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Computers have evolved into mandatory tools for college students, and the Pew Internet and American Life Project reported in 2008 that 98 percent of college students use the Internet. Although social networking, shopping and gaming play roles in the lives of many college students, computers are also good -- and frequently necessary -- tools for college assignments. Students who have regular computer access have a strong advantage relative to students without computers.

Assignment Access

Professors often post assignments online or email course work to students. Some textbooks have online learning chapters, and this work may be required as part of a student's homework grade. Even when professors don't require online work, they may post additional questions or study guides on a course's website, and students can get extra study opportunities by completing online quizzes associated with their textbooks.

Communication

Computers make communication about assignments much easier. A student who's struggling with a problem or project can quickly email a professor or send a message to another student in the class. Professors may send additional information via email, and students who don't have constant computer access might not get this information or might get it days after other students have received it. Students can even use social networking and online chat services to complete their assignments by posting questions to other students or collaborating to create study guides.

Computer access opens up many more research opportunities. Students can easily search for journal articles and online books, making it easier to find the information they need to complete their assignments. Online tutorials, blogs from experts and study websites can help students who are struggling by explaining information using simple, clear language. Some websites even make it easier for students to cite sources by providing quick tutorials on all major style guides or allowing a student to plug in source information and then auto-formatting it.

Although students might be able to find other ways to get information -- such as going to the library, going to a professor's office hours or calling a friend -- computer use is generally much quicker than driving to a resource or to a meeting. The ready availability of online information and tools can help students work more quickly, making the learning process less frustrating. Web and phone applications designed for college students can help students manage their course load and work more efficiently by reminding them of upcoming deadlines, offering study tips and tracking grades.

Van Thompson is an attorney and writer. A former martial arts instructor, he holds bachelor's degrees in music and computer science from Westchester University, and a juris doctor from Georgia State University. He is the recipient of numerous writing awards, including a 2009 CALI Legal Writing Award.

What Are the Positive & Negatives With Online Learning?

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Table of Contents

Why computer skills are essential in today’s digital age, discuss the impact that computer skills have on job prospects, career advancement, and personal growth, types of computer skills, importance of computer skills in the workplace, frequently asked questions (faqs), what are computer skills and their importance for your career in 2024.

In today's fast-paced digital world, computer skills have become essential for almost every career. With the advent of new technologies and increasing reliance on digital platforms, employers seek candidates with strong computer skills. Whether you are a software developer , a graphic designer, a marketing professional, or a healthcare provider, having strong computer skills can help you to enhance your productivity, streamline your work processes, and boost your career prospects.

In this informative blog post, we will explore why computer skills are essential for your career in 2023. We will discuss the benefits of having strong computer skills, the types of computer skills in demand, and how you can acquire and improve your computer skills. Whether you are a recent graduate or an experienced professional, this post will provide valuable insights on staying ahead of the curve and succeeding in the rapidly changing job market. So, read on to discover why computer skills are necessary for your career in 2023.

In today's digital age, computer skills have become essential for success in many areas of life, including education, work, and personal pursuits. Computers and digital devices have revolutionized how we live and work, making accessing information, communicating with others, and completing tasks easier. 

Here are some reasons why computer skills are essential in today's digital age:

• Efficiency: With computer skills, you can perform tasks faster and more efficiently. For example, you can use a computer to create and edit documents, send emails, and conduct online research. It can help you to save time and increase productivity .
• Communication: Computers and digital devices have revolutionized communication, making it easier to stay connected. With computer skills, you can communicate through email, social media, video conferencing, and other digital platforms.
• Career Advancement: Many jobs require computer skills, and having strong computer skills can help you to advance your career. With the ability to use software programs, conduct research, and analyze data , you can stand out from other candidates and increase your chances of landing a job or promotion.
• Access to Information: With computer skills, you can access vast amounts of information through the internet. Search engines and other tools can find information on any topic anywhere.
• Creativity: Computers and digital devices can be used for creative pursuits such as graphic design, video editing, and music production. With computer skills, you can unleash your creativity and express yourself in new and exciting ways.

Computer skills significantly impact job prospects, career advancement, and personal growth. In today's digital age, employers value candidates with strong computer skills, which can open up many career opportunities. Here are some ways in which computer skills can impact job prospects, career advancement, and personal growth:

Job Prospects

Many job roles today require computer skills, and having these skills can make you a more attractive candidate for job openings. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment in computer and information technology occupations is projected to grow by 21% from 2021 to 2031 , much faster than average for all occupations.

Additionally, a study by Burning Glass Technologies found that nearly 8 in 10 middle-skill jobs (jobs that require some education and training beyond high school but less than a bachelor's degree) require digital skills such as using Microsoft Office, social media platforms, and other software applications.

For example, computer skills are essential for IT, software development , marketing, and finance careers. Computer skills can also help you stand out from other candidates, increase your chances of landing a job, and earn a higher salary.

Career Advancement

Computer skills can also be critical for career advancement. With solid computer skills, you can automate routine tasks, analyze data more effectively, and communicate with colleagues more efficiently. These skills can help you to become more productive, work more effectively with others, and earn promotions or leadership positions within your organization.

A study by Deloitte found that digital-savvy companies are more likely to achieve their business goals than their less digitally-savvy counterparts . Strong computer skills can help professionals become more productive and effective in their work, potentially leading to promotions and career growth.

Personal Growth

Computer skills can contribute to personal growth besides job prospects and career advancement. With computer skills, you can learn new things, explore new hobbies, and communicate with friends and family. For example, you can use social media to connect with people from different backgrounds or learn new coding or graphic design skills.

A study by Pew Research Center found that 73% of adults use YouTube to learn how to do things they have never done before. It suggests that digital platforms can be used for personal growth and learning. Additionally, a survey by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) found that seniors who use the internet and digital devices report higher levels of social engagement, mental stimulation, and overall well-being.

Computer skills can be broadly classified into basic and advanced.

Basic Computer Skills

Basic computer skills are fundamental skills that are essential for anyone who wants to use a computer. These skills are required for tasks such as sending emails, using social media, browsing the internet, and completing basic office tasks. Here are some of the most important basic computer skills:

• Navigating an Operating System: Understanding how to navigate an operating system such as Windows or MacOS is essential for opening and closing programs, saving and retrieving files, and customizing settings.
• Using Word Processing Software: Word processing software such as Microsoft Word is used for creating and formatting documents such as resumes, cover letters, and reports.
• Using Email: Understanding how to send and receive email is essential for communication in the modern workplace. Basic skills include composing and sending messages, attaching files, and organizing messages into folders.
• Using Web Browsers: Web browsers such as Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox are used for browsing the internet. Basic skills include navigating websites, using bookmarks, and completing online forms.
• Using Social Media: Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn are used for networking, marketing, and communication. Basic skills include creating a profile, posting updates, and interacting with other users.

Basic computer skills are versatile and can be applied in various personal and professional settings. Here are some examples of how basic computer skills can be used in different settings:

• Personal Use: Basic computer skills are helpful for personal tasks such as online shopping, managing finances, and staying connected with friends and family. Individuals can use their computer skills to search for information, watch movies or TV shows, and access online resources for learning or entertainment.
• Education: Basic computer skills are essential from elementary school to college. Students use computers for research, writing papers, and completing assignments. Teachers and educators use basic computer skills to create lesson plans, manage student data, and provide online resources for students.
• Business: Most office jobs require basic computer skills, from administrative assistants to managers. Employees use computers for tasks such as sending emails, creating spreadsheets, and producing reports. Employers also use computer skills to manage projects, analyze data, and communicate with clients and customers.
• Healthcare: Basic computer skills are increasingly important in the healthcare industry. Medical professionals use computers to manage patient records, analyze medical data, and communicate with other healthcare professionals. Patients also use basic computer skills to access healthcare information and resources online.
• Non-Profit: Non-profit organizations use basic computer skills to manage donor databases , communicate with volunteers, and promote their cause online. Basic computer skills are also helpful in creating marketing materials, managing social media accounts, and creating online fundraising campaigns.

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Advanced Computer Skills

Advanced computer skills are specialized skills required for specific careers or tasks. These skills typically involve knowledge of advanced software programs, programming languages, and complex computer systems. Here are some examples of advanced computer skills:

• Programming: Programming involves writing code in Python , Java , and C++. Advanced programming skills include developing complex algorithms, writing custom applications, and creating software for specific industries such as healthcare or finance.
• Web Development: Web development involves designing, building, and maintaining websites. Advanced web development skills include creating dynamic web applications, integrating databases and APIs, and using advanced frameworks like Angular, React, or Vue.
• Data Analysis: Data analysis involves collecting and interpreting large amounts of data using tools such as Excel, SQL, or R. Advanced data analysis skills may include creating data visualizations, building predictive models, and using machine learning algorithms to analyze data.
• Graphic Design: Graphic design involves creating visual content for websites, marketing materials, and other digital media. Advanced graphic design skills may include using advanced software such as Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, or InDesign, creating animations and interactive media, and designing for specific audiences or industries.
• Network Administration: Network administration involves managing computer networks, ensuring data security, and troubleshooting technical issues. Advanced network administration skills may include configuring firewalls, managing virtual private networks (VPNs), and implementing cloud computing solutions.

Advanced computer skills are highly specialized and can be applied in various settings, from technology to healthcare to finance. Here are some examples of how advanced computer skills can be used in different settings:

• Technology: Advanced computer skills are essential for technology-related careers, such as software developers, data scientists , and IT professionals. These professionals use advanced computer skills to design and develop software applications, manage computer networks, analyze data, and implement cybersecurity measures.
• Healthcare: Advanced computer skills are increasingly important in the healthcare industry. Healthcare professionals use advanced computer skills to manage electronic health records, analyze medical data, and develop predictive models for disease management. Advanced computer skills are also helpful in developing healthcare software applications and managing healthcare information systems.
• Finance: Advanced computer skills are critical for careers in finance and accounting. Financial professionals use advanced computer skills to analyze financial data, create financial models, and manage investment portfolios. Advanced computer skills are also helpful for managing economic systems and developing financial software applications.
• Science: Advanced computer skills are essential for scientific physics, chemistry, and biology research. Scientists use advanced computer skills to develop and run simulations, analyze large datasets, and create complex mathematical models. Advanced computer skills are also useful for developing scientific software applications.
• Engineering: Advanced computer skills are crucial for careers in engineering, such as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and electrical engineering. Engineers use advanced computer skills to design and simulate complex systems, analyze data, and develop software applications for engineering projects.

Computer skills have become essential in the modern workplace. Here are some statistics and data that highlight the importance of computer skills in the workplace:

Increased Job Opportunities

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, computer and information technology occupations are projected to grow 21% from 2021 to 2031 , much faster than the average for all occupations. Individuals with computer skills are more likely to find employment in the modern workforce.

Higher Earning Potential

According to a report by Burning Glass Technologies , computer skills can increase an individual's earning potential by an average of 17%. The report also found that workers with computer skills earn a median wage of $22.25 per hour, compared to $14.33 per hour for workers without computer skills.

Increased Productivity

According to a report by Microsoft , employees who use computers and technology are 5% more productive than those who do not. This productivity gain can result in significant cost savings for businesses.

Improved Collaboration

Computer skills enable individuals to collaborate with colleagues and clients more effectively. According to a report by PwC, 46% of companies believe improved collaboration is a significant benefit of using technology in the workplace .

Increased Innovation

According to a report by McKinsey Global Institute , advanced computer skills such as programming and data analysis can unlock new levels of innovation in the workplace. The report found that companies that use advanced technology and analytics are up to 5% more productive and 6% more profitable than their competitors.

In 2023 and beyond, computer skills will continue to be vital for success in the modern workforce. As technology evolves rapidly, individuals with basic and advanced computer skills will have a significant advantage in the job market and be better equipped to handle the challenges and opportunities that arise in their careers. With the increasing reliance on digital tools and platforms in various industries, computer skills can provide a pathway to higher earning potential, increased productivity, and improved collaboration with colleagues and clients. 

Moreover, the demand for professionals with computer skills is projected to grow significantly in the coming years, indicating a need for individuals to constantly update their skills and stay abreast of the latest trends in technology. If you are ready to upskill your computer skills and land a job easily, why not enroll in an online certification course powered by Simplilearn ?

Simplilearn is a leading online learning platform that offers various courses and programs to help individuals upskill their computer skills. Simplilearn provides a comprehensive suite of courses on computer skills, ranging from basic computer literacy to advanced topics such as full stack web development , cybersecurity and data science. So, what are you holding for? Register now to unlock a wide range of possibilities!

