a presentation on chandrayaan 3

Chandrayaan-3: A complete guide to India's third mission to the moon

A rover and lander will together explore the moon's surface.

Chandrayaan-3 mission goals

Chandrayaan-3 science payloads, past chandrayaan missions, lessons learned from failed chandrayaan-2, additional resources.

Chandrayaan-3 is India's next moon mission.

The spacecraft launched to the moon on July 14, 2023, at 5:05 a.m. EDT (0905 GMT or 2:35 p.m. local time July 14) from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India atop the medium-lift Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM3) rocket.

Chandrayaan-3 successfully landed near the moon's south pole on Aug. 23, 2023, at 8:33 a.m. ET (1233 GMT or 6:03 p.m. India Standard Time). 

The mission is managed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO's roots go back to the beginning of space exploration, as a predecessor agency was set up in 1962 and its first rocket launch was in 1963. ISRO itself was established in 1969.

In June 2023, shortly before the scheduled Chandrayaan-3 launch, India also signed on to the NASA-led Artemis Accords aiming for peaceful human and robotic exploration of the moon. While the immediate benefits of the accords accrue to human spaceflight, according to the White House , the data from Chandrayaan-3 may be useful for future Artemis human landings too.

Related: Every mission to the moon

Chandrayaan-3 costs roughly $77 million USD, according to the Times of India .

The three main objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are to land safely on the surface, to demonstrate rover operations and to perform scientific experiments on site, according to the official website . 

The mission called for a propulsion module to ferry the Chandrayaan-3' Vikram ("valor") lander and the solar-powered rover named Pragyan (Sanskrit for "wisdom") rover together to the south pole of the moon, according to NASA . 

The module then entered lunar orbit and maneuvered into a roughly circular path about 60 miles (100 km) above the surface. Then the lander separated from the module and aimed for a soft landing on the surface, achieving this on Aug. 23, 2023.

The lander and rover will collect science on the surface for 14 Earth days (a single day on the moon), while the propulsion module will gaze at our planet for its own science experiment.

The spacecraft package (rover, lander and propulsion module) includes "advanced technologies" to meet the mission objectives, ISRO says. Examples include hazard detection and avoidance on the rover, a landing leg mechanism to aim for a soft touchdown, and altimeters and velocity instruments to estimate altitude and speed above the moon.

ISRO has performed several technology tests to simulate lunar conditions, the agency emphasized, focusing on matters such as soaking instruments in cold temperatures similar to the moon or doing a lander leg test on a simulated surface under different landing conditions.

Related: ISRO: The Indian Space Research Organization

Science on the Chandrayaan-3 mission is split between the lander, the rover and the propulsion module payload.

"The lander is ... generally box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters," NASA writes of the design . Its approximate 3,900-pound (1,752-kilogram) mass will include 57 pounds (26 kgs) for the rover. 

The lander includes:

• Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure thermal conductivity and temperature on the surface;
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) to detect moonquakes;
• Langmuir Probe to estimate the density and variation of plasma, or superheated gas, in the moon's environment; 
• A Laser Retroreflector Array (from NASA) to measure distances using laser ranging..

The rover "is a rectangular chassis mounted on a six-wheel rocker-bogie wheel drive assembly," NASA added. The rover sends its communications to Earth through the lander. Rover instruments include:

• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) to look for elements in the lunar soil and rocks;
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) to examine the chemical and elemental composition of the lunar surface.

The propulsion module "is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top ... that acts as a mounting structure for the lander," NASA says. The propulsion module is more than 2.2 tons (2 tonnes in mass.)

The module's single experiment is the Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) investigation that will assist with exoplanet searches. The experiment will "gather data on the polarization of light reflected by Earth so that researchers can look for other planets with similar signatures," according to Nature .

Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the moon. It launched Oct. 22, 2008 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle rocket. It achieved lunar orbit on Nov. 8. It released a Moon Impact Probe on Nov. 14 that deliberately crashed into the moon later that day. 

Chandrayaan-1 is best known for finding evidence of water ice on the moon. NASA made the announcement on September 2009, based on data collected by the agency's Moon Mineralogy Mapper. The instrument found evidence of hydroxyl (a form of water, hydrogen and oxygen) in the moon's regolith or dust. 

The Moon Impact Probe also found water's signature before impacting the surface, providing a separate set of data. More confirmations came from the Cassini  spacecraft and the Deep Impact  spacecraft's extended EPOXI mission.

Chandrayaan-2 was India's second mission to the moon. It launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019. It made it to lunar orbit on Aug. 19, 2019.

On Sept. 6, Chandrayaan-2 released the Vikram moon lander , but mission officials lost contact with it as it was just 1.3 miles (2.1 km) above the surface. Although the lander was lost, the orbiter continues to work well. It carries eight different instruments and continues to send back high-definition imagery of the lunar surface.

Chandrayaan-3 will build upon the "lessons learned" from the unsuccessful landing that took place during Chandrayaan-2, ISRO told the Business Standard .

"With optimized payload configurations, improved lander capabilities, and utilizing existing (spacecraft) resources, the mission is expected to address past challenges," the Business Standard wrote of ISRO's approach to Chandrayaan-3.

For example, Chandrayaan-3 will simplify its mission design to not include an orbiter. The predecessor mission, Chandrayaan-2, will therefore handle all communications to Earth from the propulsion module, the rover and the lander.

