critical thinking meaning in assamese

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• Candrakanta abhidhana : Assamese-English dictionary, University of Gauhati (1962)

• Dictionary Assamese and English by Miles Bronson (1867)

• Phrases in English and Assamese by Harriet Cutter, revised by Edward Clark (1877) + 1840 edition

• Brief vocabulary in English and Assamese by Susan Ward (1864)

• Some Assamese proverbs by Philip Richard Gurdon (1896)

• A linguistic study of 24 place names of Assam by Sarat Kumar Phukan, in International Symposium on languages and linguistics (2000)

→ Assamese keyboard (Bengali script with some variants, like the characters r and w )

• Wikipedia : Assamese language

• Dialects or variety of the Assamese language by Manash Jyoti Nirmalia, in Journal of Acharaya Narendra Dev Research Institute (2019)

• Fixing the Assamese language : "Tongue has no bone" (1800-1930) , by Bodhisattva Kar, in Studies in History (2008)

• Language and policies in 19 th -century Assam : war of words , by Madhumita Sengupta, in Indian Historical Review (2012)

• Representing Kamrupi : ideologies of grammar and the question of linguistic boundaries , in A multilingual nation translation and language dynamic in India (2017)

• Translation in Assamese : a brief account , by Biswadip Gogoi, in History of Translation in India (2017)

• Language and nationalism : comprehending the dynamics in 19 th -century Assam (2016)

• Linguistic nationalism in early-colonial Assam : the American Baptist Mission and Orunodoi , by Arnab Dasgupta, in Rupkatha journal on interdisciplinary studies in humanities (2021)

• Derivational morphology of Assamese lexical word categories by Palash Das & Madhumita Barbora, in Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics (2020)

• Assamese: its formation and development by Banikanta Kakati (1941)

• Grammatical notices of the Asamese language by Nathan Brown (1848)

The Assamese language is spoken in the State of Assam, in Northeast India. It's written with the Bengali script.

• Aspects of early Assamese literature by Banikanta Kakati (1953)

• YouVersion : translation of the Bible into Assamese (2019) (+ audio)

• Hymns in Assamese , edited by the Baptist Mission (1850)

জন্মগত ভাবে সকলো মানুহ মৰ্যদা আৰু অধিকাৰত সমান আৰু স্বতন্ত্র। তেওঁলােকৰ বিবেক আছে, বুদ্ধি আছে। তেওঁলােকে প্রত্যেকে প্রত্যেকক ভাতৃ ভাবে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত।

• Ethnicity, identity and cartography : possession/dispossession, homecoming/homelessness in contemporary Assam , by Parag Moni Sarma, in Studies of transition states and societies (2011)

• Becoming Hindu : the cultural politics of writing religion in colonial Assam , by Madhumita Sengupta, in Contributions to Indian Sociology (2021)

• The Assam Mission : papers and discussions , American Baptist Missionary Union (1886)

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Assamese Translation Services: Assamese to English and English to Assamese

Language scientific’s assamese translation services.

Language Scientific provides high quality Assamese translation services, supplying technical, medical and scientific translation, localization and interpreting into and out of Assamese. We are a US-based language services company serving over 1,500 global corporations. Our specialization, focus, industry-leading quality management standards and customer-centered attitude have earned us the trust of many of the world’s best technology, engineering, biomedical and pharmaceutical companies.

Language Scientific has two divisions—Technical and Engineering Localization and Translation Services Division and Medical and Pharmaceutical Localization and Translation Services Division. Both groups provide a full range of Assamese translation services including:

• Medical and Technical Translation
• Software and Mobile App Localization
• Website Translation and SEO Optimization
• Multimedia and eLearning Localization
• Linguistic Validation and Cognitive Debriefing
• Multilingual Transcreation
• Assamese DTP and Graphics
• Corporate Technical Consulting
• Multilingual Project Staffing

We offer a unique depth of subject-matter expertise via our Advanced Scientific Knowledge network (ASKnetwork™) and globalization know-how for companies in the Aerospace & Defense, Chemical, Clinical Research, Energy, Healthcare, Industrial Manufacturing, Medical Device, Pharmaceutical, Technology and related industries. Our ASKnetwork™ of over 6,000 specialists comprises multilingual engineers, doctors and scientists working in over 75 countries on 5 continents.

