copyright images in thesis

Photographs and Images: Using Images in Theses and Dissertations

• What is Fair Use?

Using Images in Theses and Dissertations

• How to Cite an Image
• Copyright and Publishing an Image in a Book, Journal, Video, etc.
• Images of Albuquerque

Historically, images were reproduced in dissertations and theses without obtaining permissions from the copyright holders. Because of the clearly academic, non-commercial nature of theses and dissertations, and because access to theses and dissertations was typically confined to an academic, library setting, there seemed to be little dispute that the incorporation of such images into these or dissertations was a fair use.

As theses and dissertations began to be posted to online repositories, the publishers of those repositories sometime required that graduate students posting theses to their repositories obtain copyright permissions for images. While UNM's Digital Respository   does not have an institutional policy on the use of images in theses and dissertations, the  UNM Office of Graduate Studies  stipulates that students should obtain copyright.

The Office of Graduate Studies at UNM offers the following guidelines:  

Registering Your Copyright

Registering your copyright in your thesis or dissertation is optional. Under current United States copyright Law, the moment you reduce a work to a tangible medium (i.e., write it on paper, save on hard drive or other storage device, take the photograph, record the music, etc.) your thesis or dissertation is copyrighted. This applies to unpublished manuscripts as well. There is no longer the need to register your work for copyright to attach. Furthermore, there is no longer the requirement of putting a copyright notice on a work for it to be copyrighted. You may register your copyright either by having ProQuest do so (see above) or on your own by submitting a registration form, which you can pick-up at Zimmerman Library Government Publications or download from US Copyright Office's web page, with a check for thirty five ($35) dollars, and two copies of your thesis or dissertation. Additional information can be obtained by calling 202-287-8700 or going to the web site of the  United States Copyright Office .

Including Copyrighted Material in Your Manuscript

You should remember that if you quote or otherwise reproduce in your thesis or dissertation material previously copyrighted by another author, beyond brief excerpts, you must obtain written permission from the copyright owner. Keep in mind that if a work was created in or after 1989, there is no requirement that it have a copyright notice to be copyrighted This includes foreign works and foreign works for which the copyright has been reinstated pursuant to international treaty.

Copyright law is extremely complex and it can be difficult to determine what action you need to take and where to begin looking for permissions. The Office of Graduate Studies  Publishing  web site contains a great deal of information and has been helpful to students. The Office of Graduate Studies does not provide copyright advisement.

Pictorial Archivist

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Using Images in Publications

Many scholarly publications are enhanced with images, ranging from reproductions of fine art to graphs showing the results of scientific research. Including images in books and articles can complement the text, visually demonstrate the author's analysis, and engage the reader. Using images in publications, however, raises copyright issues, which can be complex, time-consuming, and expensive. To help authors navigate this process, publishers often provide specific guidance, including what rights must be requested, acceptable file formats, image resolution, etc. See Requesting 3rd party Permissions  from Oxford Journals or Image Guidelines from Johns Hopkins University Press as examples. 

The primary issues that you need to aware of when incorporating images in your publication are: 

The right to publish a copyrighted image is controlled by the copyright owner, so each copyrighted image that you use must have permission or fall within an exception to the general copyright statue, such as public domain, fair use, or open access. Copyright permission fees are sometimes waived or reduced for scholarly publications; if not, however, they can be quite expensive as well as time-consuming to obtain. We recommend that you begin the permissions process early to avoid any last-minute complications that may delay publication of your work. In addition to copyright permission, some museums and other providers of images charge a fee for the production or use of a digital image from their collections, even if the underlying work is in the public domain. Like permissions fees, use fees are sometimes waived or reduced for scholarly publications.

High resolution images

Publishers will require a high resolution image for publication (usually at least 300 ppi). These may come from museums, archives, other collections, your own work, or suppliers of stock photos. There may be a fee assessed for use, the amount of which can vary significantly depending on who is supplying the image and how you are using it.

Printing costs

The cost of printing images can be substantial for the publisher, so be sure to discuss with your editor how many images they will publish, whether they will be in color, and whether a subvention will be required if the manuscript contains a large number of images.

Privacy and publicity rights

If you have a photograph with people in it, there may be privacy or publicity rights that need to be addressed.

• Susan Bielstein,  Copyright Clearance: A Publisher's Perspective  (2005) (article begins on page 19)
• Susan Bielstein,  Permissions, A Survival Guide: Blunt Talk about Art as Intellectual Property  (2006) (ebook - Georgetown NetID required for off-campus access)
• Lois Farfel Stark, Obtaining Image Permissions for Your Book: An Author’s Perspective (2018)

Copyright Principles

Public domain.

If you can find a usable image in a book or journal article published before 1927, it will be in the public domain , and therefore free of any copyright restrictions. Certain images published between 1927 and 1989 may also be in the public domain, depending on if they were published with a copyright notice and if the copyright was renewed. For more information, use this public domain chart or contact [email protected] .

Works of the United States government are also in the public domain and may be used freely.

Some museums, libraries, and archives make public domain images freely available with few or no restrictions. Read more in the Finding Images  section.

Open Access / Creative Commons

Wikimedia Commons has a large collection of images that are licensed using the Creative Commons licensing system . Restrictions, if any, are listed with the image. It is important to recognize that if you use Wikimedia, you are relying on copyright information provided by the person uploading the image. You should review the copyright information carefully to be sure it appears to be accurate.

Many of the licenses in Wikimedia permit noncommercial uses only. The definition of noncommercial for purposes of the CC BY-NC license is, “NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation.” Creative Commons provides some further guidance on how to  interpret  the NC license. 

Under certain circumstances, publishers may be comfortable with relying on fair use when publishing images accompanying scholarly works.

The guidelines in the College Art Association’s Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts set out the fair use arguments for using art for educational purposes: 

PRINCIPLE In their analytic writing about art, scholars and other writers (and, by extension, their publishers) may invoke fair use to quote, excerpt, or reproduce copyrighted works, subject to certain limitations:

Limitations

• The writer’s use of the work, whether in part or in whole, should be justified by the analytic objective, and the user should be prepared to articulate that justification.
• The writer’s analytic objective should predominate over that of merely representing the work or works used.
• The amount and kind of material used and (where images are concerned) the size and resolution of the published reproduction should not exceed that appropriate to the analytic objective.
• Justifications for use and the amount used should be considered especially carefully in connection with digital-format reproductions of born-digital works, where there is a heightened risk that reproductions may function as substitutes for the originals.
• Reproductions of works should represent the original works as accurately as can be achieved under the circumstances.
• The writing should provide attribution of the original work as is customary in the field, to the extent possible.

Your own work

If you have your own high resolution photograph, you may use it freely since you own the copyright in your photograph. If, however, your photograph is of a copyrighted work of art, permission of the artist will be required unless it is a fair use . Note that many museums do not allow photography of works in their collections, so obtaining your own image of a work of art may not be an option. While architectural works are subject to copyright protection, photographs of publicly viewable buildings may be used. 17 U.S.C. § 120(a) .

If your image does not fall into any of the above categories, you will need to request permission from the copyright holder for use of the image. You may be able to obtain permission from one of the sites listed in the next section, or you may need to request permission from the artists or their representatives. The Artists Rights Society represents the intellectual property rights interests of visual artists and their estates worldwide and covers works in private collections as well as museums and galleries. ARS has a request form for permissions requests. Note that ARS handles permission requests only and does not supply images of the works.

For more general information on requesting permission, visit our Requesting Permission page.

Finding Images

Museums, libraries, and archives.

Some museums, libraries, and archives have collections of public domain images available for use in scholarly publications. The content of the collections and the permitted uses vary among institutions. Many do not allow images to be used as cover art since that is usually considered to be a commercial use, and some limit use to print publications. Below is a list of libraries and museums that make works available with few or no restrictions. 

• British Library  - The British Library’s collection on flickr allows access to millions of public domain images from the Library's collections. Higher quality images, if required, are available for purchase through the British Library. For more information, visit the Library's Images Online page.  
• J. Paul Getty Museum  - The Getty makes available, without charge, all available digital images to which the Getty holds the rights or that are in the public domain to be used for any purpose. More information about the content of the collections is available on their  Open Content Program  page.
• Library of Congress - Prints and Photographs - This collection has over 1,200,000 digitized images from the Library's collections. Rights information is available for each image - look for the field marked "Rights Advisory." Many collections have no known restrictions on use. For further information about using the collection, read the Copyright and Other Restrictions That Apply to Publication/Distribution of Images . Information on restrictions on use by collection is also available.
• National Gallery of Art  - NGA Images is a repository of images  presumed to be in the public domain  from the collections of the National Gallery of Art. Users may download— free of charge and without seeking authorization from the Gallery— any image of a work in the Gallery’s collection that the Gallery believes is in the public domain and is free of other known restrictions.
• New York Public Library  - This collection contains more than 180,000 photographs, postcards, maps and other public-domain items from the library’s special collections in downloadable high-resolution files. High resolutions downloads are available with no permission required and no restrictions on use.
• Victoria & Albert Museum - These images of art from the collections of the V&A are available for academic publishing with some limitations (print runs up to 4,000 copies or 5 years online use). Read the full  terms and conditions  to see if your use qualifies.

Stock image sites

There are many companies that provide both a high quality image for publication and a license for publication. These sites usually have good selection of images, the images are high quality, and the search features are sophisticated. Licensing fees vary considerably and can be high, though you may be able to negotiate a discount for use in a scholarly publication.

For some of the sites listed below, the price will vary depending on which rights you need for publication: print/electronic, region of the world, number of languages, number of books, where the image will be placed (inside/cover), and size of the image. After entering that information, a license fee will display based on your use. The license fee is not automatically available for some images; for those, you will usually receive an email message after submitting your request. You should consult with your editor when selecting options to be sure you have selected the appropriate options for your book or article.

• Art Resource (license fee based on rights needed)
• Bridgeman Images (license fee based on rights needed)
• Getty Images (license fee based on rights needed)
• iStock (flat fee)
• Shutterstock (flat fee)

Artstor (Georgetown NetID required for off-campus access) is a subscription database that includes some images specifically licensed for academic publishing. These images are identified with “IAP” (Images for Academic Publishing) under the thumbnail image in your search results. Details of the use, including size of print run and credit line, vary among IAP images. You can view these by clicking on the IAP icon under the thumbnail image. The Terms and Conditions agreement displays when you download the image. Most Artstor images, however, are not in the IAP program and are not licensed for use in scholarly publishing. To use a non-IAP image in a book or article, you will usually need to request permission or go through a fee-based stock photo archive, often Art Resource, for a license. Artstor provides contact information for permissions in the "Rights" section of image information page.

You may also find usable images for publication on the sites listed on.

Additional options

• College Art Association's list of image sources
• Georgetown Library's Copyright and Multimedia: Images page
• Georgetown Library's Images LibGuide

Specific Uses

Cover images.

Images that appear on the cover of a book often require specific permission for that use and a higher fee.

Film frames

The Association of University Presses has this statement on fair use and film frames in their Permissions FAQ :

You may use frame enlargements and publicity stills (both from films and from television shows) when you can justify their inclusion in the work under fair use guidelines—for example, when it can be argued that the illustration serves as a quote from the filmic “text” to illustrate a point. Be conservative in selecting material—if the still or frame illuminates a point you are making or is specifically discussed, then the use may qualify as fair use. Where possible, limit the number of frames reprinted from any one film and from different films that represent the subject of your work. If your use is decorative, you must seek permission from the rightsholder to include it. When purchasing material from a photo agency, read the conditions stated on the agreement and on the back of the photo very carefully (particularly the fine print). In all cases, acknowledge the original copyright holder. For a more in-depth analysis of fair use as related to stills and frame enlargements, the fair use section of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies website offers a number of policy statements and disciplinary guidelines that may be useful.

If your use goes beyond fair use, or if your publisher has a more restrictive policy, you will need to get permission from the copyright owner. Most major film studios have a licensing division where you can submit a request –  MGM ,  Sony ,  Warner Brothers , Paramount Pictures ,   Universal , and Walt Disney Studios , for example. For smaller producers, you will need to contact them directly with your request.

