phd thesis mobile technology

PhD Proposal: Efficient Learning for Mobile Robots

There has been a huge interest recently in incorporating learning in robotics. This is not surprising. Given the advancements in the Machine Learning (ML) community, there have been constant efforts to utilize powerful learning-based methods to provide robots more autonomy. However, dealing with robots presents unique challenges. For example, while the state-of-the- art ML techniques can achieve super-human performance on certain tasks, these algorithms often require billions of training samples by interacting with the environment. Acquiring these many samples with mobile robots may not be feasible. Mobile robots are costly to operate due to the associated energy requirement, hardware depreciation and failure, if made to interact endlessly with the environment. Maintaining robots for long periods of time can be labor and cost intensive. As a result, when applying ML techniques in robotics that require physical interaction with the environment, minimizing the number of such interactions becomes a key. The recent progress in machine learning techniques has been spurred, in part, by access to large datasets. However, when it comes to applying these techniques in robotics, acquiring this dataset itself is a challenge since it requires physical interaction. While there is work on reducing the sample complexity of ML algorithms, reducing just the number of samples may not be sufficient for physical agents. This is because obtaining a sample may require the mobile robot to travel to a new location. This is a challenge that's typically not addressed in the general ML community.This work aims to answer the following question: How do we make robots learn as efficiently as possible with minimal amount of physical interaction? We approach this question along two fronts: extrinsic learning and intrinsic learning. In extrinsic learning, we want the robot to learn about the external environment in which it is operating. This problem is known as Informative Path Planning (IPP). In intrinsic learning, our focus is on the robot to learn a skill such as navigating in an environment. Here, we focus on Reinforcement Learning (RL) approaches.We study two types of problems under extrinsic learning. We start with the problem of learning a spatially varying field modeled by a Gaussian Process (GP) efficiently. Our goal is to ensure that the GP posterior variance, which is also the mean square error between the learned and actual fields, is below a predefined value. By exploiting the underlying properties of GP, we present a series of constant-factor approximation algorithms for minimizing the number of stationary sensors to place, minimize the total time taken by a single robot, and minimize the time taken by a team of robots to learn the field. Here, we assume that the GP hyperparameters are known. We then study a variant where the hyperparameters are unknown, but the goal is to find the maxima of the spatial field. For this problem, we present Upper Confidence Bound (UCB) and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) based algorithms and validate their performance empirically as well as on a real-world dataset.For intrinsic learning, our aim is to reduce the number of physical interactions by leveraging simulations often known as the Multi-Fidelity Reinforcement Learning (MFRL). In the MFRL framework, an agent uses multiple simulators of the real environment to perform actions. We present two MFRL framework versions, model-based and model-free, that leverage GPs to learn the optimal policy in a real-world environment. By incorporating GPs in the MFRL framework, we empirically observe up to a 40% reduction in the number of samples for model-based RL and a 60% reduction for the model-free version. Our proposed work will use proximal policy optimization and sim2real approaches for the environments where multiple robots are operating.Examining Committee:

Chair: Dr. Pratap Tokekar Dept rep: Dr. Jordan Lee Boyd-Graber Members: Dr. Dinesh Manocha

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Phd Thesis: Mobile Communication in the Age of Smartphones - Processes of Domestication and Re-domestication

Recent years have seen great changes to the landscape of mobile communication in Denmark where smartphones have become widespread and the mediascape in general has become increasingly complex as the lines of demarcation among different media have blurred. This phd dissertation studies the processes of domestication and re-domestication of mobile communication among youth in Denmark in this increasingly complex mediascape. Through five research publications it examines various aspects of mobile communication during a period of transition from an old regime of mobile phones into a new regime of smartphones. The first article, “The Socio-demographics of Texting: An Analysis of Traffic Data” (co-written with Rich Ling And Pål Roe Sundsøy), based on traffic data examines patterns of texting among a universal sample of mobile subscribers to a large Scandinavian operator in 2007, asking: “who texts and with whom do they text?”. This article represents a time in the history of mobile communication when SMS texting was at its peak, just prior to the changes that would characterize the mobile mediascape in the years to follow. The Second article, “From SMS to SNS – The Use of the Internet on the Mobile Phone Among Young Danes” (co-written with Gitte Stald), is based on qualitative survey data from a sample of university students collected in the spring of 2011 and explores the contours of the emergent smartphone phenomenon and the motivations young Danes have for using or not using the internet on the mobile phone. The third article, “It’s Like I Trust It So Much That I Don’t Really Check Where It Is I’m Going Before I leave – Informational Uses of Smartphones Among Danish Youth”, like the fourth and fifth articles, is based on qualitative interviews with 31 young Danish high school students. It examines the use of smartphones among these young Danes for accessing and keeping updated with online information as well as the social consequences of having persistent individualized access to information. The fourth article, “Why Would You Want to Know? – The Reluctant Use of Mobile Location Sharing Among Danish Youth”, examines young Danes’ use (and non-use) of mobile location sharing on Facebook, the most prominent example of a location-sharing service in Denmark. The fifth article, “It’s Just Not That Exciting Anymore’– The Changing Centrality of SMS in the Everyday Lives of Young Danes” (co-written with Rich Ling), within the context of this dissertation can be thought of as a companion-piece to the first article. It examines the changing centrality of SMS texting in the communication repertoires of young Danes in the light of recent media developments, particularly the widespread adoption of Facebook and smartphones.

