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Case Study – Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is a city located on Brazil’s south-east coast. It is one of Brazil’s largest settlements with a population of approximately 11.7 million people. The population of Rio de Janeiro has grown for a number of reasons. Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate ). The population has also grown as the result of urbanisation . The has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazil’s rural areas to Rio de Janeiro. 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is caused by a variety of push and pull factors.

The rapid growth of Rio de Janeiro’s population has led to a severe shortage of housing. Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as favelas in Brazil. The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are unemployed.

Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a number of reasons. Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits. Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs, therefore, they locate close to factories. Some of these settlements maybe 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.

Rochina Favela, Rio de Janeiro

Rocinha is the largest favela in Brazil. It is located in the southern zone of the city. It is built on a steep hillside overlooking the city, just one kilometre from the beach . It is home to between 60,000 to 150,000 people (though this could be more).

Self-help schemes – Rocinha, Bairro Project

The authorities in Rio de Janeiro have taken a number of steps to reduce problems in favelas. They have set up self-help schemes. This is when the local authority provide local residents with the materials needs to construct permanent accommodation. This includes breeze blocks and cement. The local residents provide labour. The money saved can be spent on providing basic amenities such as electricity and water. Today, almost all the houses in Rocinha are made from concrete and brick. Some buildings are three and four stories tall and almost all houses have basic sanitation, plumbing, and electricity. Compared to simple shanty towns or slums, Rocinha has a better-developed infrastructure and hundreds of businesses such as banks, drug stores, bus lines, cable television, including locally based channel TV ROC, and, at one time, even a McDonalds franchise, though it has since closed. These factors help classify Rocinha as a  Favela Bairro , or Favela Neighborhood.

Not all people living in Rio de Janeiro are poor. Many wealthy people live close to the CBD.

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Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

The growth of rio de janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro is a major city located in the south-east of Brazil.

Why is Rio de Janeiro important?

• Rio de Janeiro is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Olympics and was one of the host cities during the 2014 Football World Cup.
• Rio de Janeiro is a port, industrial centre and centre for banking.

Why has Rio grown?

• Rio has grown due to natural increase and migration.
• Migrants move to Rio from other places in Brazil, such as the Amazon Basin, as well as from other countries in South America, such as Argentina and Bolivia.
• Portugal was the colonial power that historically controlled Brazil. Because the same language is spoken in both countries, some Portuguese citizens may move to Brazil.

Social opportunities from Rio's growth

• Young people have the chance to go to school and university and medical services can visit people at home to treat 20 different diseases.
• 95% of the population have access to mains water.
• Power supplies have been improved as the city has grown.

Economic opportunities from Rio's growth

• People can get jobs in Rio’s industries such as oil refining, building, shopping and tourism.
• 6% of all employment in Brazil is in Rio.

Challenges of Rio's Growth

As with all urbanisation cases, the rapid growth of a city creates many opportunities, but there will also be growing pains.

Social challenge - favelas

• Slums in Rio are known as favelas. Rocinha is the largest favela in Rio.

Social challenge - water, sanitation & energy

• 50% of homes in Rio’s favelas have no sewerage.
• 30% of homes in Rio’s favelas have no electricity.
• 12% of homes in Rio’s favelas have no running water.

Social challenge - access to services

• Only 50% of children in Rio stay in school past 14.
• Infant mortality in favelas can be as high as 50 per 1,000 children.

Social challenge - unemployment and crime

• Unemployment rates in favelas are over 20%
• The murder rate can be up to 20 per 1,000 people.

