrophe the likes of which it is difficult to comprehend, even today; people were desperate and terrified, not knowing what would happen from one day to the next, which resulted in widespread violence against people who were once beloved neighbors, but who were now construed as enemies based on a difference in faith ( مذہب/mazhab, masc. ).

The province of Punjab was particularly vulnerable to such violence and instability as it was home to a mostly Muslim population ( آبادی/aabaadi, fem. ) in its Western regions and a mostly Sikh and Hindu population in the East; in order to comply with the creation of Pakistan as a majority Muslim state and India as a secular one, Sikhs and Hindus living in the Western ( مغربی/magribee, adj.; مغرب/magrib, noun ) regions felt they should migrate to the East to ensure their safety, and the same was true for Muslims living in the Eastern ( پوربی/poorbi, adj.; پورب/poorab, noun ) regions.

Unfortunately, the governments ( سرکار/sarkaar, masc. ) of both countries ( دیش/desh, masc. ) were extremely ill-equipped to deal with this massive refugee crisis and the violence that accompanied it, resulting in a chaotic environment in which the rule of law, even if applicable, seemed irrelevant. Later, the eastern part of Punjab, now an Indian state, was further divided into what are now the states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Despite the divisions sown amongst people who were once neighbors ( پڑوسی/parosi, masc. and fem. ) due to political propaganda and the fear and uncertainty prevalent at the time, culture and language are strong unifiers and are thus capable of crossing even religious ( مذہبی/mazhabee ) and national boundaries.

Image by Umair Khan on Flickr, licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Evidence of this can be found today in popular culture, particularly music, such as in the following song, “Ki Banu Duniya Da” (“What has happened to the world/What has become of the world?” /  دنیا کو کیا ہو ا) that featured on Coke Studio India’s “Independence day” special, in which the Punjabi singers ( گایک/gaayak, masc. ) Gurdas Maan and Diljit Dosanjh bemoan the loss of South Asian traditions in the face of modernity and Westernization, including the hegemony of English as the global lingua franca to the detriment of South Asian languages ( زبان/zabaan, fem. ) like Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu. Interestingly, for this Independence Day special, Maan wrote additional verses to this traditional song ( گانا/gaanaa, masc. ) to express the sense of loss and cultural deterioration that the otherwise-joyous occasion of Independence Day leads one to reflect on.

Regarding Punjab and Pakistan, he sings that “this deal is not profitable for us,” ( سودا/saudaa, masc. ) referring to “Partition” as a sort of “business deal” that was not beneficial to the people it chiefly impacted: Indians and Pakistanis. He then refers to the Rivers Chenab ( چناب ), Ravi ( راوی ) and Sutlej ( ستلج ) as siblings ( بھاٴی بہن/bhaai behen ), once connected by geography as they traverse the Indian and Pakistani borders, but now separated by political dictates. He sings, “River Chenab often asks her sister River Ravi / How is my dear brother River Sutlej?” reflecting not only the division of the landscape but the sense of loss and estrangement felt by close neighbors and friends ( دوست/dost, masc. and fem. ) who, despite their mutual love for one another, were divided along religious lines by Partition. Concluding this section on Partition, the singer laments the fact that the “road to Peshawar is now distant and inaccessible” where previously it had been easier to reach this region. Moreover, he sings that “at the Wagah border / I look for those paths that once existed to Lahore, but sadly aren’t there anymore,” again expressing a division of the landscape that materially and negatively affects people’s lives on both sides of the border.

A few of the millions displaced by Partition; image by Dr. Ghulam Nabi Kazi on Flickr, licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

Although this division between the Pakistani and Indian sides of Punjab became law ( قانون/qanoon, masc. ), it could not stop the flow of culture and communication between remarkably similar people who had once peacefully coexisted. In fact, it is evident today that these two regions, despite national boundaries, cannot be completely separated due to the congruity of culture and language between them. In Pakistan today, about 44.7% of the population identifies as being part of the Punjabi ethnic group and another 48% of the population speaks Punjabi natively, far more than those who claim Urdu as a first or even second language (those who claim Urdu as a first language are at a mere 8%). Clearly, almost half of the population identifies strongly with Punjabi culture and language and that is further in evidence with the fact that many popular Pakistani songs are in Punjabi (such as those featured on Coke Studio Pakistan) and Punjabi is written both in the Gurmukhi script and the Nast’aliq ( نستعلیق )  script, the same script in which Urdu is written. As we can see here, language and culture are not subject to arbitrary political edicts that dictate national borders but are remarkable travelers ( مسافر/musaafir, masc. ), able to exist in many climes easily as long as the people who speak and practice them remain devoted to preserving them.