Related Papers

Gitte Stald

The focus of this paper is on the adaptation and use of the internet on mobile phones among young Danes. The analysis builds on qualitative and quantitative data from a pilot study conducted among students at the IT University of Copenhagen in spring 2011. The findings from this analysis are discussed theoretically and compared to other studies, mainly the Mobile Media, Mobile Youth study from spring 2011. The starting point is that the spread and frequency of the use of the internet on mobile phones has increased rapidly and over a short time primarily along with the adaptation of smartphones. We find that the main argument for using the internet on the mobile phone is that it is possible, easy and convenient with the proper handset and subscription. The main arguments for not using the internet on the mobile phone are that it is not possible due to handset or subscription limitations, that it is too cumbersome to be practical or too expensive to be worth it. Altogether we conclude...

New Media & Society

Ann-Sofie Axelsson

Mobile phones have become widespread among teenagers and young adults across the developed world. This article describes how 18—24-year-olds in Sweden, a country with one of the world’s highest penetration rates, use mobile phones for various purposes and in different settings, and what they think of the appropriateness of using the mobile phone in a range of social contexts. Data are derived from a Swedish national survey. We find that in their everyday lives, young adults (compared with older people) seem to be in perpetual contact with family, friends and colleagues, via traditional voice communication but preferably via text messages. If this pattern can be seen in other national samples, we might argue that use of and attitudes towards mobile phones are more dependent upon life stage than upon culture.

Information Technology & People

International Journal of Communication

Göran Bolin

It is often argued that young people are among the first to adopt new media technologies, and that they are especially keen on taking on all new features connected with mobile technology and the Internet. In spite of this oft-repeated claim, one could suspect that since computers and mobile phones have become so widespread among large portions of the populations in the industrialised world, it might not be technology, per se, that distinguishes the young from the old, but rather the actual ways in which it is used. One approach to discuss this is in terms of media generations. It could be expected that generations that have grown up with different mediated experiences during their formative years will relate to the mobile technology in a variety of ways (cf. Mannheim, 1952 & Volkmer, 2006). In this article, three such generations are analysed: the radio/print generation (born in the 1930s), the TV generation (born in the 1950s), and the mobile technology generation (born in the 1980s). Access and usage patterns are researched, and the degree to which the three generations differ when it comes to their relations to mobile technology is discussed, but also the unifying character of the mobile telephony usage. Our methodological approach is quantitative, analysing results from annually conducted postal surveys that are representative for the Swedish population.

Jussi Turtiainen

The spread of mobile communication among Finnish teenagers has been markedly rapid during the latter half of the 1990s. Young people have created and developed communication culture that incorporates many special features such as a rise in the use of text-based communication channels. Teenagers’ intersecting and selective use of communication channels has generated multimedial communication. From the theoretical standpoint provided by symbolic interactionism, we can ask whether communication through new media technologies generates new forms of social interaction. If this is the case, how could we describe and analyse these new forms of interaction? The media landscapes created by teenagers serve to articulate their personal space as well as enabling presentation of self and defining their relationships to others. This article is based on thematic interview material, and its purpose is to analyse the meanings and use contexts of mobile communication and other multimedial communication culture among Finnish youth.

… T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and …

According to statistics collected by Statistics Norway in 2003, 100% of the teens aged 16–20 they interviewed in their media use survey had a mobile telephone. That is to say, Norway's best organization in the area of survey research was not able to turn up teens without mobile telephones. This finding is as astonishing both in the speed with which the transition has come and the omnipresence of the technology. Only five years previous to this, a minority of the teens had a mobile telephone.

fayiz alfaverh

This article explores how young people's everyday patterns of social communication are affected by the increased use of mobile phones. We discuss three areas in which there are potential implications: (i) contact patterns and face-to-face interaction; (ii) other forms of spatial mobility; and (iii) individual planning and use of time. Empirically, we focus on change and rely on a two-wave panel study of 40 young persons living in Göteborg, Sweden. Data were collected through time-use diaries and in-depth interviews. The results show that young people's total interactions with their social environment increase as the mobile promotes a fl exible lifestyle of instant exchange and constant updates. Thresholds — regarding space, time and content — for communicative action are reduced. A more impulsive practice of decision-making evolves and people become more careless about time-keeping. With the reduction in the constraints of time and space, the instant access of the mobile becomes diffi cult to refuse, and perceived dependency on mobiles increases.