The propulsion module ferrying Chandraayan-3 to the moon will also only include a single science instrument, as opposed to Chandrayaan-2's orbiter which carried nine. This will simplify the amount of work the propulsion module performs, allowing engineers to focus on its crucial role in bringing the rover and lander to the moon.

The lander of Chandraayan-3 also includes key upgrades. ISRO stated it will have two "lander hazard detection and avoidance cameras" meant to help the lander avoid obstacles on the surface during the descent. Chandrayaan-2 only carried one such camera, and Chandrayaan-3's cameras aim to be more robust than the predecessor mission.

Read more about Chandraayan-3 on the official ISRO website . NASA has technical details about the mission as well.

Bibliography

The Business Standard. (2023, July 7). "Chandrayaan-3: What is it, and how does it improve on its predecessor?" https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-improve-on-its-predecessor-123070700477_1.html

Padma, T.V. (2023, July 7). "India shoots for the moon with Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander." Nature . https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02217-0

The White House. (2023, June 22.) "Republic of India official state visit to the United States." https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/06/22/fact-sheet-republic-of-india-official-state-visit-to-the-united-states/

Times of India. (2023, July 6). "Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates." http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101547465.cms

Times of India. (2020, Jan. 2.) "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021." https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms

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Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. She was contributing writer for Space.com for 10 years before joining full-time. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, flying parabolic, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Her latest book, " Why Am I Taller ?", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Elizabeth holds a Ph.D. and M.Sc. in Space Studies from the University of North Dakota, a Bachelor of Journalism from Canada's Carleton University and a Bachelor of History from Canada's Athabasca University. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science at several institutions since 2015; her experience includes developing and teaching an astronomy course at Canada's Algonquin College (with Indigenous content as well) to more than 1,000 students since 2020. Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Mastodon: https://qoto.org/@howellspace

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Chandrayaan-3: All you need to know about the mission and what happens after its successful Moon landing

What is a soft landing, why did india send chandrayaan-3 to the moon's south pole and what happened after the landing was accomplished we explain..

India’s Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 scripted history by successfully landing on the lunar surface at 6:04 pm on August 23. With the Lander accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so. A rover, which is a small vehicle that is meant to move around on the Moon’s surface, then came out of the Lander. On August 24, ISRO released a video of how this happened on X.

… … and here is how the Chandrayaan -3 Rover ramped down from the Lander to the Lunar surface. pic.twitter.com/nEU8s1At0W — ISRO (@isro) August 25, 2023

When Chandrayaan-3 took off for the Moon on July 14, we explained the basics of the mission – how a mission launches into Space, what the Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2 missions were, etc. You can click here to read it . Here, we further explain why a ‘soft landing’ was crucial to the mission, what makes landing on the south pole a difficult feat, and what is to happen after the landing.

What is a soft landing, and why did Chandrayaan-3 land on the south pole?

According to ISRO, the mission’s three objectives were to demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface, to demonstrate a Rover roving on the Moon and to conduct in-situ scientific experiments.

Soft landing simply means landing at a gentle, controlled speed to not sustain damage to a spacecraft. Amitabha Ghosh, a scientist for NASA’s Rover mission to Mars, explained it in The Indian Express thus : “Imagine a spacecraft hurtling through space, at 10 times the speed of an airplane, having to nearly come to a standstill in order to land gently on the Earth — all in a matter of a few minutes and, more importantly, without any human intervention. This, in a nutshell, is a soft landing.”

Doing so showcases a spacecraft’s technical capabilities. The landing site is near the south pole of the moon at 70 degrees latitude.

All of the previous spacecraft to have landed on the Moon have landed in the region near the Moon’s equator, firstly because it is easier and safer here. The terrain and temperature are more conducive for a long and sustained operation of instruments. Sunlight is also present, offering a regular supply of energy to solar-powered instruments.

The polar regions of the Moon, however, are different. Many parts lie in a completely dark region without sunlight, and temperatures can go below 230 degrees Celsius. This creates difficulty in the operation of instruments. In addition, there are large craters all over the place.

As a result, the polar regions of the Moon have remained unexplored. The extremely cold temperatures could mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. The rocks and soil in Moon’s north and south poles could therefore provide clues to the early Solar System.

Notably, Chandrayaan-2 also planned to land in this region in 2019, but it was not able to accomplish a soft landing and lost contact after it hit the surface.

Why was Chandrayaan-2 unable to land correctly, and what has changed since then?

Subsequent analyses reported that there were both software and hardware problems in 2019’s Chandrayaan-2. Isro chairperson S Somanath recently said the changes to the current mission were “failure-based.” He said, “Instead of a success-based design in Chandrayaan-2, we are doing a failure-based design in Chandrayaan-3 —we are looking at what can go wrong and how to deal with it.” Some of the changes that have been made are :

*Chandrayaan-2 lost control over its descent around 7.2 km from the surface of the Moon. Its communications system relayed data of the loss of control up to around 400 m above the surface. The Lander had slowed down to about 580 km/hr when it crashed.

A Lander does not have wheels; it has stilts, or legs, which are supposed to touch down on the lunar surface, the legs of Chandrayaan-3 have been strengthened to ensure that it would be able to land, and stabilise, even at a speed of 3 m/sec, or 10.8 km/hour.