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About the Author: Rachael

नमस्ते, मेरा नाम रेचल है/السلام علیکم، میرا نام ریچل ہے۔ Hello, my name is Rachael, but I also on occasion go by Richa––an interesting story for another time :) My two great loves are Hindi and Urdu. I first traveled to India (Jaipur, Rajasthan) in college on a Hindi study abroad program. A little over a year later, I returned to the same city to study Hindi in a yearlong program. I've also spent a summer in Kolkata, West Bengal learning Bengali, and I studied Urdu at the University of California, Berkeley, where I was a graduate student in South Asian Studies. I hope to share with you the fascinating world of Hindi and Urdu literature, society, culture and film through my blogs!

Democracy in Pakistan Essay with Quotations

by Pakiology | Apr 24, 2024 | Essay | 1 comment

Explore the evolution, challenges, and progress of democracy in Pakistan in this in-depth essay . Gain insights into the nation’s rich history, the influence of the military, the pervasive issue of corruption, and the role of civil society in shaping Pakistan’s democratic landscape.

Title: The Evolution of Democracy in Pakistan: Challenges, Progress, and Prospects for the Future

Introduction.

Pakistan, a country characterized by its rich and diverse history, has embarked on a tumultuous journey in pursuit of democracy. Overcoming numerous obstacles, its citizens have tenaciously defended their democratic rights and worked diligently to forge a more equitable society. In this comprehensive essay, we delve into the current state of democracy in Pakistan, recognizing its historical context, addressing the persistent challenges it confronts, highlighting the progress made, and considering the prospects for the future.

The Historical Landscape

Democracy, at its core, is a system of government grounded in the principle of representation, allowing citizens to actively participate in decision-making processes that impact their lives. Regrettably, the implementation of democracy in Pakistan has been marred by a series of military coups and periods of martial law, intermittently disrupting its democratic trajectory. Despite these adversities, Pakistan now operates as a federal parliamentary republic with a president and prime minister at the helm.

The Military’s Influence: A Persistent Challenge

A major impediment to democracy in Pakistan has been the enduring influence of the military on the political landscape. Pakistan’s history is replete with instances of military interventions in civilian governance, including several coups and martial law declarations. This persistent interference not only undermines democratic principles but also erodes public trust in the democratic system. Additionally, intelligence agencies have faced accusations of wielding substantial influence in the political sphere, further eroding democratic institutions and processes.

Corruption as a Hindrance: A Deep-Seated Issue

Another significant challenge is the pervasiveness of corruption within Pakistan. Corruption has become deeply ingrained in the country, with numerous politicians and government officials implicated in embezzlement and bribery. This deeply rooted issue corrodes the legitimacy of the democratic process and erodes public trust in the government. The adverse effects of corruption are most acutely felt by marginalized communities, who suffer from a lack of essential public services and resources.

The Resilience of Democratic Aspirations: Signs of Progress

Despite these formidable challenges, the citizens of Pakistan persistently strive to defend their democratic rights and fortify democratic institutions. In recent years, the country has seen a notable rise in the number of civil society organizations dedicated to advocating for transparency, accountability, and the promotion of awareness regarding democratic rights and freedoms. Additionally, the media has played a pivotal role in promoting democratic values and holding the government accountable for its actions.

The Role of Civil Society

Civil society organizations have emerged as vital agents of change in Pakistan’s democratic landscape. They tirelessly work to bridge the gap between the government and the governed, acting as watchdogs for accountability and transparency. Through advocacy, awareness campaigns, and public mobilization, these organizations have managed to shine a spotlight on the pressing issues of democracy and governance in Pakistan. Their activities range from monitoring elections to exposing corruption and advocating for the rule of law.

Media as the Fourth Estate

The media in Pakistan has undergone a transformational journey, evolving into a vibrant fourth estate that plays a crucial role in promoting democratic values. While media outlets often grapple with challenges such as censorship and intimidation, they continue to serve as a check on government power and a forum for diverse voices. Investigative journalism has uncovered corruption scandals, challenged authoritarianism, and provided a platform for citizens to engage in political discourse.

In conclusion, democracy in Pakistan remains an imperfect yet indispensable system, despite the numerous setbacks and challenges it has encountered. The people of Pakistan ardently safeguard their democratic rights, and the fortification of democratic institutions and processes is pivotal for the nation’s future. The enduring challenges posed by military influence, corruption, and public mistrust can only be surmounted through persistent efforts and sustained citizen engagement in the democratic process. As Pakistan continues its journey towards a more robust democracy, the world watches with hope and anticipation, recognizing the nation’s potential to overcome its challenges and achieve democratic excellence. The path may be long and arduous, but the resilience and determination of Pakistan’s people offer a promising outlook for the future of democracy in the country.