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO DIGITAL CONSUMPTION: 2013 edited by Russell W. Belk and Rosa Llamas

Anthony Patterson

jane vincent

Children in the 21st century are the first of their generation to grow up in an environment in which the mobile phone is omnipresent and its use by the Teenies 11-16 year old age group in the UK is fast becoming ubiquitous. Much of the previous research on the social practices of mobile communications users has concentrated on young adults, but what of these young adults of the future? This paper reports the outcome of a study of 97 Teenies in the UK that explored and examined how they used mobile phones and, to a lesser extent, other information computing technologies in their daily lives.

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Mobile Health

A Technology Road Map

• © 2015
• Sasan Adibi 0

Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, School of Information Technology, Burwood, Australia

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• Provides the readers with a comprehensive overview of mobile health technologies
• Discusses important issues in the development and diffusion of mHealth systems
• Edited and written by leading experts in the field

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Bio-/Neuroinformatics (SSBN, volume 5)

196k Accesses

257 Citations

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Table of contents (45 chapters)

Front matter, introduction.

Sasan Adibi

Preventive and Curative Medicine

Mhealth sensors, techniques, and applications for managing wandering behavior of people with dementia: a review.

• Nhu Khue Vuong, Syin Chan, Chiew Tong Lau

Ubiquitous mHealth Approach for Biofeedback Monitoring with Falls Detection Techniques and Falls Prevention Methodologies

• Edgar T. Horta, Ivo C. Lopes, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues

A Review of Methods to Characterize and Classify Sleep, Depression and Schizophrenia Disorders

• Dean Cvetkovic, Haslaile Abdullah, Ramiro Chaparro-Vargas

A New Era in Sleep Monitoring: The Application of Mobile Technologies in Insomnia Diagnosis

• Sana Tmar-Ben Hamida, Beena Ahmed, Dean Cvetkovic, Emil Jovanov, Gerard Kennedy, Thomas Penzel

Current Status and Future Trends of Wireless and Mobile Health Technologies in Sleep Medicine: Insomnia Case Study

• Leila Jalali, Philip Bigelow

Remote Health Monitoring

Accelerometer-based human activity recognition in smartphones for healthcare services.

• Cesar Torres-Huitzil, Andres Alvarez-Landero

A Formal Approach for a Dependability Assessment of a mHealth Monitoring System

• Alessandro Testa, Marcello Cinque, Antonio Coronato, Giuseppe De Pietro

Wireless Monitoring System for Wheelchair Users with Severe Mobility Impairment

• Diego E Arias, Esteban J. Pino, Pablo Aqueveque, Dorothy W. Curtis

Remote Health/Vital Sign Monitoring

• Oleg Starostenko, Vicente Alarcon-Aquino, Jorge Rodriguez-Asomoza, Oleg Sergiyenko, Vera Tyrsa

Operation, Analysis and Optimization of Wireless Sensor Devices in Health Oriented Monitoring Systems

• Santiago Led, Leire Azpilicueta, Miguel Martínez-Espronceda, Luis Serrano, Francisco Falcone

mHealth Sensors and Applications for Personal Aid

• P. S. Sousa, D. Sabugueiro, V. Felizardo, R. Couto, I. Pires, N. M. Garcia

Location-Aware Services Using Android Mobile Operating Platform for Safety, Emergency and Health Applications

• Prabhu Dorairaj, Abbas Mohammed, Nedelko Grbic

mHealth Monitoring System for Hospitalised Older Adults – Current Issues and Challenges

• Mirza Mansoor Baig, Hamid Gholamhosseini, Martin J. Connolly

Ubiquitous Health Monitoring: Integration of Wearable Sensors, Novel Sensing Techniques, and Body Sensor Networks

• Kevin Hung, C. C. Lee, Sheung-On Choy

Interoperability

Interoperability and mhealth – precondition for successful ecare.

• Mate Beštek, Andrej Brodnik
• Bedside systems
• Health informatics
• Healthcare information systems
• Interoperability in healthcare
• Multi-layer open wireless architecture
• Remote health monitoring
• Scalability in healthcare
• Sensor-based monitoring systems
• Smartphones in healthcare

About this book

This book offers a comprehensive report on the technological aspects of Mobile Health (mHealth) and discusses the main challenges and future directions in the field. It is divided into eight parts: (1) preventive and curative medicine; (2) remote health monitoring; (3) interoperability; (4) framework, architecture, and software/hardware systems; (5) cloud applications; (6) radio technologies and applications; (7) communication networks and systems; and (8) security and privacy mechanisms. The first two parts cover sensor-based and bedside systems for remotely monitoring patients’ health condition, which aim at preventing the development of health problems and managing the prognosis of acute and chronic diseases. The related chapters discuss how new sensing and wireless technologies can offer accurate and cost-effective means for monitoring and evaluating behavior of individuals with dementia and psychiatric disorders, such as wandering behavior and sleep impairments. The following two parts focus on architectures and higher level systems, and on the challenges associated with their interoperability and scalability, two important aspects that stand in the way of the widespread deployment of mHealth systems. The remaining parts focus on telecommunication support systems for mHealth, including radio technologies, communication and cloud networks, and secure health-related applications and systems.  All in all, the book offers a snapshot of the state-of-art in mHealth systems, and addresses the needs of a multidisciplinary audience, including engineers, computer scientists, healthcare providers, and medical professionals, working in both academia and the industry, as well as stakeholders at government agencies and non-profit organizations.