1. What are the five computer literacy skills?

The five computer literacy skills are:

• Basic knowledge of computer hardware
• Proficiency in operating systems
• Familiarity with productivity software such as Microsoft Office or Google Suite.
• Internet and email proficiency
• Understanding of computer security and privacy

2. What is good computer skills?

A good computer skill allows an individual to effectively use computer technology to accomplish a task, solve a problem, or create something of value. In today's digital age, some examples of good computer skills include proficiency in programming languages, data analysis tools , graphic design software, and project management applications. 

Additionally, basic computer skills such as word processing, email, and internet navigation are essential for most jobs and are considered valuable skills in the workforce. Good computer skill aligns with an individual's career goals and enhances productivity and effectiveness in the workplace.

3. What are computer skills in a resume?

Computer skills in a resume refer to the list of technical competencies that a candidate possesses related to computer technology and its applications. Including computer skills on a resume is essential in today's job market, as most jobs require some level of technical knowledge and proficiency. The specific computer skills to include in a resume will depend on the job position and industry.

It is crucial to tailor the computer skills listed on a resume to the specific job requirements and to provide examples of how those skills were applied in previous roles or projects. It helps demonstrate the candidate's technical expertise and suitability for the job.

4. What are the top 5 computer skills?

The top 5 computer skills that are in high demand in today's job market include:

• Coding and Programming
• Data Analysis and Visualization
• Digital Marketing
• Cybersecurity
• Cloud Computing

5. What are computer skills at work?

Computer skills at work refer to the knowledge and ability to use various digital tools and technologies to complete job tasks efficiently and effectively. These skills can include:

• The ability to use a computer, navigate the internet, and use common software applications such as Microsoft Office.
• Managing and organizing emails, using email etiquette, and using email to communicate effectively with colleagues, clients, and customers.
• Organizing files and folders on a computer or network, using cloud storage solutions, and backing up essential data.
• Using collaboration tools such as video conferencing, instant messaging, and project management software to communicate and collaborate with colleagues.
• Accurately and efficiently entering software applications and databases and using tools to manage and analyze data.
• Troubleshooting fundamental computer issues, such as software or hardware problems, and seeking assistance from IT professionals when necessary.

6. Why are basic computer skills important?

Basic computer skills are essential for employability and efficiency in today's digital age. Many job positions require basic computer skills like email, Microsoft Office, and internet navigation. Having these skills can increase job prospects and opportunities. Additionally, basic computer skills allow individuals to complete tasks more efficiently, saving time and increasing productivity.

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Computers Grade Essays Fast ... But Not Always Well

Molly Bloom

As schools look to cut costs, more are considering using computers to grade students' writing assignments and to provide writing help. The programs can assess large numbers of papers in seconds. David L Ryan/The Boston Globe via Getty Images hide caption

As schools look to cut costs, more are considering using computers to grade students' writing assignments and to provide writing help. The programs can assess large numbers of papers in seconds.

Imagine a school where every child gets instant, personalized writing help for a fraction of the cost of hiring a human teacher — and where a computer, not a person, grades a student's essays.

It's not so far-fetched. Some schools around the country are already using computer programs to help teach students to write.

There are two big arguments for automated essay scoring: lower expenses and better test grading. Using computers instead of humans would certainly be cheaper, but not everyone agrees on argument No. 2.

Les Perelman, director of the student writing program at MIT, is among the skeptics. Perelman recently tried out a computer essay grading program made by testing giant Educational Testing Service.

"Of the 12 errors noted in one essay, 11 were incorrect," Perelman says. "There were a few places where I intentionally put in some comma errors and it didn't notice them. In other words, it doesn't work very well."

Perelman says any student who can read can be taught to score very highly on a machine-graded test.

That's because software developers build the computer programs by feeding in thousands of student essays that have already been graded by humans.

Then, by identifying the elements of essays that human graders seem to like, the programs create a model used to grade new essays. If human graders give essays with long sentences high marks, for example, the programs will tend to do so, as well. If human graders like big words, the programs will also, say, "manifest a tantamount predilection for meretricious vocabulary."

So, Perelman says, it's possible for students to score an A on a computer-graded essay simply by combining all the elements of an essay that would be scored highly by a human grader.

Of course, if you know the elements of an A essay and are able to combine them, odds are you're already a pretty good writer.

Mark Shermis, dean of the University of Akron's College of Education, recently co-authored a study of nine different essay-grading computer programs. On shorter writing assignments, Shermis says, the computer programs matched grades from real, live humans up to 85 percent of the time.

But on longer, more complicated responses, the technology didn't do quite as well.

"It will not identify the next great American novelist," Shermis says. "But if what you're trying to do is communicate thoughts and ideas in a very straightforward manner, then the technology is actually a wonderful tool."

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Classroom computers, another legacy of steve jobs.

But not always. Shermis ran the Gettysburg Address through one of the earlier-generation computer grading programs, one usually used to evaluate the writing abilities of college freshmen.

Suffice it to say, Abe did not ace the test.

"On a scale of 1 to 6, one of the greatest presidents of the United States was only getting 2s and 3s," Shermis says of Lincoln's scores. "We were actually very shocked."

A history professor told Shermis he shouldn't worry; the speech is more famous for its context than for the actual words themselves.

Still, school officials trying to cut expenses are intrigued by the promise of scoring thousands of student essays in seconds, without the need to hire human graders.

Jeff Pence, who teaches writing to seventh-graders in a Georgia middle school, is already sold on the idea.

The computer graders he uses give students instant feedback on every draft. Pence says there's no way he and his red teacher's pen could do that. And quicker responses, he says, lead to more writing.

"The quantity drives the quality up," Pence says. "It's kind of the old bicycle thing — the best way to learn how to ride a bicycle is to ride a bicycle. And the best way to get better at writing is to write and receive consistent, timely feedback."

Pence says it would be great to have a couple of dozen real, live human teachers reading every student draft. It would also be nice, he says, if his district found the money to hire those extra teachers. But until then, he's holding on to his computer programs.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer In Education

Looking for advantages and disadvantages of Computer In Education?

We have collected some solid points that will help you understand the pros and cons of Computer In Education in detail.

But first, let’s understand the topic:

What is Computer In Education?

Computer in Education’ is about using computers and digital tools to help students learn better. This can include learning through educational games, online classes, or using software to solve math problems or create art. It makes learning fun, interactive, and often easier.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Computer In Education

The following are the advantages and disadvantages of Computer In Education:

Advantages of Computer In Education

• Improves learning speed – Computers can make studying faster. They help students understand topics quicker by offering interactive and engaging materials.
• Enhances student engagement – Computers can make lessons more interesting. They can use videos, animations, and games to keep students focused.
• Access to unlimited resources – Computers open up a world of knowledge. They give students easy access to a lot of information on the internet.
• Facilitates distance learning – Computers make it possible to learn from anywhere. They support online classes, meaning students don’t have to be physically present in a classroom.
• Promotes skill development – Computers help students gain important skills. They can teach students how to use different software, which is a skill needed in many jobs.

Disadvantages of Computer In Education

• Lacks personal interaction – Without personal interaction, students might miss out on social skills and emotional intelligence development.
• Can promote laziness – Laziness can be fostered among learners as they might rely heavily on digital resources instead of critical thinking.
• Dependence on technology increases – Increased dependence on technology might lead to a lack of basic skills like handwriting and mental arithmetic.
• Potential for distraction – The potential for distraction is high with the availability of games, social media, and other online diversions.
• Limited access for some – Limited access for some students due to economic disparities can create a digital divide, hindering equal learning opportunities.
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Information and communication technology (ICT) in education

Information and communications technology (ict) can impact student learning when teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum..

Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.

When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in society and the workplace.(18)

ICT issues planners must consider include: considering the total cost-benefit equation, supplying and maintaining the requisite infrastructure, and ensuring investments are matched with teacher support and other policies aimed at effective ICT use.(16)

Issues and Discussion

Digital culture and digital literacy: Computer technologies and other aspects of digital culture have changed the ways people live, work, play, and learn, impacting the construction and distribution of knowledge and power around the world.(14) Graduates who are less familiar with digital culture are increasingly at a disadvantage in the national and global economy. Digital literacy—the skills of searching for, discerning, and producing information, as well as the critical use of new media for full participation in society—has thus become an important consideration for curriculum frameworks.(8)

In many countries, digital literacy is being built through the incorporation of information and communication technology (ICT) into schools. Some common educational applications of ICT include:

• One laptop per child: Less expensive laptops have been designed for use in school on a 1:1 basis with features like lower power consumption, a low cost operating system, and special re-programming and mesh network functions.(42) Despite efforts to reduce costs, however, providing one laptop per child may be too costly for some developing countries.(41)
• Tablets: Tablets are small personal computers with a touch screen, allowing input without a keyboard or mouse. Inexpensive learning software (“apps”) can be downloaded onto tablets, making them a versatile tool for learning.(7)(25) The most effective apps develop higher order thinking skills and provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings.(18)
• Interactive White Boards or Smart Boards : Interactive white boards allow projected computer images to be displayed, manipulated, dragged, clicked, or copied.(3) Simultaneously, handwritten notes can be taken on the board and saved for later use. Interactive white boards are associated with whole-class instruction rather than student-centred activities.(38) Student engagement is generally higher when ICT is available for student use throughout the classroom.(4)
• E-readers : E-readers are electronic devices that can hold hundreds of books in digital form, and they are increasingly utilized in the delivery of reading material.(19) Students—both skilled readers and reluctant readers—have had positive responses to the use of e-readers for independent reading.(22) Features of e-readers that can contribute to positive use include their portability and long battery life, response to text, and the ability to define unknown words.(22) Additionally, many classic book titles are available for free in e-book form.
• Flipped Classrooms: The flipped classroom model, involving lecture and practice at home via computer-guided instruction and interactive learning activities in class, can allow for an expanded curriculum. There is little investigation on the student learning outcomes of flipped classrooms.(5) Student perceptions about flipped classrooms are mixed, but generally positive, as they prefer the cooperative learning activities in class over lecture.(5)(35)

ICT and Teacher Professional Development: Teachers need specific professional development opportunities in order to increase their ability to use ICT for formative learning assessments, individualized instruction, accessing online resources, and for fostering student interaction and collaboration.(15) Such training in ICT should positively impact teachers’ general attitudes towards ICT in the classroom, but it should also provide specific guidance on ICT teaching and learning within each discipline. Without this support, teachers tend to use ICT for skill-based applications, limiting student academic thinking.(32) To sup­port teachers as they change their teaching, it is also essential for education managers, supervisors, teacher educators, and decision makers to be trained in ICT use.(11)

Ensuring benefits of ICT investments: To ensure the investments made in ICT benefit students, additional conditions must be met. School policies need to provide schools with the minimum acceptable infrastructure for ICT, including stable and affordable internet connectivity and security measures such as filters and site blockers. Teacher policies need to target basic ICT literacy skills, ICT use in pedagogical settings, and discipline-specific uses. (21) Successful imple­mentation of ICT requires integration of ICT in the curriculum. Finally, digital content needs to be developed in local languages and reflect local culture. (40) Ongoing technical, human, and organizational supports on all of these issues are needed to ensure access and effective use of ICT. (21)

Resource Constrained Contexts: The total cost of ICT ownership is considerable: training of teachers and administrators, connectivity, technical support, and software, amongst others. (42) When bringing ICT into classrooms, policies should use an incremental pathway, establishing infrastructure and bringing in sustainable and easily upgradable ICT. (16) Schools in some countries have begun allowing students to bring their own mobile technology (such as laptop, tablet, or smartphone) into class rather than providing such tools to all students—an approach called Bring Your Own Device. (1)(27)(34) However, not all families can afford devices or service plans for their children. (30) Schools must ensure all students have equitable access to ICT devices for learning.

Inclusiveness Considerations

Digital Divide: The digital divide refers to disparities of digital media and internet access both within and across countries, as well as the gap between people with and without the digital literacy and skills to utilize media and internet.(23)(26)(31) The digital divide both creates and reinforces socio-economic inequalities of the world’s poorest people. Policies need to intentionally bridge this divide to bring media, internet, and digital literacy to all students, not just those who are easiest to reach.