Quotes Related to Democracy

Here are a few quotes related to democracy and its challenges in Pakistan:

“A society that puts equality before freedom will get neither. A society that puts freedom before equality will get a high degree of both.” – Milton Friedman, Economist

“The greatest threat to democracy is not the enemies from without, but the enemies from within.” – Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States

“I believe that the real solution to the problems facing Pakistan lies in true democracy and the rule of law.” – Imran Khan, Former Prime Minister of Pakistan

“The price of freedom is eternal vigilance.” – John Philpot Curran, Irish Orator and Statesman.

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Sir you have used a lot of bitter words in this essay which are enough to awake a nation.😭😭😭😭 But It’s reality I think inshallah one day we will achieve that original democracy which will prevent our basic rights and our motherland…..

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Education System in Pakistan پاکستان کا نظام تعلیم

What does the constitution of Pakistan say about education?

• What are the flaws in the education system in Pakistan?
• How do corruption and political instability affect education?
• What is the ranking of Pakistan in terms of the out of school population?

Constitutionally, free and compulsory education is the fundamental right of all Pakistanis. It is the responsibility of the state to educate the children of the ages of 5 to 16 year. The article 25-A of the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan reads:

“The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be determined by law.”

The present education system is replete with flaws and loopholes. For the fulfilment of its responsibility of educating the public, the government needs a strong and effective education system which can deliver the desired results.

The Education System in Pakistan:

Currently, a six-tier education system in running in Pakistan which consists of the following levels:

• Pre-school – children aged 3 to 5 years
• Primary Education – grades/classes 1 through 5
• Middle/Elementary Education – grades/classes 6 through 8
• High/Secondary Education – grades/classes 9 and 10 (leading to Secondary School Certificate or SSC)
• Intermediate/Higher Secondary Education – grades/classes 11 and 12 (leading to Higher Secondary School Certificate or HSSC)
• University Education – undergraduate, graduate, master and doctorate degrees.

Both the federal and the provincial governments are entitled to run and oversee the literacy programs in the country. The educations running under the central and provincial governments are scattered across the country.

Education System in Pakistan Issues and Problems:

Despite the introduction and implementation of around two dozen policies and plans, the education system in Pakistan is facing numerous issues and problems of grave nature. The literacy rate is still below 60% (2016) which puts a question mark on the effectiveness of the learning infrastructure in the country.

Some of the major education system in Pakistan issues and problems are listed below:

Low Budget Allocation:

Pakistan is one of the countries in the world with lowest budgetary allocation for education. She spends only 2% of its national GDP on education. Consequently, millions of children are out of school in the country, i.e. they are deprived of their fundamental (constitutional) right to free and compulsory education. So, the budgetary allocation for education should be increased from 2 to 7 percent.

Corruption:

While the budget for education is already insufficient, the corrupt elements in the management structure further aggravate the situation by filling their pockets through illegitimate means. So, corruption can be regarded as one of the major factors contributing to the failure of educational policies in Pakistan.

Read More: What is Corruption in Urdu and English

Political Instability:

The unstable political environment also affects the efficiency of education system in Pakistan. Political agitations pose hindrance to the implementation of government policies for improving the standard and quality of learning.

Terrorism and Insecurity:

In the recent past, the country has witnessed a wave of inhuman terrorist attacks on the educational institutions. For example, in the years from 2009 to 2013, as many as 642 attacks were launched by the enemies of education and of humanity. So, the parents feel reluctant to send their children to school. On the other hand, the school going children have to study in an insecure and fearful environment which affects the quality of education.

Untrained Teachers:

As less educated and untrained teachers are employed in the schools, they are unable to impart a good quality education to the students.

Lack of Check and Balance:

The lack of proper check and balance promotes negligent behavior on the part of the administrators, educationists and the educators. If the individuals shirking from their responsibilities are brought to book, the education system in Pakistan can significantly be improved.

Poor Infrastructure:

The poor infrastructure, poorly equipped classrooms and debilitating learning environment make major contribution to the inability and failure of education system in Pakistan to deliver the desired results.

Though the government has launched educational reforms to make the education totally free for the children from poor backgrounds, poverty is still a big hindrance on the way to education. The poor parents prefer making their children economic supporters of the family rather than sending them to schools.

Other education in Pakistan issues and problems include unequal standards of education in the public and private section institutions, lack of technical education, regional disparity, unequal educational opportunities for male and female students, and so on.

Facts about Education System in Pakistan:

• Did you know Pakistan has been ranked as one of the top English speaking nations in the world?
• Around 50% Pakistanis have command over the English language.
• While literacy rate in the Federal Capital, Islamabad, is 87%, only around 9.5% of tribal area females are literate.
• According to a survey conducted in 2016, the literacy rate in Pakistan is 58%.
• The Pakistani universities produce about 445,000 graduates every year.
• Did you known Pakistan has been listed among the countries with the lowest literacy rate?
• The country has the second largest out of the school population (of children) after Nigeria.
• Only 1 in 3 women in Pakistan can read and write.
• According to the findings of Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey 2004-5, only 7 percent of girls in the rural areas of Baluchistan are literate.
• The UN World Population Revision 2004 suggests Pakistan will become the 4th largest country by population by 2050.
• As many as 642 terrorist attacks were launched on educational institutions in Pakistan from 2009 to 2013.
• Spending just 2% of her national GDP on education, Pakistan is listed among the countries with the lowest educational budgets. (2004)

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Bombay heart, Urdu ink: A guide to reading Saadat Hasan Manto

In 1948, Urdu writer Saadat Hasan Manto boarded a ship from Bombay (now Mumbai) for the newly created nation of Pakistan.