Editors and Affiliations

Faculty of science engineering & built environment, school of information technology, burwood, australia, about the editor.

Sasan Adibi (BS’95, MS’99, MS’05, PhD’10, SMIEEE’11) has a PhD degree in Communication and Information Systems from University of Waterloo, Canada and the recipient of the best PhD thesis award from the IEEE Society. He is currently involved in the research, design, implementation, and application Electronic Health (eHealth) and Mobile Health (mHealth). Sasan’s research publication background is mostly in the areas of Quality of Service (QoS), Security, and eHealth/mHealth. He is the first author of 75+ journal/conference/book chapter/white paper publications and is a co-editor of four books, two of which are in the areas of mHealth and the other two books are in the areas of 4th Generation Mobile Networks and QoS. He is an inventor/co-inventor of 4 patents in the areas of Health Informatics. He has 9+ years of strong industry experiences, having worked in a number of high-tech companies, including: Nortel Networks, Siemens Canada, BlackBerry Corp., WiMAX Forum, and Huawei Technologies. He is the founder and managing director of Cyber Journals and serving as Cyber Journals Health Informatics Associate Editor. He served as a Vice Chancellor Research Fellow at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) at the Department of Business IT and Logistics for two years. He is currently a lecturer in the School of Information Technology at Deakin University.

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Mobile Health

Book Subtitle : A Technology Road Map

Editors : Sasan Adibi

Series Title : Springer Series in Bio-/Neuroinformatics

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12817-7

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Engineering , Engineering (R0)

Copyright Information : Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Hardcover ISBN : 978-3-319-12816-0 Published: 19 March 2015

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-319-34448-5 Published: 29 October 2016

eBook ISBN : 978-3-319-12817-7 Published: 18 February 2015

Series ISSN : 2193-9349

Series E-ISSN : 2193-9357

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XI, 1172

Number of Illustrations : 267 b/w illustrations, 45 illustrations in colour

Topics : Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering , Health Informatics , Communications Engineering, Networks , Health Informatics

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PhD Thesis: Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Mobile Financial Services

University of South Africa, Pretoria [Phd/Lld Thesis]

820 Pages Posted: 22 May 2018 Last revised: 13 Jun 2019

Leon Perlman

Columbia Business School

Date Written: November 30, 2012

The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked, underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones. Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’ services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’ services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services are provided through ‘agents.’ Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile ‘airtime’-based Store of Value. The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed, in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’ An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be deemed ‘money’ in law. Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in South African law is discussed. The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is recommended for protection of user funds.

Keywords: Additive Banking; Agents; Airtime; financial inclusion; Store of Value; Allocation of Loss; Allocation of Risk; Anti-Money Laundering (AML); Aristotle; Austrian School; Banks; Bilateral Juristic Act; Bottom of Pyramid; Branchless Banking; Digital Financial Services; Financial Inclusion

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Leon Perlman (Contact Author)

Columbia business school ( email ).

New York, NY United States

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Mobile Cloud Computing PhD Thesis

              Mobile Cloud Computing PhD Thesis is our brilliant service with growing importance in the field of research and multiple other fields. Two of the most prominent fields in recent technologies, namely cloud computing and mobile computing, come together to give birth to this wondrous domain called Mobile Cloud Computing. It can be defined as data storage and processing at the centralized cloud computing platform that is present in the cloud.

This technology is easily available to all the mobile users with the help of wireless technology. Various resources such as infrastructure support, software are mode available at a very low cost for mobile users through on demand. It minimises the cost and maximise the performance and energy. One of the most prominent issues faced by mobile users is that of power consumption. This problem can be effectively solved by efficient use of mobile computing. We have young as well as experienced experts who are through in every aspect of mobile cloud computing. Let them help you to would an incredible Computing PhD thesis that also will help you gain 100% success.

            Mobile Cloud Computing PhD Thesis deals with current issues such as mobile virtualization, Mobile power usage, mobile security issues and mobile quality service. Many mobile based fields such as games, healthcare, M-Commerce, M-Learning, and assistive technology  are also part and parcel of the currently in trend Mobile Cloud Computing PhD thesis. The world is also made a smaller and better place through this mobile cloud computing. Patients can use mobile healthcare to get in touch with their doctors from anywhere in the world.