Environmental challenges from Rio's growth

• There is no waste disposal service in the favelas, so rubbish piles up.
• Air pollution caused by fumes from cars and factories causes around 5,000 deaths a year.
• High numbers of cars on the roads leads to severe traffic congestion.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Hazard Risk

1.1.3 Consequences of Natural Hazards

1.1.4 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.5 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 Tectonic Plates

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates & Convection Currents

1.2.3 Plate Margins

1.2.4 Volcanoes

1.2.5 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.6 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.7 Earthquakes

1.2.8 Earthquakes 2

1.2.9 Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.10 Case Studies: The L'Aquila & Kashmir Earthquakes

1.2.11 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.12 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.13 Living with Tectonic Hazards 1

1.2.14 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.15 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.16 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.17 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Global Atmospheric Circulation

1.3.2 Surface Winds

1.3.3 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.4 Tropical Storms

1.3.5 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.6 Impact of Tropical Storms 1

1.3.7 Impact of Tropical Storms 2

1.3.8 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.9 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.10 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.11 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.12 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.13 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.2 Causes of Climate Change

1.4.3 Effects of Climate Change

1.4.4 Managing Climate Change

1.4.5 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.6 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.7 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Ecosystem Cascades & Global Ecosystems

2.1.3 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests - Intro & Interdependence

2.2.2 Adaptations

2.2.3 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.4 Deforestation

2.2.5 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.6 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.7 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.8 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.9 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.10 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Overview of Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Biodiversity & Adaptation to Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.4 Desertification

2.3.5 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.6 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.7 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Adaptations in Cold Environments

2.4.3 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.4 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.5 Sustainable Management

2.4.6 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.7 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.8 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering & Mass Movement

3.2.3 Processes of Erosion & Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.4 Headlands, Bays, Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.5 Transportation

3.2.6 Deposition

3.2.7 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.8 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.9 Types of Coastal Management 1

3.2.10 Types of Coastal Management 2

3.2.11 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.12 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.13 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.14 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.15 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The River Valley

3.3.2 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.3 Erosion

3.3.4 Transportation & Deposition

3.3.5 Waterfalls, Gorges & Interlocking Spurs

3.3.6 Meanders & Oxbow Lakes

3.3.7 Floodplains & Levees

3.3.8 Estuaries

3.3.9 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.10 River Management

3.3.11 Hard & Soft Flood Defences

3.3.12 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.13 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.14 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.15 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 Erosion

3.4.2 Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.3 Landforms Caused by Transportation & Deposition

3.4.4 Snowdonia

3.4.5 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.6 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.7 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.8 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.9 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.3 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.4 UK Cities

4.1.5 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.6 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.8 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.9 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.10 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.11 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.3 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.4 Physical & Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.5 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.6 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.7 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.8 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.9 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.10 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.11 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.12 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.13 Economic Development in the UK

5.1.14 Economic Development UK: Industry & Rural

5.1.15 Economic Development UK: Transport & North-South

5.1.16 Economic Development UK: Regional & Global

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Food in the UK

6.1.3 Water in the UK 1

6.1.4 Water in the UK 2

6.1.5 Energy in the UK

6.1.6 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.3 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.4 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.5 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.7 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.8 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.9 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 The Global Demand for Water

6.3.2 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.3 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.4 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.5 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.6 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.7 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.8 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.9 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.10 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.3 Increasing Energy Supply: Renewables

6.4.4 Increasing Energy Supply: Non-Renewables

6.4.5 Carbon Footprints & Energy Conservation

6.4.6 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.7 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.8 Energy - Statistical Skills

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GCSE Geography – Case Study – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environmental isues.

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1 . Question

How many deaths is it estimated are caused by air pollution in Rio each year?

2 . Question

On which coastline is Rio?

• Mediterraen.

3 . Question

Which city is the most congested in the whole of South America?

• Rio de Janeiro.
• Buenos Aires.

4 . Question

In Rio, by what percentage has car ownership grown over the last decade?

5 . Question

To reduce congestion on coastal raods what have the authorities in Rio done to improve traffic flow?

• Made them one-way.
• Shut them at peak times.
• Made them pedestrian only
• Limit number of cars.

6 . Question

Rio’s Guanabara Bay, is highly polluted. By how much has commercial fishing declined in the last 20 years?

7 . Question

How many polluted rivers flow into Guanabara Bay?

8 . Question

Approximately how many tonnes of raw serage pours into Guanabara Bay each day?

