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10 lines on ‘india of my dreams’ for kids, a paragraph on ‘india of my dreams’ for children, short essay on ‘india of my dreams’ in 200 words for kids, long essay on ‘india of my dreams’ for children, what will your child learn from an essay on india of my dreams.
Children are very imaginative and creative. When given topics like “India Of My Dreams” for essay writing, they visualise what they feel is the best for the future of the country. This essay writing assignment in English for classes 1, 2 and 3 provides numerous advantages to children. To begin with, it helps their brain function in a certain way as they process small details to write about the assigned topic. Children attempt to organise their ideas on paper and develop phrases to explain their thoughts. This action gradually broadens their vocabulary by allowing them to discover new terms. As a child, writing essays increases observation. Children construct simple phrases that serve as the foundation for their language abilities and grammar. Essay writing helps children develop their writing skills while improving their memory and inventiveness. Essay writing also allows children to express themselves creatively.
There are certain things that a kid needs to keep in mind while writing an essay about the India of their dreams. Here are some of the key points:
Writing an essay on a topic like India Of My Dreams can be challenging and confusing for kids. Here are 10 lines that can be used in an essay for classes 1 and 2.
To give an idea about how children can write their essays, here is a paragraph on India of my dream for classes 1 and 2.
We are proud of India’s rich culture and heritage because India is an ancient country. We are also pleased with our secular democracy and growth. My ambition is for India to become a country free of corruption and to become an economically powerful country. I want my people to become the world’s most powerful economic force, free of poverty. Furthermore, I want our country to take the lead in delivering world peace and technological development. But we don’t see that happening in the current scenario. If we want to realise this dream, we must act now.
I imagine India as a country in which every individual is educated. I visualise that the people of my country recognise the value of education and encourage their children to pursue it rather than engage in menial labour at a young age. Adults who did not have the opportunity to study throughout their childhood must now do so through adult education classes.
India has a diverse cultural history. People of many castes, creeds, and faith coexist harmoniously in my country. India should always remain a place where diverse people of many diverse backgrounds coexist peacefully.
I want the government to give fair work opportunities for everyone so that the deserving youth can contribute to the nation’s progress. I want to see the country become more technologically proficient and grow in all areas. Finally, I want India to be a country where women are respected and given equal opportunities.
A long essay for class 3 children should consist of an introduction followed by the points they’d like to cover in a subheading format. Elaborate on each of the subheadings and end the essay with a conclusion.
My ideal India would be a place where freedom and equality are fully realised. It would be a place where no one is discriminated against because of their caste, creed, religion, or socio-economic standing. I also imagine it as a place with a lot of industrial and technological development. Here are a few of the areas that require special attention:
Education is the foundation of any country. One of our country’s fundamental flaws is that people still do not understand the value of education. Those who are poor or living below the poverty level sometimes do not get the benefits of education. The government is taking steps to guarantee that more people have access to education by promoting the fundamental right of children to free and compulsory education and building adult education schools. My ideal India is one in which every citizen is educated and skilled.
My ideal India will be clean, green, and safe for everyone. People will appreciate the lush vegetation, clean air, and pollution-free surroundings. India of my dreams will maintain the highest standards of cleanliness and hygiene. Citizens will take an active role in cleaning up India so that everyone can live in a healthy environment.
I dream about an India with good infrastructure and cleanliness. Many settlements suffer from inadequate sanitation and infrastructure. The Indian government needs to focus on these issues so that people get what they deserve. Sanitation is critical because it allows people in the community, particularly women, to avoid developing health problems.
Corruption is the underlying hurdle of our country’s development problems. Our country will flourish quickly if our government and political system are free of corruption. The bribery system will be abolished, and all bureaucrats will be held to a higher standard of ethics and accountability. Every government employee will be accountable for their work. As a result, the India of my dreams will be free of corruption.
Women are valued everywhere in the India of my dreams. They have equal power and rights. They are considered a vital member of the family, with the ability to make decisions and have financial autonomy. They must be provided with a secure atmosphere free of crimes when they are outside, or at the workplace and even at home. They will receive equal wages as their male counterparts. They must feel comfortable and secure to channel their entire potential and energy into productive endeavours. This would allow them to use their skills and contribute to the nation’s progress.
While our country has made a lot of progress in the realm of science and technology, it still has to strive more in this area. It is terrible to watch how brilliant minds from the country leave the country in search of work and contribute to the technological and industrial accomplishments of other countries rather than contributing to the growth of their own. I imagine an India that provides good job opportunities to qualified folks and where people work together to improve the country’s technological growth.
My ideal country should be one that I can be proud of and live in with confidence. I want the next generation to have a better life and to receive what they deserve in this country.
Through this essay in English on India Of My Dreams, your child will be instilled with patriotism and optimism for their own and the country’s future. It will also open up your child to think creatively about how their country can make progress, which will in turn make them consider the different ways in which they can contribute to making India the country of their dreams.
An essay about India is a great way for you to instil a sense of love, responsibility, and hope for the motherland in your child from a young age.
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Can you imagine what will happen if the name of India is mentioned on top in this world for every good aspect? It will fill us with great cheer and pride. Every one of us would have the desire of making India according to our own dreams. We all have different perspectives and opinions on this topic. It is an imaginative essay that gives wings to your power of imagination.
I have provided the details about my own opinion on India of my dreams. I hope it will be helpful for students and inculcate the idea of writing an essay on this topic.
1) The India of my dream is quite different from the reality.
2) The India of my dream must be free from crime.
3) Bad activities like corruption should be abolished from the country.
4) Women should be respected and treated equally in my country.
5) In my dream country, people should live in unity and peace.
6) I would really want to eradicate poverty from my country.
7) I want an educated country with a high literacy rate.
8) I dream that India must be developed in science and technology.
9) I want a country where people live happily with good job opportunities.
10) India of my dreams must rank first in every aspect.
Introduction
Everybody in this world has a desire that the nation in which they reside must excel in every sector. It is pleasing to hear people talking good about our nation and its people. I have a desire to see my nation as it appears in my dreams. My dream nation would be free of social issues like corruption, poverty, illiteracy, crime, etc.