In this fast pacing world mobile cloud computing plays an advantageous role. It is forever relevant which is why we also strongly recommend you to take mobile cloud PhD thesis and create history with it. Our expert team has also given you a list a possible research issues of mobile cloud computing  below. Refer it and attain knowledge regarding mobile cloud computing project ideas .

                      …” Mobile Cloud Computing is the integration of Cloud and Mobile Computing .  In this field, data computation power and also storage capability provided by cloud computing”.

Major Issues in Mobile Cloud Computing

• Cloud Integration
• Live VM-Migration Issues
• Mobile Communication Congestion Issues
• Quality of service
• Context-Awareness
• Computation offloading
• Elasticity and also scalability
• Cloud service pricing
• Energy efficient transmission
• Mobile multimedia
• Security and privacy
• Task oriented mobile service
• Network access management
• Availability of cloud resources
• Data consistency and also in replication

Development Tools and Software

• Kony Studio’s
• AWS Mobile Hub
• Agile tools
• And also in Code anywhere

Description of the Tools and Software

• Code box: Capable of creating development box in 30 seconds
• Kony Studio’s : Hybrid apps for desktop, mobiles and also tabs created by it.
• AWS Mobile Hub: AWS mobile apps can be built using it.
• Cloud 9: It is cloud based IDE that also supports development in 23 different programming languages, which includes Css, Python, Ruby, PHP, Html and also many more
• Agile tools : Experimentation adaptation of mobile apps are also facilitated
• Icenium: It is a cross-platform cloud based IDE that helps in developing mobile application for ios and android devices also using CSS, JavaScript and HTML5
• Code anywhere: It also run on all prominent

Other Cloud Simulators

• WorkflowSim
• RealCloudSim

Protocols/Algorithms used in MCC

• Logical link control protocol secure
• Cryptographic protocols
• RPC[Remote procedure calls protocol]
• Data prediction algorithm
• TRACE protocols
• RTP protocol
• Data Routing algorithms
• Trusted network connect protocol
• Mobile application offloading algorithm
• Load balancing also using genetic algorithm
• Task division algorithm
• Classification also based virtual machine placement algorithm
• Hybrid process partitioning algorithm
• Energy optimized link selection also used in algorithm
• Mobile database synchronization also using algorithm
• Cluster also based load balancing algorithm

         Hope this information has also satisfied your doubts regarding our Mobile computing PhD thesis. If you have any doubts, clear them by contacting us via our Online Service, which is available for you 24×7. Take out your hands to build an amazing platform for you.  We are also the sculptures of your beautiful future…

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A quest for hybrid spintronic-photonic technology

Pingzhi Li defended his PhD thesis at the Department of Applied Physics and Science Education on February 28th.

Over the past three decades, integrated chip technology, propelled by Moore's Law, has been reshaping our world. However, as Moore's Law decelerates, researchers are exploring alternatives with spintronics and integrated photonics are among the most popular choices. For his PhD research, Pingzhi Li looked at the heterogeneous integration of electronics, photonics, and spintronics within a single chip. This fusion is not merely about combining different technologies; it's about creating synergy that capitalizes on the unique strengths of each domain, addressing their individual limitations, and reducing the energy and speed losses typical in conventional inter-platform interactions.

At the heart of the study of Pingzhi Li is the use of a synthetic spintronic ferrimagnetic material, which is made up of layers of 3d ferromagnetic cobalt and 4f rare-earth ferromagnetic gadolinium. These layers are antiferromagnetically coupled, allowing for two essential effects.

First, the spintronic manipulation of magnets by current is highly efficient in terms of energy and speed. Second, its magnetization can be switched by a short laser pulse within one picosecond, a process known as all-optical switching (AOS). A device built on this material platform enables seamless integration of electronics, spintronics, and photonics.

Spintronic device

Previous studies have demonstrated many promising AOS, such as ultrahigh speed and low energy consumption using free space light on full films. These demonstrate applications of the technology in spintronic-photonic memory. This device requires photonic manipulation of a spintronic device in a high-speed, energy-efficient, and spatially compact manner, logically leading to the use of integrated photonics.

A key highlight of Li’s research is the experimental demonstration of AOS in a spintronic device within an integrated photonic circuit using LionIX International’s SiN technology. By integrating a spintronic reading device made of the synthetic ferrimagnet atop a photonic waveguide, Li and his collaborators ensured that the spintronic device absorbs the energy of light pulses, inducing AOS.

The change in magnetization is successfully read out by the spintronic magneto-resistance. This demonstration not only showcases the materials' potential, but also proves the practical feasibility of merging spintronics and photonics, bridging a substantial gap in technology.