Language Scientific’s unique Accreditation Program for Technical and Medical Translators, along with a rigorous Quality Management System, ensures the quality standards that our clients have come to depend on. Language Scientific’s Quality Management System is ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 17100:2015 certified.

At Language Scientific, we are driven by the mission to set the new Standard of Quality for technical translation and localization. It is this mission that drives our success and sets us apart as a company. When you need a precise Assamese translation, Language Scientific is the clear choice.

Assamese (Asamiya) Language Statistics/Facts:

Assamese is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 15 to 20 million people in the Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh, and in some parts of Bangladesh and Bhutan. Assamese is also used in some areas of Nepal. Most of the areas along the Brahmaputra valley speak Assamese. Bengali and the Assamese have lot of similarities.

Assamese language is actually called Asamiya, and the word ‘Assamese’ is an Anglicized form of it. Assamese is an English word, similar to Japanese, Taiwanese, etc. It is based on the English word ‘Assam’, which geographically denotes the great Brahmaputra valley.

Assamese grammar is noted for its highly inflected forms. In Assamese there are also different pronouns and noun plural markers for use in honorific and non-honorific constructions. Assamese is closely related to Bengali and Oriya. Assamese has no grammatical gender distinctions

Mainly, Assamese and Bodo are the official languages in Assam, whereas in some of the districts in the Barak Valley, Bengali has official status. The majority of people living in Assam speak Assamese. Assamese has been influenced in vocabulary, phonetics and structure by its close association with Tibeto-Burman dialects in the region.

Assamese Dialects:

Countries where assamese is spoken:.

• United Kingdom
• United States

Assamese-Speaking Country Data:

Country:india.

Capital: New Delhi Population: 1,281,935,911 Constitutional Republic: President Ram Nath Kovind and Prime Minister Narendra Modi Currency: Indian Rupee GDP (ppp): $6,600 Unemployment: 5.0% Government Type: Constitutional Republic Industries: Steel, engineering and machine tools, electronics, computer software, research and development, textiles, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, automotive, manufacturing, communication, construction, power, chemical

Country:Bangladesh

Capital: Dhaka Population: 157,826,578 Parliamentary Democracy: President Abdul Hamid and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Currency: Taka GDP (ppp): $3,900 Unemployment:  4.9% Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy Industries: Jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, drugs and pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity, natural gas

Country:Bhutan

Capital: Thimphu Population: 758,288 Constitutional Monarchy: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay Currency: Bhutanese Ngultrum and Indian Rupee GDP (ppp): $8,200 Unemployment: 2.5% Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy Industries: Cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages, calcium carbide, tourism

Assamese (Asamiya) Language History

Assamese is a branch of the Indo-Aryan language, which evolved in the 7th century AD having its roots in the Sanskrit language. Though Assamese originated in the 7th century, its literature only appeared in the early 14th century.

History says that Assamese literature existed even before the 14th century, and there is evidence of a rich heritage of oral traditions, including folk songs, religious hymns, pastoral ballads, festival songs and even children’s stories. These traditions say that Magadhi Prakrit was the origin of the Assamese language, then other related languages, such as Maithili, Bengali and Oriya started branching out. Magadhi Prakrit later evolved into the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, including Bengali, Assamese and the Bihari languages, which are also the source for the Apabhramsa dialects in the valley of Brahmaputra.

Through the years, the Assamese language has grown and developed and is now spoken by a large number of people. Previously in the northern areas of Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) and in the adjoining areas of the Khasi hills, there were many settlements of Man-bhaganiyas. During the partition of India in 1947 most of these people returned to Assam and are now primarily located in the Lanka and Kaki areas of the Nagaon district.

There are three types of languages can be considered allied to Assamese—Hajong, Bishnupriya and Chakma. These languages are similar to Assamese in many aspects. Hajong speakers are present in the western Assam’s Goalpara district, Garo hills of Meghalaya and the northern frontier areas of Bangladesh. Some Hajong speakers are also scantily present in Lakhimpur district of Assam and in Arunachal Pradesh. Bishnupriya speakers are found mainly in the Barak valley of Assam, Tripura and in Eastern Bangladesh. Although Manipur is the original homeland of the Bishnupriya speakers, today it is not spoken there. Te Chakma tribe is mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. In addition, many Chakmas reside in Mizoram, Tripura, Barak Valley of Assam and in Arunachal Pradesh.