India of my dreams must have ‘women with equal opportunity as men’
Every society and nation can progress if there is equal participation of men and women. I want that to make India a nation where women get equal importance and opportunity without any discrimination. Every girl must be given a chance to attend school and acquire an education. I want that the men in the nation must also understand the importance of women and help them in getting the place that they deserve. I want that the killing of girl child must be stopped in the nation and people must understand the give equal importance to the girl child as they give to the boy child.
People must reside with unity without the feeling of hatred
India is a nation that is having rich cultural and religious diversity. It is good that people following different religions and cultures are living in one nation. I want the people of the nation must live in harmony and peace. When people of any nation live with the feeling of unity it will enhance the progress of the nation. Moreover, it will make the nation a better place to live.
India of my dreams would be a nation with enormous development in science and technology. The enhanced research and development in the nation would help in getting rid of the financial crisis and give rise to more employment opportunities in the nation.
The thought of our dream of India would have most probably come once in everyone’s mind. Every true Indian wish for the development and progress of the nation. We all want to see the nation according to our dreams with no corruption, injustice, and discrimination. It is always said that dreams are necessary and they become the reason for the change.
Brief Elucidation of India
India is the name of the nation that is most blessed with every type of resource, climatic conditions, geographical variations, and religious diversity. Despite being blessed with nature’s commodities and having the honor of the biggest democracy in the world, there is poverty, illiteracy, corruption, injustice prevailing throughout the nation. These factors are greatly responsible for the differences that are created in society and the nation. Moreover, they are also responsible for hindering the development of the nation.
I hope no one in the nation wants to live in chaos and static problems. Every one of us wishes for a peaceful and happy life. This is very easy to say but is very difficult to practice in reality. This requires a broad-minded attitude in every one of us. The end of the different existing problems would only contribute to the formation of our dream nation.
India as My Dream Nation
I have a great love for my nation and thus it is very painful to hear anything wrong about my nation from anyone. I have studied about the elegance of the nation but the reality of the condition inside the nation is saddening. People are more interested in getting power and making money for their own benefits. They never think of the nation before doing anything wrong. I dream of my India to be free of every type of corruption, discrimination, and injustice. I have a desire that people instead of being jealous would develop the habit of appreciating and motivating others for becoming successful. I wish that I could make it a reality.
Whenever I dream of a nation of my own kind, I want to see the happiness on everyone’s face. Nobody must be discriminated against on any grounds and people should greatly contribute to the development of the nation. I want everyone in the nation to be educated so that they can avail good job opportunities and there must be an end to the issues of poverty and illiteracy. There are different factors that need to be looked upon for bringing change for looking India according to our dreams. I will be enlisting about few important things that I really want to change to make the nation look like the nation of my dreams.
Equality for All
I wish that there might be an equal status of the people in our nation and none in the nation might face any type of discrimination on several grounds. We have seen people being discriminated against on the basis of caste, religion, color, creed, and sex. Casteism is prevailing everywhere and is the reason for numerous cases and fights to happen every day in the nation. People even do not talk properly with each other.
There are some sources that are actively creating the differences between normal people and engaging them in riots. They just take the benefit of our misunderstanding and inequality. The nation would look like paradise if there were no such differences prevailing in the nation. Equality is the most important thing that is required for the progress of the nation. This will help in inducing the positive spirit and co-operation among all. We all would be familiar with the proverb that “United we stand, divided we fall”. Togetherness and brotherhood give us more strength to do our best.
The Wicked Motive of Political Parties – Politicians and different political parties are the most involved groups responsible for promoting casteism, discrimination on every ground are politicians. They are successful in winning the conscience of people for their own benefit and divide them on the basis of caste, religion, and sex. In my opinion, we must consider those people as our leaders who are really working for the nation and stop ourselves from falling into the trap of clever politicians. This will also help in reducing the equality difference in the society.
Equality in making India an Independent Nation – Inequality has been a bane for us in past also. This was only the factor that made the Britishers come and rule for such a long period of time in our nation. They took the benefit of the existing inequality differences in the nation. They applied the policy of “Divide and Rule” and were successful in their motive. Later this supremacy and rule came to an end in form of independence of India. This was the result of the unity that was fostered by equality. As everyone’s motive at that time was getting independence. In the same way, if the goal of every person in the nation is success and happiness then it would be a great step for instilling equality in every aspect throughout the nation. I greatly dream of making India a most prosperous nation.
Justice for All Irrespective of Any Ground
If we throw light on the present scenario of India in terms of Justice, the result is very saddening. Every now and then several disgusting crimes like rapes, murders, thefts, etc. are taking place. The judiciary system in the nation is very weak and slow in giving judgment and punishments. Numerous case files are not opened for years and criminals roam freely.
In many cases, wrong people are winning by applying their tactics of power and money. I wish for a nation that is free from every type of criminal activity. People would not feel scared in the nation and girls can feel safe in going anywhere. This can only happen when there is proper justice for all irrespective of any differences.
Why ‘Justice and Equality for All’ is the Most Relevant Factors in India of My Dreams?
Equality is the most important factor that is required by a nation to be a successful one. India of my dreams will always be a nation that would excel in every field. According to me, if every people in the nation are treated equally without any discrimination, they can do their best. This will enhance the team spirit and co-operation in working. Instead of jealousy and fights, the feeling of healthy competition will prevail in the nation.
A nation is known because of its people. Therefore when people of the nation will excel, it will directly lead to the development and progress of the nation. Secondly, justice is necessary for reducing the fear in people for doing anything. Proper justice will also be helpful in reducing the crime rates as the criminals would be punished for their heinous acts. Thus, equality and justice are the most relevant factors in making India the nation of my dreams.
I dream of a flourishing India that is free from any kind of differences, crime, and fear. Equality and Justice will help in the ending of differences and promoting education, end of corruption for everyone in the nation.
Ans . The Republic of India is the full name of India.
Ans . India came into existence approximately 250000 years ago.
Ans . Asiatic Lion was the national animal of India before Tiger.
Ans . Kerela, a south-Indian state, is stated as the spice garden of India.
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It’s the month of May and the most anticipated time has finally arrived. Do you know why students wait all year for May? It’s summer vacation and your family has planned a trip to a hill station in Himachal Pradesh. Well, this is just a common summer vacation plan most families plan for, but I am sure you might also have a somewhat similar plan for your summer vacation. So, today, we will provide samples of how I spent my summer vacation essay in English.