Charts, graphs, and figures

There are differences among publishers with respect to what permissions they require for graphs, so a good first step is to consult with your editor on their policies. A few sample policies are:

• Princeton University Press - "Where a chart, graph, or table is being reproduced in a critical study of the work or to buttress an argument of the writer, no permission is needed. Data is not copyrightable. Unless there is a creative element to data depiction that is being reproduced without alteration, fair use can be asserted, with attribution."
• Harvard University Press - "Data is not protected by copyright. However, graphics like tables and charts are copyright protected if the data is organized or presented in a unique way or if the graphic provides interpretation of the data. If you plan to reprint a graphic from another source that is protected by copyright, please clear permission. If you plan to reprint existing tables and charts, adapt existing tables and charts, or create your own tables and charts that will not be subject to copyright protection, please refer to the following guidelines for credit: The standard way to credit tables and charts you are reprinting is: Source: Credit."
• Oxford University Press - "As a guide, you should always seek permission for:  . . . Pictures (paintings, drawings, charts, engravings, photographs, cartoons, and so on); Figures and maps; Tables."

There are permissions guidelines that many STM publishers use in setting policies for the reuse of images from their publications. The guidelines include gratis permission for the use of limited numbers of figures/tables/images from journal articles or books, though note that not all members have adopted policies exactly as written in the guidelines.

Many publishers who follow the STM guidelines, or who have similar policies, provide free permissions through the Copyright Clearance Center's Marketplace  so those requests are usually quick, easy, and free. The Marketplace system requires information about your publication and exactly what rights you are seeking. For charts, graphs, or figures that fall outside the guidelines, the license fees are often in the $20-$50 range, although that depends on many factors and could be higher or lower.

If you have questions about using images in a scholarly publication, please email [email protected] .

Images for Dissertation

Getting started.

Congratulations on your forthcoming dissertation! Please note that the Visual Resources Center (VRC) staff are not lawyers and we cannot provide you with legal advice. However, the VRC can provide you with helpful information about including images in your dissertation. 

This guide outlines the general workflows associated with tracking your images you’d like to use for future publication, and outlines the ways the VRC can collaborate with you to support your dissertation. We invite you to begin discussing images for your dissertation with the VRC as early as possible, including at the dissertation proposal phase. Our services and resources for managing personal image archives may be useful for your fieldwork and research. The latest we can begin collaborating with you on images for your dissertation is one quarter before your dissertation will be filed with the Dissertation Office. You are welcome to work with us in some or all elements of the lifecycle of your dissertation—it is not required to opt-in to all aspects. Likewise, the different components do not necessarily need to proceed in a particular order, and some work can happen simultaneously or in parallel with other phases of the workflow. 

This service is offered to graduate students in the University of Chicago Humanities Division as a parallel to our Images for Publication service , which is available to graduate students and faculty in the University of Chicago Humanities Division.  [Last updated 5/2/2024]

Campus Resources

Dissertation Office

Copyright Information Center

Check-In with the VRC

Book an appointment to discuss your dissertation project and how the VRC can help you move forward with images. Before our meeting, we’ll review any materials you can share and make some notes. We can help conduct copyright assessments, direct you to resources, and do some light research into potential copyright holders. However, we cannot send permissions requests on your behalf. 

Before meeting with a VRC staff member, please share any materials you’ve assembled, including an image list, captions, image files themselves, etc.

Create a Spreadsheet

The VRC recommends tracking the images used in your dissertation in a spreadsheet, where you can include information about each image, including the caption, the copyright status, a fair use justification (where appropriate), the image size, and other notes. 

The VRC uses this template —if you have a Figure List for your dissertation, the VRC can import that into a spreadsheet for you. If you’d like to start your own spreadsheet, you can make a copy of the template and adapt/expand it for your own purposes. The second tab of the template defines the role of each field in the template.

Choosing to file your dissertation with all, some, or no images is ultimately up to you. The VRC can offer advice about images you may want to include or exclude. Regardless of which images are submitted with the dissertation, tracking all of the images in the spreadsheet will help in selecting images for future publications.

When you go to publish the dissertation as a book, your publisher will likely ask you to complete a similar spreadsheet known as a permissions log. The VRC’s template was designed with publishers’ permission logs in mind, which will hopefully set you up nicely to pursue any official permissions for the book project. 

Keeping track of your complete research images sooner rather than later will be an important part of managing your personal image archive . If you haven’t been tracking images previously, doing this work at the dissertation filing stage will save you a lot of time when it comes time to publish this as a book or article, etc. Platforms like Tropy, Airtable, Google sheets, etc. can also easily export information into templates to track your dissertation/publication information.

Image Captions

Citing each work properly, and in sufficient detail, is critical. When using photographs of other works (e.g., paintings, sculptures, other works of art), it is necessary to assess the copyright status of both the underlying work itself and the photographic reproduction of the work. In such cases, it’s important to fully cite where your image of the work came from , either in the caption or in your own records . For example, if an image was scanned from a book, you may or may not need to provide a full citation of the text, including page number. If it’s from an archive, include all identifying information available to you, including the name of the papers, series, box, folder, etc. If you obtained the image from a website, individual, or institution, it is important to note that as well. Include rights information, such as Creative Commons licenses or other permissions notes. Note that the original source of the image should be included in the citation. If the image was posted to a third-party website (such as a blog), you will need to find where the website sourced it from. 

We recommend you review the University-Wide Requirements for the Ph.D. Dissertation , whi ch includes formatting requirements, and “ Citing Images ,” in  Images: A Guide to Visual Resources which is maintained by Arts Bibliographer Nancy Spiegel in collaboration with VRC staff. Additionally, Chapter Three in the Chicago Manual of Style includes a detailed discussion of captions for art works and examples of usage. University of Chicago users have access to the full text online using the Quick Link on the Library home page . The VRC also recommends the CAA Publications Style Guide , which provides instructions on formatting captions as well as robust examples for a variety of work types, including architecture, book illustrations, engravings, installation views, interiors, manuscript illuminations, murals, paintings, performances, photographs, scrolls, sculptures, video games, video stills, and woodcuts. There may also be discipline and/or sub-field specific conventions and best practices as to what information should be included as part of a source statement, and we rely on you and your faculty to be familiar with those conventions. The VRC invites you to explore our resource on Image Citations and Captions , which includes also a discussion of citational ethics.

Creative Commons Licenses

Many museums and other image archives are making digitized versions of the collections available through Creative Commons licenses . Creative Commons (CC) provides six different license options that allow institutions to grant users certain permissions to use their work under copyright law and allow users to quickly identify what they can do with particular works. 

CC BY-NC 4.0

A frequently used license for cultural heritage materials is the CC BY-NC 4.0 . For content made available under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, users may “copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format” if the image is appropriately cited and if the use is for non-commercial purposes.

Proper attribution under the CC licenses means that you must provide the name of the creator, the title of the material if supplied, a copyright notice, a license notice, and a link to the material. It is important to read, understand, and comply with the attribution terms of the applicable CC license.

Your use of the material is scholarly, not commercial. However, your dissertation will be available through ProQuest dissertation publishing. ProQuest is a commercial organization, not a non-profit. ProQuest can make and sell copies of your dissertation if individuals request a copy. It is up to you to assess the copyright and decide if your use is in the spirit of the license and whether to include the material in the filed dissertation or not.

Copyright Assessment

Next, you must conduct a copyright assessment and/or fair use analysis for each image. If you’d like, VRC can assist with an initial review of the images you intend to include in your dissertation. We would assess the copyright status of the work and of the image separately, because in some cases the rights holder for the work depicted in the image may be separate from the image rights holder. Please note that you will need to carefully review this initial assessment. Where permissions are required, the VRC can help advise with your strategy and language, but you will need to coordinate all licensing and permissions efforts with the relevant copyright holders.

Be sure to take note of any copyright statements, licenses, or other rights information provided by the image source. In addition to needing to include that information in the caption or citation, we recommend that you also vet the information provided against your own knowledge of art and image copyright using the recommended resources below. Occasionally, individuals or institutions may attempt to claim rights over the work or the image when it is in the public domain or when there are no additional rights to claim. (For example, claiming copyright over a reproduction image made from a scan or photograph of a 2D work of art that’s in the public domain, or supplying a CC-BY-NC license over a work that is in the public domain and should have been presented under a CC0 license instead.)

Resources for Assessing Copyright Status

• Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States
• Digital Copyright Slider: Is it Protected by Copyright? For works published in the U.S.A.
• Digital Image Rights Computator
• Copyright and Your Dissertation or Thesis: Ownership, Fair Use, and Your Rights and Responsibilities (ProQuest)

Sample Language for Noting Work Copyright Status

The underlying work depicted in the image (ie, the work of art) will typically be listed as Copyrighted or Public Domain. Include the full rights statement provided by the institution in the work or copyright status field, as appropriate, and in the caption as well.

Sample Language for Noting Image Copyright Status

The image reproduction of the artwork may have its own copyright considerations. Some sample language for noting image copyright status include:

• Photograph by the author (you are the copyright owner of a photograph you have made)
• Copyright statements or credit lines from the copyright owner, such as “© Albert Renger-Patzsch Archiv / Ann u. Jürgen Wilde, Zülpich / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York?”
• N/A: This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art.
• N/A: CC0 license (or similar Creative Commons designation)
• N/A: Open access use

Other Permissions Considerations

There might be additional considerations in addition to copyright-related issues that you may need to make. For example, if your photographs have people depicted in them, you may want to request their permission for publishing their likeness. Additionally, if your images depict sensitive materials or cultural objects, they might require additional permissions. The VRC maintains a page on Ethical Considerations for Images that we invite you to explore for more information.

Fair Use Analysis

For works and/or images that are copyrighted, conduct a fair use analysis to see if you can justify your use of the image in your justification. The VRC follows the CAA Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts . Section One of the code outlines the situations, principles and limitations of using images fairly in analytic writing.

If you intend to use an image under fair use in your dissertation, you should prepare a justification for that claim of fair use in your tracking spreadsheet.

The United States Copyright Act provides a framework to determine whether the use of copyrighted materials constitutes a “fair use” based upon a consideration of the following Four Factors:

• Purpose and character of your use, including whether the use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
• The nature of the copyrighted work you want to use;
• The amount and substantiality of the portion of the work that you used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole;
• The effect of your use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The United States Copyright Office provides useful guidance for understanding this analysis.

Where you plan to assert fair use of a copyrighted work, you will want to provide a justification supporting your analysis. We recommend consulting the guidance outlined in the CAA Code of Best Practices for Fair Use when drafting your analysis. Include as many phrases that are relevant to your specific use.

For example: 

• The use of the work in its entirety is crucial to the argument outlined on pages x-y because 123. The scan is a high-fidelity copy of a work published in 1975, with accurate color and cropping. The image size is 1536 pixels on the long edge and 72 ppi, a resolution suitable for use in papers, PDFs, and classroom projection but not reproduction. I have cited the image in the caption, figure list, and within the text.

For images that are copyrighted and where fair use does not apply, you will need to identify copyright holders and obtain permission to publish these images in your work.

Please note—even where you believe you have a defensible argument that you use of an image would qualify for “fair use”, you may still wish to pursue getting permission to publish images, for example, in order to maintain a good relationship with an artist or institution or where you are aware that a rights holder is especially aggressive in taking action against unlicensed use of its copyrighted material.

Requesting and Obtaining Permissions

There may be copyrighted images for which you need or want to request permission from the copyright holder to use the images in your Dissertation. You will want to send a written request for permission to the copyright holder or its representatives (such as ARS ). Make sure to include information requested by the press including print run, distribution, online access, etc. Save a copy of your correspondence to a central folder, and indicate in your permissions log when you contacted them for permission. Set a reminder to follow-up on your requests in 2 weeks if you have not yet heard back from them.

Please review the VRC’s guide to Copyright Resources for Academic Publishing for more information on identifying rights holders and templates and sample language for requesting permission.