Assamese literature got a lift during the period of Shankara Deva, who wrote a number of devotional songs. Many translations were also made into Assamese from the Sanskrit canon. When the epic Mahabharata and stories from the Puranas, known as Vadha Kavya, were translated into Assamese, these translations gained lot of popularity among the people and were considered to be wonderful additions to Assamese literature.

Opinions of different scholars vary on the origins of the Assamese language. As per Dr. Bani Kanta Kakati, Assamese the language originated as an offshoot of the Maghadhan Prakrit. The above mentioned facts were not even considered in Dr. Kakati’s thesis on the origin and formation of Assamese language. However, Debananda Bharali’s writings, including his book, “Axomiya Bhaxar Moulik Bisar,” perform scientific analysis of these facts, but did not find much acceptance within Assamese intellectual circles. Scrutinizing the similarities and dissimilarities of the Assamese language, it can be said clearly that the Assamese language has its own separate stream of origin.

Assamese evolved differently from the rest of the Indo-Aryan languages of India. Assamese is not a Sanskrit originated language; rather, it was later influenced by Sanskrit due to migrations of people from northern India in various ages and from the spread of Hinduism. It may be concluded that the language of the original Kalita people with lots of additions and subtractions developed into the Assamese language of the modern age.

To learn more about Language Scientific’s experience providing Assamese translation services please contact us below.

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Critical Thinking Definition, Skills, and Examples

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Critical thinking refers to the ability to analyze information objectively and make a reasoned judgment. It involves the evaluation of sources, such as data, facts, observable phenomena, and research findings.

Good critical thinkers can draw reasonable conclusions from a set of information, and discriminate between useful and less useful details to solve problems or make decisions. These skills are especially helpful at school and in the workplace, where employers prioritize the ability to think critically. Find out why and see how you can demonstrate that you have this ability.

Examples of Critical Thinking

The circumstances that demand critical thinking vary from industry to industry. Some examples include:

• A triage nurse analyzes the cases at hand and decides the order by which the patients should be treated.
• A plumber evaluates the materials that would best suit a particular job.
• An attorney reviews the evidence and devises a strategy to win a case or to decide whether to settle out of court.
• A manager analyzes customer feedback forms and uses this information to develop a customer service training session for employees.

Why Do Employers Value Critical Thinking Skills?

Employers want job candidates who can evaluate a situation using logical thought and offer the best solution.

Someone with critical thinking skills can be trusted to make decisions independently, and will not need constant handholding.

Hiring a critical thinker means that micromanaging won't be required. Critical thinking abilities are among the most sought-after skills in almost every industry and workplace. You can demonstrate critical thinking by using related keywords in your resume and cover letter and during your interview.

How to Demonstrate Critical Thinking in a Job Search

If critical thinking is a key phrase in the job listings you are applying for, be sure to emphasize your critical thinking skills throughout your job search.

Add Keywords to Your Resume

You can use critical thinking keywords (analytical, problem solving, creativity, etc.) in your resume. When describing your work history, include top critical thinking skills that accurately describe you. You can also include them in your resume summary, if you have one.

For example, your summary might read, “Marketing Associate with five years of experience in project management. Skilled in conducting thorough market research and competitor analysis to assess market trends and client needs, and to develop appropriate acquisition tactics.”

Mention Skills in Your Cover Letter

Include these critical thinking skills in your cover letter. In the body of your letter, mention one or two of these skills, and give specific examples of times when you have demonstrated them at work. Think about times when you had to analyze or evaluate materials to solve a problem.

Show the Interviewer Your Skills

You can use these skill words in an interview. Discuss a time when you were faced with a particular problem or challenge at work and explain how you applied critical thinking to solve it.

Some interviewers will give you a hypothetical scenario or problem, and ask you to use critical thinking skills to solve it. In this case, explain your thought process thoroughly to the interviewer. He or she is typically more focused on how you arrive at your solution rather than the solution itself. The interviewer wants to see you analyze and evaluate (key parts of critical thinking) the given scenario or problem.

Of course, each job will require different skills and experiences, so make sure you read the job description carefully and focus on the skills listed by the employer.

Top Critical Thinking Skills

Keep these in-demand skills in mind as you refine your critical thinking practice —whether for work or school.

Part of critical thinking is the ability to carefully examine something, whether it is a problem, a set of data, or a text. People with analytical skills can examine information, understand what it means, and properly explain to others the implications of that information.