Table of Contents
This summer vacation I visited the Ram Temple in Ayodhya with my family and cousins. We booked the Vande Bharat tickets and started our holy journey from New Delhi Railway Station. It was an 11-hour-long journey and was full of excitement. I have never experienced a journey so beautiful. Throughout our journey, we chanted the ‘Jai Shree Ram’ mantra and sang holy songs. When we reached the Lucknow Central Station, the Ticket Collector told us that we’d reached halfway. It took us another 5 hours to reach the holy city of Ayodhya. My brother and I wanted to explore the city, so we stepped outside. Then we headed to the Ram Mandir. The temple was huge and very beautiful. It was decorated with colourful lights and flowers. There were many people there, all looking very happy and excited. Inside the temple, we saw the idol of Lord Ram. It was adorned with beautiful jewels made of gold, diamond, and silver! The priests were singing bhajans, and the atmosphere was very peaceful. We prayed and spent some time sitting quietly, feeling the divine presence. My parents told me stories about Lord Ram, and I felt very happy to learn more about him. After visiting the temple, we explored the city of Ayodhya. We visited other historical places and temples. Each place had its own unique story and charm. We also enjoyed the local food, which was very tasty. My favourite was the special sweets they made in Ayodhya. Then, after coming back from the trip, I completed my homework and drafted a study plan. |
Quick Read: Essay on Child Labour in 1000 Words
This summer vacation, I planned to work to improve my physical and mental health. Close to my home, there is a fitness centre I joined this summer, where I was assigned a personal fitness trainer. She was a qualified trainer who asked me about my goals and drafted a fitness and diet routine accordingly. Initially, I took a 1 month- subscription, as I was not sure how good or bad it would turn out to be. The first week was very challenging as I had to work out for 2 hours straight and then practice yoga for 30 minutes. Every day after coming from the fitness centre, I used to complete my homework and read the newspaper. In one week, I was able to do 20 pushups in one set and I wanted to set the bar high. So, I planned on doing 40 pushups before completing 1 month at the fitness center. The trainers were very helpful and taught me the right way to do each exercise. They made sure I was safe and enjoying myself. They also encouraged me and made me feel confident. One of the best parts of joining the fitness centre was making new friends. There were many kids my age, and we quickly became friends. We exercised together, cheered each other on, and had a lot of fun. We even played games like tag and basketball in the centre’s sports area. Having friends around made exercising even more enjoyable. Joining the fitness centre was a fantastic experience. It helped me become stronger, healthier, and more confident. I made new friends and learned a lot about staying fit and healthy. I am grateful for the opportunity and look forward to continuing my fitness journey. |
Quick Read: Essay on Summer Vacation
This summer vacation, I planned a trip to Dharamshala in Himachal Pradesh with my family. My holiday homework assignments from math, science, and English. I decided to finish my homework early so that I could enjoy the rest of my vacation without any worries. Every morning, I dedicated a few hours to studying and completing my assignments. My mom and dad helped me whenever I needed it. They explained difficult concepts and made learning fun. By the end of the first week, I had completed most of my homework. This made me feel very accomplished and ready to enjoy my vacation fully. After finishing my homework, my parents planned a trip to a hill station in Himachal Pradesh. I was very excited because I had never visited a hill station before. We packed our bags with warm clothes, as it was cooler in the hills, and set off on our journey. We booked train tickets, and the journey was amazing. As we reached Shimla, I was amazed to see the mountains, and the scenery became more and more beautiful. We saw tall trees, flowing rivers, and even some waterfalls. The air was fresh and cool, and I enjoyed every moment of the drive. We stopped at several viewpoints to take pictures and enjoy the breathtaking views. When we reached the hill station, I was in awe of its beauty. The town was surrounded by green hills and tall pine trees. Our hotel was cosy and offered a stunning view of the mountains. The people there were very friendly and welcoming. Every day was an adventure. We visited many tourist spots like waterfalls, temples, and parks. One day, we went for a hike in the forest. It was a little tiring but very exciting. We saw different kinds of birds and even spotted some monkeys playing in the trees. The trip to Dharamshala was fun and educational. I learned about the local culture and traditions. We visited some old temples and my parents told me interesting stories about the history of the place. I also learned about different types of plants and animals that are found in the hills. This is how I spent my summer vacation. I completed my holiday homework, stayed disciplined throughout the trip, and spent quality time with my family. |
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Ans: This summer vacation, my family planned a trip to Sikkim, which is one of the most beautiful and peaceful states in India. This small state, located between the Himalayas, is home to just 5 lakh Indians and is renowned for its rich biodiversity. We booked flights from New Delhi to Gangtok and after landing, I would feel the fresh atmosphere around me. People in Sikkim speak English, Nepali, Sikkimese (Bhutia), Leptcha, and Hindi, and it was very exciting to explore places that I’ve only seen on the National Geographic Channel.
Ans: This summer, I visited a famous hill station; Nainital with my family. It is a small town in the mountains of Uttarakhand, India. We booked a traveller and the journey was long but very exciting. As we drove up the winding roads, I saw tall trees, green hills, and cool streams flowing down the mountains. We also visited a place called Snow View Point. We went there by a ropeway, which is like a cable car that goes up the mountain. From the top, I could see the snow-covered peaks of the Himalayas. It looked like a picture from a storybook!
Ans: This summer vacation, I planned a trip to Dharamshala in Himachal Pradesh with my family. My holiday homework assignments were in math, science, and English. I decided to finish my homework early so that I could enjoy the rest of my vacation without any worries. Every morning, I dedicated a few hours to studying and completing my assignments. My mom and dad helped me whenever I needed it. They explained difficult concepts and made learning fun. By the end of the first week, I had completed most of my homework. This made me feel very accomplished and ready to enjoy my vacation fully.
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Clean India and Green India are national programmes aimed at improving the country. In 2014, a campaign called "Clean India" was started—Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan or the Clean India Movement were the other names for this campaign. The programme was launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi by cleaning the streets. With numerous people taking part, this campaign was the biggest one ever. Garbage poses a serious danger to a country's growth and it is also a major threat to success in the modern economy. Industrialization and commercialization have only served to aggravate this issue. Therefore, as responsible citizens of this country, it is our responsibility and duty to do everything to keep our environment clean and green.
500 words essay on clean india green india.