Create a Shared Box Folder for Images

We recommend setting up a shared Box folder for your publication and sharing it with VRC staff. This will allow us to review your images, share new image files with you if necessary, and collaborate easily. 

Image Quality Assessment

Review the image quality and specifications of each image based on the guidelines from the press. For example, many press guidelines suggest the following:

• Color images: tiff files that are at least 300ppi and printable at 4x6” or larger
• Grayscale images may require higher ppi than color images
• Line drawings: may be required in vector format, such as .indd files from Adobe InDesign or .ai files from Adobe Illustrator. The VRC and/or Academic Technology Services may be able to assist with drawings. Please write to the VRC for more information.
• Film stills captured from DVD and Blu-Rays may need to be artificially upsampled in order to meet the press specifications, although if you can create them on a 27” desktop monitor rather than a laptop screen they may be sufficient size for publication.

VRC staff may be able to assess the quality of your images for you if you do not have access to Adobe Photoshop and depending on the size and scope of your project. 

If your images aren’t publication quality, they may still be sufficient for inclusion in your dissertation. For example, lower-resolution images, including jpegs or pngs, may look good in the PDF of the filed dissertation but may not be high enough quality to submit to an editor for a print run of a published book. Please write to the VRC to discuss requesting new images and/or help editing existing images. he VRC can also assist with creating custom digital images for your publication, including line drawings, image stitching, maps, and diagram creation.

Note: Resolution is a relative value. Image resolution and image size are inversely proportional. Knowing the output or print size required by the publisher will help assess whether your images are up to publication quality. We recommend reviewing image size in Adobe Photoshop. Their Image Size tool allows you to explore what size images can be printed at different resolutions by unchecking the “Resample” button. Downsampling (ie, making an image smaller) is acceptable, but we do not recommend upsampling (ie, adding arbitrary pixels to make an image larger). 

For use in a PDF, we typically look for at least 1500 pixels on the long edge of the image at at least 72 ppi. If you have access to Adobe Photoshop, this can be checked under Image Size, otherwise if you have the image saved to your computer you can find the dimensions under “Get Info” or “Properties.”

Add Your Images to LUNA

If the images you’re publishing are relevant to future teaching and research, but aren’t yet well-represented in the departmental image collection, we welcome the opportunity to collaborate and we invite you to contribute your images to the Art History Department Image Collection in our LUNA database. If you’re interested in pursuing this collaboration, we can embargo the images for up to 5 years before making them available in LUNA if you would like.

Finding Images

• Getting Started
• What is a Scholarly Image?
• Art and Material Culture
• Classical Studies
• World Cultures
• Publishing Images
• Copyright and Fair Use
• Scanning Recommendations
• Documentary Photography

Ask an Image Specialist

Image Copyright

This page assumes you have an image. If the copyright to your image is unclear or not grantable, see the Getting Started page.

CORE TOOL!   see Duke Scholarly Communication page (with blog and FAQs!   Scholarworks.duke.edu

Fair Use vs Free Use. Is the image even copyrighted?! Many individuals and institutions claim a blanket rights policy. If you're using images of painting (not 3-D work) painted before the 20th century, the chances are it's public domain. The snake-in-the-grass issue is whether the photographer is claiming ownership under contract law . This does not apply for flat works (i.e., painting).

Creative Commons - A license agreement that any image-producer can make is something called "Creative Commons".  There are several possible levels (free-to-use but cite me; free-to-use for none-commercial purposes, etc.).  IF YOU LIMIT YOUR IMAGE SEARCHES TO WORK UNDER CC, IT'S A WHOLE LOT EASIER!

Fair Use - Most teaching- and paper-writing uses of images fall under the famous “fair use” provision (single use for scholarly purposes). Basically, fair use allows academics to use even copyrighted materials a single time to a limited audience without securing the permission of the copyright holder. This does not apply to educational use where an unmediated public would see it, particularly articles that are made open-source, archived theses and papers (there may be ways to still post these, however). Fair use is one of the most commonly misunderstood (frequently contested) copyright situations. Use the resources below to determine if your use counts as fair use.

Fair Use?  Check out this site:

• Lifehacker Fair Use Chart

A Little more Formal discussion can be found at:

• Cornell’s copyright chart and the greater Cornell copyright site
• American Library Association Fair Use Evaluator Tool
• Stanford University's Copyright and Fair Use Center

But can I use it?! Answer Guides

• Art Libraries Society Guide to Image Use
• College Art Association’s Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts (the rights of the image user, US)
• The Design and Artists Copyright Society (rights of the image owner, UK).
• Artist’s Rights Society . (rights of the image owner, US)
• Visual Resources Association Statement on Fair Use  (assertion of image use--including non-art images)

      Tip:  Entities published before 1925 in the US (1919 if you're in California under the 9th Circuit Court) are consider public domain unless the copyright has specifically been renewed.

Using a foreign-published work?

• http://outofcopyright.eu/  - English-language copyright/fair use guide for European countries

Including work in a thesis/manuscript:

• Copyright and Your Dissertation or Thesis (Kenny Crews, 2013)

The Law - Image copyright is particular to each country.  You’re bound to the copyright of the country where the image was made or where the copyright holder resides.  In the US, image copyright falls under Title 17 (1909) variously revised 1973, 2011 and most recently 2014, known as the STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014 ( P.L. 113-200 ). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) revised the law for electronic images. However, most accepted practice is based on legal precedent, not law. So, rather than citing law, copyright decisions are frequently determined by an important legal case.  

Some Cases -

Fair use:  Sundeman v. The Seajay Society, Inc., 142 F.3d 194 (4th Cir. 1998).

R easonable, limited, and  scholarly uses of materials are most likely to be fair use. A researcher at a nonprofit used quotations from an unpublished literary manuscript of historical and cultural interest, and she included those quotations in an analytical, oral presentation that she delivered to a scholarly society. Beware of Jerks

Keep in mind that many institutions and individuals claim copyright on material they don’t have rights to, or works totally out of copyright altogether.  

• Highsmith case . Getty and Alamy find publicly available images, copyright their vending of them, and then assert their right, even to the creator of the image.

Foreign countries can claim rights to cultural property, even sites and landscapes

Venice 'Time Machine' Project Suspended 

If you need to Get Permission for What You Use

Finding Rights Holders

• Watch File - Harry Ransom Center/Univeristy of Reading site to look  might hold the rights for works by writers and artists   https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/watch/​

Agreement Forms

License for Image Use Form - The University's form for getting permission to use an image/video.

Copyright--Libraries--Overkill

• The Rights and Permissions Handbook ( American Alliance of Museum OSCI 1st Edition ; Rowman and Littlefield, 2nd Edition ),
• “ Copyright Checkpoint ,” and the “ Copyright Cortex .”
• Helpful for Museum:   RightsStatements.org and International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) t[back-end rights management and image services]
• The “ Collections As Data ” project and “Museum APIs” wiki are helpful

Basic intellectual property rules for images

With the usual legal caveat that every case is unique, there are basic intellectual property use rules for academic images users in the US.

• Any image created by a person dead more than 70 years ago is likely in the public domain (note that for three-dimensional works photographed, the photographer can claim a separate copyright).
• Images appearing in books printed before 1923 are copyright free (for that particular published image).
• Any image, regardless of copyright, can be copied (once) and used personally in a non-distributive form for personal scholarship/study.

Something to keep in mind . . .

• US intellectual property rights revolve around remunerative ability.  If your use of an image does not impair the copyright holder from selling copies of the image further, you have a situation that litigation would not likely award damages.

Citing Images

Regardless of whether your image is under copyright, it is ethical to provide basic information on your image , not matter how famous.  Copyrighted images will state who and what to acknowledge;  non-copyright protected images still should give the artist, standard title (if one), and location:

• For Example :   Michelangelo.  Creation of Adam.  Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museum.
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Can I Use These Images for...?

Some things to consider, twentieth & twenty-first century artists, some copyright resources, the public domain.

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Your Librarian

Copyright is unfortunately a complicated subject. Please don't hesitate to contact me for individual help. I can help with determining copyright status of images in Brown's licensed databases or other sources. I can also help you in locating images and image sources or rights owners for use in academic publications.

Unknown Chinese. Fairy Feeding Lingzhi Fungus to a Dragon . Earthenware from X 'ian tomb. Western Han, 1st century BCE. Cleveland Museum of Art via Creative Commons license.

A classroom presentation or paper illustration?

In general, images used in a classroom presentation, for a scholarly lecture, on a password-protected class website, or in an unpublished assigned paper, fall under the concept of  Fair Use. Fair use is an exception to the exclusive rights granted by copyright. For further information, consult the this document from the United States Copyright Office:

• Reproduction of Copyrighted Works by Educators and Librarians

A lecture to a paying audience?

If your audience is paying to see you, in general you should obtain permission before using an image, unless the image is in the Public Domain.  

A published scholarly article, book, dissertation or website?

You are responsible in these cases for obtaining permission, unless the work is in the Public Domain. In most cases, your publisher will require that you do so. However, the Visual Resources Association argues that images used in dissertations and theses should be considered fair use.  

A new work of art based on another person's art?

The creator of a copyrighted work of art is given the exclusive right to prepare derivative works based on that work. On the other hand, there is a long tradition of artists responding to others' works. Whether you are basing your work on the original work of art, or a digital or print copy of it, in order to claim fair use, you should be ready to explain your rationale, be sure that your work is creating new artistic meaning, and give credit in some way to the creator of the original work.

Images in Browns' and RISD's licensed databases may be used for educational purposes only: teaching, lectures at scholarly institutions, class papers and presentations, educational websites restricted to Brown users. Images may not be used for publication unless copyright has been cleared or public domain status has been verified. 

The rights of images found in web resources will vary. You must be more stringent for publication, whether in print or on the web, than for class papers and presentations that will be seen only within a circumscribed educational setting. Works employed in a classroom setting generally fall under fair use.

For publication , try to determine where the image came from. Does the work belong to a museum? Check the museum's own website for rights information. Almost every museum website will have a page labeled with a variation on Licensing, Publications, Rights, etc. More and more now, museums are allowing free use of works they consider to be in the public domain (especially American museums), but you must check with the museum to be sure this is allowed. For architecture, public art, etc, try to determine who the photographer is and contact him or her for permission. Karen can also help you with determining this. Additional resources for determining copyright and/or public domain status can be found in the boxes below.

*Be sure to keep records of all your attempts to contact copyright owners. Documenting your good faith efforts can be helpful if your use of an image is later challenged.

Twentieth and twenty-first century artists and/or their heirs will almost invariably still own the rights to their works. You must obtain permission before publishing anything by them. These resources can help. Check artists' names on the websites below. If an artist is not listed on either site, try searching online for his or her gallery or other representation.

• ARS & VAGA Artists Rights Society, the main copyright, licensing, and monitoring organization for visual artists in the United States has joined with the Visual Artists and Galleries Association, representing artists worldwide. Contact for help with obtaining rights to use the works of many contemporary artists.
• Compendium of U. S. Copyright Office Practices: Visual Art Works Covers just about every type of image and where it falls under copyright law.
• Copyright for Dissertations Created by the University of Michigan Library, this document answers many general questions about obtaining permissions for and giving credit in dissertations and theses
• Visual Resources Association: Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research and Study Recommendation from the Visual Resources Association for the fair use of images in academia, including use in dissertations. Written in 2012.
• College Art Association's Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for the Visual Arts Published in 2014. Covers the main areas of writing, teaching, creating, archiving and museum use. The landing page also includes a helpful FAQ.
• What I Wish They Taught Me About Copyright in Art School Blog post from the United States Copyright Office about the benefits of registering your art works.
• Fair Use Checklist This list will help you to determine if your employment of an image falls under fair use. From the Columbia University Copyright Advisory Office.
• Asking for Permission Columbia University Copyright Advisory Office. Asking for Permission. Columbia's site offers practical advice on how to contact the copyright owner, how to write an effective letter (email) and how to document your efforts. It also includes model letters for use of video or text, and for use of copyrighted materials in a course management system.
• If You Cannot Find the Copyright Owner This guide from Western Oregon University discusses your options if you are unable to track down a copyright owner.
• Creative Commons Images Look for images online that grant a Creative Commons license (CC). "The Creative Commons copyright licenses and tools forge a balance inside the traditional “all rights reserved” setting that copyright law creates. Our tools give everyone from individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work.." The permissions will vary by creator but one can often find images that allow free use with proper attribution.
• A Creative Commons Primer for Graduate Students Blog entry by Heather VanMouwerik that does a good job of explaining Creative Commons and how images using this license can be utilized by grad students.
• Fair Usage Publication of Film Stills Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Society for Film Studies. Advice on publication of film stills in scholarly works.
• Wikimedia Commons Guidelines for Derivative Works Although written specifically for users of Wikimedia, these very useful guidelines follow principals agreed upon by most editors.
• Art and Architecture Resources on the Web: Copyright Web resources collected by Librarian Karen Bouchard.