• Asking Thoughtful Questions
• Data Analysis
• Interpretation
• Questioning Evidence
• Recognizing Patterns

Communication

Often, you will need to share your conclusions with your employers or with a group of classmates or colleagues. You need to be able to communicate with others to share your ideas effectively. You might also need to engage in critical thinking in a group. In this case, you will need to work with others and communicate effectively to figure out solutions to complex problems.

• Active Listening
• Collaboration
• Explanation
• Interpersonal
• Presentation
• Verbal Communication
• Written Communication

Critical thinking often involves creativity and innovation. You might need to spot patterns in the information you are looking at or come up with a solution that no one else has thought of before. All of this involves a creative eye that can take a different approach from all other approaches.

• Flexibility
• Conceptualization
• Imagination
• Drawing Connections
• Synthesizing

Open-Mindedness

To think critically, you need to be able to put aside any assumptions or judgments and merely analyze the information you receive. You need to be objective, evaluating ideas without bias.

• Objectivity
• Observation

Problem-Solving

Problem-solving is another critical thinking skill that involves analyzing a problem, generating and implementing a solution, and assessing the success of the plan. Employers don’t simply want employees who can think about information critically. They also need to be able to come up with practical solutions.

• Attention to Detail
• Clarification
• Decision Making
• Groundedness
• Identifying Patterns

More Critical Thinking Skills

• Inductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning
• Noticing Outliers
• Adaptability
• Emotional Intelligence
• Brainstorming
• Optimization
• Restructuring
• Integration
• Strategic Planning
• Project Management
• Ongoing Improvement
• Causal Relationships
• Case Analysis
• Diagnostics
• SWOT Analysis
• Business Intelligence
• Quantitative Data Management
• Qualitative Data Management
• Risk Management
• Scientific Method
• Consumer Behavior

Key Takeaways

• Demonstrate you have critical thinking skills by adding relevant keywords to your resume.
• Mention pertinent critical thinking skills in your cover letter, too, and include an example of a time when you demonstrated them at work.
• Finally, highlight critical thinking skills during your interview. For instance, you might discuss a time when you were faced with a challenge at work and explain how you applied critical thinking skills to solve it.

University of Louisville. " What is Critical Thinking ."

American Management Association. " AMA Critical Skills Survey: Workers Need Higher Level Skills to Succeed in the 21st Century ."

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Critical thinking Meaning and Definition

Meaning of critical thinking: Delve into the meaning and definition of critical thinking on our page. Explore what critical thinking truly means and discover its profound significance in the human experience. What does critical thinking mean to you?

Critical thinking refers to the ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in order to form well-reasoned judgments or make informed decisions. It involves actively questioning and examining assumptions, arguments, evidence, and interpretations rather than simply accepting them at face value. Critical thinking requires logical reasoning, open-mindedness, skepticism, and the willingness to consider multiple perspectives before arriving at a conclusion. It also involves being able to identify biases, fallacies, and inconsistencies in reasoning. Developing critical thinking skills can help individuals approach problems and situations more effectively, make sound decisions, and communicate their ideas clearly and persuasively. In essence, critical thinking is a cognitive process that enables individuals to think more rationally, creatively, and independently. Overall, critical thinking is a valuable skill that is essential for academic, professional, and personal growth.

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Critical Thinking

Developing the right mindset and skills.

By the Mind Tools Content Team

We make hundreds of decisions every day and, whether we realize it or not, we're all critical thinkers.

We use critical thinking each time we weigh up our options, prioritize our responsibilities, or think about the likely effects of our actions. It's a crucial skill that helps us to cut out misinformation and make wise decisions. The trouble is, we're not always very good at it!

In this article, we'll explore the key skills that you need to develop your critical thinking skills, and how to adopt a critical thinking mindset, so that you can make well-informed decisions.

What Is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is the discipline of rigorously and skillfully using information, experience, observation, and reasoning to guide your decisions, actions, and beliefs. You'll need to actively question every step of your thinking process to do it well.

Collecting, analyzing and evaluating information is an important skill in life, and a highly valued asset in the workplace. People who score highly in critical thinking assessments are also rated by their managers as having good problem-solving skills, creativity, strong decision-making skills, and good overall performance. [1]

Key Critical Thinking Skills

Critical thinkers possess a set of key characteristics which help them to question information and their own thinking. Focus on the following areas to develop your critical thinking skills:

Being willing and able to explore alternative approaches and experimental ideas is crucial. Can you think through "what if" scenarios, create plausible options, and test out your theories? If not, you'll tend to write off ideas and options too soon, so you may miss the best answer to your situation.