His wife and daughters had already relocated, but in an essay written years later, Manto would recall that his decision to leave his favourite city behind had been sudden, provoked by the simmering tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the wake of the Indian subcontinent’s Partition.

Manto would never return to the country of his birth, but on his death in Lahore in 1955 at the young age of 43, he had left behind a body of work that unflinchingly captured the horror and madness of that defining period, establishing his legacy as a bold chronicler of the Partition era.

In a rare instance of a writer getting his due on India’s silver screen, Manto’s life has inspired a new biopic, directed by Nandita Das, which opens in cinemas today (Sept. 21). Coming a few years after a Pakistani film on him, Das’s movie is an opportunity to rediscover the master storyteller who’s been compared to Guy de Maupassant, Anton Chekhov, and even F Scott Fitzgerald.

Manto was born in what is now the Indian state of Punjab on May 11, 1912, to a middle-class Kashmiri family. A disinterested student and college drop-out, he started out translating Russian and French literature into Urdu at the urging of a friend, who eventually convinced him to start writing his own stories. Later, Manto would work as an underpaid film journalist and screenwriter in Bombay, where he lived until Partition tore India apart.

In his over 250 stories, plays, and essays, though, Manto captured much more than the violence of 1947. He wrote frankly about sex and desire, prostitutes and alcoholics, drawing protests from conservative critics who labelled his work pornographic. He was tried for obscenity several times, and six of his stories were banned, the first three in colonial-era India, and the rest in Pakistan. But decades later, these stories would be among those that established his reputation as one of India and Pakistan’s greatest writers.

Wondering where to start with Manto? Here’s Quartz’s handy guide:

Manto on Bombay

Manto arrived in Bombay in 1936 to work for the film weekly Mussawar , and the city quickly became what he described as his “second home,” a place he would write about in countless stories and long for after he moved to Pakistan.

“That piece of land had offered shelter to a family reject and it had said to me, ‘You can be happy here on two pennies a day or on ten thousand rupees a day, if you wish,” he wrote in a letter to readers, published in the appendix of a short-story collection in 1952.

Life in Bombay wasn’t easy as Manto started out on a salary of Rs40 a month and often had to sleep in the office. Even when he began working for the film industry, money was scarce, and as he describes in the endearing essay  The Story of my Wedding ( published in Why I Write , edited and translated by Aakar Patel )  it took all kinds of luck to make things work in the maximum city. But after he moved to Lahore, his nostalgia for Bombay inspired some of his best stories, which he set in a city peopled by prostitutes and pimps, aspiring actors, and migrant workers.

For a trip back to an unfiltered Bombay seen through Manto’s eyes, start with  Bombay Stories . 

Manto on Bollywood

The film industry was a big part of Manto’s life in Bombay, and he would even write several successful movies while working for Filmistan, a company set up by friends he had made at the famous Bombay Talkies.

The film world also features in  Bombay Stories , but some of his most fascinating pieces about the industry were non-fiction. In the gossipy collection  Stars from Another Sky , translated by Khalid Hasan, Manto takes the reader behind-the-scenes with some of the biggest names in 1940s Hindi cinema, including Ashok Kumar and Nargis, and captures a time now long gone in Bombay.

The most poignant piece of them all is titled  Shyam: Krishna’s Flute.  It was written after the tragic death of Manto’s close friend , an actor whose grand romances, heavy drinking, and various highjinks are fondly remembered. The story also captures the mounting communal tensions in post-independence Bombay, and the sudden spark that prompts Manto to quit the city, and India, for good.

Manto on Partition

Manto’s brilliant and best-known short story,  Toba Tek Singh,  in which the Hindu and Muslim inmates of a lunatic asylum contend with the Partition of India, is only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to his incisive writing on the events of 1947. In numerous other stories, he would capture the chaos that reigned at the time, but it’s his brief sketches, first published as  Siyah Hashye,  that are particularly haunting. Some are just a paragraph long, but the looting, rape, and murder they reveal are all the more horrifying because they are told in such spare sentences.

In the introduction to Bitter Fruit: The Very Best of Saadat Hasan Manto , which includes the sketches, editor and translator Khalid Hasan writes that Manto chose not to identify the characters in them by their religion to emphasise that murder was murder, regardless of who committed it.