*The prospective landing site had its range increased, this time. Instead of trying to reach a specific 500mx500m patch for landing as targeted by Chandrayaan-2, the current mission was given instructions to land safely anywhere in a 4kmx2.4km area.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander carried more fuel than Chandrayaan-2. This was done to ensure that the Lander is able to make a last-minute change in its landing site if it needs to.

*The Chandrayaan-3 Lander has solar panels on four sides, instead of only two in Chandrayaan-2. This was to ensure that the Lander continued to draw solar power, even if it landed in a wrong direction, or tumbled over. At least one or two of its sides would always be facing the Sun, and remain active.

What needed to happen for Chandrayaan-3 to land successfully?

The critical technical manoeuvre that the Chandrayaan-3 Lander had to perform on August 23, when it entered the final 15 minutes of its attempt to make a soft landing on the Moon, was to transfer its high-speed horizontal position to a vertical one — in order to facilitate a gentle descent on to the surface.

After Chandrayaan-2 failed in its soft landing mission, K Sivan, then chairman of ISRO, described this process as “15 minutes of terror” for them. It includes four phases:

1. The Rough Braking phase includes reducing the lander’s horizontal velocity from a range of 1.68 km/sec (more than 6,000 km/h) at a height of 30 km from the lunar surface, to almost zero for a soft landing at the designated site. This has to be done with precision, within certain durations. Read this explainer for a more detailed explanation .

2. At a height of 7.42 km from the surface, the lander is to go into an “attitude hold phase” lasting around 10 seconds, during which it should tilt from a horizontal to a vertical position while covering a distance of 3.48 km.

3. The “fine braking phase” lasts around 175 seconds, during which the lander is to move fully into a vertical position. It is to traverse the final 28.52 km to the landing site, the altitude will come down to 800-1,000 m, and it would reach a nominal speed of 0 m/sec. It was between the “attitude hold phase” and the “fine braking phase” that Chandrayaan-2 lost control and crashed.

4. “Terminal descent” is the final stage, when the spacecraft is supposed to descend totally vertically onto the surface.

And finally, what will happen after Chandrayaan-3’s successful landing on the Moon?

Spacecraft are often carrying certain instruments and experiments with them (called payloads) that observe and record what is happening in Space. This information is then relayed to Earth for scientists to analyse and study.

The six payloads on the Vikram lander and rover Pragyan remain the same as the previous mission. There will be four scientific payloads on the lander to study lunar quakes, thermal properties of the lunar surface, changes in the plasma near the surface, and a passive experiment to help accurately measure the distance between Earth and the Moon. The fourth payload comes from NASA.

There are two payloads on the Rover, designed to study the chemical and mineral composition of the lunar surface and to determine the composition of elements such as magnesium, aluminium and iron in the lunar soil and rocks.

For a detailed analysis of these experiments, and how they build on findings of the previous Chandrayaan missions (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), read our explainer here. 

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Chandrayaan-3: Historic India mission for moon’s south pole set for landing

A previous Indian effort failed in 2019 and the latest attempt comes days after Russia’s first moon mission in 50 years crashed.

India could become the first nation to land a spacecraft on the moon’s south pole, days after a Russian probe crashed in the same region – an historic moment for the world’s most populous nation, as it rapidly closes in on milestones set by global space powers.

Chandrayaan-3, which means “Mooncraft” in Sanskrit, is scheduled to touch down shortly after 6pm India time (12:30 GMT) on Wednesday near the little-explored lunar south pole.

Keep reading

Indian moon lander module splits from propulsion section in key step, india’s chandrayaan-3 space mission enters moon’s orbit, will india’s new moon mission propel it into an elite orbit, russia’s luna-25 probe crashes on the moon.

“India reaches for the moon”, The Times of India front-page headline read on Wednesday, with the hoped-for lunar landing dominating local news. “It’s D-Day for moon mission”, The Hindustan Times said.

A previous Indian effort failed in 2019, and the latest attempt comes just days after Russia’s first moon mission in almost 50 years, destined for the same region, crashed on the lunar surface.

But former Indian space chief K Sivan said the latest photos transmitted back home by the lander gave every indication the final leg of the voyage would succeed.

“It is giving some encouragement that we will be able to achieve the landing mission without any problem,” he told AFP news agency on Monday.

Sivan added that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had made corrections after a failure four years ago, when scientists lost contact with the previous lunar module moments before its slated landing.

“Chandrayaan-3 is going to go with more ruggedness,” he said. “We have confidence, and we expect that everything will go smoothly.”

Anil Kumar Bhatt, director general of the Indian Space Association, told Al Jazeera he was confident the spacecraft will make a soft landing.

“India has already had two missions, Chandrayaan-1, which was a total success; Chandrayaan-2, which was partially successful, and of course, our lander at that time crash-landed but the lessons learned from that I am very sure have been picked up very well by our scientists,” he said.

“And this time, they have had all the fail-safe mechanisms put into it, they have learnt the right lessons and I am very sure … we will have a very good news.”

‘Smooth sailing is continuing’

The mission was launched nearly six weeks ago in front of thousands of cheering spectators, but took much longer to reach the moon than those of the Apollo missions in the 1960s and 1970s, which arrived in a matter of days.

India is using rockets much less powerful than those the United States used back then, meaning the probe must orbit Earth several times to gain speed before embarking on its month-long lunar trajectory.