Our carbon footprint has significantly grown since the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and other exhaust gases from cars and factories. Ironically, life depends on the greenhouse effect, which is a natural occurrence. If this phenomena didn't exist, the earth would swiftly lose heat and freeze. However, if substantial amounts of these gases continue to exist, the greenhouse effect will be amplified.
This may lead to an increase in global average temperatures and the melting of the polar ice caps. As a result, both individuals and the ecosystem suffer from this. The ecology may become unbalanced and endangered animals may go extinct. It can also have negative effects on the climate, often leading to loss of life and property destruction.
It is our duty to keep our surroundings clean, especially any public areas like parks, tourist attractions and restrooms. We should refrain from dumping trash everywhere, whether on the ground or in public spaces. Dustbins should be used in their place to maintain such areas clean. The ideal method to develop this habit is to launch a cleaning campaign in our home, kitchen, living space, and community. It is imperative that we preserve the natural splendour and purity of our surroundings before it is too late.
Clean India Green India is a nationwide effort launched by the Indian government. Mahatma Gandhi, father of the nation, also had a vision for a clean India. People are what make up a nation. Therefore, it is essential to alter public perceptions of the fight against sanitation. Change ought to be implemented logically. Budgets and programmes that prioritise Panchayats and rural communities' sanitation needs should be sufficient. Every Indian citizen should have the vision of a Clean India, Green India. The mission is the ideal development movement for India since it promotes sustainable growth in the nation.
We are less prone to get sick if we maintain ourselves and our surroundings clean. The unclean atmosphere around us promotes diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and others. We must maintain a clean, healthy atmosphere if we want to reduce our risks of becoming ill.
Cleanliness is beneficial to the mind—stress and despair are decreased. It keeps us energised and inspired.
The campaign has lessened open defecation by building individual, group, and public restrooms.
There has been a transform from the unsanitary restrooms into flush restrooms.
A promotion of healthy sanitation habits through behavioural changes and connecting people to sanitation and public health programmes has taken place.
People are now utilising solid waste disposal, reuse, and recycling techniques.
So, the following are some methods that we use to go green and go clean—
Plastic is one of the main causes of environmental degradation, so it is crucial that we stop using it and replace it with materials based on wood in our houses. To lessen the impact of plastic on the environment, we must also use jute or paper bags rather than plastic ones.
We can always recycle and reuse objects to cut down on waste and pollution in the environment. For example, worn-out and discarded items can be utilised as décor and other things in homes and workplaces.
We can help save trees by printing on both sides of the page, utilising hand dryers in place of paper towels, and using reusable goods instead of toilet paper and throwaway towels. Additionally, we need to grow trees and other plants around our homes to maximise the amount of greenery there is.
We must utilise dustbins effectively if we are to achieve cleanliness. We should dispose of our trash in dustbins rather than on the roads and streets.
Awareness-raising campaigns must be performed in order to achieve community cleanliness and greenery. We must inform the public of the advantages of cleanliness and nature.
Since the Swachh Bharat Mission was established, many Indians have given cleanliness considerable consideration. People started doing daily cleanups of their surroundings and proper rubbish disposal. Additionally, Green India addresses the issue of climate change. The government wants to minimise greenhouse gases, which are the cause of climate change and global warming, by encouraging the growth of trees. In addition, the Indian government changed its energy and economic policies to be more environmentally friendly.
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Participate in the 'dream cabinet' contest of india today and win attractive prizes. check here to find out what to do to participate in the contest..
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The Lok Sabha elections 2024 results are out. The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 293 seats, the Opposition INDIA bloc got 234 seats and 16 seats went to other parties and Independents.
While it is certain that Narendra Modi will take oath as the Prime Minister for his third consecutive term, most likely on June 8, all eyes will be on whom all will make to his Cabinet this time and which ministry will be given to whom.
To create a 'Dream Cabinet' , select your choices from the leaders who were part of the previous Modi government, ministers and former chief ministers who have been elected this time.
If you want to choose a new face, write their name. You have to select from a total of 11 ministries, and which leader should be made in-charge of which ministry.
Those whose 'Dream Cabinet' will be closest to the actual cabinet, five lucky winners amongst them will receive attractive prizes. After choosing your cabinet, you can also share it with your friends and acquaintances.
By Rhea Mogul, Jessie Yeung, Diksha Madhok, Antoinette Radford and Tori B. Powell, CNN
From CNN’s Helen Regan and Rhea Mogul
Among those leading the charge for an alliance of opposition parties seeking to unseat Prime Minister Narendra Modi is Rahul Gandhi, the longtime face of the Indian National Congress and the latest member of his family to bid for power.
He is the son of former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. His grandmother Indira was India’s first female leader, and his great-grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru was the country’s founding prime minister.
Congress leader Gandhi is one of the few opposition figures considered to have the kind of star power and name recognition to stand against Modi.
But though he may have the name, Gandhi lacks leadership skills, some analysts say.
Rasheed Kidwai, journalist and author of “24 Akbar Road,” a history of the Congress party, said it’s a winner-takes-all election and there is “no silver medal in politics.”
“The problem with INDIA alliance is there is nobody who has that kind of hunger, who has that kind of personal(ity), who has that kind of inner sense of belonging or ownership to go in this election. Rahul is doing it but is not a contender,” he said.
Gandhi completed a 6,713-kilometer (4,200-mile) walk across the country in March, starting in the violence-hit northeastern state of Manipur, to raise issues of poverty, unemployment, diversity and democracy with voters.
Despite these efforts, the BJP has largely dominated the campaign narrative.
Read more about India’s weakened opposition.
From CNN's Esha Mitra in New Delhi
At the opposition Indian National Congress party's headquarters in Delhi, the mood is buoyant several hours into the nationwide vote count.
Though early preliminary results show the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) well in the lead, Congress is also leading in several constituencies — a stronger performance than exit polls suggested , experts told CNN.
The mood is festive with children and supporters gathered under a white tent to watch the preliminary results announced live. Each time the opposition bloc gains another lead, trumpets sound out. Party workers are wearing shirts that read: "Until we get the right of justice."
One Congress supporter, Lakshman Valhekar, traveled to the headquarters in Delhi all the way from Maharashtra state on India's west coast.
“Rahul Gandhi will come, Congress will win, there’s no doubt," he told CNN, referring to the party leader. “He is the only hope our country has. I believe in them completely, the BJP is done, BJP is out."