“If a man killed, it did not matter whether he killed in the name of gods or for the glory of his country or his way of life. To Manto, he was a killer. In his book, nothing could justify inhumanity, cruelty or the taking of life,” Hasan writes.

Manto on Pakistan

Years after leaving Bombay, Manto would write  (paywall) that “Despite trying, I could not separate India from Pakistan, and Pakistan from India.” To compound the problem, his financial situation in Lahore was especially precarious as he got hardly any work and was unofficially banned from writing for the radio, the main means by which other writers made money.

Nostalgic for Bombay and hurtling towards the alcoholism that would eventually lead to his death, Manto still managed to write some of the most memorable stories of his career in Pakistan. But at this time, between 1951 and 1954, he also wrote a series of comic “ Letters to Uncle Sam ,” in one of which he somehow managed to predict the future of Pakistan, suggesting that the US “will definitely make a military aid pact with Pakistan because you are really worried about the integrity of this largest Islamic sultanate of the world and why not, as our mullahs are the best antidote to Russia’s communism.”

And in the provocative satirical essay God is Gracious in Pakistan , collected in  Why I Write,  he painted an alarming picture of the country that Pakistan could become, a country in which poetry, music, and art were increasingly censored on the grounds of blasphemy. In this, too, he proved to be remarkably prophetic.

Feature image by VikramVajir on Wikimedia Commons , licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 .

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Essay on Bright Future of Pakistan in English

We are the citizens of an independent country in the most important part of Asia (South Asia) with the independent central Asian states to the north, Iran, and Afghanistan to the west and India to the east. To the south of our country are the oil-producing Islamic Arab states. In this geographical situation, we can play a central (pivotal) role in different fields-political, industrial, commercial, cultural and military. Pakistan is a well known country in world after 911 attacks. Essay on Bright Future of Pakistan in English With Quotation.

Pakistan was recently given a title by united kingdom’s president that Pakistan is the country which is exporting terrorism in the world. Situation in Pakistan know a days are very critical hundreds of people are killed in Pakistan due to terrorism. Target killing, suicide attacks are very common now a days. People are no more afraid of these things they are getting use to it. Office worker in Pakistan has a fear that will they return home after a hard day at office. Students have fear will they return home safely after school. Everyone from a child to grown up carries this fear.

Pakistan has all the natural resources but these resources are not utilized in a right manner. In Pakistan from a bus driver to a president each and everyone thinks about them self’s it doesn’t matter what happens to Pakistan. The word Pakistan means pure but nothing seems pure In Pakistan. Higher level of political hierarchy are not honest in performing there jobs and are rampart in corruption. There seems to be no governess in Pakistan’s future as people are corrupted and dishonest to the local people and voters.

Pakistan is the country which is count in the third world and has very low level of development and due to 2010 Pakistan floods all the pipeline projects has been delayed. According to me floods have put Pakistan several years backward and we need to work very hard to compete with world. Economically, our country should advance rapidly in the industrial and commercial fields. We should set up huge factories in different parts of the country Essay on Bright Future of Pakistan in English With Quotation so that our labour force works to the maximum. We should construct huge and small dams across our rivers for a constant supply of water and availability of cheap electricity. The defence industry should be specially attended to. We should invite foreign capital suitably so that we may be able to have it invested in production centres. Oil and gas and other natural resources should be fully utilized (used), for the development of the country.

If the above political, economic and social conditions are fulfilled, our country will become a model for all the countries to her north, west, east and south. They will accept us as their leader in political, industrial, commercial, cultural and military matters as the West has practically accepted the US as the undeclared monarch (supreme ruler). For such a bright and glamorous (charming and grand) future, we need to work hard day and night sincerely and methodically, unitedly and steadily.

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Masla e Kashmir Essay In Urdu

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مسئلہ کشمیر پر ایک مضمون

عالمی سطح پر جو مسائل اس وقت دنیا کے امن کے لیے شدید خطرہ ہیں ان میں بلاشبہ کشمیر صف اول کا مسئلہ ہے۔بھارت کے ایٹمی قوت بننے کے بعد پاکستان کا دفاعی طور پر ایٹمی قوت بننا کتنا ہی ضروری کیوں نہ ہو اس حساس خطہ میں جنگ کے منڈلاتے ہوئے بادلوں کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے۔

دونوں ریاستیں مسئلہ کشمیر پر کسی بھی وقت جنگ میں الجھ جائیں اور ایٹمی اسلحہ استعمال کریں تو یہ خطہ جو دنیا کے حسین خطوں میں سے ایک ہے، تباہی و بربادی کی وہ ہولناک تصویر پیش کرے گا جس کی مثال دنیا میں اس سے پہلے نظر نہیں آتی۔ بلکہ ہیروشیما اور ناگاساکی کے شرمناک باب بھی اس تباہی کے سامنے شرما جائیں گے۔