Minority language groups: Students whose mother tongue is different from the official language of instruction are less likely to have computers and internet connections at home than students from the majority. There is also less material available to them online in their own language, putting them at a disadvantage in comparison to their majority peers who gather information, prepare talks and papers, and communicate more using ICT. (39) Yet ICT tools can also help improve the skills of minority language students—especially in learning the official language of instruction—through features such as automatic speech recognition, the availability of authentic audio-visual materials, and chat functions. (2)(17)

Students with different styles of learning: ICT can provide diverse options for taking in and processing information, making sense of ideas, and expressing learning. Over 87% of students learn best through visual and tactile modalities, and ICT can help these students ‘experience’ the information instead of just reading and hearing it. (20)(37) Mobile devices can also offer programmes (“apps”) that provide extra support to students with special needs, with features such as simplified screens and instructions, consistent placement of menus and control features, graphics combined with text, audio feedback, ability to set pace and level of difficulty, appropriate and unambiguous feedback, and easy error correction. (24)(29)

Plans and policies

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• Detroit, USA [ PDF ]
• Finland [ PDF ]
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Related information

• Information and communication technologies (ICT)

The 12 Benefits and Uses of Computer in Education

In today’s world, it is necessary to use technology, especially in education. Students from across the globe need to embrace the technological advancements that are present nowadays. Since education has also been affected by technology , it has become integral to each student’s life.

One of the most important advancements is that students need ICT in Education , i.e., a computer in their school. As a parent, it is now essential to provide your child with a quality computer to use at home for school. There are various types of computers available out there designed for students. One of the best types is the Apple Mac. Aside from its quality and excellent specifications, it has a nice and smooth design that kids and teens will love.

Modern-day technologies have changed the dynamics of our lives for the better and for the worse. It depends on how the user counts the technology. When students engage technology in their day-to-day academic routines, they get a lot of assistance from it. With the technology of computers and the internet, the experience of studying and doing assignments has never been the same.

Students of the modern world cannot imagine studying without the Internet and computers, where work and getting help become seamless and efficient.

Modern technology not only speeds up the work and provides help in university courses, but it also allows a lot of other conveniences to students in making decisions based on their academia.

Technology not only helps but also eases the decision-making process for students, whether they have to complete an assignment, write a report, read something, correct something, design something, or find top colleges and universities to interact with and apply for admission.

Without the use of technology, nothing is seamless, and it is an ample need of today. Our academic post will discuss the ways technology helps modern-day students in their academia make decisions.

Technology has infiltrated every area of our lives, from healthcare to education. The latest technological advances govern even our homes, so why shouldn’t technology be a huge factor in how students learn?

Here, you can see that technology helps you better assist students and their teachers in achieving goals. Just briefly examine how today’s educational institutions are using technology to improve student’s learning and your role in providing that technology for them.

Computer in Education – The Benefits and Uses

Among the various benefits of a computer in education, there are ways students can simplify their lives with computers. Learn what the uses of computers in education are.

Convenience

Computers have made a student’s life very convenient. Using this device, students can write and research their school work online and communicate with their classmates and teachers through email or other platforms for shared discussions and knowledge. Indeed, a computer is a big help in making student life easier.

Improved student performance

Including computers as one of the learning tools in school is essential. With the use of computers, students are more likely to enjoy studying , resulting in better performance. They feel more involved and focused when computers are in use. More so, using a computer in education lets students collaborate and simultaneously teaches them to become independent.

Fast access to research and information

Gone are the days when the only way to research and do your assignments is through the library. Today, the availability of a computer in education makes it much easier and faster to access everything you need to research . You can get all the answers you need for your school projects in just a few clicks.

Online resources

When students need help deciding on a topic for their thesis or essay, technology helps them find the relevant and most accurate information. Whether it’s science, business, sociology, or any course with a name, the Internet and computer technology provide all the latest information about finding the right thesis topic and the relevant information to justify the choice.

Increased efficiency

Undoubtedly, computers offer increased efficiency to every student. They allow them to complete their assignments, check their grades, and make presentations even outside school hours. The flexibility and efficiency that computers give students are worth it, as there are so many things to learn.

Admissions information

When students are trying to fetch everything they can related to the admission process and information about different universities that can help them decide which college or university to apply to, they can quickly get it over the internet. Universities and colleges have a tremendous online presence. They are there to assist students in almost everything they want, from inquiring about admissions to assisting in the application and visa processes, payment, and preparing for arrival. It has helped students and expanded the reach of universities and institutions to attract the best students worldwide.

Study schedules

When students choose particular courses, they need to see real-time information and updates, and technology can help them find it. This way, they can find the right timings for the course; the assignment outlines and helps them schedule their studies accordingly.

Learn how to write an essay , from selecting a topic to the final draft.

Better opportunities

Through the use of technology and the internet combined, students come across many different opportunities. This way, they can find detailed information about them, see what best suits their aspirations and success, and decide accordingly. They can also interact with fellow professionals through messengers and learn from their experiences.

Easy communication

Computers have made communication easier, especially for students who live far from their families. Instant messaging, emails, live updates, and sharing tools help students easily contact their loved ones, even if they are away from home. Simply put, computers and the internet keep the world intact despite the distance.

Better rate of learning

Due to technology, especially in the sciences, what used to take years to study can now be completed within moments. Today, the software provides a simulation of plant growth under certain specified conditions. The US government’s National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health endorses this type of virtual simulation as a fantastic aid in researching growth modeling. It could be concluded that technology enables students to learn more in a much shorter period because of virtualization models.

Visualization tools

For many students, math has always been difficult because they have trouble visualizing the concept being taught. Now, programs are designed to let students see relationships on the computer screen before them. Pardon the pun, but they get the picture. A team from Utah State University has assembled a long list of math tools on the National Library of Virtual Manipulatives listed by grade/developmental levels. Students get to enter data, and the chart in front of them moves around as the data changes. Abstract concepts are often hard to visualize; there is no doubt about that. Those concepts become less abstract and more concrete with these tools because they are picture-perfect in front of you.

Making tasks easier

Most schools now issue tablets instead of costly and weighty textbooks. All subjects, worksheets, and assignments are on a little device weighing less than two or three pounds, which they can easily take with them, no matter where they go. Students can no longer use the excuse “I forgot my assignment on my desk” or “I left my homework at home” because they upload each assignment to the Cloud as it is completed. They must log into their student account, pick up the assignment, and tab to the appropriate file. The only excuse is that they left their computer at home, and obviously, that would leave them without social media at lunch if the school provided internet access.

Student life is undoubtedly stressful and challenging. There are tons of things you need to accomplish when you are a student. With that, you will need a computer in education and other technologies to help you survive this phase in your life. Just remember the advantages of computers mentioned above and be sure to choose the right one. Computers are an excellent investment for students today and future generations.

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Integrating AI into assignments

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Here we offer strategies and perspectives on integrating AI tools into assignments and activities used to assess student learning.

Creating your course policy on AI

• An effective syllabus works to motivate learning, define goals, explain course structure, and provide support to students as they learn.
• Be clearly stated and specific
• Clarify the context or conditions of allowable AI use
• Explain processes and consequences for non-compliance
• Have a thoughtful pedagogic rationale in support of student learning
• Connect to support resources
• Show support for student well-being

Outcomes for this module

In this module, we will analyze activities and assignments used for assessing learning, provide student-centered perspectives, and offer strategies for developing assessment activities and assignments that integrate student use of generative AI chatbots.

After completing this module, you should be able to:

• Describe why your assessment activities are meaningful to learners.
• Identify and clarify the learning objectives of your assessment activities.
• Identify relevant strategies that can be applied to assessment activities in your course.
• Empathize with student perspectives on using AI in course assessment activities.

Warm-up with a metacognitive exercise

As you begin to explore, think about what you already know and the opinions you may already hold about the educational aspects of AI chatbots. This metacognitive exercise can help you identify what you want to explore and what you already understand. Making connections to what you already know can deepen your learning and support your engagement with these modules.

Begin with the prompt, “Describe an assignment or assessment activity that integrated technology in a way that was effective and engaging for your learning,” and respond to the poll below.

Unpacking your assessment activities and assignments

When designing or adapting an activity or assignment used to assess learning, whether you integrate AI or not, we encourage you to consider two questions: why is this meaningful, and what are students supposed to learn from it?

Define why it is meaningful

Students can learn better when they are motivated and can make meaningful connections to coursework (Headden & McKay, 2015). We might assume that students’ motivations focus on their grades, but that assumption does not provide the full picture, and when applied in isolation it is not likely to sustain deep learning. Articulating what makes an activity meaningful, motivational, and memorable for students can help you create an engaging activity or assignment that enhances student learning and motivation.

Concerning AI chatbots, perhaps the activity or assignment addresses AI in ways that prepare students for future careers, enhance their social connections, or touch upon broader issues they care about. We encourage you to talk with your students about what they find meaningful to inform the design of your activities and assignments. What leads them to want to engage?

Also, reflect on why the assignment is meaningful to you. Is it simply convenient to implement (and standard in your experience as a student and teacher) or does it connect to something deeper in your pedagogy? Perhaps the assignment reinforces the norms and values that you share with other professionals in your discipline, allows you to connect with students in more meaningful ways, builds foundational skills for other parts of the curricula, or explores emergent opportunities and challenges with AI for your field.

Define what students are intended to learn

Next, identify and clarify the underlying learning objectives of the assignment or activity. The objective should describe the observable skills or behaviors students will have learned to perform after completing the activity. Clearly articulated learning objectives can help you develop activities that support learning and assessments that accurately measure student learning.

When thinking about AI chatbots and how they impact writing, you might ask yourself, “What are the underlying learning objectives being addressed through writing?” Instructors may assign writing tasks to assess how students engage with content. In the past, teachers could assume with good reason that a student producing coherent writing must have engaged with the content to generate writing that makes sense. However, we might also question this assumption about the automatic connection between coherent writing and deep engagement. The advent of generative AI has certainly exacerbated this.

Do you ask your students to write to demonstrate and reinforce content knowledge? Do they write to analyze and critique a position? Do they write to formulate arguments and cite evidence? Do they write as a form of creative expression? When you think about the available options, you can likely develop many ways for students to learn and demonstrate these skills with or without writing. Ultimately, honing in on the underlying learning objectives can help you integrate generative AI tools into an assignment.

Students can benefit from understanding how AI works and the educational opportunities and challenges that it presents. Consider offering the content in the modules in this guide to your students as supplemental reading or as part of a class activity.

Strategies for implementing AI into activities and assignments

As you think through how you might address or integrate AI tools in an assessment activity or assignment, we encourage you to consider a range of possibilities related to the specific aims of your course and the needs of your students. Here we offer a variety of pedagogical strategies for you to consider. We present these strategies in the context of students using AI chatbots, but they also apply to contexts without AI. Remember why your assignment is meaningful in relation to your learning objectives to help you select appropriate strategies.

Leverage multiple modalities

Consider ways to diversify when and where you assess student learning and the formats students use to express what they’ve learned.

Use more in-class assignments

Strategies like the flipped classroom model assign lecture content as homework and use the in-class time for learning activities (Lage et al., 2000). You can use this in-class time to integrate more low-stakes assessment activities during which you can better guide students toward using AI in ways that support learning.

Multiple modes of expression

Students may differ in how they can best articulate what they know. Using multiple modalities of expression, such as having students complete assignments that require speaking or graphic representations instead of only written text, stands out as an established strategy within the Universal Design for Learning framework that could apply here. While chatbots primarily generate written text, other AI tools can generate music, graphics, and video. You can thus create assessment activities that integrate multiple modalities at once.

For example, if you are assessing students’ understanding of cultural exchange in the ancient world, students might create a mind map or timeline to visually represent important trends, events, or concepts covered in the assigned readings. AI might then be used to generate images of artifacts, portraits, or cityscapes based on historical descriptions.

Make grading practices clear

Consider ways to clarify for students how they are being graded and what is expected of them.

Require robust citation

Have students learn about and adopt more robust citation practices, especially if they use AI tools for writing. You might begin with conversations about what plagiarism entails and why ethics matter in higher education and your discipline. Then connect students to resources on citation and documentation .

If you and your students decide to use AI tools, you can find style guidelines about citing AI-generated text for APA style and MLA style . These guidelines advise writers to cite the AI tool whenever they paraphrase, quote, or incorporate AI-generated content, acknowledge how they used the tool (for brainstorming, editing, and so on), and vet secondary sources generated by AI. For example, students could include citations for AI in the Works Cited section of their work and also include a statement describing why and how they used AI chatbots.

Establish and communicate clear assessment criteria

Try to bring assessment activities, learning objectives, and evaluation criteria into alignment. For example, if your objectives and assessments center around students proposing a solution to an open-ended problem, then the evaluation criteria might touch upon the feasibility, impact, or comprehensiveness of the proposed solutions. The criteria can vary a lot depending on your content and course, but your students benefit when you communicate these criteria and the purpose and reasoning behind them (Allen & Tanner, 2006).