To nurture your curiosity, stay up to date with facts and trends. You'll overlook important information if you allow yourself to become "blinkered," so always be open to new information.

But don't stop there! Look for opposing views or evidence to challenge your information, and seek clarification when things are unclear. This will help you to reassess your beliefs and make a well-informed decision later. Read our article, Opening Closed Minds , for more ways to stay receptive.

Logical Thinking

You must be skilled at reasoning and extending logic to come up with plausible options or outcomes.

It's also important to emphasize logic over emotion. Emotion can be motivating but it can also lead you to take hasty and unwise action, so control your emotions and be cautious in your judgments. Know when a conclusion is "fact" and when it is not. "Could-be-true" conclusions are based on assumptions and must be tested further. Read our article, Logical Fallacies , for help with this.

Use creative problem solving to balance cold logic. By thinking outside of the box you can identify new possible outcomes by using pieces of information that you already have.

Self-Awareness

Many of the decisions we make in life are subtly informed by our values and beliefs. These influences are called cognitive biases and it can be difficult to identify them in ourselves because they're often subconscious.

Practicing self-awareness will allow you to reflect on the beliefs you have and the choices you make. You'll then be better equipped to challenge your own thinking and make improved, unbiased decisions.

One particularly useful tool for critical thinking is the Ladder of Inference . It allows you to test and validate your thinking process, rather than jumping to poorly supported conclusions.

Developing a Critical Thinking Mindset

Combine the above skills with the right mindset so that you can make better decisions and adopt more effective courses of action. You can develop your critical thinking mindset by following this process:

Gather Information

First, collect data, opinions and facts on the issue that you need to solve. Draw on what you already know, and turn to new sources of information to help inform your understanding. Consider what gaps there are in your knowledge and seek to fill them. And look for information that challenges your assumptions and beliefs.

Be sure to verify the authority and authenticity of your sources. Not everything you read is true! Use this checklist to ensure that your information is valid:

• Are your information sources trustworthy ? (For example, well-respected authors, trusted colleagues or peers, recognized industry publications, websites, blogs, etc.)
• Is the information you have gathered up to date ?
• Has the information received any direct criticism ?
• Does the information have any errors or inaccuracies ?
• Is there any evidence to support or corroborate the information you have gathered?
• Is the information you have gathered subjective or biased in any way? (For example, is it based on opinion, rather than fact? Is any of the information you have gathered designed to promote a particular service or organization?)

If any information appears to be irrelevant or invalid, don't include it in your decision making. But don't omit information just because you disagree with it, or your final decision will be flawed and bias.

Now observe the information you have gathered, and interpret it. What are the key findings and main takeaways? What does the evidence point to? Start to build one or two possible arguments based on what you have found.

You'll need to look for the details within the mass of information, so use your powers of observation to identify any patterns or similarities. You can then analyze and extend these trends to make sensible predictions about the future.

To help you to sift through the multiple ideas and theories, it can be useful to group and order items according to their characteristics. From here, you can compare and contrast the different items. And once you've determined how similar or different things are from one another, Paired Comparison Analysis can help you to analyze them.

The final step involves challenging the information and rationalizing its arguments.

Apply the laws of reason (induction, deduction, analogy) to judge an argument and determine its merits. To do this, it's essential that you can determine the significance and validity of an argument to put it in the correct perspective. Take a look at our article, Rational Thinking , for more information about how to do this.

Once you have considered all of the arguments and options rationally, you can finally make an informed decision.

Afterward, take time to reflect on what you have learned and what you found challenging. Step back from the detail of your decision or problem, and look at the bigger picture. Record what you've learned from your observations and experience.

Critical thinking involves rigorously and skilfully using information, experience, observation, and reasoning to guide your decisions, actions and beliefs. It's a useful skill in the workplace and in life.

You'll need to be curious and creative to explore alternative possibilities, but rational to apply logic, and self-aware to identify when your beliefs could affect your decisions or actions.

You can demonstrate a high level of critical thinking by validating your information, analyzing its meaning, and finally evaluating the argument.

Critical Thinking Infographic

See Critical Thinking represented in our infographic: An Elementary Guide to Critical Thinking .

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Dictionary Assamese - English

Translations from dictionary assamese - english, definitions, grammar.

In Glosbe you will find translations from Assamese into English coming from various sources. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection.