The spacecraft’s lander, Vikram, which means “valour” in Sanskrit, detached from its propulsion module last week and has been sending back images of the moon’s surface since entering lunar orbit on August 5.

A day ahead of the landing, the ISRO said on social media the landing was proceeding on schedule and that its mission control complex was “buzzed with energy and excitement”.

“Smooth sailing is continuing,” the agency posted on X, formerly known as Twitter.

India has a comparatively low-budget aerospace programme, but one that has grown considerably in size and momentum since it first sent a probe to orbit the moon in 2008.

The latest mission comes with a price tag of $74.6m – far lower than those of other countries, and a testament to India’s frugal space engineering.

Experts say India can keep costs low by copying and adapting existing space technology, and thanks to an abundance of highly skilled engineers who earn a fraction of their foreign counterparts’ wages.

In 2014, India became the first Asian nation to put a satellite into orbit around Mars and is slated to launch a three-day crewed mission into Earth’s orbit by next year.

‘Very, very important’

Sivan, the former ISRO chief, said India’s efforts to explore the relatively unmapped lunar south pole would make a “very, very important” contribution to scientific knowledge.

Only Russia, the United States and China have previously achieved a controlled landing on the lunar surface.

Russia launched its own lunar probe earlier in August – its first in nearly half a century.

If successful, it would have beaten Chandrayaan-3 by a matter of days to become the first mission of any nation to make a controlled landing around the lunar south pole.

But the Luna-25 probe crash-landed on Saturday after an unspecified incident as it was preparing for descent.

Punishing sanctions since the outset of the Ukraine war have affected Russia’s space industry, which has also been beleaguered by corruption and a lack of innovation and partnerships.

Where can you watch the launch?

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), will be live streaming the event on its YouTube page. The coverage is expected to start at 5:20pm India time (11:50 GMT).

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Chandrayaan - 3 [Latest Updates for UPSC]

India’s third lunar mission, Chandrayaan – 3 made history on August 23, 2023, by successfully achieving a soft landing on the south pole of the moon. With this, India became the first nation to land on the moon’s south pole and the fourth (after Russia, the US and China) to land successfully on Earth’s only natural satellite. In this article, you will learn all you need to know about the Chandrayaan III mission for the UPSC exam . This topic is important for the science and technology segment of the UPSC syllabus.

Chandrayaan-3 Mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) had undertaken two previous missions to the moon, namely, the Chandrayaan I and the Chandrayaan II. Chandrayaan-1 was launched in 2008 and lasted till 2009 after communications to it were lost. The mission, among other things, tested a crash landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2 , launched in 2019 attempted a soft landing on the moon but failed. The third mission, Chandrayaan-3 took into account the drawbacks and lessons learnt from the second mission and successfully achieved soft landing.

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

• To demonstrate a safe and soft landing on the lunar surface
• To demonstrate rover roving on the moon
• To conduct in-situ scientific experiments

Chandrayaan III Features

Chandrayaan 3 mission’s lander is named Vikram and the rover Pragyan, like those of the second mission.

• The mission consists of a lander module, a propulsion module, and a rover.
• SHAPE has the objective of exploring exo-planets for habitability by studying reflected light. 
• Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site
• Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations
• A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA for lunar laser ranging studies
• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
• Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)
• The advanced technologies present in the payloads help in conducting scientific experiments on the moon.
• The mission’s life is one lunar day or 14 earth days.
• The budget of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is Rs 615 crore.

Chandrayaan 3 Mission Timeline

• Chandrayaan-3 mission took off on July 14, 2023 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) in Sriharikota, A.P.
• On August 5, the mission entered the lunar orbit.
• On August 17, the lander module separated from the propulsion module.
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site. 
• This process is necessary for the proper landing of the spacecraft.
• On August 23, the lander landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters) on the south pole of the moon.
• On August 24, the rover Pragyan started its exploration.
• Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a scientific method using intense laser pulses to analyse material composition.

How is Chandrayaan 3 Different from Chandrayaan 2?

Many changes and improvements were made to the third lunar mission taking into account the lessons learnt from the failed soft landing mission of Chandrayaan-II. Major changes included strengthening the legs of the lander, enhancing fuel reserves and expanding the landing site. Previously, the Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-2 had lost control and communication during descent, which caused it to crash on the moon’s surface. Chandrayaan 3 focused on a failure-based design approach to foresee and prevent potential mishaps.

• The landing area was expanded giving flexibility to soft-land safely within a larger designated region on the surface of the moon.
• Vikram was equipped with more fuel enabling it to travel more towards the landing site.
• Chandrayaan 2 had only two solar panels while Chandrayaan-3 has four.
• The lander’s speed was continuously monitored by an instrument called Laser Doppler Velocimeter onboard the mission that sent laser beams to the lunar surface to calculate the Lander’s speed.

Significance of Lunar South Pole

Previous lunar missions have focused on the equatorial region of the moon owing to its favourable terrain. The south pole region is more challenging compared to the equatorial region. The lack of enough sunlight and extreme cold conditions (up to -230 degrees C) lead to difficulties in instrument operation and sustainability. The polar regions may contain water according to scientists. Also, experts think that the craters in these regions contain fossil records of the early planetary system.