For example, when integrating AI chatbots into a writing task for students, you might put more weight on the quality of their ideas and the validity of cited sources and less weight on structure, grammar, and word choice. You might then create a rubric that you discuss with students in advance so they have a clear understanding of what will guide you in assessing their work.

Assess learning throughout the course

Consider ways to assess student learning throughout your course as opposed to assessing mostly at the end of the course.

Emphasize the process

You may be able to more effectively assess student learning during the different stages of the process as opposed to assessing learning based on their finished work (Xu, Shen, Islam, et al., 2023). Whether or not students use AI tools, they can benefit from segmenting a large project into smaller components with multiple opportunities for feedback and revision. Also, consider how you might adjust grading criteria or grade weights to put more emphasis on the process.

For some steps in the thinking process, such as brainstorming ideas, formulating a position, and outlining a solution, allowing students to use AI tools might benefit their process. For example, you might have students begin with low-stakes free-writing, such as brainstorming, then use AI chatbots to explore possible areas for further investigation based on the ideas students generate through their exploratory writing. Students might then critique and revise the AI-generated ideas into an outline.

Leverage formative feedback

Teachers provide formative feedback to students throughout the learning process to stimulate growth and improvement. Formative feedback can help students identify misunderstandings, reinforce desirable practices, and sustain motivation (Wylie et al., 2012). You and the teaching team might provide feedback directly to students or you might facilitate students giving feedback to each other. You might then assess how students follow up on feedback they receive.

You can use AI tools to inform your feedback to students or generate feedback directly for students. AI tools could provide instant, individualized feedback efficiently and frequently, supplementing the feedback provided by your teaching team. For example, you might share your existing assignment, rubric, and sample feedback with the chatbot and give it instructions on when and how to give feedback. Importantly, you should review feedback generated by chatbots for accuracy and relevance. Refine and save the prompts that work best. You might later share the prompts you’ve developed with students so they may use them to generate feedback themselves.

Make assignments more meaningful

Consider how you might make your assignments more relatable and meaningful to your students.

Personalize assessments

When done thoughtfully, connecting assessments to the personal experiences, identities, and concerns of students and their communities can help to motivate and deepen learning (France, 2022). You might also connect assignments to contexts specific to Stanford, your course, or your specific group of students.

With AI, you or your students might generate practice questions on topics that came up during a specific class discussion or generate analogies for complex concepts based on their interests and backgrounds. You might ground an assessment activity in local contexts, such as having your engineering students propose a plan to improve Lake Lagunita.

Use real-world assessment tasks

Assignments that leverage real-world problems, stakeholders, and communities that students are likely to engage with in their work lives can be motivational and valid ways of evaluating a student’s skills and knowledge (Sambell et al., 2019).

For example, students might work with real (or AI-simulated) business or community partners to develop a prototype product or policy brief. Students might have more time to work with those stakeholders and refine their proposal concepts if they can use AI tools to assist with time-consuming tasks, such as summarizing interview transcripts, writing a project pitch statement, or generating concept images.

AI itself might provide a relevant topic of study for your course. For example, you might examine AI as part of a discussion in a course about copyright and intellectual property law. Or you might analyze AI companies such OpenAI or Anthropic as case studies in a business course.

Assess more advanced learning

Consider ways you might assess more advanced or wider-ranging learning goals and objectives.

Emphasize metacognitive reflection

Metacognitive reflection activities, where students think about what and how they learn, can help students improve their learning (Velzen, 2017). You might use polls, discussion activities, or short writing exercises through which students identify what they already know about the topic, what they learned, what questions remain, and what learning strategies they might use for studying.

AI chatbots can help guide the reflection process like this reflection tool being developed by Leticia Britos Cavagnaro at Stanford d.school . Or perhaps students complete some activities with AI, then reflect on how it benefits or hinders their learning, and what strategies they might use to best leverage AI for learning.

Prioritize higher-order thinking

While students should develop mastery over foundational skills such as understanding concepts, identifying key characteristics, and recalling important information, practicing higher-order thinking skills, such as solving complex problems, creating original works, or planning a project, can deepen learning. For example, you might frame student essays as a defense of their views rather than a simple presentation of content knowledge. You might adjust assessment criteria to prioritize creativity or applying skills to new contexts.

Prioritizing higher-order thinking can encourage students to use AI tools to go beyond simply generating answers to engaging deeply with AI chatbots to generate sophisticated responses. Students could conduct preliminary research to find reliable sources that verify or refute the claims made by the AI chatbots. AI chatbots might then generate feedback, provide prompts for further reflection, or simulate new contexts.

Putting it all together

Here we offer a practical example: first, a typical assignment as usually designed, and then how you could enhance the assignment with some strategies that integrate AI chatbots.

When thinking about your course, start with small changes to one assignment and steadily expand upon them. Try to use AI chatbots for your other work tasks to build your fluency. Talk with students and colleagues about how the changes to your course work out concerning student engagement and learning. When integrating AI into an existing assignment, begin with an assignment that already has clearly defined learning objectives and rationale. Begin by using AI or other technology to supplement existing parts of the process of completing the assignment.

More examples of AI assignments

• AI Pedagogy Project from metaLAB (at) Harvard
• Exploring AI Pedagogy from the MLA-CCCC Joint Task Force on Writing and AI
• TextGenEd: Continuing Experiments, January 2024 Collection from WAC Clearinghouse

Example of an assignment without AI

Currently, your students in an epidemiology course write essays summarizing the key concepts of an academic article about the socio-determinants of diabetes . This assessment activity has meaning because it focuses on a foundational concept students need to understand for later public health and epidemiology courses. The learning objective asks students to describe why socio-economic status is a strong predictor for certain diseases. Students write a five-page essay about a disease that can be predicted by socio-economic status including at least three additional citations. Students complete the essay, which counts for 30% of the final grade, before the final exam.

An example of an assignment that integrates AI

Using some of the strategies in the above sections, you might redesign this assignment to integrate the use of AI chatbots. Keep in mind that you would likely make small changes to a major assignment over multiple quarters. Consider some of the ideas below.

A meaningful assignment

The redesigned assessment activity carries more meaning to students because they might have personal experience of some communities adversely affected by these kinds of diseases, and public health issues like this intersect with other social injustices that students have expressed concern about.

Learning objectives

The objectives of the assessment activity include that students will be able to:

• Describe how this disease affects particular communities or demographics
• Explain the difference between correlation and causality regarding socioeconomic status and the disease
• Propose a public health intervention that could help to address this issue

Assignment elements with AI

Students generate explanations of medical terminology in the selected articles to aid with reading comprehension. They generate several analogies for the core concept that apply to their own life experiences and communities. Students share these analogies in a Canvas forum graded for participation. Instructors provide general feedback in class.

Informed by the article, students then prompt a chatbot with biographical stories for two fictional characters from communities they care about incorporating differing socio-economic factors. Then they guide the chatbot in generating a dialogue or short story that illustrates how the two characters could have different health outcomes that might correlate with their socio-economic status. Students might use AI image generators for illustrations to accompany their stories. Students submit the work via Canvas for evaluation; the teacher shares exemplars in class.

Using an AI chatbot prompt provided by the instructor, students explore possible ideas for public health interventions. The provided prompt instructs the chatbot only to help students develop their ideas rather than suggesting solutions to them. With the aid of the chatbot, the students develop a public health intervention proposal.

Assignment elements without AI

Students discuss the differences between correlation and causation, critically analyze the generated characters and stories, and address any biases and stereotypes that surfaced during the activity. You facilitate the discussion with prompts and guidelines you developed with the aid of AI chatbots. Students write an in-class metacognitive reflection that you provide feedback on and grade for completion.

Students draw posters that summarize their proposed intervention. They critique and defend their proposals in a classroom poster session. Students complete a peer evaluation form for classmates. You evaluate the posters and their defenses with a grading rubric that you developed with the aid of an AI chatbot.

Students write an in-class reflection on their projects summarizing what they have learned over the length of the project, how the activities aided their learning, and so on. This is submitted to Canvas for grading and evaluation.

Student-centered perspective on using AI for learning

When thinking about integrating generative AI into a course assignment for students, we should consider some underlying attitudes that we, the authors, hold as educators, informed by our understanding of educational research on how people learn best. They also align with our values of inclusion, compassion, and student-centered teaching. When thinking through ways to integrate AI into a student assignment, keep the following perspectives in mind.

AI is new to students too

Like many of us, students likely have a wide range of responses to AI. Students may feel excited about how AI can enhance their learning and look for opportunities to engage with it in their classes. They may have questions about course policies related to AI use, concerns about how AI impacts their discipline or career goals, and so on. You can play a valuable role in modeling thoughtful use of AI tools and helping students navigate the complex landscape of AI.

Work with students, not against them

You and your students can work together to navigate these opportunities and challenges. Solicit their perspectives and thoughts about AI. Empower students to have agency over their learning and to think about AI and other technologies they use. Teaching and learning are interconnected and work best in partnership. Approach changes to your teaching and course to empower all students as literate, responsible, independent, and thoughtful technology users.

Look at AI and students in a positive light

Education as a discipline has repeatedly integrated new technologies that may have seemed disruptive at first. Educators and students typically grapple with new technology as they determine how to best leverage its advantages and mitigate its disadvantages. We encourage you to maintain a positive view of student intentions and the potential of AI tools to enhance learning. As we collectively discover and develop effective practices, we encourage you to maintain a positive and hopeful outlook. We should try to avoid assuming that most students would use generative AI in dishonest ways or as a shortcut to doing course assignments just because some students might behave this way.

Assess and reinforce your learning

We offer this activity for you to self-assess and reflect on what you learned in this module.

Stanford affiliates

• Go to the Stanford-only version of this activity
• Use your Stanford-provided Google account to respond.
• You have the option of receiving an email summary of your responses.
• After submitting your responses, you will have the option to view the anonymized responses of other Stanford community members by clicking Show previous responses .

Non-Stanford users

• Complete the activity embedded below.
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Works Cited

Allen, D., and Tanner, K. (2006). Rubrics: Tools for Making Learning Goals and Evaluation Criteria Explicit for Both Teachers and Learners. CBE - Life Sciences Education. 5(3): 197-203.

Ashford-Rowe, K., Herrington, J., & Brown, C. (2014). Establishing the critical elements that determine authentic assessment. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2013.819566&nbsp ;

Bijlsma-Rutte, A., Rutters, F., Elders, P. J. M., Bot, S. D. M., & Nijpels, G. (2018). Socio-economic status and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 34(6), e3008. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3008&nbsp ;

CAST. (n.d.). UDL: The UDL Guidelines. Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://udlguidelines.cast.org/&nbsp ;

Exploring AI Pedagogy. (n.d.). A Community Collection of Teaching Reflections. Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://exploringaipedagogy.hcommons.org/&nbsp ;

France, P. E. (2022). Reclaiming Personalized Learning: A Pedagogy for Restoring Equity and Humanity in Our Classrooms (2nd ed.). Corwin.

Headden, S., & McKay, S. (2015). Motivation Matters: How New Research Can Help Teachers Boost Student Engagement. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED582567&nbsp ;

Hume Center for Writing and Speaking. (n.d.). Documentation and Citation. Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://hume.stanford.edu/resources/student-resources/writing-resources… ;

Lage, M. J., Platt, G. J., & Treglia, M. T. (2000). Inverting the Classroom: A gateway to creating an inclusive learning environment. Journal of Economic Education, 31(1), 30-43.

metaLAB (at) Harvard. (n.d.). The AI Pedagogy Project. Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://aipedagogy.org/&nbsp ;

MLA Style Center. (2023, March 17). How do I cite generative AI in MLA style? https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/&nbsp ;

Office of Community Standards. (n.d.). What Is Plagiarism? Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://communitystandards.stanford.edu/policies-guidance/bja-guidance-… ;

Sambell, K., Brown, S., & Race, P. (2019). Assessment to Support Student Learning: Eight Challenges for 21st Century Practice. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education, 11(2), Article 2. https://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/414&nbsp ;

The WAC Clearinghouse. (n.d.). January 2024. Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://wac.colostate.edu/repository/collections/continuing-experiments… ;

U-M Generative AI. (n.d.). Course and Assignment (Re-)Design. Retrieved January 22, 2024, from https://genai.umich.edu/guidance/faculty/redesigning-assessments&nbsp ;

Van Velzen, J. (2017). Metacognitive Knowledge: Development, Application, and Improvement. Information Age Publishing. https://content.infoagepub.com/files/fm/p599a21e816eb6/9781641130240_FM… . ISBN 9781641130226. 

Wylie, E. C., Gullickson, A. R., Cummings, K. E., Egelson, P., Noakes, L. A., Norman, K. M., Veeder, S. A., ... Popham, W. J. (2012). Improving Formative Assessment Practice to Empower Student Learning. Corwin Press.