In context translations Assamese - English, translated sentences

Glosbe dictionaries are unique. In Glosbe you can check not only Assamese or English translations. We also offer usage examples showing dozens of translated sentences. You can see not only the translation of the phrase you are searching for, but also how it is translated depending on the context.

Translation memory for Assamese - English languages

The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second.

Pronunciation, recordings

Often the text alone is not enough. We also need to hear what the phrase or sentence sounds like. In Glosbe you will find not only translations from the Assamese-English dictionary, but also audio recordings and high-quality computer readers.

Picture dictionary

A picture is worth more than a thousand words. In addition to text translations, in Glosbe you will find pictures that present searched terms.

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critical thinking

Definition of critical thinking

Examples of critical thinking in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'critical thinking.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1815, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Dictionary Entries Near critical thinking

critical temperature

critical value

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“Critical thinking.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/critical%20thinking. Accessed 1 Jun. 2024.

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Explained: Who is Assamese? A proposed definition, and several questions

The question, 'who are the assamese people' has always been contentious. now, a definition has been proposed by a committee that looked into implementation of clause 6 of the assam accord. what is this clause what is the proposed definition, and what are the implications.

The question, “Who is an Assamese?”, has been debated for decades in Assam, whose history has been shaped by people of multiple cultures over the centuries. Now, a report by a government-appointed committee has proposed a definition for “Assamese people”. While this is limited to the purpose of implementing a provision of the 1985 Assam Accord — Clause 6 — it spotlights the complexities at play in Assam.

Why is it a matter of debate?

The Assam Accord was signed at the end of a six-year agitation (1979-85) against illegal migration from Bangladesh. In the context of the Accord, the question of who is Assamese stems from the language of Clause 6: “Constitutional, legislative and administrative safeguards, as may be appropriate, shall be provided to protect, preserve and promote the cultural, social, linguistic identity and heritage of the Assamese people.”

This gives rise to two questions: what will these safeguards be; and, who are the “Assamese people” eligible for these?

Isn’t any resident of Assam, Assamese?

It is not all-encompassing in a state defined by the politics of migration. And yet, the definition of “Assamese” cannot be so narrow as to mean only those who speak Assamese as their first language. Assam has many indigenous tribal and ethnic communities with their own ancestral languages. For Clause 6, it was necessary to expand the definition of “Assamese” beyond the Assamese-speaking population.

Those not eligible for the safeguards under Clause 6 would clearly be from among the migrant populations. But would the entire migrant populations be excluded, or would some of them be eligible for Clause 6 benefits? Hence the debate.

But who is a migrant?

In popular conversation, the idea of “indigenous” is taken to mean communities who trace their histories in Assam before 1826, the year when the erstwhile kingdom of Assam was annexed to British India. Large-scale migration from East Bengal took place during British rule, followed by further waves after Independence.

The 1979-85 Assam Movement was triggered by fears that these Bengali Muslim and Bengali Hindu migrants would one day overrun the indigenous population, and dominate the resources and politics of the state. During the agitation, the demand was for the detection and deportation of those who had migrated after 1951. Was this demand accepted?

Not 1951. The Assam Accord was settled at a cut-off of March 24, 1971; anyone who arrived in Assam before that cut-off would be considered a citizen of India. This date was also the basis of the National Register of Citizens ( NRC ), published last year.

Because the Accord legalised additional migrants (1951-71) against the original demand of 1951, Clause 6 was incorporated as a safeguard for the indigenous people. This was the reasoning as explained to The Indian Express last year by Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, who signed the Accord as All Assam Students’ Union president in 1985, and went on to become the Chief Minister.

How has Clause 6 been taken up since?

Because of the complexities involved, previous efforts to work out a framework made little headway. The matter got urgency last year amid protests by the Assamese against the Citizenship Amendment Bill (now an Act) which makes it easier for certain categories of migrants to get Indian citizenship — the key here being Hindus from Bangladesh. The Home Ministry set up a new committee, which submitted its report in February, but the government sat on it for months. This led to four of the committee’ s 14 members making its contents public on Tuesday.

So, what are the recommendations?

For the purpose of implementation of Clause 6, the proposed definition includes indigenous tribals, other indigenous communities, all other citizens of India residing in Assam on or before January 1, 1951 and indigenous Assamese — and their descendants. In short, it covers anyone who can prove their presence (or that of their ancestors) in Assam before 1951.