مسئلۂ کشمیر کیا ہے؟ یہ حقیقت کہ جب تحریک پاکستان عروج پر تھی تو پاکستان کے نام” ک” کا حرف کشمیر کے لئے تھا۔یہ خطہ جنت نظیر ہر لحاظ سے پاکستان کا حصہ بنتا تھا۔ مذہبی خونی رشتوں، تجارتی روابط، بہتے دریاؤں کے آبی رشتے، پاکستان اور کشمیر کے خطے کو باہم مربوط اور منسلک کرتے ہیں۔ کشمیر کے جنگلات کی قیمتی لکڑی جن دریاؤں کے ذریعہ تجارت کی غرض سے دریاؤں کے پانی کے بہاؤ کے ساتھ اسی خط میں جاتی تھی جو آج پاکستان کہلاتا ہے 3 جون 1947ء کے تقسیم ہند کے منصوبے کے تحت بھی پاکستان کے ساتھ کشمیر کا الحاق ناگزیر تھا۔

بدقسمتی سے تقسیم کے وقت ریڈ کلف ایوارڈ کے دوران ہندو اور انگریز کی باہمی سازش نے اس خطہ جنت نظیر کو پاکستان سے ملحق کرنے کی بجائے ایک سازش کی اور کشمیر کی وادی میں ہندو اور فوج کی کثیر تعداد بھیج دی گئی۔ تاکہ آزادی کی روح کو کچلا جا سکے۔ آج جو خطہ آزادکشمیر کے نام سے ہمیں نظر آتا ہے وہ ان چند سرفروش مجاہدین کشمیر اور حریت پسند نوجوان طبقہ کی کاوش کا نتیجہ ہے جنہوں نے سر پر کفن باندھ کر آزادی کشمیر کی جنگ میں حصہ لیا۔

عالمی سطح پر اقوام متحدہ نے بھارت کے واویلا پر عارضی جنگ بندی 1948 ء میں اس وعدے پر کرائی کہ کشمیری عوام کو استصواب رائے کا حق دیا جائے گا۔اقوام متحدہ کی نگرانی میں رائے شماری کرائی جائے گی تا کہ کشمیری عوام کو موقع دیا جائے کہ وہ فیصلہ کرلیں کہ بھارت سے الحاق چاہتے ہیں یا پاکستان سے؟ مگر افسوس کہ یہ ادارہ 60 سال سے زائد عرصہ گزرنے کے باوجود اپنے اس وعدے پر عملدرآمد نہ کرا سکا۔

بھارت اور روس کی ملی بھگت نے اس مسئلہ کو عالمی سطح پر وینیو کے ذریعے ہمیشہ دبانے کی کوشش کی۔ عالمی ادارہ کی اس مجرمانہ چشم پوشی سے فائدہ اٹھا کر بھارت نے کشمیر میں کٹھ پتلی حکومتیں قائم کیں اور ایک جعلی اسمبلی کے ذریعے کشمیر کے مقبوضہ علاقے کا ہندوستان سے الحاق کا ڈھونگ رچایا اور نوبت یہاں تک پہنچی کہ کشمیر کو بھارت کا اٹوٹ انگ کہنے کا راگ الاپنا شروع کیا۔

جب چین بھارت سرحدی تنازعہ ہوا تو بھارت نے اپنی مکاری کے تحت دنیا کو دھوکہ دینے اور پاکستان کے دباؤ کو کم کرنے کے لیے شیخ عبداللہ کو ایوب خان مرحوم کے ساتھ مذاکرات کی غرض سے پاکستان بھیج دیا۔ 1965ء میں اسی مسئلہ پر پاک بھارت جنگ ہوئی جس کے نتیجے میں کشمیر تو آزاد نہ ہوا مگر یہ ثابت ہو گیا کہ پاکستان پر بھارتی قبضہ کا خواب کبھی شرمندہ تعبیر نہ ہو گا۔

ایوب خان نے معاہدہ تاشقند پر دستخط کر کے میدان جنگ میں جیتی ہوئی بازی مذاکرات کی میز پر ہار دی اور بھارت کے وزیراعظم لال بہادر شاستری شادئی مرگ کا شکار ہوئے۔ کشمیر کے مسئلے کا کوئی آبرومندانہ حل نہ نکل سکا بلکہ یہ مسئلہ سرد خانے میں چلا گیا اور 1965ء کی جنگ میں عملاً شکست کا بدلہ 1971ء میں مشرقی پاکستان کی علیحدگی کی سازش کامیاب اور 90ہزار جنگی قیدیوں کو بھارتی جیلوں میں قید کرکے لیا گیا۔ہم نے اپنی ناعاقبت اندیشوں سے یہ ستم بھی دیکھا۔