Xu, X., Shen, W., Islam, A. A., et al. (2023). A whole learning process-oriented formative assessment framework to cultivate complex skills. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, 653. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02200-0  

Yee, K., Whittington, K., Doggette, E., & Uttich, L. (2023). ChatGPT Assignments to Use in Your Classroom Today. UCF Created OER Works, (8). Retrieved from https://stars.library.ucf.edu/oer/8  

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We hope that you found these modules useful and engaging, and are better able to address AI chatbots in your teaching practice. Please continue to engage by joining or starting dialogues about AI within your communities. You might also take advantage of our peers across campus who are developing resources on this topic.

• Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence
• Accelerator for Learning
• Office of Innovation and Technology , Graduate School of Education

We are continuing to develop more resources and learning experiences for the Teaching Commons on this and other topics. We'd love to get your feedback and are looking for collaborators. We invite you to join the Teaching Commons team .

Learning together with others can deepen the learning experience. We encourage you to organize your colleagues to complete these modules together or facilitate a workshop using our Do-it-yourself Workshop Kits on AI in education. Consider how you might adapt, remix, or enhance these resources for your needs. 

If you have any questions, contact us at [email protected] . This guide is licensed under  Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 (attribution, non-commercial, share-alike) and should be attributed to Stanford Teaching Commons.

Benefits of Computer for Students: Learn Benefits, Advantages for Students and Conclusion

                  In this digital age, computers have become an integral part of our lives, revolutionizing the way we learn, communicate , and work. For students, computers offer a plethora of benefits that can enhance their educational journey and equip them with essential skills for the future. From exploring diverse perspectives to connecting with experts worldwide, let’s delve into the micro-level benefits of computer for students in this article.

Benefits of Computers for Students Impacting their Lives

The Benefits of Computers for Students are as follows:

Students Can Explore Diverse Perspectives from Computers on Various Subjects

                  With computers, students have access to a vast amount of information and resources from around the globe. The internet serves as a gateway to knowledge, enabling students to explore diverse perspectives on various subjects. They can delve into different cultures, historical events, scientific discoveries, and much more, expanding their horizons and broadening their understanding of the world.

Students Deepen their Knowledge & Understanding with Computers

                  Computers provide students with a wealth of educational tools and software that facilitate active learning. Interactive multimedia content, simulations, and virtual experiments enable students to deepen their knowledge and understanding of complex concepts. Through engaging visuals and interactive activities, students can grasp abstract ideas more effectively, making their learning experience more enjoyable and impactful.

Different types of computer for students

          There are a few common types of computers that are well-suited for students. Choosing the right computer depends on the age of the student, budget and specific needs. Here are some top options:

          Laptops offer portability so students can learn anywhere and take them to classes for note taking. Models like Chromebooks are affordable options optimized for education. Premium laptops work well for high school students learning more advanced design and technology skills.

Desktop Computers

         Desktops provide power and versatility for a computer lab or at home learning station. Adding a large external Monitor can make projects like design work easier. All-in-one desktops save space while providing ample computing power.

          Tablets are great for younger students as they provide an intuitive, hands-on learning experience. Educational apps make learning interactive and fun. Older students use tablets for note taking, reading, artistic creation and light computing on the go.

2-in-1 Laptop/Tablet Hybrids

         For students wanting maximum flexibility, 2-in-1 devices function as both a tablet and laptop. Students can use the touchscreen tablet mode for creative work, researching or reading. Then switch to the laptop mode for writing papers or other productivity tasks.

Gaming Computers/Consoles

          Gaming computers and consoles engage students in interactive educational games and programming. Creating games themselves teaches computer science and coding skills which are extremely valuable. Desktops with advanced graphics capabilities handle gaming and design work.

Engage with Educational Content through Multimedia Support

          One major benefit of computers for students is the ability to engage with educational content in new interactive ways through text, images, video and audio. This multimedia approach corresponds better to different learning styles and keeps students more immersed and interested in the material.

          Educational games and software provide interactive lessons that reinforce concepts through fun activities and challenges. Programs can adapt the difficulty and questions based on the student’s level to optimize learning. Seeing, listening and interacting with material engages more of the brain compared to just reading a textbook.

         Videos are a powerful learning tool on computers. Students can watch engaging educational videos that explain concepts clearly through animations, real-world examples and on-screen text. Being able to replay videos aids comprehension. Videos also allow students to observe processes that would be hard to see in real life, like cells dividing under a microscope.

          Digital textbooks include multimedia features like animations, audio narration, interactive images and built-in quizzes. This adds an engaging layer that goes beyond static words on a page. Illustrations, charts and graphics in digital textbooks promote visual learning. The ability to highlight, bookmark and take notes directly in e-textbooks is also helpful for study.

           Educational podcasts allow students to learn while on the go. They can listen to podcasts on topics they are interested in during a commute or exercise. Hearing explanations and stories told through audio podcasts provides learning variety. Students who struggle with reading comprehension can benefit greatly from learning through podcasts.

          Computers allow for so many more diverse, interactive ways for students to engage with educational content. This caters to different learning styles like visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning. Technology empowers students to take control of how they access information for deeper engagement.

Introduction to Various Learning Software & Platforms

           Another major advantage computers provide students is access to a vast range of educational software, online platforms and digital learning tools. These resources open up many new opportunities for learning that go beyond the confines of a traditional classroom.

           Learning apps for subjects like math, science, history and languages immerse students in interactive games and activities that reinforce skills in a fun way. Many apps adapt the difficulty level based on the student’s ability for more customized learning. Educational apps make practicing skills and assessing knowledge more enjoyable.

           Digital textbooks and e-learning platforms like Khan Academy offer students multimedia textbook material, instructional videos and adaptive lessons online. This allows students to learn at their own pace and receive extra help on topics they are struggling with through additional videos and practice.

          Online courses open up a world of learning for students to deepen their knowledge on topics that interest them. Platforms like Udemy and edX offer online courses on programming, design, business and more, often for free or low cost. This facilitates self-directed learning beyond the school curriculum.

          Computer programming and coding teaches vital problem solving and critical thinking skills. Websites like Codecademy make coding fun and accessible for students to learn coding languages like HTML, JavaScript and Python through interactive lessons. Coding helps cultivate logic, creativity and perseverance.

          3D virtual simulations immerse students in realistic environments related to what they are learning, like exploring the human body in biology or solar systems in astronomy. These software programs enable students to actively engage rather than just reading descriptions in a textbook.

          Computers give students options to learn in the way that works best for them. With so many educational resources now digital, computers are essential for students to take advantage of all the knowledge available to them.

Expression of Creativity through Computer Tools

          Computers provide students with a wide array of programs and tools that allow them to express creativity and develop vital skills in design, digital arts, photography, music production and more. Computing empowers students creatively in ways not possible with traditional mediums.

          Digital design tools like Canva allow students to create beautiful graphic designs, posters, invitations and visual projects. This helps cultivate visual communication abilities and graphic design skills that are useful in school and future careers. Students can bring their ideas to life.

         Photo editing software enables students to manipulate and enhance photos through effects, filters, text overlays and more. Learning good photographic composition and how to improve photos teaches visual design principles and digital art skills. Fun school projects can be created.

          Making music on computers has many educational benefits for students to explore sound, beats, song structure and melodies. Open-ended music creation tools like Soundation Studio are easy for students to produce their own songs or podcasts.

          Coding also stimulates immense creativity as students use computer programming languages to make games, animations, simulations, apps and websites from their imagination. Coding teaches how technology works while allowing creative expression.

         Video editing software allows students to piece together video clips, filters, effects, text and music to create engaging short films and video projects. Students gain valuable skills in visual storytelling, communication and team collaboration.

        Computing gives students artistic, interactive mediums to express themselves. Creating projects, designs, music, films and more unlocks vital skills and talent students may not have discovered otherwise. Computers empower student creativity.

Computers with connectivity Provide them online educational courses which students can access.

         The internet provides students with a gateway to take online courses on an incredibly wide variety of topics beyond what is covered in the classroom. Online education opens up new opportunities for self-directed learning and personal growth.

         MOOCs or Massive Open Online Courses are course platforms like Coursera, edX and Udemy that offer thousands of online courses from top universities on topics like programming, business, design, language learning and more. Most courses are affordable or even free.

Students can take online courses to:

• Learn new professional skills like coding, marketing, graphic design and more
• Deepen their understanding of a subject they are passionate about
• Gain knowledge and skills not taught in their school curriculum
• Prepare for college or career goals
• Experience taking a course from a top university around the world

          Online education allows students to shape their own learning path and pursue subjects they are intrinsically motivated to learn. It facilitates continuous, lifelong learning. Students can build knowledge at their own pace around responsibilities.

         The ability to replay video lectures and revisit course materials as needed caters to different learning speeds. Discussion forums enable collaboration and connecting with students from around the world. Certificates can be earned to showcase completed courses.

          With the incredible wealth of affordable online education resources now available, students can supplement their school learning with specialized knowledge that gives them an edge. Self-directed online learning teaches time management, self-discipline and taking initiative as well.

Connect, Communicate & Collaborate with Experts Worldwide

                  One of the significant benefits of computer for students is the ability to connect, communicate, and collaborate with experts from various fields, regardless of geographical barriers. Through video conferences, emails, and online platforms, students can interact with renowned professionals, educators, and researchers, seeking guidance, mentorship, and insights. This invaluable opportunity nurtures their intellectual curiosity, fosters personal growth, and opens doors to exciting possibilities.

Use Word Processors & Spreadsheets to Enhance Efficiency

                  Computers equipped with word processors and spreadsheet software empower students to become more efficient in their academic pursuits. Writing assignments, creating presentations, and organizing data becomes streamlined and less time-consuming.

                  The ability to edit, format, and proofread documents effortlessly enables students to focus on the content and presentation of their work, fostering critical thinking and effective communication skills.

                  Computers with multimedia support offer students immersive learning experiences. Educational videos, interactive animations, and engaging presentations capture students’ attention and cater to various learning styles. Visual and auditory aids facilitate comprehension, retention, and recall of information, making complex topics more accessible and enjoyable.

                  By having access to computers, students are introduced to a wide range of learning software and platforms. These tools are designed to enhance their academic performance and promote independent learning. Whether it’s language learning apps, coding platforms, or virtual tutoring sessions, students can explore different methodologies and discover personalized learning approaches that suit their needs and preferences.

                  Computers provide students with an array of creative tools, such as media editing software, to express their artistic and interactive behaviors. Students can develop their creativity by designing graphics, editing videos, composing music, and creating digital artwork. These opportunities encourage innovation, self-expression, and the development of critical skills relevant to the digital era.

Access to Online Educational Courses

                  In benefits of computer for students, the most significant benefit would be Computers with connectivity enable students to access a wide range of online educational courses. Whether it’s pursuing an additional subject of interest or acquiring new skills beyond the classroom curriculum, online courses offer flexibility and self-paced learning. Students can explore diverse fields, gain expertise, and broaden their knowledge horizons with the convenience of their computer screens.

Acquisition of Valuable Skills for Today’s Job Market

                  In addition to academic benefits, computers equip students with valuable skills that are in high demand in today’s job market. Proficiency in computer literacy, digital communication, problem-solving, and critical thinking prepares students for the challenges of the modern workplace. The ability to adapt to new technologies and work collaboratively in virtual environments enhances their employability prospects and sets them apart from their peers.

Now, understanding this concept is simple and entertaining for Hasons. Using the Hason website you can always stay one step ahead in your job, business, or studies by purchasing New Age Desktops and All in One Desktops , i3 Intel Core Processor Desktop starting from 15000/ -. Monitors, CPUs, and Gaming Desktop are also available. Register on Hasons and order your Tech Partner Now. Get exciting offeNrs and benefits on your every purchase. Contact us so our support team can guide you in purchasing the right Tech Partner.   I5 8gb RAM 1tb HDD Gen 10400/Chipset Series H410 (Windows 10 Pro/1TB HDD/DDR4-8GB /Wired Keyboard, Mouse/ Black), Screen 21.5 SHOP NOW a.pencisc-button.pencisc-button__2330303:hover{ background-color:#FFA500 !important;border-color:#FFA500 !important;}

Advantages of Computers for Students

The Advantages of Computers for Students are as follows:

Access to Every Information

                  Computers provide students with a gateway to a vast amount of information. With just a few clicks, students can access a wide range of online resources, research materials, academic journals, and educational websites. This unrestricted access allows students to delve deeper into their subjects of interest, gather relevant information, and stay updated with the latest developments in various fields.