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Chandrayaan-3 Mission is the second attempt of the Indian Space Research Organisation after the Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate the capability of India in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Lander Module of Chandrayaan-3 carrying the Lander, Vikram and Rover, Pragyan,  made the historic soft landing on the surface of the Lunar South Pole on August 23, 2023 . Thus, India became the first nation to soft-land on the surface of the Lunar south pole and overall the fourth to do a soft landing anywhere on the Earth’s natural satellite. Indian Space Research Organisation launched the Chandrayaan-3 Mission by using the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (LVM3) on 14th July 2023 from Sriharikota.

With the objective to demonstrate the ability to soft landing and roving as well as to carry out experiments on the lunar surface, the Chandrayaan 3 Mission aims to strengthen India's prowess in space discovery and innovation. Continuing the success of its predecessors (Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2), the Mission has brought India into the exclusive elite space club.

What is the Chandrayaan 3 Mission?

The Chandrayaan 3 Mission was launched using the LVM3 rocket system. LVM3 is the new launch vehicle of ISRO with the capability to place the modules into the GTO (Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit) in a cost-effective manner. It is a three-stage launch vehicle with two solid strap stages and one core liquid stage. The Launcher, LVM3 M4, placed the integrated Modules in an Elliptic Parking Orbit of size approx. 170 x 36500 km (a GTO).

Objectives of Chandrayaan 3 Mission

One of the many goals of the Mission is to look for water ice that could support future human life on the Moon and also for supplying propellants for spacecraft in future interplanetary missions. The objectives of the Chandrayaan-3 mission are:

• Safe and Soft Landing on the Lunar Surface by the Lander
• Roving on the Moon by the Rover
• In-situ scientific experiments by the Rover

The Chandrayaan-3 Mission consists of two modules - The propulsion module (PM) and the Lander module (LM). The total mass of both the modules is 3900 kg (Propulsion Module-2148 kg, and Lander Module-1752 kg, including Rover-26 kg).

Propulsion Module

The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration till the 100 km lunar orbit. Other than carrying the Lander Module, it also has a scientific payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE).

• The SHAPE payload will conduct novel spectro-polarimetric studies of Earth from lunar orbit. It will look for smaller planets that could be habitable in the reflected light.

Lander Module

The Lander Module consists of a Lander (Vikram) and a Rover (Pragyan). The Lander Module made the soft landing using the Automatic Landing Sequence (ALS), where the Lander started its engine (thrusters) and maneuvered the speed and direction of the Module as well as the position of the landing site.

After the historic touchdown, the Rover inside it ramped down on the lunar surface to carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during its mission life.

• The total lifespan of the Mission (Lander and Rover) is lunar day (14 Earth days).
• Both the Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
• The objectives of scientific payloads planned on the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module and Rover are provided below:
• Launched: July 14, 2023
• Inserted into Lunar Orbit: August 05
• Separation of the Lander Module from the Propulsion Module: August 17
• Deboosting is the slowing down of the spacecraft in an orbit where the Perilune (closest point to the Moon) is 30 km, and the farthest point (the Apolune) is 100 km from the landing site in the South Polar Region.
• It is required for the proper landing as the speed needed to land is much less than the lander.
• Second Deboosting on August 20
• The targeted site on the Moon was around 70 degrees South near the Southern pole of the Moon.
• If the Lander had missed the target of the commencement of the soft landing, It would have to wait for 1 month.
• It landed at around 69.36°S and 32.34°E (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters).
• Rover started its exploration on August 24

What differentiates Chandrayaan 3 from Chandrayaan 2?

Chandrayaan-2 failed in the final phase of its mission in 2019 because it could not achieve a soft landing. The main issue for the crash was that the five thrusters on the lander developed a higher velocity than expected. Also, the lander had to take pictures to fix the landing site. All of this made the accumulated errors. Learning from previous experiences, the ISRO had incorporated some advancements to achieve success this time, which are as follows:

“Failure-based design” instead of the "Success-based design":

• The failure-based design means that if everything, including sensors and electronics, had failed, Vikram would still have made the soft landing.
•  This was done by identifying and rectifying all the probable scenarios that could go wrong.
• These included failure of electronics, engine failure, unable to reach the landing spot, sensor failure, algorithm failure, velocity higher than required, etc.

Increase in the landing area:

• The target area of Chandrayaan-3 was kept at 4km x 2.4km area instead of 500m x 500m targeted by Chandrayaan-2 so that the Lander had more options to choose the best target site on its own.

More fuel to Lander:

• It was kept to facilitate the Lander to travel longer distances to the landing site and, if needed, to the alternate landing site.

Help from Chandrayaan-2 orbiter:

• The Chandrayaan-3 mission does not carry an orbiter; it is using the high-resolution images from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter.

More robust integrated craft:

• The weight of the payload of Chandrayaan-3 had been kept more than the Chandrayaan-2, with the Lander having most of the extra weight for successful landing.
• The number of thrusters had decreased from five to four with no central thrusters.
• The legs of the Lander were made sturdier to ensure that they could land even at a higher velocity.
• Use of additional solar panels to ensure power generation after a soft landing regardless of the weather on the Moon.

Chandrayaan-3 vs Luna-25

Luna-25, Russia's first lunar mission since 1976, has recently crashed in an attempt to get into the landing orbit. It was targeted to land at the South Pole of the Moon, of particular interest to researchers believing that the polar craters might contain frozen water in their rocks. There are some differences between the Chandrayaan-3 and the Luna-25, which are as follows:

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Chandrayaan-4's landing site on the Moon revealed

Chandrayaan-4 will be a complex mission involving multiple launches and spacecraft modules. isro plans to launch two separate rockets – the heavy-lift lvm-3 and the workhorse pslv – to carry different payloads for the mission..