How do I know what's in the public domain? Determining if a work is in the public domain, and therefore, free to be used in any way you wish, is confusing, to say the least. There are a number of online resources that help in determining the status of a work. Contact your librarian Karen Bouchard or take a look at this guide to copyright resources on the web:

The basics of when a work enters the public domain in the United States:

• Created before 1929: Now in the public domain.This updates every January. In 2024, 1928 will move into the public domain.
• 1929-1963: Copyright could be renewed every 28 years. If copyright was not renewed, the work is now in the public domain.
• 1964-1977: Copyright lasts 95 years.
• 1929-1977: If there was no copyright notice, the work is now in the public domain.
• 1978 - present: Copyright lasts for life of the creator plus 70 years. Copyright notice is no longer required in order to claim copyright.

If an artist is long dead, is his work in the public domain? The work of art itself may be in the public domain, but the question of who owns the copyright to the reproduction is still unsettled. In the case of Bridgeman Art Library vs Corel Corp, the US District Court for the Southern District of New York determined that an exact photographic copy of a two-dimensional  work of art could not be considered to be protected by copyright. This decision has stood for over twenty years now. What this means is that American museums should not charge a copyright fee for reproductions of public domain works.

It also means that many American museums have recently begun allowing free use of pre-1929 materials from their collection in the belief that such works are in the public domain. If you are publishing in the United States, you will have a case for fair use of public domain materials. Outside the U.S., you will need to follow the copyright rules of that country.

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Copyright and Fair Use

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Unclear on the Concept by caitlinburke .

(CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) Accessed July 1, 2013.

Copyright Research Guide

Images contacts.

Jennifer Akins

Subject Librarian for Art and Architecture

314-935-4377   [email protected]

​ Andrea Degener

Visual Materials Processing Archivist

314-935-9382 [email protected]

Rina Vecchiola

Art and Architecture Librarian

314-935-7658   [email protected]

Copyright assures creators of works a bundle of exclusive rights including: 

• reproduction of works
• distribution of copies
• making of derivative works
• public performance and display of works

Works are protected automatically and do not require a copyright notice (©) or registration. See the fair use resources to learn how you can use copyrighted works.

Under the Fair Use provision, Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act , four factors can be considered to determine if a use is fair:

Including copyrighted images in your online thesis or dissertation?

Please see #6 of the VRA Statement on the Fair Use of Images (pp.11-12).

See   #6 PRINCIPLE and SUGGESTIONS for Reproduction of Images in Theses and Dissertations (p.11) .

Suggestions for use include: 

• Significant commentary accompanying the image used
• Images included are the subject of commentary or to illustrate a scholarly argument
• Images are incorporated at a size or resolution necessary to make best scholarly argument
• Attributions are provided to the copyright owners

If you have any questions, please contact:  [email protected]

Determining Fair Use of Images - Tools

General Fair Use tools:

•   4 Factors of Fair Use - University of Minnesota
•   Fair Use Checklist  -  Columbia University Libraries Copyright Advisory Office 

Fair Use tools specificly for images:

VRA Statement on the Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research and Study (Dec. 2011)

The statement enumerates a number of favored purposes for which the use of a copyrighted image will typically be fair, such as:

• Preservation (storing images for repeated use in a teaching context and transferring images to new formats)
• Use of images for teaching purposes
• Use of images (both large, high-resolution images and thumbnails) on course websites and in other online study materials
• Adaptations of images for teaching and classroom work by students
• Sharing images among educational and cultural institutions to facilitate teaching and study
• Reproduction of images in theses and dissertations (includes online distribution)

DIRC – Digital Image Rights Computator (2008)

The DIRC program guides you through a series of questions addressing the following five variables to determine if use is fair. The answer will be highlighted with a tan border. Keep in mind, DIRC is more conservative than VRA Statement on Fair Use.

1.       The copyright status of the underlying work represented in the image.

2.       The copyright status of the photographic reproduction.

3.       The specific source from which you have obtained the image under consideration.

4.       Any terms of use or contract that may govern the uses of this image.

5.       The intended use(s) of this image.

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Image Use & Citation

• Images in Theses/ Dissertations
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• Image Reference
• Reverse Image Search
• Find PD & CC Images for Use
• Online Resources for Images
• Can I Use It?

Images in Theses and Dissertations

Images used often add to an authors critique or discussion, while offering a visual to help their argument.  If you use an image in your thesis or dissertation, you must cite it.  Before Theses/ dissertations were born digital, they were printed and added to the library of an institution for preservation and add to the collective scholarly community.  When using images, you will need to include commentary on it.  Images should add to one's discussion/ argument.  Fair Use of copyrighted work in print form, generally, was easy to determine for educational purposes.  However, this is not always the case with digital forms which reach a wider audience, because "images can be reproduced easily, users may copy and paste images repeatedly without realizing they are committing copyright infringement (Kennedy, 2015)."

If under copyright protection, as a best practice, you should gain permission to use it especially if you plan to publish your work later.  You must give credit where credit is due, even if it is your own work from a previous publication or class work. Images include, but are not limited to, drawings, paintings, photographs, tables, graphs, and charts.   Images fall into several categories: public domain, fair use, Creative Commons (CC), or used with permission.  If an image is under a CC license, pay close attention to the allowances set up by the creator.

For copyrighted works you will need to contact the person, publisher, or other entities who hold the rights to it.  Publishers may have a form you need to fill out for the request.  Artists generally have a personal website in which an email is provided or a contact form.  When a form is not already available for a request to reproduce you will need to include as much information as you can in your request.  

• What image(s) you want to use.
• If you do plan on publishing your work later, include that too.  This will help you in going through the publishing process in the future.
• Include the thesis/ dissertation will be published electronically and included in the Mississippi State University Institutional Repository.

Keep in mind, you may have to pay a fee to use the image(s) if it is under copyright.

Further Reading:

Standards and Guidelines by the College Art Association

Statement on The Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Studying by the Visual Resource Association

ProQuest: Copyright and Your Dissertation or Thesis: Ownership, Fair Use, and Your Rights and Responsibilities

ProQuest: Copyright and Your Dissertation or Thesis   (Includes request sample letter)

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Finding and Using Images

• Find Images
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Images in Scholarly Work & Theses

Get copyright permission, not able to get permission, code of best practices for fair use in the visual arts, statement on the fair use of images for teaching, research & study, public domain.

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As soon as an intellectual work (on-screen an idea in fixed tangible form) is created it is protected by copyright. No need to request or register which makes it very easy.

When a work is created, there is a defined amount of time for the work to be protected by copyright. The current guidelines have been in existence since 1978 and there are a few variations on works published before that year. Check out the table for a brief outline of copyright guidelines. Take note that works created before 1923 are in the “public domain” which means they are free for anyone to use without copyright restrictions.

Related Links

• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Copyright Resources Guidance on academic use of images from the Visual Resources Association
• Copyright Flowchart Flowchart for determining when US copyrights for fixed works expire
• Wikipedia: Copyright Situations by Country Current copyright situation in various countries, briefly describing which works are considered in the public domain in each country.
• Cornell Copyright Information Center A Guide to Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States

Digital Commons @ SIA

Coming in 2016:

Digital Commons @ SIA is a repository of the research, scholarship, and creative works of Sotheby's Institute of Art faculty, students, and staff. Administered by the SIA New York Library, the repository increases the global visibility of our campus community’s intellectual output and seeks to showcase and preserve our rich and unique history in the art world.

Digital Commons @ SIA is an open-access institutional repository, with freely accessible content that is searchable via Google Scholar and other search engines.

ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database

SIA students have the option to include their thesis in the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database. With more than 4 million entries, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) is the most comprehensive collection of dissertations and theses in the world.  Having an electronic copy available online has far more benefits than just having a copy kept in the library.  An online copy may widen your readership by being easy to locate and access.  You may also widen your visibility as a scholar by having your research available online. SIA students will be asked to try and obtain copyright permissions for images, if necessary, used in a thesis they upload to the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database.  

Do I need to obtain copyright permissions for images in my thesis?

The library encourages SIA students to try and obtain copyright permission for copyrighted images in the thesis as they are working on it. Maintaining records of all permissions secured will benefit you for the future use and publication of your work.

The library also encourages writers of image-heavy theses to get comfortable with fair use. Common material under copyright can include images, graphs and lengthy quotations.

Your publishing agreement with ProQuest places responsibility for securing all copyright permission solely on the author.

Are the images in my thesis considered Fair Use?

If you are using images for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research then you are more than likely falling under the fair use principle of copyright, and therefore they may be used without the need for permission from or payment to the copyright holder.

There are several factors to keep in mind to ensure  images, maps, or other illustrative material in your paper are used in a manner consistent with the doctrine of fair use.  

• It is better to use images at a resolution adequate for your purposes, but not of such rich quality that they may encroach on any potential market for the original works 
• Make sure that the images used are subject to a scholarly analysis, criticism or comment in your paper.  
• Do not use more of the work than necessary.  
• Attempt to gain permissions for any images you’ve used that are under copyright.  
• Gaining permissions may prove difficult.  Retain all documentation related to your efforts. 

See the Fair Use section for more information. You can also use the Fair Use Checklist to determine if your images fall under Fair Use.

• Fair Use Checklist

When you begin to obtain copyright permissions for your thesis, stay organized. Try using our checklist to keep track of your letters and permission forms. It is a good idea to start as soon as possible if you know you are including copyrighted images.

• Find out if the work is still under copyright protection. You can find this out by following the guidelines set out in the Copyright Office or Library of Congress ( www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.html#hlc ). Anything created prior to 1900 is probably not protected anymore.
• Determine who owns the copyright, which can usually be done by contacting the publisher. If you have difficulty identifying an owner, contact the Library for assistance.
• Request permission from the owner by using a permission request letter similar to the example below.
• Keep a copy of your correspondence for your records. Also, keep in mind permission is specific only to the uses you have requested. If you want to use previously permitted material in a new work, for example a textbook, you should contact the copyright owner for a new permission. 
• How to Get Permission For Use - Columbia University This page provides an overview of procedures for contacting and requesting permission from a copyright owner to use a copyrighted work.

Sometimes students are unable to obtain permission. Perhaps the copyright owner does not get back to you after writing them. For the purpose of images in your thesis there are some options. Make sure to keep all efforts of contact with the copyright owner for good-faith purposes.

Is it Fair Use?

See the Fair Use section below to check if your use of images falls under Fair Use. Such uses of images do not require special permissions.  

Use Thumbnail Images

Use public domain images.

Perhaps the image you are trying to use is located in a recent publication under copyright. It may be that the image can be found in an older publication in the public domain . How old is the image? See the Public Domain section below for more information.

Fair use is a copyright principle that allows users of information to be able to use intellectual property while still enabling the creator to be able to own and profit from their work.  If you are using an intellectual work for any of these reasons then you are more than likely falling under the fair use principle of copyright.

These reasons include criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship and research.

What counts as “fair use” of something depends on these four main factors:

1) The Purpose and Character of Use: How have you used the work? Have you transformed the original work by adding new expression or meaning?

2) The Nature of the Copyrighted Work: Is the work factual in nature or creative? Is it unpublished or published? Different factors about the original work will have an effect on fair use.