As for safeguards, the committee has recommended reservations in legislature and jobs for “Assamese people”, and that “land rights be confined” to them.

What are implications of the definition?

• Migrants who entered Assam after 1951 but before March 24, 1971 are not Assamese but are Indian citizens. They would not be eligible, for example, to contest an election in 80-100% of Assam’s seats (if that recommendation is accepted). But they can vote.
• Not just indigenous groups, but East Bengal migrants who entered Assam before 1951, too, would be considered Assamese. “(Migrants of) 1951-71 have been accepted (as citizens)… for their staying here, some people have suffered certain losses that have to be made up,” said committee member Nilay Dutta, Advocate General of Arunachal Pradesh.

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What issues does this raise?

Some find it too inclusive. The committee had received some public suggestions that had proposed a base year of 1826 for anyone being considered Assamese, Nilay Dutta said.

Hafizul Ahmed, president of the Sadou Asom Goria-Moria-Deshi Jatiya Parishad that speaks for indigenous Assamese Muslims, told The Indian Express that there should not be a base year for identifying the indigenous people of Assam. The organisation had sought that only communities living in Assam during Ahom rule (pre-1826) be included in the definition, based on their cultural identities.

Others find it exclusionary. The All Assam Minority Students’ Union, which is identified with Bengali Muslims, had been demanding that the 1971 cutoff be used for deciding Clause 6 eligibility too. Its adviser Azizur Rahman said: “How will you prove that a person has been in Assam prior to 1951?” (The 1951 NRC is not available in several parts of the state.)

Sadhan Purkayastha, general secretary of the Citizens’ Right Protection Committee, said lakhs of people in Assam’s Barak Valley stand to lose their rights if the report is implemented. A large number of Bengali Hindus and some Bengali Muslims had migrated from Sylhet to Barak Valley in the 1950s and 1960s.

What is the way forward?

“Several issues come up: for both the state and central government, the key issue is whether it will stand the test of judicial scrutiny because it is bound to be challenged in the courts; and will it stand the test of constitutional validity?” said Sanjoy Hazarika, International Director of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, and a journalist who has written extensively on migration.

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Among the issues Hazarika raised were:

• Does the definition of an Assamese — a social, historic, ethnic, linguistic, political and cultural and not just religious entity — or a Bengali or a Punjabi or a Tamil also define her/his Indian-ness or Indian citizenship? “This is a key legal and constitutional issue that needs to be considered. It is connected to the NRC process as the Assam Accord cannot be reviewed in isolation of one clause or the other,” he said.
• How will pre-1971 migrants be accommodated? “There isn’t a magic wand to solve the problem which has challenged the core of Assam for over 70 years… I have been an advocate of constitutional reservations and work permits. But we also need to acknowledge the demographic reality in the state and its diversities,” he said.

(Inputs from Abhishek Saha in Guwahati )

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5 critical actions to establish inclusive, collaborative and sustainable circular value chains

Circular value chains have social benefits and needs buy-in upstream and downstream. Image:  Getty Images/iStockphoto

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Maxime françois-ferrière.

.chakra .wef-1nk5u5d{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;color:#2846F8;font-size:1.25rem;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-1nk5u5d{font-size:1.125rem;}} Get involved .chakra .wef-9dduvl{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;font-size:1.25rem;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-9dduvl{font-size:1.125rem;}} with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale

• Building an effective circular value chain requires deep collaboration among diverse stakeholders, where marginalized communities are central players to ensure it is truly inclusive.
• It involves setting a clear vision for positive transformation for upstream communities and articulating the environmental and social benefits to downstream brands and customers.
• Blended funding, which includes grants and corporate social responsibility contributions, is crucial for initiating and scaling projects within the circular economy.

Transitioning linear businesses into circular ones is an urgent step towards a flourishing society and a sustainable planet. In many forums—from the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland, to local interest groups—words like “sustainable” and “collaboration” are commonly discussed.

We know we have to create new, economically viable circular models, as circularity without the economy would result in unsustainable models condemned to niche scale and impact. We also know that aiming for such systemic change requires a “collaborative” multi-stakeholder effort involving private companies, non-profit organizations and governments.

What is often ignored or only discussed in passing rather than intentionally or integratively is designing an inclusive model that addresses marginalized populations. Designing a new, circular economy model that only considers those marginalized by society as an add-on instead of being key players in the new model would only exacerbate further inequalities and injustice, eventually leading to its unsustainability and repeating the mistakes of previous models.