Listen to Story

• Chandrayaan-4 will have the opportunity to study and potentially retrieve samples
• Chandrayaan-4 will be a complex mission involving multiple launches
• The mission's primary objective is to collect lunar samples

India's ambitious Chandrayaan-4 mission, aimed at bringing back lunar rocks and soils to India, will attempt a landing close to the Shiv Shakti Point on the Moon's surface, according to Nilesh Desai, Director of the Space Applications Centre (SAC).

The information was revealed during a recent presentation by Desai on the Indian Space Research Organisation's (Isro) future lunar exploration plans.

The Shiv Shakti Point, the location of Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander's touchdown , is a site of significant scientific interest due to its proximity to the Moon's south pole and the presence of permanently shadowed regions that could harbour water ice deposits.

By landing near this area, Chandrayaan-4 will have the opportunity to study and potentially retrieve samples from these scientifically valuable regions. Desai stated that the mission will have an operational life of one lunar day, which is approximately 14 Earth days. This limited timeframe is due to the harsh conditions on the lunar surface, where extreme temperature variations and lack of sunlight during the lunar night pose significant challenges for long-term operations.

Chandrayaan-4 will be a complex mission involving multiple launches and spacecraft modules. Isro plans to launch two separate rockets – the heavy-lift LVM-3 and the workhorse PSLV – to carry different payloads for the mission.

This approach is a first for Isro and highlights the mission's ambitious nature.

Chandrayaan-4 will consist of five spacecraft modules : a propulsion module, a descender module for landing, an ascender module to lift off from the lunar surface, a transfer module to navigate the return journey, and a re-entry module to safely deliver the lunar samples to Earth.

The landing site near Shiv Shakti Point presents unique challenges due to the rugged terrain and steep slopes in the region. Isro will need to employ precise landing techniques and advanced navigation systems to ensure a successful touchdown.

• English News

Will India's ambitious Chandrayaan-4 land near Shiv Shakti point on moon's surface?

Chandrayaan 4, India's next lunar mission, plans to collect moon rocks and soil from near Shivashakti Point, close to the Moon's south pole. Nilesh Desai, director of SAC, unveiled the landing site during a presentation on ISRO's lunar exploration strategy. This follows the success of Chandrayaan 3 and aims to advance India's space exploration efforts.

Nilesh Desai, Director of the Space Applications Centre (SAC), revealed plans for India's Chandrayaan-4 mission. It aims to retrieve lunar rocks and soils, with a planned landing near the Moon's Shiv Shakti Point.

After the huge success of the Chandrayaan 3 mission, India's space program achieves another milestone as plans for Chandrayaan 4 are unveiled, promising to bring back moon rocks and soil. Nilesh Desai, director of SAC (Space Application Center), disclosed the landing site for the upcoming mission during a presentation on ISRO's lunar exploration strategy.

The chosen landing site for Chandrayaan 4 is near Shivashakti Point, where Chandrayaan 3's Vikram lander successfully touched down. This strategic location, situated close to the Moon's south pole, holds particular scientific significance due to the presence of hydrogen ice and permanently shadowed areas.

Desai's announcement marks a significant step forward for India's space exploration endeavors, following the resounding success of Chandrayaan 3. With plans to collect moon rocks and soil, Chandrayaan 4 aims to deepen our understanding of Earth's celestial neighbour.

• Chandrayaan
• Shivashakti Point
• lunar landing.
• lunar mission
• space exploration

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Asaduddin Owaisi says PM Modi 'creating suspicion about Muslims': 'G20, Chandrayaan 3.... all gone into dustbin'

Aimim chief asaduddin owaisi spoke about prime minister narendra modi's ‘originality’ and said he was ‘not at all surprised’ with him ‘attacking muslims’ in his election speeches..

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) chief Asaduddin Owaisi took potshots at Prime Minister Narendra Modi for "going back to his original agenda of...creating suspicion about the Muslims" and forgetting India's key achievements like G20 and Chandrayaan 3.

In an exclusive interview with the Hindustan Times , Asaduddin Owaisi lambasted PM Modi and said, "...he has gone back to his original agenda of spewing venom, of creating divisions, creating suspicion about Muslims and calling them ghuspathis [infiltrators]. .."

"Now, he has gone back. He has forgotten G20 , Chandrayaan 3 , 5-trillion economy, permanent seat at the security council, Vishwa Guru, Viksit Bharat – all have gone into the dustbin...they have come back to the agenda which they started and will continue in future," Owaisi said.

Watch Owaisi's full interview here:

The AIMIM chief said this when asked about PM Modi's remark during an election rally in Rajasthan's Banswara. In his speech, PM Modi had alleged that the Congress plans to give people's hard-earned money and valuables to "infiltrators" and "those who have more children" . He was allegedly referring to the Muslim community.

‘They hate Muslims’

Speaking out his opinion about PM Modi's "originality", Asaduddin Owaisi said he was "not at all surprised" with PM Modi attacking Muslims in his election speeches.

"I am not at all surprised because that's his original DNA. That's his original language. That's his main original, which is that they hate Muslims," Owaisi said.

"That is the real Hindutva ideology ...," the AIMIM chief said as he went on to attack the Prime Minister and the Bharatiya Janata Party's "Hindutva ideology".