Valhekar also walked more than 3,000 kilometers during the Bharat Jodo Yatra (Unite India March), a marathon trek on foot across the length of India — in support of Gandhi, a fellow walker who has become the face of the yatra, attracting intense interest and much media coverage .
From CNN's Diksha Madhok
The Modi administration has spent billions connecting India, the world’s fastest-growing major economy .
During Prime Minister Narendra Modi's tenure, the South Asian giant underwent a significant infrastructure transformation, building roads, ports, airports and railways across the country.
India added nearly 55,000 kilometers (about 35,000 miles) to the national highway network, an increase of 60% in overall length, between 2014 and 2023.
Infrastructure development has many benefits for the economy, including creating jobs and improving the ease of doing business.
Digital push: In recent years, the country has also built a range of tech platforms — known as digital public infrastructure — that have transformed lives and businesses.
For example, the Aadhaar program , launched in 2009, has provided millions of Indians with proof of identity for the first time. The world’s largest biometric database has also helped the government save millions by reducing corruption in welfare initiatives.
Another platform, the Unified Payments Interface, allows users to make payments instantly by scanning a QR code. It has been embraced by Indians from all walks of life, from coffee shop owners to beggars , and allowed millions of dollars to flow into the formal economy.
From CNN's Aishwarya S Iyer in New Delhi
More than two hours after vote counting began, the mood at the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) headquarters in New Delhi is mixed as preliminary results are delivered across television news channels.
Party workers are putting up speakers and saffron party flags — the color associated with Hinduism, which reflects the BJP's Hindu nationalist base .
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's face is plastered across posters that crop up every few meters.
So far, the BJP is leading in early results on the Election Commission's website – but the opposition Congress party is performing better than some analysts expected , experts told CNN.
Party workers at the headquarters seemed hesitant to say the BJP would definitively win a 400-seat supermajority in parliament — a claim repeated by the BJP’s top leaders.
Anxious workers are debating amongst themselves what number of seats the party would ultimately reach — frequently checking their phones for any updates on the preliminary results.
A media tent is set up for journalists to get some respite, with extreme heat killing dozens of people in the past few days, including many poll workers. A part of the capital of Delhi recorded the country’s highest-ever temperature of 49.9 degrees Celsius (121.8 degrees Fahrenheit) last week.
"We should have concluded the elections at least a month sooner. We should not have conducted it in such heat," the Chief Election Commissioner said in a press briefing on Monday.
Near the headquarters, mats full of food are laid out for party workers and visitors — including puri, a type of flatbread.
From CNN's Esha Mitra and Aishwarya S Iyer in New Delhi, India
Surjeet Singh, 50, has seen various governments come and go in his 25 years as a cab driver in Delhi — but none with a stronghold like the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he said on Tuesday as officials count votes across India.
“Everyone I’ve spoken to today says BJP is coming back,” he said. “For us middle-class people, (Prime Minister Narendra Modi) is the only one who has done anything, who has shined India’s name abroad."
Modi has twice ended an election campaign with meditation. But he has recently been making increasingly grand displays of piety, to capitalize on Hindu-nationalist sentiment as he eyes a third consecutive five-year term in power.
Singh said he had been monitoring the polls all morning as early results roll in, and though the BJP hasn't been doing as well as he anticipated, he was confident the party would reach its goal of a parliamentary supermajority .
Early results: As of noon local time, the BJP has secured one seat and is leading in more than 230 constituencies, while the main opposition Congress party is leading in 96.
Doubt trickling in: Even within the BJP, there's now a seed of doubt about the party's ability to win a supermajority, which requires controlling 400 of the 543 available seats.
“The counting is still on so we can’t say anything definitively... Maybe not 400 seats, but we will get 360 seats,” said Rajgopal Kashyap, a 28-year-old BJP party worker who traveled to Delhi from Uttar Pradesh state to witness the election results.
Speaking to CNN from the BJP headquarters on Tuesday, he said that they still had hope.
“Even if we don’t get 400 seats, we will try harder. But we know we will form the government in any way," he said.
“No one can do for us what our Prime Minister Modi can. He has come to us as an instrument of God. He will take our country forward and is the only one who can run the country.”
Indian stock markets plunged on Tuesday after early counting showed that the race for the country's next prime minister is more competitive than exit polls had predicted over the weekend.
Analysts fear that if incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party underperforms in the polls, key economic reforms may be put on the back burner.
India’s benchmark Sensex index, which tracks 30 large companies, and the broader Nifty 50 index each fell by nearly 5%.
The drop comes just a day after Indian stocks hit record highs , with experts predicting a resounding victory for Modi.
The 73-year-old ran on his economic record over the past 10 years, a period of robust growth for India, and aims to make the country a $5 trillion economy before the end of the current decade.
From CNN’s Rhea Mogul
Indians voted with several significant concerns in mind.
Throughout the six-week marathon election, several key issues have dominated the campaign trail — particularly India's deep religious divisions and fears of Islamophobia .
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has leaned into his Hindu nationalist platform, portraying himself as a leader chosen by God .
“Until my mother was alive, I had believed that perhaps my birth was a biological one,” Modi told CNN affiliate CNN News-18 in May. “But after her death, when I look at my life experiences, I’m convinced that God has sent me here.”
Subir Sinha, director of the SOAS South Asia Institute, called Modi's comments "disappointing."
"In a democracy, you have to hold the leader accountable, but once you declare yourself to be a messenger sent by God and that you're doing God's mission, that obviously elevates the leader into a celestial realm while (voters and civilians) remain within the material world," he told CNN's John Vause.
"That removes all sorts of aspects of accountability which are key to any kind of a democratic polity."
Economic voting issues: Sinha said that "bread and butter issues, issues concerning employment, rising prices" have also played a big role in the election.
Modi is running on his economic record over the past 10 years, a period of robust growth for India.
But despite the euphoria surrounding the growth figures, economists say the Indian economy will face enormous challenges in the next decade.
The new government will have to create hundreds of millions of jobs for a population that remains largely impoverished. Youth unemployment rates in India are now higher than global levels, according to a recent report by the International Labour Organization .
Though it's only midmorning in India, the Election Commission has begun sharing preliminary results online as votes are counted across the nation — with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leading the count so far.