3) The Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used: How much of the original work are you quoting, summarizing or using? (Quoting three lines of a six line poem is different than quoting three line from a five-minute song). And, of the portion that you are using - how much of the “substantial” idea of the work are you using?

4) The Effect of the Use on the Original Work in the Market: Does the way you use the work deprive the copyright owner of income? Or does it undermine a new or potential market for the original work?

For more information on fair use check out Stanford University's guide to Fair Use .

The College Art Association's  Code of Best Practices for Fair Use in the Visual Arts  addresses the following five questions:

• Analytic Writing:  When may scholars and other writers about art invoke fair use to quote, excerpt, or reproduce copyrighted works?
• Teaching about Art:  When may teachers invoke fair use in using copyrighted works to support formal instruction in a range of settings, including online and distance teaching?
• Making Art:  Under what circumstances may artists invoke fair use to incorporate copyrighted material into new artworks in any medium?
• Museum Uses:  When may museums and their staffs invoke fair use in using copyrighted works—including images and text as well as time-based and born-digital material—when organizing exhibitions, developing educational materials (within the museum and online), publishing catalogues, and other related activities?
• Online Access to Archival and Special Collections:  When may such institutions and their staffs invoke fair use to create digital preservation copies and/or enable digital access to copyrighted materials in their collections?
• Code of Best Practices for Fair Use in the Visual Arts This Code of Best Practices provides visual-arts professionals with a set of principles addressing best practices in the fair use of copyrighted materials. It describes how fair use can be invoked and implemented when using copyrighted materials in scholarship, teaching, museums, archives, and in the creation of art.
• Fair Use In Writing About Art Infographic

Frequently Asked Questions

Have questions about how the Code of Best Practices can be used to evaluate your use of copyrighted materials? Not sure if your use of copyrighted materials falls under the fair use doctrine? Check here for  frequently asked questions .

The  Visual Resources Association  with the assistance of a legal advisory committee recently released an  opinion statement  clearly stating (pages 11-12) that reproducing images in theses and dissertations is consistent with "fair use".

• The VRA report has a list of five helpful suggestions for using images in theses and dissertations on page 12 of the  report .

No permission is needed to use works in the public domain because they are not protected by copyright. Most works enter the public domain when the law no longer considers them under copyright. 

Some databases that include images in the public domain can be found under the Find Images tab.

Creative Commons is a way for you to share your ideas and creative work with the rest of the world, while also making decisions about how you want your intellectual work to be credited to you.

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MIT Libraries logo MIT Libraries

Theses & copyright

Fair use and your thesis

There are two key questions to consider when determining whether you can reuse a figure, table, image, or other content in your thesis without obtaining permission from the copyright holder:

• Is the figure copyrighted? For the most part the answer to this will be yes (see Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States ). Generally, once the content was put in tangible form, and unless it was created prior to 1923 or is a US government publication, it is copyrighted.
• Would your reuse be considered fair use ?

MIT license agreements may allow reuse

You may not need to rely on fair use to use others’ work in your thesis. The MIT Libraries’ has license agreements with Elsevier, Sage, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley that allow authors to reuse figures without asking permission or paying any fee.

Find more information about using figures and other content from published works.

Obtaining permission for use

If you determine that you should seek permission to reuse someone’s work, here are some places to go:

• In general, MIT owns the copyright in MIT theses. If you want to reuse parts of a student’s (or your own) MIT thesis, contact [email protected] .
• If you want to reuse a portion of a book or article, an efficient place to begin is the Copyright Clearance Center.
• If you are seeking permission to reuse content from formats other than a book or article (e.g. music, plays, images, or film) consult the University of Texas Getting Permission page .

Using your own published articles in your thesis, or publishing articles from it

Journal publishers usually control copyright to scholarly articles. This  theses and article publishing page shows publisher policies related to reuse of previously published articles in theses, and policies on accepting journal submissions on work that first appeared in a thesis.

Specifications for Thesis Preparation

This guide includes information on submission dates, fees, formatting, and copyright.

Thesis and Dissertation Guide

• « Thesis & Dissertation Resources
• The Graduate School Home
• Introduction
• Copyright Page
• Dedication, Acknowledgements, Preface (optional)
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables, Figures, and Illustrations
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Symbols
• Non-Traditional Formats
• Font Type and Size
• Spacing and Indentation
• Tables, Figures, and Illustrations
• Formatting Previously Published Work
• Internet Distribution
• Open Access

Registering Copyright

Using copyrighted materials.

• Use of Your Own Previously Published Materials
• Submission Steps
• Submission Checklist
• Sample Pages

IV. Copyrighting

A copyright is an intangible right granted to the author or originator of certain literary or artistic productions, under which they are invested for a limited period with the sole, exclusive privilege of making copies and publishing and selling them.

Copyright protection automatically exists from the time the work is created in fixed form. There is no requirement that the work be published or registered to obtain protection under copyright law. The copyright of any work immediately becomes the property of the author who created the work, unless it is a work-for-hire, or unless ownership has been assigned by written agreement.

Receipt of a submitted and approved thesis or dissertation in The Graduate School results in the publication of the document by the University Library at UNC-Chapel Hill. As such, each student grants the University a limited, non-exclusive, royalty-free license to reproduce the student's work, in whole or in part, in electronic form to be posted in the University Library database and made available to the general public at no charge. This does not mean that UNC-Chapel Hill owns the copyright to your work (you do), but the University has the right to reproduce and distribute your work. Public universities often require students to allow reproduction and distribution of academic work to support the dissemination of intellectual thought and discovery. Please review the Copyright Policy of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for additional information.

Regardless of whether or not you register copyright for your thesis or dissertation, UNC-Chapel Hill requires that you include a copyright notice following the title page. See Section I of this Guide and the sample copyright page for the format of this notice. Including this page helps to establish that you are the owner of the work. It also protects you, as the copyright holder, from anyone claiming innocent infringement or unintentional violation of copyright.

You may wish to register your copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office at the Library of Congress. As mentioned above, copyright registration is not a condition to copyright protection. There are, however, advantages to registration, especially if you have a claim of infringement of your copyright. Registration may be made at any time within the life of the copyright, but there are advantages to filing for registration within three months of publication. For more information on registration, consult the website of the U.S. Copyright Office .

There are two main ways for you to file for copyright of your thesis or dissertation:

• You may empower ProQuest to file the application on your behalf. When you submit your thesis or dissertation, ProQuest charges a fee for this service ($55, subject to change). The service includes preparing an application in your name, submitting your application fee, depositing the required copy or copies of the manuscript, and mailing you the completed certificate of registration from the Library of Congress.
• Alternately, you may file for copyright directly. Visit the following U.S. Copyright website for more information about registering your work . There is a copyright fee for filing copyright directly with the U.S. Copyright Office ($35, subject to change).

Any copyrighted materials used in your work, beyond brief excerpts, may be used only with the written permission of the copyright owner. Book and journal publishers normally hold the copyright for all materials they publish. Therefore, even if you are the sole or one of several authors of material in a published book or journal, you must obtain written permission from the copyright holder if you are including this material in your document. Remember that use of reproductions or excerpts of other media, such as music, graphic images, or computer software may also require permissions.

Your letter to the copyright holder needs to make clear that you seek written permission to preserve (on microfilm and digitally) and publish (in print and digital form) your thesis or dissertation through ProQuest and that ProQuest may sell, on demand, for scholarly purposes, single copies of your work, which includes the copyright holder's material. Your letter must also seek written permission for the document to be submitted in electronic format to UNC-Chapel Hill where it will be placed in a database and made available through the University Library to the general public at no charge via the Internet.

You are responsible for securing all necessary permissions and paying any permission fees in advance of using copyrighted materials in your work.

Use of Your Own Previously Published Material

Some academic programs permit you to include articles or other materials that you have previously published, that have been accepted (or submitted, in press, or under review) for publication, or that have been otherwise presented to the public within the body of your thesis or dissertation. In all such instances the following guidelines apply:

• If the material is co-authored, your academic program must approve its inclusion in your thesis or dissertation.
• If the material is copyrighted (if you are the sole author but the copyright is held by the publisher), you must fulfill the conditions specified in the section above on using copyrighted materials .
• The material, if included in the body of your text, must conform to all formatting guidelines outlined in this Guide. See the Formatting Previously Published Work section for details.

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• University of Michigan Library
• Research Guides

Copyright for Dissertations

• Using Others' Content
• Copyright in Your Dissertation
• Publishing Your Dissertation

Copyright Questions?

The University of Michigan Library Copyright Office provides help with copyright questions for University of Michigan faculty, staff and students. Please email us with questions or visit our website for more information.

Legal Advice

The information presented here is intended for informational purposes and should not be construed as legal advice. If you have specific legal questions pertaining to the University of Michigan, please contact the Office of the General Counsel .

If you require legal advice in your personal capacity, the lawyer referral services operated by the Washtenaw County Bar Association and the State Bar of Michigan may be helpful to you.

Using Third-Party Materials in Your Dissertation

If you use materials (such as text, images, sound recordings, etc.) created by a third party in your dissertation, you need to consider whether copyright law allows your use of those materials. In some cases, even reusing your own published articles can raise copyright concerns, if you have transferred your copyright to someone else, like your publisher. Even when copyright permits your use of a work, contract law may prevent it. When you agree to terms of use in order to gain access to a copy of a work (such as a letter in an archive or a newspaper article in an online database), those terms also control what you can do with the work.

You can proceed without copyright permission if you are using something that is not  copyrightable  or is in the  public domain . You also don't need permission if you are using it in a way that does not implicate one of the  rights of copyright holders  or is permitted by a  user’s right , such as fair use. If none of these circumstances applies, you need a  license  to use the work. In some cases, an existing license may cover your use. In others, you will need to get a new license from the copyright holder. For more information on these subjects, please see our  Copyright Basics  and  Obtaining Copyright Permissions  guides.

In addition to the copyright issues, it is also vital to follow attribution norms within your discipline. For more information about the distinction between plagiarism and copyright infringement, see below.

Contracts at Libraries, Archives, and Museums

Some institutions require you to sign an agreement before accessing their collections. That agreement may limit your ability to use their materials. These agreements are valid even when the materials are in the public domain or using the materials would qualify as fair use. For instance, if you agree to get permission from the institution before publishing any images of items from its collection, you are bound by that agreement.

To avoid trouble on this issue,

• Ask up front what the terms are and whether you can use the materials in your dissertation;
• Carefully read the terms of any agreements you sign; and
• Keep a copy of the terms, noting the materials to which they apply.

Fair Use in Dissertations

Fair use allows certain uses of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder. There are four factors to consider when determining whether your use is a fair one. You must consider all the factors, but not all the factors have to favor fair use for the use to be fair. The outline below explains how the fair use factors and their subfactors apply to using third-party material in a University of Michigan dissertation.

First Factor: "The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes"

Uses that fall under one of the favored purposes listed in the fair use statute (17 U.S.C. § 107) or have a nonprofit educational purpose will weigh in favor of fair use. Favored purposes include scholarship, research, criticism, and comment. Since uses in dissertations often have these purposes, this subfactor favors fair use.

Uses that are commercial weigh against fair use. Most uses in dissertations are not for commercial purposes, but that may change if you publish your dissertation with ProQuest or another commercial entity.

Uses that are transformative weigh in favor of fair use. A use is transformative when the use adds new meaning or message to the original work, giving it a new purpose. For example, imagine you are writing your dissertation about the impacts of advertising directed to children. You include a toy advertisement and analyze how it reached a child audience. The original purpose of the advertisement was to increase demand for the toy, while your purpose is for scholarship and critique, making your use transformative. Quoting another scholar's analysis of the advertisement would not necessarily be transformative, though it is still often fair use.

Second Factor: "The nature of the copyrighted work"

If the work used is creative, that will weigh against fair use. If the work used is factual, that will weigh in favor of fair use. The outcome of this subfactor varies depending on the work used.

If the work used is unpublished, that will weigh against fair use. However, the fair use statute explicitly states that the unpublished nature of a work will not bar fair use if the use is otherwise fair. The outcome of this subfactor varies depending on the work used.