9 . Question

Approximately how many tonnes of industrial waste pours into Guanabara Bay each day?

10 . Question

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Guanabara Bay is polluted?

• Ships empty fuel into sea.
• Oil spills from refinery.
• Raw sewage from the favelas.

11 . Question

What is the term that describes the pollution haze that hangs over the city of Rio?

12 . Question

What disease is likely in the favelas due to waste being dumped into the open sewers?

• Chicken pox.

13 . Question

To combat the refuse problem a power plant has been set up utilising the gas from rotting rubbish. What is the gas called?

14 . Question

A new power plant plant has been set up to use the gas from rotting rubbish from the flavelas. How many tonnes of rubbish does it use each day?

15 . Question

What is the term used to describe the gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in Guanabara Bay?

• Eutrophication.
• Electrification.
• Gentrification.
• Sophistication.
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AQA GCSE Geography - Rio Case Study

10th - 12th grade.

27 questions

Introducing new   Paper mode

No student devices needed.   Know more

Rural-urban migration has created squatter settlements in Rio called

Shanty Towns

villa miseria

What % of people in Rocinha have sanitation?

Families often share one tap, and 12% have no access to running water but what % of houses have water piped directly to their houses

Unemployment levels are high (20%) and wages are below __________ per month in the favelas

Life expectancy is lower in the favelas

What is the name of the Largest Favela in Brazil?

Santa Marta

What is urban sprawl?

The sprawl of people from rural areas to urban areas.

The main city centre in an urban area.

The spreading of rural areas into surrounding rural areas to accommodate the need for extra land space due to a rise in ecological footpint.

The spreading of urban areas into surrounding rural areas to accommodate an expanding population.

The movement of people from one country to another is called...

Rural to urban migration

International movement

Annual migration

What is urbanisation?

Urbanisation is the migration of people from rural areas to cities that results in the expansion of urban areas.

Urbanisation is the migration of people from poor countries to rich countries.

Urbanisation is the migration of people from urban to rural areas that results in the reduction of urban areas.

Push factor

things that make people want to leave an area such as high crime, lack of education & health services

things that attract people to move to an area such as greater employment opportunities

Pull factor

Slum housing, unreliable power systems, congested roads and poor public transport, inefficient ports and inadequate schools.

rapid urbanisation challenges

rapid urbanisation benefits

• 13. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What is population density? A measure of people per metre The rate of death minus the rate of births A measure of people per square kilometre A measure of how many people live in one house
• 14. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt To be a Megacity, the population has to be above 8 million 11 million 15 million 10 million

Which continent has the most megacities?

North America

What is a favela?

A Brazilian food made with rice

A slum or shantytown

An area of a city where rich people live

A Brazilian storm with high winds

How do Favelas get electricity?

Giant batteries

In most cases it is illegally tapped from the public grid

Hydro electricity

Which statement about Rio's favelas is false?

There are up to 1,000 favelas in Rio

Favelas are often built on steep hillsides where landslides are common

The number of people living in favelas has declined in recent years

Rocinha is the largest favela in Rio

Favelas are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land they do not own.

Are Favela's at risk from fires and why?

Yes as they are cramped and close together and often built from flammable materials

No as they have an excellent fire service.

Yes because there are few roads for the excellent fire service to get their fire engines to fires.

No because it has regular monsoons.

Which statement about Rio is false?

Rio has a major port exporting coffee, sugar and iron ore.

Banking, finance and insurance is an important part of Rio's economy.

Rio is one of the most visited cities in the northern hemisphere.

Rio hosted the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics.

Which of the following cities was already a megacity in 1950?

There are ---- megacities in the world as of 2019

less than 15

more than 25

Overcrowding is a major problem in Rio's favelas. On average, the population density is about

12,000 people per square kilometre

8,000 people per square kilometre

37,000 people per square kilometre

51,000 people per square kilometre

A continent with no Megacities

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AQA GCSE Geography Rio de Janeiro Knowledge Organiser

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

26 November 2018

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