He added, "The prime minister has been consistently saying since 2002, which brought him and made him the prime minister of this great nation twice."

Owaisi attacks 'so-called secular' INDIA bloc

Owaisi said wherever minorities are there, "they feel that the BJP has completely invisibalised them." He said the "other so-called INDI alliance are reluctant to give tickets to Muslims.

"In the present form of democracy, If Muslims are not being made candidates to contest elections, then, ofcourse, their representation in Parliament will come down. Will that be representation of full diversity of this country. I don't think so," Owaisi said.

Owaisi's statement came ahead of the fourth phase of the Lok Sabha Elections 2024 . The voting for the fourth phase will take place on May 13. The Lok Sabha Elections are taking place in seven phases and the results will be announced on June 4.

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• chandrayaan 4

ചന്ദ്രനിലെ കല്ലും മണ്ണും ഇന്ത്യയിലെത്തും, ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4 ഇറങ്ങുന്ന സ്ഥലം ഇതാണ്

13 may 2024, 02:24 pm ist.

ചന്ദ്രയാൻ-3 ( ഗ്രാഫിക്‌ ചിത്രം ) (Photo: .)

ചാന്ദ്ര പര്യവേക്ഷണ രംഗത്ത് മുന്നേറുകയാണ് ഇന്ത്യ. ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 3 ന്റെ വിജയത്തിന് ശേഷം ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4 ദൗത്യത്തിനുള്ള ഒരുക്കങ്ങള്‍ തകൃതിയായി നടക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. ചന്ദ്രനില്‍ നിന്നും മണ്ണും ശിലകളും ഉള്‍പ്പെടുന്ന സാമ്പിളുകള്‍ ശേഖരിച്ച് ഭൂമിയിലെത്തിക്കുകയാണ് ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4 ദൗത്യത്തിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യം. ഇതിനായി ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4 പേടകം ശിവശക്തി പോയിന്റിലാണ് ഇറങ്ങുകയെന്ന് എന്ന് വ്യക്തമാക്കിയിരിക്കുകയാണ് സ്‌പേസ് ആപ്ലിക്കേഷന്‍ സെന്റര്‍ ഡയറക്ടര്‍ നിലേഷ് ദേശായ്. ഐഎസ്ആര്‍ഒയുടെ ഭാവി ചാന്ദ്ര ദൗത്യ പദ്ധതികളുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട് നടന്ന ഒരു അവതരണ പരിപാടിക്കിടെയാണ് അദ്ദേഹം ഇക്കാര്യം വെളിപ്പെടുത്തിയത്.

ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍-3 പേടകം ഇറങ്ങിയ സ്ഥലത്തെയാണ് ശിവശക്തി പോയിന്റ് എന്ന് വിളിക്കുന്നത്. ദക്ഷിണ ധ്രുവത്തിനോട് ചേര്‍ന്ന പ്രദേശമായതിനാല്‍ ഏറെ ശാസ്ത്രീയ പ്രാധാന്യം അര്‍ഹിക്കുന്ന മേഖലയാണിത്. സ്ഥിരമായി ഇരുള്‍ വീണുകിടക്കുന്ന ഈ മേഖലയില്‍ ജനസാന്നിധ്യമുണ്ടാവുമെന്നാണ് അനുമാനം.

ഈ മേഖലയില്‍ നിന്നുള്ള സാമ്പിളുകള്‍ ശേഖരിക്കാന്‍ ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4 ദൗത്യത്തിലൂടെ ലക്ഷ്യമിടുന്നു. ഒരു ചാന്ദ്ര ദിനമായിരിക്കും ദൗത്യത്തിന്റെ കാലാവധി. ഏകദേശം 14 ദിവസമാണ് ഒരു ചാന്ദ്രദിനം. ഈ ചുരുങ്ങിയ സമയത്തിനിടെ തീവ്രമായ താപനില വ്യതിയാനങ്ങളും കഠിനമായ കാലാവസ്ഥയും നേരിട്ട് വേണം ദൗത്യം പൂര്‍ത്തീകരിക്കാന്‍. സൂര്യ പ്രകാശം കുറവുള്ളയിടം ആയതിനാല്‍ ദൗര്‍ഘ്യമേറിയ ദൗത്യങ്ങള്‍ ഇവിടെ നടത്തുക പ്രയാസമാണ്.

രണ്ട് വ്യത്യസ്ത പേലോഡുകളുമായി രണ്ട് വിക്ഷേപണങ്ങള്‍ ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4 ന് വേണ്ടി നടത്തും. എല്‍എംവി3, പിഎസ്എല്‍വി റോക്കറ്റുകളിലായിരിക്കും ഇത്. പ്രൊപ്പല്‍ഷന്‍ മോഡ്യൂള്‍, ലാന്‍ഡിങിന് വേണ്ടിയുള്ള ഡിസന്റര്‍ മോഡ്യൂള്‍, ചന്ദ്രനില്‍ നിന്ന് പറന്നുയരുന്നതിനുള്ള അസന്റര്‍ മോഡ്യൂള്‍, ഭൂമിയിലേക്ക് തിരിച്ച് യാത്ര ചെയ്യുന്നതിനുള്ള ട്രാന്‍സ്ഫര്‍ മോഡ്യൂള്‍ എന്നിങ്ങനെ അഞ്ച് മോഡ്യൂളുകളുള്ള ദൗത്യമാണ് ചന്ദ്രയാന്‍ 4. ഇക്കാരണത്താല്‍ സങ്കീര്‍ണത ഏറെയാണ്.