Third Factor: "The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole"

Using all or much of the original work will weigh against fair use. The outcome of this subfactor varies depending on the use.

Using the most important part of the original work (the "heart") will weigh against fair use, even if it is only a small amount of the work. The outcome of this subfactor varies depending on the use.

The third factor is neutralized if the amount used is necessary for a transformative purpose, even if the entire original work is used. For instance, the third factor would be neutralized in the use of the toy advertisement described above — all of the advertisement has to be used in order to achieve the transformative use.

Fourth Factor: "The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work"

Uses that decrease demand for the original work by providing a substitute will weigh against fair use. In many cases, using a work in your dissertation will not provide a substitute for the original work, but the outcome of this subfactor can vary depending on the use.

Uses that decrease demand for the original work by criticizing it (as with a negative film review) have no impact on the fourth factor.

If the licensing market for the use you are making is "traditional, reasonable, or likely to develop," that will weigh against fair use.

Resources on Fair Use

• Fair Use Checklist This checklist from the Columbia Copyright Advisory Office helps users consider the factors and subfactors of the fair use analysis.
• Codes of Best Practices in Fair Use These codes document the shared best practices of communities that rely on fair use, including fair use for online video, fair use of images for teaching, research, and study, fair use for OpenCourseWare, fair use for documentary filmmakers, fair use for the visual arts, and fair use for academic and research libraries.
• Summaries of Fair Use Cases This set of case summaries from Stanford is a good resource for learning about fair use law.
• US Copyright Office Fair Use Index This index of fair use cases is searchable by media format, case outcome, jurisdiction, and date. It is helpful for learning about legal precedents and judicial interpretation of the fair use doctrine.
• Fair Use for Nonfiction Authors This guide, published by the Authors Alliance, explains when fair use applies to the use of sources in nonfiction works such as scholarly articles. It has been endorsed by the American Council of Learned Societies and the Association for Information Science and Technology.

Using Material Under an Existing License

A Creative Commons license makes it easy for you to know how you can use a work. Images licensed under Creative Commons licenses can be particularly useful if you need a generic rather than specific image. Because the rights holder has already given everyone permission to use the image under the terms of the license, you do not need to evaluate fair use or seek permission in order to use it.

When you use a work licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses, you need to comply with the license requirements (unless your use is otherwise permitted, e.g., by fair use). All Creative Commons licenses require attribution. Using the work without giving attribution means you do not meet the legal conditions of the license. However, the licenses are deliberately flexible about the requirements for that attribution. The  Best Practices for Attribution  are outlined on the Creative Commons wiki. Our guide to  Creative Commons licenses has more information on this topic.

Creative Commons Resources

When works are marked with code generated by the Creative Commons License Chooser , that mark is machine readable. A number of search tools allow users to limit their search by license.

• CC Search CC Search enables users to search across multiple platforms for content licensed under one of the Creative Commons licenses.
• Google: Find Free-to-Use Images This page explains how to use Google's search engines to find images, text, and videos that are licensed under Creative Commons licenses.

Copyright Infringement vs. Plagiarism

Copyright infringement and plagiarism are related but distinct concepts. Plagiarism is using the work of another without attribution. Copyright infringement is any reproduction, distribution, modification, performance, or display of a copyrighted work without the permission of the rights holder that does not fall under fair use or another user's right.

It is possible to plagiarize even when you have cleared permission for all the copyrighted works. Similarly, it is possible to infringe copyright even when you have given careful attribution. In addition to resolving the copyright issues, you must follow attribution norms within your discipline in order to avoid plagiarizing others' work. 

U.S. copyright law does not require citation in a particular form. However, following academic citation norms can help improve your fair use analysis. Check with your dissertation advisor for help figuring out what citation style you should use in your dissertation.

The Rackham Dissertation Handbook (PDF)  says sources that must be cited include, but are not limited to:

language or wording either taken directly or paraphrased from another source, whether published or not; concepts, interpretations, techniques, methods, test instruments or procedures borrowed or adapted from another work, whether published or not; charts, graphs or figures borrowed or adapted from another source, whether published or not; photographs, films, recordings, digital material or other images from another source; and data, surveys or results of any kind from any other inquiry or investigation.

The Sweetland Center for Writing provides a number of resources on plagiarism and how to avoid it, including Beyond Plagiarism: Best Practices for the Responsible Use of Sources .

University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Copyright for Graduate Students: Theses and Dissertations

• Public Domain
• Creative Commons Licensing
• Obtaining Copyright Permission
• International Materials
• State and Federal Governmental Materials
• University Policies on Copyright
• Depositing Your Dissertation/Thesis in IDEALS

Copyright Questions?

Copyright law can be difficult and confusing. This webpage is meant to provide you with guidance, but not legal advice.

Should you have further questions, please do not hesitate to ask Sara Benson, the Copyright Librarian, for assistance. Sara can be reached at 217-333-4200 or [email protected]

Scholarly Communication and Publishing

Some Copyright Ground Rules

• General Concepts
• What Does Copyright Protect?
• A work created today (or, more specifically, after 1989) is protected under copyright  as soon as it’s created  and is (generally) protected for the lifetime of the creator, plus 70 years (could be even longer for some works).
• There is no special symbol  (such as the copyright symbol) necessary on the protected work since 1989--it is protected simply because someone created it and wrote it down or recorded it.
• If more than one person created a work, they might be  joint owners of a work  (see "Copyright Ownership" on the right).
• When copyright expires, the work becomes  public domain .
• Ideas can’t be copyrighted, only the tangible expression in a fixed medium of the idea can.  
• Facts can't be copyrighted, either.
• You may use any copyrighted material under the  “ fair use ”  doctrine, within fair use guidelines.
• If something  looks copyrighted, assume it is.
• Copyright protects an author's right to reproduce (copy), distribute (license), make derivatives of the work, publicly display and perform the work
• This means that if you wish to make a copy of a copyrighted work (unless it is considered a  " fair use ")  you must  get permission  from the owner of the work
• You also generally cannot publicly display a copyrighted work (say a movie or work of art) unless you have permission to do so or a recognized  "copyright exception"  exists

Copyright Ownership

• The Author Is The Initial Owner
• Ownership Can Be Assigned or Transferred
• Works Can Be Made Available Under Terms More Favorable Than Copyright Allows
• Joint Ownership of A Copyrighted Work

If you wrote an essay or article, you are the owner of that article unless and until you contract away your rights (such as in a publishing agreement).

Giving away the bundle of rights that constitute copyright is often called a grant. If the transfer is exclusive it has to be in writing. In books/articles, this usually occurs in a publishing agreement.

The Creative Commons has developed a series of licenses that allows copyright holders to retain control over their works, but still make them available under terms more favorable than copyright allows.  Essentially, under the creative commons licenses, owners of copyright have allowed others to use their work with certain limitations specified in the creative commons license.

More information about the  creative commons  license is available on their website at  www.creativecommons.org .

 A work is considered joint if it meets these conditions:

both or all the authors intend that their contributions be merged into a single work;

this intention exists at the time of creation of the work.

No written contract is necessary to create a joint work. Each author owns an undivided portion of the entire work.  So, one author can grant another person permission to use the work without the agreement of the author author.  The only obligation is to share in any profits received. 

For some additional information about copyright in the music industry, please see the LibGuide on  Copyright Resources for Music .

The Basics of Copyright

Common Questions & Answers

Q: Should I put some sort of copyright notice on my work?

A:  It is wise to do so because even though it is not required, many people misunderstand basic copyright law rules. So, putting a notice on your work will remind others not to use it unless they have an exception applies to general copyright rules or they have obtained your permission first.  

Q:  As long as something is for educational use, I'm not violating copyright laws, right?

A: Unfortunately, no. Although there is a limited exception for face-to-face teaching, not all educational uses of copyrighted works will fall under that exception and fair use is decided on a case-by-case (not a blanket exception) basis.

Q:  How do I know FOR SURE that something is a fair use?

A:  That's a tough one. Unfortunately, it is hard to know when something is a fair use for sure because, ultimately, the court decides fair use cases on a case-by-case basis. Generally, we should exercise our good faith judgment and consider risk assessment when making fair use determinations.  But, this does not mean that we shouldn't exercise our fair use rights.  We should do so in a considered way.

Q: What role does licensing play in specific copyright questions?

A: A very large role. Essentially, you can contract away (through licensing) any of your copyright rights. So, for instance, if I write a journal article but if I assign my copyright entirely to the journal publisher, then I no longer have any right to share my article either publicly or privately without the permission of the journal.

The content for this page originated with the School of Music's Copyright LibGuide .  

Except where otherwise indicated, original content in this guide is licensed under a   Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license . You are free to share, adopt, or adapt the materials. We encourage broad adoption of these materials for teaching and other professional development purposes, and invite you to customize them for your own needs.

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• URL: https://guides.library.illinois.edu/copyrightforgradstudents

Pumerantz Library Research Guides

Research assistance, subject guides, & useful resources, theses and dissertations: reusing copyrighted material.

• Introduction
• Writing Your Thesis or Dissertation
• Reusing Copyrighted Material

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What Do I Need Permission For?

You generally DO need permission to:

• Reuse a survey or assessment instrument created by another person
• Reprint a table, figure, or image from a book or journal article
• Reprint a copyrighted image from the Internet (assume all images are copyrighted unless stated otherwise)
• Make modifications to a copyrighted image or an image released under a Creative Commons No Derivatives license
• Reprint copyrighted images or images released under a Creative Commons Non-Commercial license in a book, journal, or other commercial venue

You generally DO NOT need permission to:

• Quote brief excerpts from a scholarly work
• Reprint images released under a Creative Commons license
• Make modifications to images released under Creative Commons licenses that do not contain " No Derivatives "
• Reprint images released under Creative Commons licenses that do not contain " Non-Commercial " in a book, journal, or other commercial venue
• Reuse any work that is in the public domain

Finding Permission-Free Images

Pumerantz Library's Medical Images & Videos research guide has a section dedicated to resources for finding public domain and Creative Commons-licensed images. 

You can also limit Google Images searches to images you can freely reuse or modify for commercial or noncommercial purposes:

Citing Images

A citation for an image or figure should have the following:

• Title of the image
• Author or creator of the image
• Source of the figure or image 
• Copyright or Creative Commons license
• "Reprinted with permission from [Copyright holder]' (if relevant)
• Description of any modifications to the image (if relevant)

Sample citations for Creative Commons images can be found here .

If the original source is a book or journal, include the full citation for the source, not just a URL (even if you originally retrieved the work online). More information about book and article citations can be found on the Pumerantz Library's Citation Style research guide .

If the original source is a website, embed the link to the title rather than typing out the full URL in the citation.

How Do I Request Permission to Reuse Material?

Who owns the copyright?

• Journal articles: The copyright owner is usually the journal (or the journal's publisher), not the author. 
• Books: The author usually retains the copyright, but the publisher generally handles reprint requests. 
• Websites: This can be tricky to determine. Some websites create all their own content, including images, and own the copyright on everything on the site. Other websites, like blogs or aggregator sites, may use images and other content from multiple sources. You can paste the image's URL into a reverse image search to track down the original copyright owner.

How do I contact the copyright owner?

• Journal articles: You can often find a link on the article's website that says something like "Get rights" or "Request permissions." This will take you directly to a page where you can request permission. If not, you can usually find a "Contact us" link on the journal's home page and submit the request that way.
• Books: You can contact the publisher using the mailing address listed on the copyright page of the book or look for a "Contact us" or "Request permissions" link on the publisher's website.
• Websites: If you are fairly sure the website is the original owner of the content you want, use the "Contact us" form or other contact information listed to submit your request. If the website is not the owner, try to find contact information for the original creator--a link to the owner's site is often embedded in their name, if it is listed.

How long does it take to hear back?

It depends! In some cases, you will hear back in a few days. Other times, you may hear back in weeks, months--or never. It is a good idea to give yourself at least a month or two if you can.

Will I be charged a fee to reuse material?

Again, it depends on the copyright owner. Many creators and publishers will allow students to reuse items in their theses or dissertations for free. Others may charge a nominal fee or fees ranging in the hundreds of dollars.