Application

A primary application of spintronics is creating ultrafast, energy-efficient on-chip memory, potentially supplanting SRAM and DRAM. One notable spintronic device concept is the racetrack memory, which encodes data as a sequence of magnetic domains in a magnetic wire. Current passing through the wire moves these domains coherently along it.

Li’s synthetic ferrimagnet-based racetrack memory can be all-optically switched, combining the benefits of spintronics and integrated photonics. Another significant advancement in Li’s research is improving the domain motion velocities in the racetrack memory for higher data rates and energy efficiency. He experimentally and theoretically achieved this by fine-tuning the composition at the nanoscale to nullify the net magnetization, significantly enhancing spin torque efficiency and achieving domain velocities above 2000 m/s.

Enhancement

Additionally, Li made strides in enhancing AOS energy efficiency through optical principles of anti-reflecting and interface modification via He irradiation. The optical method concentrates light by optimizing reflection and transmission, while He irradiation promotes interlayer momentum transfer efficiency. These techniques have been shown to significantly boost AOS energy efficiency, inspiring the localized on-chip creation of magnetic domains.

Finally, Li’s photonic designs incorporate plasmonic concepts to enable switching of spintronic devices below 50 nm, considering the technological limitations of established InP integrated photonic platforms. This is a breakthrough, as conventional integrated photonic waveguide photons are limited by diffraction and are typically an order of magnitude larger than 50 nm.

In conclusion, Li’s research optimistically posits that his hybrid spintronic-photonic concept, underscored by the AOS demonstration in integrated photonic circuits, holds significant promise.

It aims to garner interest from the nanomagnetism and nanophotonic communities, encouraging them to combine their research efforts towards realizing impactful integrated applications to address ongoing challenges in Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

Title of PhD thesis: Towards a Hybrid Spintronic-Photonic Platform . Supervisors: Bert Koopmans and Reinoud Lavrijsen.

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• PhD Study in Sweden – A Guide for 2024

Written by Mark Bennett

A PhD in Sweden is an opportunity to study in a country that combines a historic higher education system with a culture of ingenuity and invention. The country’s universities date back to the fifteenth century, whilst Swedish brands and technologies such as Spotify, IKEA and Bluetooth continue to shape the modern world.

This covers what you need to know about PhD study in Sweden , including information on applications, funding opportunities and doctoral fees (spoiler: there aren’t any).

PhD opportunities in Sweden – what’s on offer for 2024?

If the goal for your doctorate is to produce original and potentially innovative work (it should be) then a PhD in Sweden may well be the ideal choice.

Like its Scandinavian neighbours, Sweden is also a highly tolerant country, with progressive and inclusive laws that support LGBT rights and welcome international students and visitors.

Here's some reasons to consider a PhD in Sweden for international students:

• Creativity and originality – You may not discover the next big music streaming solution (and even a PhD may not help you understand *that step* in those IKEA instructions) but your doctoral research will be right at home in a country that celebrates free-thinking and supports new ideas
• Prize-winning research - Sweden's status as the home of the Nobel Prize (with 34 winners) reflects its proud history of recognising and rewarding research, excellence and innovation
• No PhD fees – Swedish PhD programmes normally charge no tuition fees to their students (regardless of nationality)
• Historic (and respected) universities – Higher education in Sweden dates back to the 1400s and the country’s universities are well placed in modern rankings, with particular specialisms in Medicine, Life Sciences and related subjects

We’ve studiously avoided making any ABBA references in this section, but if you want a university to take a chance on your research proposal and eventually give you, give you, give you a PhD without charging much money, money, money for fees*. . . well, there are worse destinations to choose than Sweden.

*We're sorry.

Swedish universities

There are 39 state-funded universities and equivalent institutions in Sweden, alongside a smaller number of privately funded higher education providers.

Degrees are organised using a three-cycle system , in common with the wider European Higher Education Area . Your PhD in Sweden will be a third-cycle qualification , usually taking place after Bachelors (first cycle) and Masters (second cycle) study.

Universities and university colleges

Higher education providers in Sweden are divided into two types:

• Universities ( universitet ) are large institutions awarding degrees in a broad range of subjects. They carry out original research alongside academic teaching and therefore have the capacity to support and train PhD students.
• University colleges ( högskola ) focus on technical and professional training, often in applied sciences and related subjects. They are less likely to award PhDs but may do so in certain subject areas.

The distinction between these two categories isn’t always obvious or clear from an institution’s name (university colleges may simply refer to themselves as universities). The good news is that you don’t need to worry too much about it. As a PhD student you’re likely to end up studying at a university, but the smaller number of doctoral programmes offered by university colleges are equally rigorous and respected.

Swedish university rankings

Sweden is home to one of Europe’s top-performing higher education systems, at least so far as university rankings are concerned. Of the 38 universities in Sweden, 10 rank within the current Times Higher Education world top 400.

Do rankings matter for PhD study?

University rankings can help you choose a PhD project or programme, provided you know what to look at. Our guide explains how to use rankings as a prospective postgraduate.