പരുക്കന്‍ ഭൂപ്രകൃതിയുള്ള മേഖലയായതിനാല്‍ കൂടുതല്‍ കൃത്യതയുള്ള സാങ്കേതിക വിദ്യകള്‍ ദൗത്യത്തിനായി ഉപയോഗിക്കേണ്ടിവരും. ജലം ഉള്‍പ്പടെ പ്രദേശത്തെ വിഭവങ്ങള്‍ എന്തെല്ലാം എന്ന് പഠിക്കാന്‍ ദൗത്യത്തിലൂടെ സാധിക്കും.

ചന്ദ്രനില്‍ നിന്ന് സാമ്പിളുകള്‍ ശേഖരിക്കുന്ന ദൗത്യം വിജയകരമായി പൂര്‍ത്തിയാക്കാനായാല്‍ ആ നേട്ടം കൈവരിക്കുന്ന നാലാമത്തെ രാജ്യമായി ഇന്ത്യമാറും. യുഎസ്, റഷ്യ, ചൈന എന്നീ രാജ്യങ്ങളാണ് ഈ നേട്ടം കൈവരിച്ച മറ്റുള്ളവര്‍.

Content Highlights: chandrayaan 4 landing place revealed other details

ശാസ്ത്ര സാങ്കേതിക വിദ്യാ രംഗത്തെ കൂടുതല്‍ വാര്‍ത്തകള്‍ ടെലഗ്രാം വഴി അറിയാം ഗ്രൂപ്പില്‍ അംഗമാവൂ... ക്ലിക്ക് ചെയ്യൂ: https://t.me/technews_mbi

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മനുഷ്യ മസ്തിഷ്‌കത്തിൽ സ്ഥാപിച്ച ന്യൂറാലിങ്ക് ഉപകരണത്തിന് തകരാര്‍; വെളിപ്പെടുത്തലുമായി കമ്പനി

ബോയിങ് സ്റ്റാര്‍ലൈനര്‍ വിക്ഷേപണം നാളെയുമില്ല, ഇനിയും വൈകുമെന്ന് നാസ

മസ്‌കിന്റെ ഡ്രാഗണ്‍ ക്രൂ കാപ്‌സ്യൂളിന് എതിരാളി, സഞ്ചാരികളെ വഹിക്കാൻ ബോയിങ് സ്റ്റാര്‍ലൈനർ.

എക്‌സ് ക്ലാസ് സൗരജ്വാല, ഭൂമിയെ ലക്ഷ്യമിട്ട് കാന്തിക പ്രവാഹങ്ങൾ; മുന്നറിയിപ്പ്

ശൂന്യാകാശത്ത് 22.6 കോടി കിലോമീറ്റര്‍ അകലെ നിന്ന് ലേസര്‍ സിഗ്നല്‍; സന്തോഷത്തില്‍ നാസ

വാര്‍ത്തകളോടു പ്രതികരിക്കുന്നവര്‍ അശ്ലീലവും അസഭ്യവും നിയമവിരുദ്ധവും അപകീര്‍ത്തികരവും സ്പര്‍ധ വളര്‍ത്തുന്നതുമായ പരാമര്‍ശങ്ങള്‍ ഒഴിവാക്കുക. വ്യക്തിപരമായ അധിക്ഷേപങ്ങള്‍ പാടില്ല. ഇത്തരം അഭിപ്രായങ്ങള്‍ സൈബര്‍ നിയമപ്രകാരം ശിക്ഷാര്‍ഹമാണ്. വായനക്കാരുടെ അഭിപ്രായങ്ങള്‍ വായനക്കാരുടേതു മാത്രമാണ്, മാതൃഭൂമിയുടേതല്ല. ദയവായി മലയാളത്തിലോ ഇംഗ്ലീഷിലോ മാത്രം അഭിപ്രായം എഴുതുക. മംഗ്ലീഷ് ഒഴിവാക്കുക..

IN CASE YOU MISSED IT

ഭൂമിക്കുള്ളില്‍ 700 കിലോ മീറ്റർ ആഴത്തില്‍ ഒരു മഹാസമുദ്രം- ശാസ്ത്രലോകത്തെ അമ്പരപ്പിച്ച് കണ്ടെത്തല്‍

സമ്പൂര്‍ണ സൂര്യഗ്രഹണം ഇന്ന്; എങ്ങനെ തത്സമയം കാണാം, അറിഞ്ഞിരിക്കേണ്ട കാര്യങ്ങള്‍ 

ചന്ദ്രനില്‍ സൂര്യനുദിക്കുന്നു, ആകാംക്ഷയില്‍ ഇസ്രോ; ഉറക്കമുണരുമോ വിക്രമും പ്രജ്ഞാനും?

ഭീമന്‍സര്‍പ്പത്തിന്റെ ഫോസില്‍ കണ്ടെത്തി, ലോകത്തെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ പാമ്പിന്റേതെന്ന് ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞര്‍

ആദിത്യ എൽ 1 ലക്ഷ്യംതൊട്ടു; പേടകം ലഗ്രാഞ്ച് പോയിന്റിലെത്തി

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