Increased Learning Opportunities

                  Computers have significantly expanded learning opportunities for students. Online courses, virtual classrooms, and educational platforms offer a diverse range of subjects and courses beyond what traditional classrooms can provide. Students can explore niche topics, enroll in specialized programs, and learn at their own pace. This flexibility allows them to pursue their passions and develop a well-rounded educational experience.

Boosted Efficiency in Students

                  Computers streamline various academic tasks and enhance student efficiency. From word processing software for writing assignments to educational apps that aid in problem-solving, computers provide tools that help students organize, manage, and complete their tasks more efficiently.

                  The ability to access information quickly, collaborate digitally, and automate certain processes saves time and allows students to focus more on learning and understanding.

Proper Interaction with Anyone in the World

                  Through computers, students can interact and communicate with individuals from different parts of the world. Social media platforms, online forums, and video conferencing tools enable students to engage in discussions, exchange ideas, and collaborate with peers, experts, and educators from diverse backgrounds. This global interaction broadens their perspectives, exposes them to different cultures, and fosters cross-cultural understanding.

Opportunities for Remote Learning

                  Computers have opened up opportunities for remote Learning , particularly during times of unforeseen circumstances or geographical constraints. Students can access virtual classrooms, online lectures, and educational resources from anywhere, breaking down barriers of distance and providing equal educational opportunities. Remote learning allows students to maintain continuity in their education and adapt to changing circumstances seamlessly.

Access to Unleash Creativity for Students

                  Computers provide students with a wide range of creative tools and software. Graphic design programs, video editing software, and digital art applications enable students to express their creativity and explore their artistic talents. Through multimedia projects, presentations, and digital storytelling, students can develop innovative and visually engaging projects that showcase their imagination and creativity.

Development of Essential Skills and Career Readiness

                  Computers play a crucial role in developing essential skills that are highly sought after in today’s job market. Proficiency in computer literacy, digital communication, data analysis, and problem-solving cultivates skills that are essential for future careers. Students who are well-versed in using computers and technology are better prepared to adapt to the ever-evolving job market and thrive in various professional fields. Here are some benefits of computer for students

Unleash the Benefits of Hasons All in One Desktop for Students

The Advantages of Hasons All in One Desktops for Students are as follows:

512 SSD & 1 TB HDD for Low Power Consumption and Faster Loading Time   

                  The Hasons All-in-One Desktop comes equipped with a SSD 512GB (Solid State Drive) and a 1TB HDD (Hard Disk Drive). The SSD provides faster data access and significantly reduces loading times for applications and files. Additionally, the combination of SSD and HDD allows for efficient power consumption. And enabling students to maximize battery life and work seamlessly without interruptions.

16GB RAM for Enhanced Smooth Multitasking

                  With 16GB RAM, the Hasons All-in-One Desktop offers ample memory to support smooth multitasking. As the coming generation leans towards multitasking. This desktop ensures that students can seamlessly switch between various applications. Run resource-intensive software, and handle complex tasks without experiencing lag or slowdowns. It enhances productivity and allows students to efficiently manage their workloads.

i5 10400 Locked Core 6 Processor for Ambitious Students

                  The Hasons All-in-One Desktop features the rare and limited edition i5 10400 locked core 6 processor. This powerful processor provides high-speed performance and exceptional processing capabilities. It is ideal for students who have ambitious academic goals, need to run demanding software. Also engage in resource-intensive tasks such as coding, graphic design, or video editing. The processor ensures smooth and efficient performance, enhancing productivity and enabling students to pursue their dreams.

Windows 10 Pro with DDR4 Memory Technology

                  The Hasons All-in-One Desktop comes pre-installed with Windows 10 Pro, a robust operating system that offers a secure and user-friendly computing experience. Windows 10 Pro provides advanced features and enhanced security measures. Ensuring that students can focus on their work without worrying about system vulnerabilities. Additionally, DDR4 memory technology enhances overall system performance, allowing students to work seamlessly and efficiently.

Connectivity Options including WiFi and Bluetooth

                  The Hasons All-in-One Desktop offers versatile connectivity options, including built-in WiFi and Bluetooth capabilities. This enables students to connect to the internet wirelessly, access online resources, collaborate with peers. Also stay connected with the digital world. The availability of Bluetooth allows for seamless connection with external devices such as speakers, headphones, and smartphones, enhancing the overall user experience.

23.8-Inch HD-FD Display Type with Inbuilt PC and Wall Mount Option

                  The Hasons All-in-One Desktop features a 23.8-inch HD-FD (High Definition Flat Display) screen. This display type ensures vibrant colors, sharp visuals, and an immersive viewing experience, enhancing students’ engagement with educational content. The all-in-one design integrates the PC components into the monitor, saving space and providing a clutter-free workspace. Additionally, the wall mount option offers flexibility, allowing students to optimize their desk space and position the desktop conveniently.

Conclusion of Benefits of Computers for Students

                  The Hasons All-in-One Desktop offers a range of benefits for students. From faster loading times and low power consumption to enhanced multitasking capabilities and powerful processors, this desktop provides the tools and performance needed for academic success. With the inclusion of Windows 10 Pro, versatile connectivity options, and a high-quality display. Students can enjoy a seamless and productive computing experience. The Hasons All-in-One Desktop is designed to meet the needs of ambitious students who strive for excellence and aspire to make the most of their educational journey. If you’re a student looking to enhance your educational experience and unlock your potential, consider the Benefits of using Hasons All-in-One Desktop. With its powerful features and advanced technology, it can be a valuable companion throughout your academic journey. Hope you’ve got value-adding information on Benefits of computer for students. Contact us for more such informative content.

Benefits of computer for Student

• How do computers benefit students in terms of learning? Computers benefit students by providing interactive educational resources, multimedia learning content that caters to different learning styles, and access to online courses, adaptive learning programs and an endless amount of knowledge through the internet. This expands learning beyond the classroom.
• Can computers help improve students' organizational skills? Yes, programs like calendars, cloud storage, project management platforms and word processors help students stay organized by keeping track of assignments, creating outlines, collaborating with peers, and structuring papers. Developing these organizational skills early helps students work more efficiently.
• How do computers facilitate communication and collaboration among students? Students can use email, instant messaging, video conferencing apps and online document sharing platforms to communicate and collaborate on group projects and classwork. This builds teamwork, communication and peer-to-peer learning skills.
• Do computers promote creativity among students? Yes, the array of design, photo/video editing, music production, game development, and coding software on computers provides creative tools and mediums for students to create original projects and content. This helps unlock creative skills and self-expression.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers Based Learning

Imagine a world where learning is just a click away. With computers-based learning, you have the power to explore a vast realm of knowledge and expand your horizons.

This method offers numerous advantages, such as increased engagement, customized learning experiences, and access to a plethora of resources. Collaboration becomes seamless, allowing you to connect and learn from others effortlessly.

However, like any tool, computers-based learning also has its disadvantages. You might become overly dependent on technology, limiting your hands-on experience. Additionally, there is a potential for isolation as face-to-face interactions decrease.

In this article, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of computers based learning, enabling you to make informed decisions about your educational journey.

Advantages of Computers Based Learning

Computer-based learning, also known as computer-assisted learning, offers various advantages that have transformed the education and corporate training landscape.

This approach utilizes computers to deliver educational content, providing learners with greater control over their learning process and offering a wide range of benefits. Some of the key advantages of computer-based learning include:

1. Increased Student Engagement

Using computers for learning increases your engagement with the material and encourages active participation.

The interactive nature of computer-based learning can boost your motivation to learn, as it provides a more engaging and stimulating experience compared to traditional methods.

This increased motivation, in turn, can lead to improved academic performance.

With the use of computers, you can actively interact with the content, complete interactive exercises, and receive immediate feedback, enhancing your overall learning experience.

2. Customized Learning Experiences

Computers offer the advantage of providing you with customized learning experiences. With customized learning, you can receive individualized instruction that caters to your specific needs and learning style. This personalized approach allows you to learn at your own pace, focusing on areas where you need more practice or challenges.

3. Access to Vast Resources

With customized learning experiences, you gain access to vast resources that can enhance your learning journey.

Through online research, you can explore a wide range of information on any subject, expanding your knowledge beyond what’s covered in traditional classrooms.

Additionally, educational videos provide visual and interactive learning opportunities, making complex concepts easier to understand.

These resources allow you to delve deeper into topics of interest and learn at your own pace, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

4. Enhanced Collaboration Opportunities

Collaborative opportunities are enhanced in computer-based learning, allowing you to actively engage with peers to deepen your understanding and exchange ideas.

With increased collaboration, you can work together on projects and assignments, leveraging different perspectives and skills.

Online platforms enable improved communication, facilitating real-time discussions, file sharing, and feedback.

Through interactive features such as discussion boards and virtual classrooms, you can connect with classmates from different locations, fostering a diverse and enriching learning environment.

5. Improved Information Retention

How can computer-based learning improve your information retention?

By engaging in computer-based learning, you can enhance your information processing abilities and cognitive development. Through interactive multimedia, simulations, and quizzes, computers offer a dynamic learning environment that promotes active engagement and deep understanding.

The visual and auditory stimuli provided by computer-based learning also aid in memory recall. Furthermore, immediate feedback and personalized learning experiences enable you to reinforce and consolidate your newfound knowledge, resulting in improved information retention.

6. Real-Time Feedback and Assessment

You will receive immediate feedback and assessment in real-time when engaging in computer-based learning.

This real-time assessment has numerous benefits, including the ability to identify areas of weakness or misunderstanding immediately.

With instant feedback, you can address any misconceptions or gaps in your understanding right away, allowing for quicker learning and improvement.

Additionally, real-time assessment allows for personalized learning experiences, as the computer can adapt the content and pace based on your performance.

7. Flexibility in Learning Schedule

One advantage of computer-based learning is that it offers you the flexibility to create your own schedule. With online classes and self-paced learning, you can decide when and where you want to study. This means that you can fit your learning around your other commitments and responsibilities.

Whether you prefer to study early in the morning or late at night, computer-based learning allows you to customize your learning schedule to suit your needs.

Disadvantages of Computers Based Learning

Computer-based learning (CBL) has become increasingly popular in recent years, offering numerous advantages such as flexibility, accessibility, and the ability to connect with learners across vast distances.

However, despite its many benefits, CBL also presents several disadvantages that cannot be overlooked. We will discuss the disadvantages of computer-based learning.

1. Limited Human Interaction

A major drawback of computer-based learning is that it limits your opportunities for human interaction. Interpersonal skills and social development are crucial in our personal and professional lives, and computer-based learning may not provide the same level of interaction as traditional classroom settings.

Building relationships, collaborating with peers, and engaging in discussions are all aspects of learning that can be hindered by the absence of human interaction in computer-based learning environments.

2. Technical Issues and Glitches

You may encounter technical issues and glitches when engaging in computer-based learning. These issues can include problems with software compatibility and the need for technical support.

When using different software programs or platforms for learning, there’s always a chance that they may not work well together. This can lead to frustrating technical glitches that hinder your learning experience.

It’s important to have access to reliable technical support to help troubleshoot and resolve any issues that may arise.

3. Potential Distraction Factor

One potential distraction factor of computer-based learning is the presence of numerous online distractions. With the internet at your fingertips, it’s easy to fall into the temptation of checking social media, browsing websites, or watching videos instead of focusing on your learning tasks.

Distraction management becomes crucial in this context. It’s important to develop strategies to minimize distractions, such as setting specific study times, using website blockers, or incorporating alternative learning methods that don’t rely heavily on computers.

4. Lack of Personalized Feedback

Managing distractions is just one challenge of computer-based learning; another drawback is the lack of personalized feedback.

Unlike traditional classrooms, where teachers can provide individualized guidance and support, computer-based learning often lacks this crucial element.

Without personalized feedback, students may struggle to understand their strengths and weaknesses, hindering their overall progress.

Although computers offer convenience and access to a wide range of educational materials, alternative educational methods that emphasize a personalized learning approach may be more effective in addressing this issue.

5. Dependency on Technology

A major disadvantage of computer-based learning is the dependency on technology. With this reliance, there’s a risk of technology becoming unavailable, leading to disruptions in the learning process.

Moreover, excessive use of computers for learning can have a negative impact on social skills. Interactions with peers and instructors in a traditional classroom setting foster communication and collaboration, whereas computer-based learning may limit face-to-face interactions, hindering the development of crucial social skills.

6. Limited Hands-On Experience

To fully understand the disadvantages of computer-based learning, it’s essential to examine the limited hands-on experience it provides.