These early results "suggest that yes, the BJP is favored to win, but it's a much more competitive race than many of the pollsters and even the exit polls had predicted," said CNN Senior International Correspondent Ivan Watson, reporting from the capital New Delhi.
"Th preliminary results... suggest that the main opposition party, the Indian National Congress, is leading in 100 seats," Watson said. "If that trend continues, (that) would suggest they could be poised to win far more seats than they won in 2019, when that party was basically shellacked at the polls."
Experts caution that vote counting only began a few hours ago, and the balance could keep shifting as the day goes on.
On Monday, exit polls helped drive record gains in Indian stock markets, Watson noted.
Subir Sinha, director of the SOAS South Asia Institute, said Congress' strides were "a surprise for many people who had taken the exit polls more seriously than they perhaps should have."
"These will not hold all the way through the count — but early indications are obviously very different from the exit polls that came out in the last two or three days," he told CNN's John Vause.
Victory target: A party or a coalition needs 272 parliamentary seats out of 543 to win. The leader of the party that wins a majority will become prime minister and form the government. Modi is aiming for a 400-seat supermajority, with 370 seats directly controlled by the BJP and the others from its National Democratic Alliance.
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W E FULLY APPRECIATE our knees only when they stop working. The same is true of the global order: its former benefits become apparent only as it collapses. And when order collapses, the weak usually suffer most. This law of history should be on the minds of world leaders in the run-up to the Ukraine peace summit in Switzerland on June 15th. If peace cannot be restored and the international rules-based order continues to unravel, the catastrophic results will be felt globally.
Whenever international rules become meaningless, countries naturally seek safety in armaments and military alliances. Given events in Ukraine, can anyone blame Poland for almost doubling its army and military budget, Finland for joining NATO or Saudi Arabia for pursuing a defence treaty with the United States?
Unfortunately, the increase in military budgets comes at the expense of society’s weakest members, as money is diverted from schools and clinics to tanks and missiles. Military alliances, too, tend to widen inequality. Weak states left outside their protective shield become easy prey. As militarised blocs spread around the world, trade routes become strained and commerce declines, with the poor paying the highest price. And as tensions between the militarised blocs increase, chances grow that a small spark in a remote corner of the world will ignite a global conflagration. Since alliances rely on credibility, even a minor challenge in an insignificant location can become a casus belli for a third world war.
Humanity has seen it all before. More than 2,000 years ago Sun Tzu, Kautilya and Thucydides exposed how in a lawless world the quest for security makes everyone less secure. And past experiences like the second world war and the cold war have repeatedly taught us that in a global conflict it is the weak who suffer disproportionately.
During the second world war, for example, one of the highest casualty rates was in the Dutch East Indies—today’s Indonesia. When the war broke out in eastern Europe in 1939, it seemed a world away from the rice farmers of Java, but events in Poland ignited a chain reaction that killed about 3.5m-4m Indonesians, mostly through starvation or forced labour at the hands of Japanese occupiers. This constituted 5% of the Indonesian population, a higher casualty rate than among many major belligerents, including the United States (0.3%), Britain (0.9%) and Japan (3.9%). Twenty years later Indonesia again paid a particularly heavy price. The cold war may have been cold in Berlin, but it was a scorching inferno in Jakarta. In 1965-66 between 500,000 and 1m Indonesians were killed in massacres caused by tensions between communists and anti-communists.
The situation now is potentially worse than it was in 1939 or 1965. It’s not only that a nuclear war would endanger hundreds of millions of people in neutral countries. Humanity also faces the additional existential threats of climate change and out-of-control artificial intelligence ( AI ).
As military budgets rise, so money that could have helped solve global warming fuels a global arms race instead. And as military competition intensifies, so the goodwill necessary for agreements on climate change evaporates. Rising tensions also ruin the chance of reaching agreements on limiting an AI arms race. Drone warfare in particular is advancing rapidly, and the world may soon see swarms of fully autonomous drones fighting each other in Ukraine’s sky, and killing thousands of people on the ground. The killer robots are coming, but humans are paralysed by disagreement. If peace isn’t brought to Ukraine soon, everyone is likely to suffer, even if they live thousands of kilometres from Kyiv and think the battle there has nothing to do with them.
Making peace is never easy. It has been said that nations march into war through a barn door, but the only exit is through a mousehole. In the face of conflicting claims and interests, it is difficult to assign blame and find a reasonable compromise. Nevertheless, as wars go, the Russo-Ukrainian war is exceptionally simple.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine’s independence and borders were universally recognised. The country felt so secure that it agreed to give up the nuclear arsenal it had inherited from the Soviet Union, without demanding that Russia or other powers do the same. In exchange, in 1994 Russia (as well as the United States and Britain) signed the Budapest Memorandum, promising to “refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence” of Ukraine. It was one of the biggest acts of unilateral disarmament in history. Swapping nuclear bombs for paper promises seemed to Ukrainians like a wise move in 1994, when trust in international rules and agreements ran high.
Twenty years later, in 2014, the Russo-Ukrainian war began when Russian forces occupied Crimea and fomented separatist movements in eastern Ukraine. The war ebbed and flowed for the following eight years, until in February 2022 Russia mounted an onslaught aimed at conquering all of Ukraine.
Russia has given various excuses for its actions, most notably that it was pre-empting a Western attack on Russia. However, neither in 2014 nor in 2022 was there any imminent threat of such an armed invasion. Vague talk about “Western imperialism” or “cultural Coca-Colonialism” may be good enough to fuel debates in ivory towers, but it cannot legitimate massacring the inhabitants of Bucha or bombing Mariupol to rubble.
For most of history the term “imperialism” referred to cases when a powerful state such as Rome, Britain or tsarist Russia conquered foreign lands and turned them into provinces. This kind of imperialism gradually became taboo after 1945. While there has been no shortage of wars in the late 20th and early 21st centuries—with horrendous conflicts ongoing in Palestine and Israel, and in Sudan, Myanmar and elsewhere—there have so far been no cases when an internationally recognised country was simply wiped off the map owing to annexation by a powerful conqueror. When Iraq tried to do that to Kuwait in 1990-91, an international coalition restored Kuwaiti independence and territorial integrity. And when the United States invaded Iraq in 2003, there was never a question of annexing the country or any part of it.