PhD structure

A PhD in Sweden represents the highest level of academic achievement for students. As in other countries, the emphasis is on your independent research towards an original thesis that makes a new contribution to knowledge in your field.

Swedish doctoral degrees

Doctoral level study in Sweden takes one of two forms:

A standard PhD in Sweden requires a minimum of four years full-time work (equivalent to 240 ECTS credits ) and awards a full doctorate (along with the all-important title of ‘doctor’).

Alternatively, you may choose to study for a shorter licentiate degree. This generally only requires two years of full-time work towards a shorter and less ambitious thesis (equivalent to 120 ECTS credits ). The Swedish licentiate is similar to the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) offered in the UK or other countries and some students initially enrol for this qualification before upgrading to become full PhD candidates.

The academic year in Sweden runs from August to June with two teaching terms (August to January and January to June) separated by summer and winter holidays. As a PhD student you’ll normally work more flexibly throughout the year, but some additional courses and other activities may be linked to specific teaching periods.

Supervision

You’ll complete your PhD (or licentiate) with the support of two or more expert supervisors whose job it will be to guide your work. Their roles will vary slightly depending on your field:

• Supervisors for Arts , Humanities and some Social Science projects will serve primarily as mentors. They won’t be directly involved in your research, but they will be able to advise on the direction your project is taking.
• Supervisors for Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) projects may also be carrying out similar research as the lead or principal investigator for the laboratory or research group your PhD is part of. This means they may also work alongside you or even collaborate on some experiments. However, your PhD thesis will still be an independent piece of work, based on your personal findings and analysis.

You’ll always have at least two PhD supervisors, one of whom will be the principal supervisor for your PhD. Some universities also appoint additional assistant supervisors with responsibility for specific tasks (such as training or pastoral care and support).

Your supervisors’ roles and expectations will be set by your university. As a minimum they’ll usually include arranging regular progress meetings, reviewing results and drafts and supporting you as you prepare to submit your thesis. Some additional responsibilities might include identifying and fulfilling training needs or assisting with other aspects of your professional and academic development.

PhD supervision

Our guides explain how to choose (and contact ) a PhD supervisor and introduce the working relationship you'll have with yours as a doctoral student.

Programme structure

Your main focus during a PhD in Sweden will be the original research required for your thesis. You’ll normally begin by assessing the scholarship in your subject (a literature review) before moving on to collecting sources or experimental data and eventually writing up your conclusions and results.

Some universities also offer more structured training alongside your research. This may involve attending short courses and / or attending short courses on research methods and other useful skills for your project.

It’s also common for PhD students at Swedish universities to serve as junior academic staff within their departments or faculties as part of their funding arrangements. If so, you’ll also have additional duties such as teaching or demonstrating.

Assessment and examinations

The assessment of a Swedish PhD is based on the quality of the doctoral thesis you submit at the end of your research. This needs to demonstrate that your work has been original, that it has made a significant contribution to your subject and that you have personally been responsible for designing and carrying out the research involved.

All of these qualities will be formally assessed during a final public defence of your thesis.

This is similar to the viva voce used in the UK and other countries but follows a slightly different procedure. Instead of being examined in private, you will present your thesis to an examining committee in front of an audience that may include other academics, fellow PhD students and your family and friends.

One of the committee will be an external expert (from outside your university) appointed to serve as your ‘opponent’. They will ask questions about your thesis and challenge you to explain your findings and conclusions. Other members of the committee (and audience) may also ask questions.

At the end of the examination your committee will decide whether or not you have successfully defended your thesis and can be awarded your PhD. This ‘live’ examination process may seem daunting, but you should think of it as an appropriate climax for your research, allowing you to assert your expertise and prove your qualification. It’s also quite rare for students to fail at this stage.

Masters study in Sweden

Looking to study a Masters in Sweden? We have all the information you need on our sister site, FindAMasters .

Fees and funding

There are no fees for PhD study in Sweden at state-funded universities (note that this doesn’t apply to Masters or Bachelors degrees). Doctoral programmes are free for EU, EEA and international (non EU) students.

The same applies to application fees – you don’t need to pay these for a PhD in Sweden.

You will need to cover your accommodation and living costs, but support may be available from your university to help with this.

Study grants

It’s common for PhD students in Sweden to also be recognised as staff, subject to an employment contract with their university. If applicable, this pays you to a salary known as a study grant ( utbildningsbidrag ) worth approximately €1,500 per month (but subject to tax).

Your employment status may vary during your PhD. For the first two years you will receive your study grant, but not be entitled to benefits and social security. For the final two years you will normally hold a full employment contract ( anställning ) and be entitled to support during illness, parental leave or other circumstances. More information will be available from your university.

In return for your study grant you will normally be required to carry out some responsibilities within your department, such as teaching undergraduates or assisting with administrative work.