A recent report, Inclusive Loops: The Crucial Role of Social Enterprises in the Circular Economy, shows how to fill this gap by providing a rigorously researched and field-tested framework that ties the circular to the social economy to foster inclusivity.

Five critical actions can establish an inclusive supply chain, as our Indonesian-based bioplastic company and Schwab Foundation awardee Greenhope seeks to demonstrate.

The social enterprise sources its cassava feedstock from traditional farmer groups and converts it into renewable, less-carbon and biodegradable bioplastic products using its proprietary technology. It then supplies those to global brands.

This innovative value chain is challenging to establish because, on the upstream end, farmers’ groups typically produce output with low productivity and inconsistent quality. Meanwhile, downstream, sophisticated, demanding customers and brands seek high-volume, high-quality, cost-efficient and environmentally friendly products. Complex logistics, limited infrastructure and many other challenges lie in between.

Have you read?

Circular value chains in fashion: strengthening trust in second hand markets, how digitalization can help build a circular economy ecosystem, 5 critical actions for inclusive circular value chains, 1. map stakeholders and the ecosystem to design a sustainable, scalable sourcing programme.

The upstream task requires us to understand the community deeply: the supporters and detractors, including how long they will be around (e.g. a new incoming village head might want to replace existing collaborators with his friends or existing projects with new ones).

The downstream task necessitates an understanding of the potential buyers and inside champions and the company’s overall direction in terms of environmental, social and governance (ESG) goals and the key supporters within. Support them with key information they need, including guidance on “how to sell the project” internally.

Sometimes, we must engage objective, third-party, non-government organizations who will validate and give credence and recognition to both the brands and farmer groups.

In Greenhope’s case, the Fair for Life certification and ISO9001 (quality), ISO14001 (environment) and ISO45001 (safety) help a lot.

2. Align the ambitions, incentives and benefits across stakeholders while managing expectations

Upstream activities require a vivid aspirational vision of positive transformation that the villages and people could experience when this collaboration is successfully sustained.

Downstream, we must clearly articulate the benefits for brands, customers, society and the environment when they use the supply chain and technology. They might also need to be sensitized to the downstream context and challenges. Arranging field visits is often fruitful.

3. Don’t be afraid to “ask” stakeholders across the value chain to change their thinking and practices

With the upstream actors, we should emphasize that there will be new ways of doing things. You can educate the farmers to “upgrade,” develop new habits, discard dated ones and do things differently and consistently while focusing on continuous quality and volume.

Ask for specific commitments, particularly during an official project launch. If necessary, incentivize by rewarding new behaviours or launching a friendly competition to embed new habits.

Similarly, with the downstream actors, new behaviours include creating joint awareness with brands that the usual purchasing process won’t be appropriate. Identifying use cases, co-creating the expanded value proposition (e.g. social impact embedded in the new green packaging) and new inclusive standard operating procedures. Support these partners in putting these metrics into their ESG report.

4. Utilize blended funding to kickstart, scale or de-risk the project

On the upstream side, startup capital expenditure for a new project can often be prohibitively expensive – this is where grant-making entities can help.

For example, Greenhope benefits from the United Nations Development Programme and from climate grants. This type of funding can function as the kickstart capital to upgrade the farmers’ machinery, provide expert training etc.

On the downstream side, we need to work with brands and customers willing to pitch in as part of their corporate social responsibility funding. Third-party programmes can also be useful.

For example, in Greenhope’s case, Fashion for Good and several other programmes were constructive in securing development costs from willing brands looking for sustainable packaging.

5. Engage and execute continuously and consistently with clear expected outcomes, milestones and roadmaps

Transformation does not arise from one-off activities. Therefore, you need to set up new rhythms and outcome-based habits with the upstream actors. Create an effective cadence and milestones based on a tangible roadmap and deliverables.

It is also important to keep downstream actors interested and engaged. Brands or customers are busy and distracted, so we must create engaging, inspiring milestones. Celebrate progress, write impact reports, press releases, etc., to generate greater engagement and partnership.

With the inclusive value chain effectively and sustainably established, we can confidently scale up the inclusive circular economy. Due to the integrative nature of the supply chain, this economy will be much more effective than any corporate social responsibility programme.

We hope the learnings above can be replicated and adapted, with greater cooperation worldwide, for a win-win circular economy with net positive social and environmental impact.

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License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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