What are my options if permission is denied or too expensive--or if I just never hear back?

It is a good idea to have a backup plan, like another permission-free image or a brief written description of the desired figure (in your own words) to use instead. If only the original material will work, you can consider appealing (once, and politely) to the copyright owner. If this does not work, you may need to cut the material altogether.

Can I just redraw the figure myself? Then I'll have the rights to the image, right?

No. This is legally murky at best (if you redraw the image in a completely different way) and shady/illegal at worst. Use one of the solutions listed above instead.

Copyright and permissions can be difficult to navigate. If you need help, please email  Kelli Hines  or use the icons above to contact one of the reference librarians.

Even More Research Guides

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• Last Updated: Aug 29, 2023 3:15 PM

• Managing copyright material in your thesis

Making your thesis available in the research portal

At Bond all Doctoral theses are uploaded into the University's Research Portal which is an Open Access repository.

As an original work you own the copyright in your thesis and data, but if you include any work created by another person this must be cleared before upload into the Research Portal.  

To ensure that your thesis is 'Open Access' copyright compliant, you must check the following:

• you have permission in writing from the copyright owner, or have a publisher's permission licence, to use any copyrighted material created by others in your thesis.
• you have a publisher's agreement, or copyright permission, allowing you to reproduce a portion or the whole Accepted version of your own published article in your thesis.

You do not need permission to use:

• an insubstantial portion of a work, for example short quotes from a book or a journal article
• work that carries a Creative Commons licence  (but you should state the licence)
• works where the copyright has expired. When the copyright has expired, the work is considered in the Public Domain and can be used without the copyright owner's permission.

Copyright for researchers toolkit

Using the  Copyright for Researchers Toolkit  is essential to keep track of any third party copyright material in your work, or if you are planning to produce a thesis by publication.  

Download the Toolkit and Copyright Log Template in excel format (available below)   to record and track copyright permission requests and licences during your research. The Tootlit contains a sample permission letter, as well as easy-to-read information on gaining copyright permissions for higher degree research students.

• Copyright for Researchers Toolkit A downloadable toolkit for researchers including a sample permissions letter, checklist and simple-to-read information about copyright.
• Copyright Log Template Excel format

Using copyright material created by others

Management of copyright material is an important element of your thesis journey. 

Careful management of other peoples' work, also known as third-party materials, when writing your thesis will ensure an uncomplicated submission. If copyright material that does not belong to you is included in a thesis, e.g., images, tables, graphs, charts, or a survey template, then you must obtain permission from the copyright owner/publisher to include the reproduced material.  Copyright permission is also required if you want to adapt or modify a copyrighted work, e.g., a diagram in a published article or website.

Gaining Permissions or a Publisher Licence

Permission for the reproduction of copyright works, e.g., diagrams, photographs, maps, and tables, can take different routes. 

Website content belongs to the website owner. Check the Terms of Use, usually found in the website footer, before copying images or diagrams from a website. Ask for permission by sending a request via the website Contact page using the template letter in the Copyright for Researchers Toolkit .

The reproduction of figures and diagrams from scholarly journal articles in a thesis is typically available free of charge, but permission is still required.

The permission letter template in the Copyright for Researchers Toolkit  can be used in many cases, however, many publishers direct user permission requests to the RightsLink automated permission-granting service, whilst other publishers have their own online permission request form. The 'Request Permission' link is often found on the same page as the published article, or the journal website.

Publishers generally have a 'Permissions' link near the title of the article as shown in the example below. 

Permissions from a publisher come in the form of a licence.

Step 1:  The first step in gaining permission to reproduce a figure/table/diagram from a research article, or an entire article of which you are an author, in your thesis is to go to the published article in the journal and open the 'Tools' or 'Permissions' link or icon then select 'Request permission'. 

Note: A journal's 'Permissions' link is found in various places on the article webpage depending on the publisher, e.g. left or right-hand sidebar.

Step 2: The link will take you to the CCC RightsLink page as shown below. Select 'reuse in a dissertation/thesis'. Complete the form. 

Step 3: Click the 'Continue' button to acquire the licence that will provide permission to reproduce the self-authored article, or figure/table/diagram, from the article in your thesis.  Note that the licence is commonly free of charge.

The Manager, Scholarly Publications & Copyright can assist with copyright permissions and general copyright queries. Please make contact at least three (3) months before your thesis submission date for a thorough copyright check.

Example publisher licence application process

Step 1 - request permission.

The first step in gaining permission to reproduce a figure/table/diagram from a research article, or an entire article of which you are an author, in your thesis is to go to the published article in the journal and open the 'Tools' or 'Permissions' link or icon then select 'Request permission'. 

Step 2 - Complete the form

The link will take you to the CCC RightsLink page. Select 'reuse in a dissertation/thesis'. Complete the form. 

Step 3 - Acquire licence

Click the 'Continue' button to acquire the licence that will provide permission to reproduce the self-authored article, or figure/table/diagram, from the article in your thesis.  Note that the licence is commonly free of charge.

Step 4 - Compile permission files

All the publisher permission licenses should be compiled into one pdf file (named: Copyright Permissions) and this should be uploaded into WorkFlowGen with the pre-examination copy of your thesis.

Avoid plagiarism

Plagiarism occurs when the work of another person, or persons, is used and presented as one's own.

If you include other people’s words, ideas, or materials without proper acknowledgment (such as including an intext citation, footnote, and reference list entry) you are plagiarising. This is classified as academic misconduct.

The University regards very seriously any acts of cheating, or dishonesty by way of plagiarism and there is a range of penalties that may be imposed on an HDR student for instances of plagiarism which is a breach of the University's Research Misconduct Policy (available below).

Bond University uses Turnitin to check HDR student work for plagiarism.  Read the poster below which illustrates a wide range of actions that are plagiarism.

• Did I plagiarise? Download the 'Did I plagiarise?' poster.
• Research Misconduct Policy RES 4.5.5
• Academic integrity at Bond Academic integrity at Bond Academic Integrity at Bond means adhering, in words and actions and across all aspects of student life, to an academic moral code bound by the seven integrity principles of honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility, courage, and professionalism. Breaches of academic integrity are known as academic misconduct or academic dishonesty.

Moral rights

Creators of copyright material hold moral rights in the material they create even if they do not hold copyright.

They include the right:

• to be acknowledged or attributed as the creator of the work
• not to have their work falsely attributed, to anyone else, and
• not to have their work used in a derogatory manner.

You must fully acknowledge any copyright material that you use. The attribution must be clear and reasonably prominent in captions under artistic works such as images, diagrams and photographs no matter the source, whether it be a journal article, book, another thesis, or a website.  Literary works should always carry in-text citations and all works should appear in the reference list.

Further information

Copyright Guide for Research Students: What you need to know about copyright before depositing your electronic thesis in an online repository . This is a useful guide for PhD students that contains copyright scenarios.

See the ' Submitting a thesis ' tab for further information on presenting your copyright permissions and licences with your thesis.

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• Writing your thesis
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• Submitting your thesis - A stepped process
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Thesis / dissertation formatting manual (2024).

• Filing Fees and Student Status
• Submission Process Overview
• Electronic Thesis Submission
• Paper Thesis Submission
• Formatting Overview
• Fonts/Typeface
• Pagination, Margins, Spacing
• Paper Thesis Formatting
• Preliminary Pages Overview

Copyright Page

• Dedication Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures (etc.)
• Acknowledgements
• Text and References Overview
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The use of copyright notice is the prerogative of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration with, the U.S. Copyright Office. The use of such notice is highly recommended , because it informs the public that the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and shows the year of first publication.

Generally speaking:

• You should include a copyright statement for yourself for this manuscript.
• You must list copyright holders ​if any portion of your manuscript has been previously published (by you or by another author). See  https://guides.lib.uci.edu/gradmanual/previously-published-overview  
• If a copyright statement is not being included, insert a blank page as a substitute. The UCI Libraries strongly recommends that you include a copyright statement.
• Please read the Copyrighted Materials sections (found in the tabs on the left-hand side of this page) for more information.

The notice must contain the following three elements:

• The symbol © (the letter in a circle), or the word "Copyright"
• The year of publication (i.e., the year in which you are filing your manuscript)
• The name of the copyright owner (i.e., your name as it appears on the title page)

Example: © 2015 John Doe

Copyright Page Example

Here is an example Copyright Page if the thesis/dissertation author is the only copyright holder listed.

If you need to list other copyright holders for other material included in your manuscript, those should be listed above your copyright for your graduate manuscript. Here is an example of a copyright page section with multiple copyrights listed:

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TikTok to start labeling AI-generated content as technology becomes more universal

FILE - The TikTok logo is displayed on a mobile phone in front of a computer screen, Oct. 14, 2022, in Boston. TikTok will begin labeling content created using artificial intelligence when it’s uploaded from certain platforms. TikTok says its efforts are an attempt to combat misinformation from being spread on its social media platform. The announcement came on ABC’s “Good Morning America” on Thursday, May 9, 2024. (AP Photo/Michael Dwyer, File)

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TikTok will begin labeling content created using artificial intelligence when it’s been uploaded from outside its own platform in an attempt to combat misinformation.

“AI enables incredible creative opportunities, but can confuse or mislead viewers if they don’t know content was AI-generated,” the company said in a prepared statement Thursday. “Labeling helps make that context clear—which is why we label AIGC made with TikTok AI effects, and have required creators to label realistic AIGC for over a year.”

TikTok’s shift in policy is part of an broader attempt in the technology industry to provide more safeguards for AI usage. In February Meta announced that it was working with industry partners on technical standards that will make it easier to identify images and eventually video and audio generated by artificial intelligence tools. Users on Facebook and Instagram users would see labels on AI-generated images.

Google said last year that AI labels are coming to YouTube and its other platforms.

A push for digital watermarking and labeling of AI-generated content was also part of an executive order that U.S. President Joe Biden signed in October .

TikTok is teaming up with the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity and will use their Content Credentials technology.

The company said that the technology can attach metadata to content, which it can use to instantly recognize and label AI-generated content. TikTok said it began to deploy the technology Thursday on images and videos and will be coming to audio-only content soon.

In coming months, Content Credentials will be attached to submissions made on TikTok, which will remain on the content when downloaded. This will help identify AI-generated material that’s made on TikTok and help people learn when, where and how the content was made or edited. Other platforms that adopt Content Credentials will be able to automatically label it.

“Using Content Credentials as a way to identify and convey synthetic media to audiences directly is a meaningful step towards AI transparency, even more so than typical watermarking techniques,” Claire Leibowicz, head of the AI and Media Integrity Program at the Partnership on AI, said in a prepared statement. “At the same time we need to better understand how users react to these labels and hope that TikTok reports on the response so that we may better understand how the public navigates an increasingly AI-augmented world.”

TikTok said it’s the first video-sharing platform to put the credentials into practice and will join the Adobe-led Content Authenticity Initiative to help push the adoption of the credentials within the industry.

“TikTok is the first social media platform to support Content Credentials, and with over 170 million users in the United States alone, their platform and their vast community of creators and users are an essential piece of that chain of trust needed to increase transparency online,” Dana Rao, Adobe’s executive vice president, general counsel and chief trust officer, said in a blog post.

TikTok’s policy in the past has been to encourage users to label content that has been generated or significantly edited by AI. It also requires users to label all AI-generated content where it contains realistic images, audio, and video.

“Our users and our creators are so excited about AI and what it can do for their creativity and their ability to connect with audiences.” Adam Presser, TikTok’s Head of Operations & Trust and Safety told ABC News. “And at the same time, we want to make sure that people have that ability to understand what fact is and what is fiction.”

The announcement initially came on ABC’s “Good Morning America” on Thursday.

TikTok’s AI actions come just two days after TikTok said that it and its Chinese parent company, ByteDance, had filed a lawsuit challenging a new American law that would ban the video-sharing app in the U.S. unless it’s sold to an approved buyer, saying it unfairly singles out the platform and is an unprecedented attack on free speech.