کشمیر کے مسئلہ کو حل کرنے کے لئے جو قابل اعتماد تجاویز ہیں وہ حسب ذیل ہیں۔

• اقوام متحدہ اپنے وعدہ پر عمل کرے اور کشمیری عوام کو راۓ شماری کا حق دیا جائے
• دونوں ریاستیں کسی بڑی طاقت کو ثالث بنالیں اور فیصلہ تسلیم کر لیا جائے۔
• عالمی عدالت انصاف اس مسئلہ کا فیصلہ کرے۔
• دونوں ملک دوطرفہ مذاکرات کے ذریعے اس مسئلہ کا حل تلاش کریں۔
• دونوں ملک کشمیر سے نکل جائیں اور خود مختیار کشمیر کی ریاست قائم کر دی جائے۔
• کشمیر عوام کے موجودہ جہاد کوششیں کامیابی سے ہمکنار ہو۔

آئیے ہم اختصار کے ساتھ ان مختلف تجاویز کا جائزہ لیں۔

اقوام متحدہ کا ادارہ دنیا بھر میں قیام امن کا ضامن اور ذمہ دار ہے مگر تاریخی طور پر دیکھا جائے تو یہ ادارہ چند بڑی طاقتوں کی جاگیر بن چکا ہے۔ روس کے ٹوٹ جانے کے بعد یہ ادارہ عملا امریکہ کی لونڈی ہے۔ روس نے مسئلہ کشمیر کو ویٹو کیا،امریکہ نے بھی اسلام دشمنی کی وجہ سے اس مسئلہ پر اپنا کردار نہیں ادا کیا۔ بدلتے ہوئے بین الاقوامی حالات میں یہ توقع نہیں کی جاسکتی کہ عالمی ادارہ اپنا کردار ادا کرے گا۔ خود پاکستان کی کمزور اور ناقص خارجہ پالیسی نے اس مسئلہ کو عالمی مسئلہ بنانے میں بری طرح ناکامی کا ثبوت پیش کیا۔ اب صورتحال یہاں تک پہنچی ہے کہ چین، ایران اور سعودی عرب جیسے دیرینہ دوست اور حمایتی بھی اس مسئلہ پر پاکستان کی حمایت سے دست کش ہو کر غیر جانبداری کی روش اختیار کر رہے ہیں۔

مسئلہ کشمیر کو ثالثی کے ذریعہ حل کرنے کی تجویز بھی متعدد مرتبہ سامنے آئی ہے۔ برطانیہ نے ثالثی کے لئے اپنا کردار ادا کرنے کی پیشکش کی۔ چین نے اس پر آمادگی کا اظہار کیا، ایران نے اپنی خدمات پیش کیں مگر بھارت کی ہٹ دھرمی میں نہ مانوں اور ‘اٹوٹ انگ’ کے سامنے ان مخلص ممالک کی تجویز موثر ثابت نہ ہوئی۔

3۔ عالمی عدالت انصاف کے ذریعے

عالمی عدالت انصاف اپنے قیام سے لے کر اب تک دنیا میں کیا کردار ادا کرسکی ہے؟ یہ ایک تاریخی سوال ہے جس کا جواب شاید بے مقصد ادارہ بھی نہ دے سکے۔ اس عدالت کے بارے میں ہر چند کہیں “کہ ہے پر نہیں ہے “والا معاملہ ہے۔’رن آف کچھ’ کے مسئلہ پر اس عدالت کا نام اور وجود سنا گیا۔مگر اس عدالت نے پاکستان کے ساتھ جو انصاف کیا وہ خود انصاف کی توہین ہے۔ لہذا مسئلہ کشمیر کے سلسلہ میں اس کا کردار بھی غیر مؤثر ہے۔

4۔ دو طرفہ مذاکرات

دو طرفہ مذاکرات کسی مسئلہ کو حل کرنے کے لئے ایک موثر ذریعہ ثابت ہوتے ہیں جبکہ فریقین فراخدلی اور وسیع النظری کا ثبوت دیں۔ لیکن یہاں معاملہ غاصب اور تنگ نظر فریق کا ہے۔ دو طرفہ مذاکرات صدر ایوب خان کے دور میں بھی ہوئے انتہائی قابل اور تیز و شاطر وزیرخارجہ کی حیثیت سے ذوالفقار علی بھٹو نے پاکستان کی نمائندگی کی مگر سورن سنگھ کے سامنے کوئی دال نہ گلی۔ صدر ضیاء الحق کے دور میں یہ بے مقصد ورزش کی گئی اور اب پھر دہلی اور اسلام آباد مذاکرات کی زد میں ہیں۔ پاکستان کی پرجوش قیادت اگر سمجھتی ہے کہ ان کی کامیابی ڈپلومیسی سے بھارت طشتری میں رکھ کر کشمیر پاکستان کو دے دے گا تو یہ خود فریبی اور دھوکہ دہی ہے۔ بھارت دو طرفہ مذاکرات کے ذریعے عالمی سطح پر اپنی امن پسندی کا ڈھونگ رچاتا ہے اور عالمی دباؤ کو کم کرتا ہے۔ دوسری طرف کشمیر حریت پسندوں کی تحریک کو نقصان پہنچاتا ہے۔