Russia has already annexed not just Crimea but also all the territories its armies are currently occupying in Ukraine. President Vladimir Putin is following the imperial principle that any territory conquered by the Russian army is annexed by the Russian state. Indeed, Russia went as far as annexing several regions that its armies merely intend to conquer, such as the unoccupied parts of Kherson, Zaporizhzhia and Donetsk oblasts.
Mr Putin has not bothered to hide his imperial intentions. He has repeatedly argued since at least 2005 that the collapse of the Soviet empire was “the biggest geopolitical catastrophe of the century”, and has promised to rebuild this empire. He has further argued that the Ukrainian nation doesn’t really exist, and that Russia has a historical right to the entire territory of Ukraine.
If Mr Putin is allowed to win in Ukraine, this kind of imperialism will make a comeback all over the world. What will then restrain Venezuela, for example, from conquering Guyana, or Iran from conquering the United Arab Emirates? What will restrain Russia itself from conquering Estonia or Kazakhstan? No border and no state could find safety in anything except armaments and alliances. If the taboo on imperial conquests is broken, then even states whose independence and borders won international recognition long ago will face a growing risk of invasion, and even of again becoming imperial provinces.
This danger is not lost on observers in former imperial colonies. In a speech in February 2022 the Kenyan ambassador to the UN , Martin Kimani, explained that after the collapse of the European empires newly liberated people in Africa and elsewhere treated international borders as sacrosanct, for they understood that the alternative was waging endless wars. African countries have inherited many potentially disputed borders from the imperial past, yet, as Mr Kimani explained, “we agreed that we would settle for the borders that we inherited…Rather than form nations that looked ever backward into history with a dangerous nostalgia, we chose to look forward to a greatness none of our many nations and peoples had ever known.” Referring to Mr Putin’s attempt to rebuild the Soviet empire, Mr Kimani said that although imperial collapse typically leaves many unfulfilled yearnings, these should never be pursued by force. “We must complete our recovery from the embers of dead empires in a way that does not plunge us back into new forms of domination and oppression.”
As Mr Kimani hinted, the driving force behind Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is imperial nostalgia. Russia’s territorial demands in Ukraine have no basis in international law. Of course, like every country, Russia does have legitimate security concerns, and any peace agreement must take them into account. During the past century Russia has suffered repeated invasions that cost the lives of many millions of its citizens. Russians deserve to feel secure and respected. But no Russian security concerns can justify destroying Ukrainian nationhood. Nor should they cause us to forget that Ukraine too has legitimate security concerns. Given events of the past decade, Ukraine clearly needs guarantees against future Russian aggression more robust than the Budapest Memorandum or the Minsk Agreements of 2014-15.
Empires have always justified themselves by prioritising their own security concerns, but the larger they became the more security concerns they acquired. Ancient Rome first embarked on its imperial project because of security concerns in central Italy, and eventually found itself fighting brutal wars thousands of kilometres from Italy because of its security concerns on the Danube and Euphrates. If Russia’s security concerns are acknowledged as a legitimate basis for making conquests on the Dnieper, they too may soon be used to justify conquests on the Danube and Euphrates.
To prevent a new age of imperialism, leadership is needed from many directions. The upcoming Ukraine peace summit can provide the stage for two particularly important steps.
First, European countries, some of which could be the next targets of Russian imperialism, should make a firm commitment to support Ukraine no matter how long the war lasts. As Russia intensifies its campaign to destroy Ukraine’s energy infrastructure, for example, Europe should guarantee Ukraine’s energy supply from power stations in NATO countries. And no matter what happens in the American elections in November, Europe should commit to providing Ukraine with the money and weapons it needs to continue protecting itself. Given the isolationist tendencies of the Republican Party and other segments of American society, Europe cannot rely on the United States to do the heavy lifting.
Such commitments are the only thing that will convince Russia to negotiate for peace in earnest. Russia has much to lose from a prolonged war. Every month the war drags on, Mr Putin’s dream of making his country a great power fades, because Ukrainian hostility towards Russia deepens, Russia’s dependence on other powers increases and Russia falls further behind in key technological races. The prolongation of the war threatens to turn Russia into a Chinese vassal. Nevertheless, if Mr Putin thinks Europeans are getting tired of supporting Ukraine, he will play for time in the hope of finally conquering the country. Only when it becomes clear that Europe is in this for the long haul can serious peace talks begin.
The second important step is greater leadership from non-European countries. Rising powers like Brazil, India, Indonesia and Kenya often criticise Western powers for past imperialist crimes and for present incompetence and favouritism. There is indeed much to criticise. But it is better to take centre-stage and lead than to stand on the sidelines and play the game of whataboutism. Non-Western powers should act to protect the international order not to oblige a declining West, but for their own benefit. This will require powers like Brazil and India to expend political capital, take risks and, if all else fails, take a stand in defence of international rules. This will not be cheap, but the price of doing nothing will be much higher.
In September 2022 Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India told Mr Putin that “today’s era is not the era for war”. When Mr Modi later recalled their conversation he added that today’s era “is one of dialogue and diplomacy. And we all must do what we can to stop the bloodshed and human suffering.” Many months have passed since Mr Modi expressed these sentiments. Unless decisive action is taken by world leaders, it seems that the era of dialogue will be over, and a new era of unlimited war will be upon us.
Leaders from around the world should therefore attend the forthcoming summit, and work together to bring a just and enduring end to the war. Securing peace in Ukraine would position these leaders as global pathfinders who can be trusted to resolve other conflicts, tackle climate change and runaway AI , and guide humanity in the troubled 21st century. ■
Yuval Noah Harari is a historian, philosopher and author of “Sapiens”, “Homo Deus” and the children’s series “Unstoppable Us”. He is a lecturer in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem’s history department and co-founder of Sapienship, a social-impact company.
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China’s rapid rise is slowing down, and incumbent global powers that have dominated political, military, and economic spheres for decades are scrambling to respond.
The rise of China has changed the global landscape of power, forcing readjustments . Since the economic reform and opening up in 1978, its GDP has grown on average by 9 percent a year , allowing 800 million Chinese citizens to escape poverty.
Now, China’s rapid rise is slowing down and incumbent global powers that have dominated political, military, and economic spheres for decades are scrambling to respond.