The lawsuit is the latest turn in what’s shaping up to be a protracted legal fight over TikTok’s future in the United States — and one that could end up before the Supreme Court. If TikTok loses, it says it would be forced to shut down next year.

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Using Images and Non-Textual Materials in Presentations, Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

• Documenting and Citing Images
• Finding Images - Select Sources
• A topically related USC Libraries guide is Organizing Research for Arts and Humanities Papers and Theses.

The Visual Resources Association (VRA) in its statement on fair use of images  for teaching, research and study notes that use of images in scholarship is fundamental to the advancement of collective knowledge. Thesis research adds original argument and places images in a different context from the original, typically aesthetic, aim of the copyright owner of the image.  Inclusion of an image in a thesis frequently benefits the creator of that image and the creator of any work depicted in the image.  The VRA suggests that researchers are best positioned to assert fair use if:

• Significant commentary, or other original content, accompanies images included in the thesis;
• Conversely, images included in a thesis are subject of commentary or illustrate a scholarly argument, and are not included for purely aesthetic purposes;
• Images are incorporated at a size/resolution necessary to make the best scholarly argument;
• Attributions are provided to the copyright owner of the image, where known;
• The circulation and distribution of the thesis through online websites or repositories is consistent with academic practices or requirements set forth by the degree-granting institution.

Additional Selected Resources on Copyright and Fair Use:

• The Visual Resources Association (VRA) provides resources on intellectual property rights for academic use of images; 
• Columbia University Libraries have a very handy Fair Use Checklist ;
• Stanford University libraries maintain a web site on copyright and fair use ;
• The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) has an excellent info-graphic on the myths and facts of Fair Use (February 2017); its resources on fair use include toolkits and other topical infographics.
• The Harvard University Office of Scholarly Communication published a clear info-graphic on Fair Use in 2017. While geared toward the Harvard University community, its information is clear and accessible;
• The Association of American Presses has developed an author responsibilities and guidelines FAQ ;
• Last but not least, the American Library Association's Office of Information Technology Policy has a Copyright Advisory Network which provides links to such resources as Fair Use Evaluator, Public Domain Slider, etc.

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• Last Updated: Jan 19, 2023 3:12 PM
• URL: https://libguides.usc.edu/fair_use

2024 PGA Championship: Tee times, groupings announced for Rounds 1-2

The 2024 PGA Championship is set to begin from Valhalla Golf Club on Thursday, May 16. (Getty Images)

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Tee times have been announced for the opening two rounds of the PGA Championship, contested at Valhalla Golf Club in Louisville, Kentucky.

And of course there’s PGA of America professional Michael Block, returning to the PGA Championship after a T15 last year at Oak Hill . Block is one of 21 club professionals in this week's field, joining the top 20 finishers from this year's PGA Professional Championship.

The 156-player field will compete in threesomes off Nos. 1 and 10 tees in the opening two rounds, with morning and afternoon waves, before a 36-hole cut to the top 70 players and ties. There is no cut between the third and fourth rounds. In the event of a tie for first place after 72 holes, there will be a three-hole playoff (Nos. 13, 17 and 18). If still tied, there will be a hole-by-hole playoff on Nos. 18, 13, 17 and 18, repeated.

Here's a look at some notable groupings for the first two rounds of the 106th PGA Championship (all times in ET):

• Michael Block, Luke Donald, Shaun Micheel (7:15 a.m. Thursday, No. 1 / 12:40 p.m. Friday, No. 10). The event's reigning low PGA Professional, Block will hit the first tee shot off No. 1 at Valhalla. He’ll be joined by reigning winning European Ryder Cup Captain Luke Donald (who will also captain the side in 2025) and past PGA Championship winner Shaun Micheel, who won in 2003 at Oak Hill.
• Ludvig Åberg, Xander Schauffele, Justin Thomas (7:53 a.m. Thursday, No. 10 / 1:18 p.m. Friday, No. 1). The precocious Åberg, who finished runner-up at last month’s Masters in his major debut, will look to carry that form to Valhalla. He’ll do so alongside Schauffele, who has notched six top-five finishes in majors but has yet to win one, and Thomas, the Louisville native who has won two PGA Championships (2017, 2022) and would love to show out for his hometown fans.
• Tiger Woods, Adam Scott, Keegan Bradley (8:04 a.m. Thursday, No. 10 / 1:29 p.m. Friday, No. 1). Among Woods’ record-tying 82 PGA TOUR titles is the 2000 PGA Championship at Valhalla, where he took down Bob May in a three-hole playoff for his third straight major title (Woods completed the “Tiger Slam” at the following Masters). He’ll play alongside 14-time TOUR winner Scott, chasing his second major title, and 2011 PGA champion Bradley – who won at Atlanta Athletic Club in his first major start.
• Rory McIlroy, Dustin Johnson, Justin Rose (8:15 a.m. Thursday, No. 10 / 1:40 p.m. Friday, No. 1). Fresh off a dominant win at Quail Hollow, the world No. 2 McIlroy looks to snap a 10-year victory drought in major championships (his fourth and most recent major came in Valhalla in 2014). He’ll compete alongside Johnson, a two-time major champion, and Rose, 2013 U.S. Open winner and 2016 Olympic gold medalist.
• Brooks Koepka, Max Homa, Jordan Spieth (8:37 a.m. Thursday, No. 10 / 2:02 p.m. Friday, No. 1). Last year’s PGA champion Koepka, a five-time major champion, will play alongside Homa – seeking his first major title, but coming off a major-best T3 at last month’s Masters – and three-time major winner Spieth, who looks to complete the elusive career Grand Slam.
• Rickie Fowler, Jon Rahm, Cameron Young (2:02 p.m. Thursday, No. 1 / 8:37 a.m. Friday, No. 10). Fowler, a six-time TOUR winner, has notched 13 top-10s in majors but has yet to break through for his first major title. He’ll look to change that at Valhalla, where he’ll play the first two rounds alongside two-time major champion Rahm and rising star Cameron Young, who has recorded five top-10s in his last eight majors but has yet to win on TOUR.
• Wyndham Clark, Brian Harman, Scottie Scheffler (2:13 p.m. Thursday, No. 1 / 8:48 a.m. Friday, No. 10). The last three major winners will play together in this dynamic grouping, as last month’s Masters champion Scheffler (still alive for the single-season Grand Slam) will compete alongside last year’s U.S. Open champion Clark and The Open winner Harman.

Here’s a look at all groupings for the opening two rounds at the 106th PGA Championship.

Thursday (1 tee) / Friday (10 tee)

7:15 a.m./12:40 p.m.: Michael Block*, Luke Donald, Shaun Micheel

7:26 a.m./12:51 p.m.: Jeff Kellen*, Alex Smalley, Ben Kohles

7:37 a.m./1:02 p.m.: Ryan Fox, Josh Speight*, Matt Wallace

7:48 a.m./1:13 p.m.: Zac Oakley*, Adam Svensson, Ryo Hisatsune

7:59 a.m./1:24 p.m.: Adam Hadwin, Martin Kaymer, Taylor Pendrith

8:10 a.m./1:35 p.m.: Byeong Hun An, Alexander Bjork, Eric Cole

8:21 a.m./1:46 p.m.: Adam Schenk, Corey Conners, Nick Dunlap

8:32 a.m./1:57 p.m.: John Daly, Lee Hodges, Robert MacIntyre

8:43 a.m./2:08 p.m.: Peter Malnati, Kurt Kitayama, Victor Perez

8:54 a.m./2:19 p.m.: Ben Polland*, Zac Blair, Ryan van Velzen

9:05 a.m./2:30 p.m.: Jeremy Wells*, Sami Valimaki, Kyoung-Hoon Lee

9:16 a.m./2:41 p.m.: Jared Jones*, Taylor Moore, Patrick Rodgers

9:27 a.m./2:52 p.m.: Kyle Mendoza*, Andy Ogletree, Erik van Rooyen

12:45 p.m./7:20 a.m.: David Puig, Thirston Lawrence, Matt Dobyns

12:56 p.m./7:31 a.m.: Tracy Phillips, Denny McCarthy, Keita Nakajima

1:07 p.m./7:42 a.m.: Talor Gooch, Cam Davis, Harris English

1:18 p.m./7:53 a.m.: Jason Day, Shane Lowry, Nicolai Højgaard

1:29 p.m./8:04 a.m.: Min Woo Lee, Chris Kirk, Billy Horschel

1:40 p.m./8:15 a.m.: Gary Woodland, Tom Kim, Joaquin Niemann

1:51 p.m./8:26 a.m.: Collin Morikawa, Phil Mickelson, Matt Fitzpatrick

2:02 p.m./8:37 a.m.: Rickie Fowler, Jon Rahm, Cameron Young

2:13 p.m./8:48 a.m.: Wyndham Clark, Brian Harman, Scottie Scheffler

2:24 p.m./8:59 a.m.: Patrick Cantlay, Camilo Villegas, Will Zalatoris

2:35 p.m./9:10 a.m.: Patrick Reed, Sam Burns, Padraig Harrington

2:46 p.m./9:21 a.m.: Brad Marek, Mark Hubbard, Maverick McNealy

2:57 p.m./9:32 a.m.: Braden Shattuck, S.H. Kim, C.T. Pan

Thursday (10 tee) / Friday (1 tee)

7:20 a.m./12:45 p.m.: Doug Ghim, Tyler Collet*, Adrian Meronk

7:31 a.m./12:56 p.m.: Larkin Gross*, Lucas Herbert, Grayson Murray

7:42 a.m./1:07 p.m.: Lucas Glover, Stephan Jaeger, Russell Henley

7:53 a.m./1:18 p.m.: Ludvig Åberg, Xander Schauffele, Justin Thomas

8:04 a.m./1:29 p.m.: Tiger Woods, Adam Scott, Keegan Bradley

8:15 a.m./1:40 p.m.: Rory McIlroy, Dustin Johnson, Justin Rose

8:26 a.m./1:51 p.m.: Cameron Smith, Hideki Matsuyama, Viktor Hovland

8:37 a.m./2:02 p.m.: Brooks Koepka, Max Homa, Jordan Spieth

8:48 a.m./2:13 p.m.: Tony Finau, Tyrrell Hatton, Sahith Theegala

8:59 a.m./2:24 p.m.: Akshay Bhatia, Bryson DeChambeau, Tommy Fleetwood

9:10 a.m./2:35 p.m.: Sepp Straka, Takumi Kanaya, Nick Taylor

9:21 a.m./2:46 p.m.: Andy Svoboda*, Ben Griffin, Dean Burmester

9:32 a.m./2:57 p.m.: Preston Cole*, Tim Widing, Adrian Otaegui

12:40 p.m./7:15 a.m.: Rich Beem, Sebastian Soderberg , Kazuma Kobori

12:51 p.m./7:26 a.m.: Josh Bevell*, Aaron Rai, Jordan Smith

1:02 p.m./7:37 a.m.: Andrew Putnam, Jesse Mueller*, Charley Hoffman

1:13 p.m./7:48 a.m.: Si Woo Kim, Tom Hoge, Alex Noren

1:24 p.m./7:59 a.m.: Y.E. Yang, Matthieu Pavon, J.T. Poston

1:35 p.m./ 8:10 a.m.: Jake Knapp, Jason Dufner, Francesco Molinari

1:46 p.m./8:21 a.m.: Thomas Detry, Jimmy Walker, Rasmus Højgaard

1:57 p.m./8:32 a.m.: Austin Eckroat, Luke List, Mackenzie Hughes

2:08 p.m./8:43 p.m.: Sungjae Im, Christiaan Bezuidenhout , Beau Hossler

2:19 p.m./8:54 a.m.: Thorbjørn Olesen, Brendon Todd, Keith Mitchell

2:30 p.m. 9:05 a.m.: John Somers*, Brice Garnett, Jesper Svensson

2:41 p.m./9:16 a.m.: Emiliano Grillo, Evan Bowser*, Alejandro Tosti

2:52 p.m./9:27 a.m.: Vincent Norrman, Wyatt Worthington*, Chris Gotterup

*Denotes PGA Professional