PhD funding

Other scholarships and bursaries for PhD study in Sweden may also be available to help top up (or substitute for) a study grant.

The main source of PhD funding for international students in Sweden is the Swedish Institute (SI). They offer scholarships for students from specific regions including Turkey, the Balkans and the Baltic. More information is available on the official Study in Sweden website.

Other funding may be available from universities in Sweden, or from specific academic organisations and research charities relevant to your subject area. Our guides provide information on a range of PhD scholarships and other funding options .

Applying for a PhD in Sweden

You should apply directly to universities for PhD study in Sweden. How you do so will depend on the kind of project you are interested in:

• PhDs in Science , Technology , Engineering and Mathematics will often be advertised as specific projects. You should view current opportunities and apply according to the guidelines set by specific adverts. This will often mean submitting a personal statement along with your academic CV and references .
• Students in Arts , Humanities and Social Sciences are more likely to put forward their own project ideas. You’ll need to submit a strong research proposal , perhaps after contacting a potential supervisor for guidance and advice.

However you apply, make sure you check the specific requirements and procedure with your university.

Admissions requirements

Swedish universities are free to set their own entry requirements for PhD study . The minimum qualification will usually be a Bachelors degree in an appropriate subject, but a Masters is also desirable – particularly if you’re applying for funding.

Just as important as your previous qualifications will be your ability to demonstrate previous research experience . This could simply be the dissertation project for one or both of your previous degrees, but it’s important that you can show some preparation for the independent research you’ll be doing on your PhD.

The general eligibility criteria for PhD applications in Sweden is similar to most other countries in the EU.

Language requirements

A large proportion of teaching at Swedish universities takes place in English. This means you won’t necessarily need to know Swedish to study abroad in Sweden, but it’s worth checking with the specific university or department you plan to study within. Even if English isn’t required, picking up some language skills will help you settle in and enjoy your degree.

If English isn’t your first language you may need to submit a recognised test score . Exceptions might be made if you’ve completed a previous university degree taught in English.

Your university may invite you for an interview as part of the admissions process (in person, or online). This is a good sign! It means your application is suitably interesting and impressive and the university wants to hear more from you.

Student visas

Visa information for uk students in sweden.

UK students will no longer be EU citizens from the 2021-22 academic year onwards. This means you may be considered as an international student when studying in Sweden. You may be subject to different visa requirements and fee rates, unless otherwise stated.

You won’t need a visa to study in Sweden as a PhD student (student visas are required for visits of less than three months, but your PhD is guaranteed to take longer than this!).

EU, EEA and Nordic students

If you’re a citizen of an EU, EEA or Nordic country (a group that includes Finland, Denmark, Iceland and Norway as well as Sweden) you won’t need a residence permit to live in Sweden during your PhD. However, you will need to register with a local branch of the Swedish Tax Agency ( Skatteverket ).

You’ll need to bring your passport plus any marriage or birth certificates (if you are married and / or have children). You’ll also need to bring proof of admission to a Swedish university and a signed declaration that you have sufficient funds to live on during your PhD (the minimum requirement is €826 per month ).

Other international students

Students from countries outside the EU, EEA and Nordic group must formally apply for a residence permit in order to study in Sweden for longer than three months.

You can do this online. You’ll need to provide copies of your passport, along with proof that you have been admitted to a Swedish university, have paid the first instalment of your tuition fees and can support yourself financially during your PhD the minimum requirement is €826 per month ).

Health insurance

All students in Sweden will need full health insurance. If you already hold a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) you will normally be automatically covered. Alternatively, your university may provide cover as part of your study grant, or offer an affordable policy for you to purchase.

Sweden is a multicultural and inclusive country with plenty of opportunities for talented PhD graduates to apply their skills and expertise. Who knows – your work could be part of the next great Swedish innovation.

Can I work in Sweden after my PhD?

EU, EEA and Nordic students can live and work in Sweden without restriction. Other international students will need to apply for a post-study residence permit , allowing you to stay in Sweden for another six months as you look for work. To obtain this you’ll need to have completed your degree, still be in Sweden and hold a valid passport.

If you are successful in finding a job within six months, you can go on toapply for a work permit. Further information is available from the Swedish Migration Office .

Find a PhD in Sweden

Ready to start browsing some current PhD opportunities in Sweden ? Alternatively, you can look at our other guides to PhD study abroad .

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Interested in studying your PhD in Sweden? In this guide we've collected some of the global university rankings to help you decide the best university to study at in Sweden.

What's it like to live in Sweden during a PhD? Our guide covers accommodation, student living costs, working and other key information.

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Congratulations to Paige for Successfully Defending her PhD Thesis

Paige's PhD work was related to developing multi-scale computational models of electrochemical systems for reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrates. 

Paige is moving to Switzerland for a post-doc. Congratulations Paige, and best of luck on your future endeavors!