One of the drawbacks of this type of learning is the lack of practical experience and hands-on learning opportunities. While computers can provide simulations and virtual experiences, they can’t fully replicate the real-world environment.

This limitation prevents learners from gaining the necessary skills and confidence that comes from physically engaging with the subject matter.

7. Potential for Isolation

One disadvantage of computer-based learning is its potential for isolating learners. Without the opportunity for social interaction with peers and teachers, learners may feel disconnected and lonely. This lack of human connection can have negative effects on their mental health, leading to feelings of anxiety and depression.

Additionally, the absence of face-to-face communication and collaboration can hinder the development of important social skills, such as teamwork and effective communication, which are crucial in the real world.

Conclusion on Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers Based Learning

The advantages and disadvantages of computer-based learning are worth considering. On the positive side, it offers flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and self-paced learning.

Learners can access materials from anywhere, reduce travel time, and work at their own pace. However, there are drawbacks, such as lack of human interaction, technical issues, and potential for distraction.

Despite its benefits, some may find it challenging to maintain motivation and engagement without the structure of traditional classroom learning.

In conclusion, while computer-based learning provides many benefits, it’s important to be aware of its limitations and potential impact on the learning experience.

Relevant Resources:

• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in Communication
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in Daily Life
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in Banking
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in Business
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in Auditing

Ahmad Ali (Author)

Ahmad Ali has been a technology enthusiast and writer for the past 5 years having vast knowledge of technology.

Rehmat Ullah (Content Reviewer)

Rehmat Ullah is a software engineer and CEO of Softhat IT Solutions. He is an expert technologist, entrepreneur, and educationist.

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1.3: Overview of Assignments

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This course has fixed due dates that you have to meet. Research shows that students are most successful with distance education when they start their course work on time and make steady progress. Expect to work 6-9 hours per week on assignments for this course and  submit one assignment at a time. To help you do this, please follow the time line posted as an Excel file at the top of the Assignments page. You can print it out for your own reference. You are encouraged to move forward but you should not miss the due date of each unit. I understand that sometimes things may happen and you can’t meet the deadlines. If it does happen, let me know in advance so I can consider granting an extension. Late assignments will not be accepted.

NOTE : Testing centers are closed on Sundays. You have to submit all the assignments and complete all the exams by the course end date.

• Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts Course Schedule. Authored by : Jim Shannon. Provided by : Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College. Located at : http://www.nvcc.edu/eli/index.html . License : CC BY: Attribution

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How to Do Random Allocation (Randomization)

Jeehyoung kim.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea.

Wonshik Shin

To explain the concept and procedure of random allocation as used in a randomized controlled study.

We explain the general concept of random allocation and demonstrate how to perform the procedure easily and how to report it in a paper.

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) are known as the best method to prove causality in spite of various limitations. Random allocation is a technique that chooses individuals for treatment groups and control groups entirely by chance with no regard to the will of researchers or patients' condition and preference. This allows researchers to control all known and unknown factors that may affect results in treatment groups and control groups.

Allocation concealment is a technique used to prevent selection bias by concealing the allocation sequence from those assigning participants to intervention groups, until the moment of assignment. Allocation concealment prevents researchers from influencing which participants are assigned to a given intervention group. This process must be included in the experiment for the success of any RCT.

Blinding refers to keeping trial participants, health care providers, assessors or data collectors unaware of the assigned intervention, so that they will not be influenced by that knowledge. This process is conducted to minimize possible bias in implementation, dropouts, measurements, etc. Blinding is not always feasible for RCT but should be implemented if possible.

Randomization, allocation concealment and blinding should be well implemented and should be described in the paper.

On the other hand, many researchers are still unfamiliar with how to do randomization, and it has been shown that there are problems in many studies with the accurate performance of the randomization and that some studies are reporting incorrect results. So, we will introduce the recommended way of using statistical methods for a randomized controlled study and show how to report the results properly.

CATEGORIES OF RANDOMIZATION

Simple randomization.

The easiest method is simple randomization. If you assign subjects into two groups A and B, you assign subjects to each group purely randomly for every assignment. Even though this is the most basic way, if the total number of samples is small, sample numbers are likely to be assigned unequally. For this reason, we recommend you to use this method when the total number of samples is more than 100.

Block Randomization

We can create a block to assign sample numbers equally to each group and assign the block.

If we specify two in one block (the so-called block size is two), we can make two possible sequences of AB and BA. When we randomize them, the same sample numbers can be assigned to each group. If the block size is four, we can make six possible sequences; these are AABB, ABAB, ABBA, BAAB, BABA, BBAA, and we randomize them.

However, there is a disadvantage in that the executer can predict the next assignment. We can easily know the fact that B comes after A if the block size is two and if the block size is four; we can predict what every 4th sample is. This is discordant with the principle of randomization. To solve this problem, the allocator must hide the block size from the executer and use randomly mixed block sizes. For example, the block size can be two, four, and six.

Stratified Randomization

Randomization is important because it is almost the only way to assign all the other variables equally except for the factor (A and B) in which we are interested. However, some very important confounding variables can often be assigned unequally to the two groups. This possibility increases when the number of samples is smaller, and we can stratify the variables and assign the two groups equally in this case.

For example, if the smoking status is very important, what will you do? First, we have two methods of randomization that we learned previously. There are two randomly assigned separate sequences for smokers and non-smokers. Smokers are assigned to the smoker's sequences, and non-smokers are assigned to the non-smoker's sequences. Therefore, both smokers and non-smokers groups will be placed equally with the same numbers.

So we can use 'simple randomization with/without stratification' or 'block randomization with/without stratification.' However, if there are multiple stratified variables, it is difficult to place samples in both groups equally with the same numbers. Usually two or fewer stratified variables are recommended.

EXAMPLES OF RANDOMIZATION

Although there are websites or common programs for randomization, let us use an Excel file. Download the attached file in http://cafe.naver.com/easy2know/6427 . It is in a 'Read-only' state, but there is no limit in function; it is in the 'Read-only' state only to prevent accidental modification.

Due to the nature of Excel, if there is a change, it creates a new random number accordingly. If we input any number instead of '2' in the orange-colored cell and click the 'enter key,' it creates new random sequences ( Fig. 1 ). The sequences are the result of simple randomization. The numbers in the right column show the numbers of the total sample. Basically the numbers are up to 1,000, but if you need to, you can extend the numbers with the AutoFill function in Excel.

Simple randomization sheet.

Fig. 2 shows an example of randomization when the block size is four. Also, there are numbers of the total samples in the right column.

An example of randomization when the block size is four.

Fig. 3 shows an example of block randomization when the block size is two and four. Total eight kinds of blocks inside of the red-dotted line are assigned at random. The left column is for allocation and the right column is for the total sample size.

Block randomization when the block size is two and four. Total eight blocks in the red-dotted line are assigned at random. The left column is for allocation and the right column is for the total sample size.

By the way, www.randomization.com can do block randomization for up to four kinds of block sizes and it is very easy to perform as well. Fig. 4 shows the general features and an example.

www.randomization.com can do block randomization more easily. In this figure, the block size is 2, 4, and 6 when the total samples are 88.

THE REALITY OF THE RANDOMIZATION PROCEDURE

How to implement these techniques can vary by each trial. The following is only one of the examples of how these can be implemented in real trial. You may change the details of the example for your experiment. Figures of randomization and allocation concealment can also be adjusted to your needs ( Fig. 5 ).

The reality of the randomization procedure.

Random Allocation

An independent researcher makes random allocation cards using computer-generated random numbers. He keeps the original random allocation sequences in an inaccessible third place and works with a copy. Since the executers can get confused with the original coding of A and B later, the allocator should record exactly what these codes mean to avoid further confusion.

When the purpose of the study is a surgical procedure, instead of using A and B, different names that distinguish exactly between the surgical procedures should be used (for example, 'the anterior approach' and 'the posterior approach'). It is convenient to reproduce the contents of the Excel file to a Word file, and enlarge the text font after replacing A with 'the anterior approach' (page break) and B with 'the posterior approach' (page break). Next, you print it out and put each of the sheets one by one into each envelope ( Fig. 6 ).

MS word can replace A and B with a specific treatment name easily.

Here in Fig. 6 , '^m' is a special character for manual page break. After setting it as shown, you click 'all change' and print it out. Then we can get it printed per sheet. The inside of the envelope should not be visible from the outside, and it has to be printed out for each one and put in an envelope after being folded several times. In some papers, even aluminum foil was used to hide the print to prevent it from being read with a flash of light.

There are serial numbers on the outside of the envelopes. Input date, time, patient ID, results after the procedure, etc. usually will be recorded on the envelope or another sheet inside of the envelope, also.

Drug Preparation

An independent nurse (researcher) prepares syringes with "drug A" and "drug B" and puts them into envelopes according to the allocation orders. These syringes cannot be distinguished because they contain the same colored liquid with the same volume. Or pills or tablets with the same color and shape (placebo) will be put into the envelopes according to the allocation orders.

In the case of surgical treatment, an independent researcher prepares the envelopes, including writing the treatment name on a sheet of paper inside it. In the operation room, another independent nurse (researcher) opens the envelope and informs the doctor to do the treatment that is written on the paper in the envelope.

Another independent nurse injects the drug or the doctor performs the operation according to the order. The patient's ID, date, time and other information are recorded on each envelope. The nurse and the patient would not know what drugs are injected (double blinded). The doctor knows the treatment and the patient does not know it (one blinded). The preparer retrieves the envelopes and checks to see if the operation (and injection) was done as planned.

In the case of broken or lost syringes, the preparer figures out what the number of the envelope it is and replaces the envelope with the same drug according to the allocation.

The envelopes should be opened just before the injection or operation. For example, when a patient comes, an envelope is opened; however, if this does not meet the criteria for the performance of the study, this can be cancelled. Also, if the operator finds out before an operation the tool that is to be inserted, it is impossible to get the operation as planned. For example, even though plate A was assigned to be used, if the patient was indicated to have some other surgery because of infection or severe osteoporosis, you will waste an envelope and it will cause confusion as well as violate the randomization. All these cases should be mentioned as inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria in advance. To avoid this, the envelopes should be opened just before the operation or injection if possible.

However, in cases where the operation tool is so big that two tools cannot be prepared at the same time, or the preparation takes a lot of money (robotic surgery, etc.) or time (liver transplantation, etc.), the envelopes can be opened in advance.

Also, although you open an envelope and choose the procedure that you see, other conditions that affect the outcome can occur. For example, the patient could be admitted to the intensive care unit for medical problems after treatment, or may not get enough rehabilitation treatment for some other reasons.

In this case, it is an important issue whether to consider this as a follow-up loss or exclude this case from the study. We can deal with this issue by focusing on intention-to-treat analysis and per-protocol analysis. We will study this later when we get a chance.

Survey Results

After a period of time, another independent researcher measures the patient's outcome. He does not know the allocation. That is another blinding, so triple blinding is recommended if possible.

Another independent researcher who was not involved in any stage of these procedures will do the statistical analysis (sometimes a statistician). He even does not know the treatment name because the treatment name is hidden, as in A and B.

REPORTING OF RANDOMIZATION METHODS

From 1988 to 2000, 72 of 2,468 papers (2.9%) in the Journal of Born and Joint Surgery were RCTs. 1) It has been suggested that in some of the papers, randomization was not completely done or the result was not properly reported. According to the analysis of RCTs using painkillers from the January issue in 1966 to the June issue in 2006, 23.9% of the papers were inadequate in terms of the randomization. 2) It would be helpful to see a CONSORT checklist and examples. The following were used in the actual papers and extracted from examples in the CONSORT ( http://www.consort-statement.org ).

Sequence Generation

"Independent pharmacists dispensed either active or placebo inhalers according to a computer generated randomization list."

"For allocation of the participants, a computer-generated list of random numbers was used."

Type of Randomization

"Randomization sequence was created using Stata 9.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) statistical software and was stratified by center with a 1:1 allocation using random block sizes of 2, 4, and 6."

"Participants were randomly assigned following simple randomization procedures (computerized random numbers) to 1 of 2 treatment groups."

We can apply the above examples to our case as follows: Randomization sequence was created using Excel 2007 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) with a 1:1 allocation using random block sizes of 2 and 4 by an independent doctor. In this way, sequence generation and type of randomization can be expressed at the same time.

Allocation Concealment Mechanism

"The doxycycline and placebo were in capsule form and identical in appearance. They were pre-packed in bottles and consecutively numbered for each woman according to the randomization schedule. Each woman was assigned an order number and received the capsules in the corresponding pre-packed bottle."