5۔ خود مختیار کشمیر کی تجویز

بادی النظر میں یہ تجویز بڑی قابل عمل نظر آتی ہے کہ دونوں ملک اپنی اپنی فوجیں نکلا لیں، کشمیر کا باڈر ختم ہوجائے، کشمیری عوام آزادانہ اپنی ریاست میں آئیں جائیں، تجارت کریں، دونوں ملکوں کی فوج کا بوجھ اور خرچ ختم ہو، کشمیر ایک خود مختار ریاست کی حیثیت سے اپنا کردار عالمی سطح پر ادا کرے، شاید کشمیر کا تیسرا آپشن یہی ہو! یہ تجویز دینے والے کہتے کہ الحاق پاکستان سے کشمیریوں کو کیا ملے گا۔ پاکستان اپنی علاقائی سالمیت کی حفاظت نہیں کر سکا۔ مشرقی پاکستان علیحدہ ہو گیا، کراچی کے حالات مخدوش ہیں، جئے سندھ اور جناح آباد کے منصوبے بنائے جا رہے ہیں لیکن حقیقت یہ ہے کہ تجویز شاید بھارت کے حق میں جائے۔ پاکستان کے لئے سراسر نقصان دہ ہے۔ چین بھی پسند نہیں کرے گا کہ اس کے پڑوس میں جغرافیائی اہمیت کی حامل اس ریاست میں امریکہ آکر اڈوں کے ذریعے ان کی نگرانی کرے۔ پاکستان جو پہلے ہی قرضوں اور سود کی وجہ سے زندہ درگور ھے اور ڈیفالٹ کے خوف سے اس کی معیشت عالمی نزع میں ہے خود مختیار کشمیر کو پانی اور بجلی کی رائٹلی، عمارتی لکڑی کی قیمت ادا کرنے کے ساتھ سیاحت کے ذریعے حاصل ہونے والی لاکھوں ڈالر کی آمدنی سے محروم ہوجائے گا اور بھارت نت نئے مسائل کھڑے کرتا جائے گا۔ خود مختیار کشمیر پاکستان کی شہ رگ کو کاٹنے کے مترادف ہے۔

مسئلہ کا حل

دیانت دارانہ رائے یہ ہے کہ ہندوستان اور پاکستان ایٹمی قوتیں بن جانے کے بعد اس مسئلہ پر جذباتی انداز میں ایٹمی اسلحہ استعمال کرنے کی احمقانہ حرکت کے باوجود ایک دوسرے کو فتح نہیں کر سکتے۔ لاکھوں بے گناہ شہریوں کا قتل ہو سکتا ہے، ہیروشیما اور ناگاساکی کی تاریخ تو دہرائی جا سکتی ہے، لاہور اور دہلی کھنڈر تو بن سکتے ہیں، دونوں ممالک کی معیشت تباہ ہو سکتی ہے لیکن جنگ سے یہ مسئلہ حل نہیں ہوسکتا۔

دونوں ممالک کی خیر خواہی اور عوام کی فلاح کا راستہ یہی ہے کہ موجودہ سرحدوں میں مناسب رد و بدل کر کے دونوں ممالک اپنی فوجیں نکال لیں۔ جنگ نہ کرنے کا معاہدہ کریں، کشمیریوں کو باہمی رابطے اور تجارت کی آزادی دے دیں، اربوں روپے جو دفاع اسلحہ کی خریداری پر خرچ کر رہے ہیں وہ مفلوک الحال عوام کی تعمیر و ترقی کے لئے خرچ کریں، کارخانے اور فیکٹریاں لگا کر بے روزگاری کا خاتمہ کریں، سیاحت کے لیے سڑکیں تعمیر کریں تاکہ کشمیر جنت نظیر کو دیکھنے کے لئے دنیا بھر کے سیاح اس خطے کا رخ کریں۔ کشمیر کے دیگر ذرائع اپنی جگہ مگر صرف سیاحت کی آمدنی بھی اس ریاست کے بجٹ کے لیے کافی ہے۔

اگر دونوں ممالک کی منتخب قیادت جرأت سے کام لے کر ایسا معاہدہ کر لیں تو یہ خط جنگ اور تباہی کے منحوس سایہ سے محفوظ ہوجائے گا یہ دانم مالک 10 سال کے اندر اتنی اقتصادی ترقی کریں گے کہ کسی کے محتاج نہیں رہیں گے۔