The unprecedented Chinese ascendancy to global economic and military power — especially since its inclusion into the World Trade Organization in 2001 — led to confusion in responses by the West before the new wave of active competition and containment.
Determining whether the best is yet to come for China or whether it has peaked requires examining both empirical evidence and non-conventional historical precedents.
The fear is that China’s future power will dominate global foreign policy, leading to a new dichotomy of a China-led multipolarity and the perceived end of the West’s hegemonic grip. However, future prospects remain far from this.
Projections of China overtaking the United States as the largest economy in the world have also been made several times but have never come to fruition.
Nevertheless, China’s workforce has already peaked , based on official statistics. The labor supply in China will drop by about 7 percent from 2025 to 2050.
The International Monetary Fund examined a scenario in which the United States resorts to limiting its own technology trade with China and persuading others to follow suit. This scenario will result in the Chinese economy being about 9 percent smaller in a decade than it otherwise would be.
In the 1990s, the structural issues in China’s economy were quite clear to its leaders, and growth was too dependent on debt-fueled investment and insufficient consumption. But high average economic growth dwarfed those concerns.
With its economic slowdown and the shifting away from reforms , China’s economy showed signs of weakness even before the pandemic. Its working-age population has been dwindling for about a decade. Its population as a whole has peaked , and India has now overtaken it.
Efforts by the ruling Chinese Communist Party to encourage families to have more children have been futile . The masses of young workers who once filled “ the world’s factory ” are now gone .
More resources will have to be diverted for its growing elderly population. After years and decades of a public infrastructure and transportation boom, the returns are diminishing. President Xi Jinping’s growing autocratic tendencies have also caused local entrepreneurs to be more wary, stifling innovation and growth .
A regulatory crackdown on the tech sector and increased party control on the private sector further dragged down growth. With little progress to detach from a predominantly investment-led progress, priorities have turned to self-sufficiency and internal security.
Though some reforms have been implemented, they are overshadowed by heavy-handed intervention in critical domains of the economy, resulting in the outflow of capital that has forced the government to impose capital outflow restrictions .
China’s economic slowdown, aging population, high unemployment rate and the growing tang ping (lie flat) movement , where the young give up on chasing prosperity, have all exposed economic fault lines.
After four decades of extraordinary growth, China is confronted with deeper structural issues in its economy, hindering domestic consumption and investment. Xi has resorted to economic friend-shoring (concentrating supply chains within ally nations) and investment overture efforts in Europe and the United States .
Although there has been a recent upswing in its critical sectors including technology supremacy in artificial intelligence, 5G, and quantum computing, China’s old growth model is at its end and has yet to find a convincing alternate path. The exodus of top firms from China and the technology restrictions by the U.S. have further dampened prospects.
China’s semiconductor industry is growing but is nowhere as good and sophisticated as Taiwan’s or South Korea’s. Critically, China is still reliant on the West for trade, and the West can still dictate the outlook of the Chinese economy. Beijing’s biggest trading partners are the United States and the European Union.
The 2049 Chinese plan of “ great rejuvenation ” with a world-class military by 2035 remains the overall dream of the Chinese Communist Party, seen as the culmination of the “ 100-year marathon .” But power parity equations point to a hard fall for China, and it may already be on the path of decline .
This peaking power trap can create a more dangerous scenario for the United States in having to deal with a risen power fighting to avert decline. A weak China could be more dangerous, wary of economic strangulation as done to Japan by the U.S .
China might be compelled to passionately defend its rise by doubling down on its 2049 dream and Taiwan objectives. This could stoke risky nationalism at home in boosting regime security while sidestepping sluggish domestic socioeconomic prospects.
Even then, the U.S. still maintains an edge in proven military supremacy and real-time conflict experience besides forays into new warfare domains involving space and the cyber realm .
China’s authoritarian model has sometimes been defended as the most plausible alternative to the West. Yet, as political scientist Matthew Kroenig argues, democracies tend to excel in great power rivalries, having unique economic, diplomatic and military advantages in long-run geopolitical competitions.
Global military dominance is still a farfetched dream for Beijing. The question is who will give and take the first punch and whether it is done to prevent the decline of a risen power or to defend the status quo of an incumbent power.
China might find some comfort in the fruits of its regional economic leadership and maneuvers from the Belt and Road Initiative to the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership .
However, its own increasing assertiveness in claiming maritime rights as in the South China Sea coupled with the accompanying erosion of trust creates long-term policy wariness in the region.
Its partners might eventually be left longing for the status quo of a peaceful and stable rules-based order as is the international norm.
Originally published under Creative Commons by 360info ™.
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500 Words Essay on India of My Dreams. India is a country where people of all cultures and religions coexist together. I suppose that each of us has dreamt about some version of India. Obviously, we may dream about anything at any time, and as Indian citizens, we are continuously looking for methods to improve our country and see a better India ...
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Sample 1: How I Spend My Summer Vacation Essay. This summer vacation I visited the Ram Temple in Ayodhya with my family and cousins. We booked the Vande Bharat tickets and started our holy journey from New Delhi Railway Station. It was an 11-hour-long journey and was full of excitement.
200 Words Essay On Clean India Green India. Our carbon footprint has significantly grown since the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and other exhaust gases from cars and factories. Ironically, life depends on the greenhouse effect, which is a natural occurrence. If this phenomena didn't exist, the earth would ...
The Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance (I.N.D.I.A), is a political alliance of big tent political parties in India led by the Indian National Congress.It is a coalition of 42 political parties in India to take on the ruling National Democratic Alliance led by Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2024 Indian general elections.. Member Parties. The Indian National Developmental Inclusive ...
To create a 'Dream Cabinet', select your choices from the leaders who were part of the previous Modi government, ministers and former chief ministers who have been elected this time. If you want to choose a new face, write their name. You have to select from a total of 11 ministries, and which leader should be made in-charge of which ministry.
The number of voters in India is about 1.5 times the voters of all G7 countries and 2.5 times the voters of 27 European Union countries, Kumar said. "This we feel is the moment that we must ...
The second important step is greater leadership from non-European countries. Rising powers like Brazil, India, Indonesia and Kenya often criticise Western powers for past imperialist crimes and ...
The 2049 Chinese plan of " great rejuvenation " with a world-class military by 2035 remains the overall dream of the Chinese Communist Party, seen as the culmination of the " 100-year ...