"The allocation sequence was concealed from the researcher (JR) enrolling and assessing participants in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed and stapled envelopes. Aluminum foil inside the envelope was used to render the envelope impermeable to intense light. To prevent subversion of the allocation sequence, the name and date of birth of the participant was written on the envelope and a video tape made of the sealed envelope with participant details visible. Carbon paper inside the envelope transferred the information onto the allocation card inside the envelope and a second researcher (CC) later viewed video tapes to ensure envelopes were still sealed when participants' names were written on them. Corresponding envelopes were opened only after the enrolled participants completed all baseline assessments and it was time to allocate the intervention."

The second example was described in great detail, and we can guess how important the randomization and concealment were.

Who Generated the Allocation Sequence, Who Enrolled Participants, and Who Assigned Participants to Interventions?

"Determination of whether a patient would be treated by streptomycin and bed-rest (S case) or by bed-rest alone (C case) was made by reference to a statistical series based on random sampling numbers drawn up for each sex at each center by Professor Bradford Hill (this means that the stratification was done by sex and center); the details of the series were unknown to any of the investigators or to the coordinator. After acceptance of a patient by the panel, and before admission to the streptomycin center, the appropriate numbered envelope was opened at the central office; the card inside told, if the patient was to be an S or a C case, and this information was then given to the medical officer of the center."

"Details of the allocated group were given on colored cards contained in sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. These were prepared at the NPEU and kept in an agreed location on each ward. Randomization took place at the end of the 2nd stage of labor when the midwife considered a vaginal birth was imminent. To enter a woman into the study, the midwife opened the next consecutively numbered envelope."

"Block randomization was by a computer generated random number list prepared by an investigator with no clinical involvement in the trial. We stratified by admission for an oncology related procedure. After the research nurse had obtained the patient's consent, she telephoned a contact who was independent of the recruitment process for allocation consignment."

If Done, Who Was Blinded after Assignment to Interventions and How

"Whereas patients and physicians allocated to the intervention group were aware of the allocated arm, outcome assessors and data analysts were kept blinded to the allocation."

"Blinding and equipoise were strictly maintained by emphasizing to intervention staff and participants that each diet adheres to healthy principles, and each of them is advocated by certain experts to be superior for long-term weight-loss. Except for the interventionists (dieticians and behavioral psychologists), investigators and staff were kept blind to diet assignment of the participants. The trial adhered to established procedures to maintain separation between staff that take outcome measurements and staff that deliver the intervention. Staffs who obtained outcome measurements were not informed of the diet group assignment. Intervention staffs, dieticians and behavioral psychologists who delivered the intervention did not take outcome measurements. All investigators, staffs, and participants were kept masked to outcome measurements and trial results."

In short, in a paper, we have to report who was kept blinded. In the case of physical therapy or surgery, keeping the surgeon blinded would be difficult or even impossible; however, blinding is possible for the person who measures the outcome. Anyhow, all individuals who were kept blinded must be described in the report.

WEBSITES AND SYSTEMS HELPING THESE PROCEDURES

To help with all the procedures of a fully qualified RCT, the following systems including electronic case report forms (eCRFs) are available for researchers.

iCReaT (clinical research and trial management system) in Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (KCDC; http://icreat.nih.go.kr ): free for pre-educated and qualified researchers; there are regular education programs once a month, and some hospitals (for example, Severance Hospital) have their own educational programs. An English version will be available soon for non-Korean researchers.

MRCC ( https://mrcc.snuh.org ): for Seoul National University Hospital only. It is relatively inexpensive and includes statistical counseling.

Velos ( http://eresearch.ncc.re.kr ): a world-famous system and very expensive; it is available at National Cancer Center in Korea ( http://ncc.re.kr/crcc/ ).

eCRFs are very convenient as well as helpful to improve the quality of research and their advantages are summarized in the table ( Table 1 ).

Comparisons between Paper CRFs and e-CRFs of Web-based Clinical Research Management System

CRF: case report form.

In RCT, random assignment is important and performing it is easy if you know how to do it. Besides the practice of randomization, correct reporting of the randomization process is also important and it should be done very accurately.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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15 Advantages and Disadvantages of using Computers

There’s no doubt that computers have become an essential part of our day-to-day life as a form of modern technology. They are present in forms you wouldn’t expect them to be. Think of various payment systems, ATMs, bus or train card readers, all of those flashy signs around town, and machines in various industries in modern cities. They are all controlled by a computer. And while they’ve brought plenty of benefits, they also have downsides. We’ll get into both in our list of advantages and disadvantages of using a computer.

Table of Contents

Comparison table of advantages and disadvantages of using computers

Advantages of using computers.

The computer, as we all know, has a lot of advantages. Irrespective of the configuration and available resources, a computer is always useful. These are the advantages of using computers.

1. Workflow, organization, and productivity increase

Computers improve and speed up workflow, especially in large companies that have hundreds of employees. Being connected to one large system of computers eliminates the need for files having to be written or printed on paper, and for employees to walk from floor-to-floor to interact. In most cases, unless they went on a lunch or a bathroom break or to stretch their limbs, the employees wouldn’t need to get up during their shift. Also, regular backups prevent files from being vulnerable to disasters.

In other industries, computers help employees by monitoring machines and other “slave” computers. This allows the manager to send commands and read responses, and thus operate and maintain a wide variety of connected devices. It also helps keep things organized, as it can indicate to employees what to do, and when to do it. This makes the workflow more efficient and increases productivity by a wide margin.

2. Education and communication

Just go to a library connected to a school and university, and the effects will become apparent. The majority of students will have a laptop on their lap or the table. Computers have helped education by making books, presentations, and audio/video content available for consumption in a digital format. This eliminates the need for heavy books that quickly become outdated, and allows students to study anywhere, and anytime. The communication channel between them and their professors has also opened because of computers. Both sides can interact in real-time instead of waiting for a new school day, and give and receive updates, questions, answers, and clarifications on the matter.

3. Access to a wide array of data on the Internet

Using computers isn’t limited to studying on an official course. They can be used to browse a nearly limitless list of topics of interest to you. This will satisfy your curiosity and help you find answers, no matter how stupid the question is sometimes. You can also find groups of like-minded individuals, or even start a business or find a job. The Internet can also be a vast resource when it comes to entertainment. Watching videos, listening to music, playing video games, or chatting with friends and family are all part of the charm of computers.

4. Data storage

Having more than one hard drive inside one computer case carried a wide variety of benefits. It allows you to keep a massive database of things personal to you. Those can be journals, pictures, videos, chat logs, school projects, and much, much more. But it also allows you to download and store collections of movies, TV shows, e-books, video games, music albums, and more. The improvement of hard drives will ensure your files will be accessible for a while, and easy to carry around. The growing data storage capacities also benefit other types of technology such as science, media, medicine, education, information, and others.

5. Convenience

Convenience can be sorted under both advantages and disadvantages of technology . We’ll list it as an advantage of using computers here, but make its drawbacks apparent below. The most obvious benefit is ordering food, clothes, furniture, household items, and other types of service from the comfort of your couch or computer chair. You can also spend hours picking out the details online, finding the best price, browsing for discount coupons, and ultimately paying with a few clicks. In the end, the items will be delivered to your doorstep. This eliminates the need to leave your house for shopping or the actual purchase.

6. Automation and assistance

The advantage of computers getting smaller with the advancement of technology is that they can be integrated into various industries. Although there are thousands of implementations, and thousands more in development, engineering, and office-based tasks jump out to us. For example, production lines in factories can be automated, and hire employees only for monitoring and maintenance. Computers are also present in all modern cars, boats, airplanes, as well as banks, ATMs, lights, traffic, and even medicine – such as administering medicine, tracking levels of blood sugar, and monitoring patients.

7. A doorway to the future

Computers have been serving the purpose of accomplishing things that the human brain cannot process. Even though we are the superior species that ever walked on earth in terms of intelligence and the ability to invent things, we are still incapable of certain things which the computer can do much better. Using it, we were able to accomplish a lot of things a lot faster. So we can consider computers as a doorway to the future, providing us a better platform to work with.

8. Computers can make money for you

When used correctly with the right set of skills, computers can make you a lot of money. Freelancing is a great example of how you can make money using any types of computer , such as a desktop PC or laptop. No matter what you are good at, if it can be done from the comfort of your home, you can start earning a livelihood. As technology progresses, more and more jobs are available to be done from home. All you have to do is getting good at something you love, find people who are looking for similar services, and get paid for the tasks.

Disadvantages of using computers

With advantages, there are disadvantages as well. Computer usage can result in bad things if used incorrectly or for the wrong purpose. These are the disadvantages of using a computer.

1. Computers are costly

We’ll start with the most obvious disadvantage of technology – it is expensive. Although the cost goes down with time, the products you’re buying depreciate as well. They become either outdated or obsolete, which means you always have to buy new and updated products.

2. Pollution

Discarding old computers or pieces of computers leads to electronic waste, which is hard to recycle. This, in turn, leads to pollution of soil, water, and possibly air, if there are toxic chemicals used. And almost every single computer part uses some form of material that is harmful to the environment. It is a fact that we cannot avoid those materials from being used to build a computer. However, once discarded, they don’t end up well for the soil or the earth in general.

3. Health problems

Sitting for 8 hours per day, 5 times per week can be forgiving. This is applicable if you lead an active life outside your job. But, we don’t live in an ideal world. Some people work more hours and more days. Others keep sitting in front of a computer outside their desk job. This leads to eyesight damage from looking at a screen, declining bone health, muscle atrophy, worsening body posture, and back, neck, and joint pain, and loss of mobility. If you also have a habit of snacking or drinking fizzy drinks while using your computer, it can also lead to obesity.

4. Addiction, isolation, and wasting time

Some people feel a compulsion to use the computer all the time. Although we empathize with them, this is an addiction, essentially. They slowly start to isolate themselves from their loved ones, stop communicating in real life, and potentially, become depressed. They are also wasting the time they will never get back and can suffer from insomnia, fatigue, failure to focus, and loss of studying or work performance.

5. Privacy compromise

If someone truly wanted to track your habits, they would find a way to do so. Yes, you can use incognito windows, change your IP address, and encrypt your traffic using a VPN. That definitely makes it harder for the perpetrator, but not impossible. This is something you need to be aware of, and accept when you start using a computer connected to the Internet.

6. Spread of false information

Spreading information, whether it is true or false, is extremely easy using a computer and with the help of the internet. Even though we cannot blame computers for the acts of bad people, they still help to spread false information all over the internet. Without a computer, it will be a lot harder for people to you just go online and start typing whatever is in their mind.

7. Computers could reduce attention span

Because of the huge flow of information and entertainment content available online, using computers for a while could result in short attention span. Multitasking is the biggest reason for this. As the primary reason for using a computer is its ability to do multiple things at once, your brain may adapt to focusing on things for a smaller amount of time. This could eventually result in inability to spend longer time on things such as studying.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers: Exploring the Pros and Cons

Computers have become an indispensable part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we work, communicate, and access information. While they offer numerous advantages, it is essential to understand the potential drawbacks as well. In this article, we will delve into the 10 key advantages and 10 disadvantages of using computers, providing examples and detailed explanations for each.

Advantages of Computers:

1. increased efficiency.

Computers have dramatically enhanced productivity by automating tasks and performing complex calculations in a fraction of the time it would take humans.

Example: In business, accounting software expedites financial calculations, reducing manual errors and saving valuable time.

2. Access to Information

With computers and the internet, vast amounts of information are available at our fingertips. We can effortlessly research any topic, access online libraries, and stay updated with current events.

Example: With the internet, students can access educational resources from around the world, expanding their knowledge beyond what traditional textbooks offer.

3. Communication and Connectivity

Computers facilitate seamless communication through emails, video conferences, and social media platforms, connecting people globally in real-time.

Example: Remote workers can collaborate effectively, eliminating geographical barriers and improving efficiency.

4. Improved Creativity

Computers provide powerful tools for creative expression, such as graphic design software, video editing applications, and music production software.

Example: Artists and designers can bring their ideas to life, experimenting with various digital techniques and enhancing their artistic endeavors.

5. Enhanced Learning Opportunities

Educational software, e-learning platforms, and interactive multimedia programs offer engaging and personalized learning experiences.

Example: Virtual reality simulations allow medical students to practice surgical procedures in a safe environment, accelerating their learning curve.

6. Automation and Robotics

Using computers for this purpose has its advantages and disadvantages. Computers play a crucial role in automation and robotics , revolutionizing industries and increasing precision and efficiency in manufacturing processes.

Example: Robotic assembly lines in car manufacturing reduce errors and increase production speed, resulting in cost savings and improved quality.

7. Storage and Organization

Computers enable us to store vast amounts of data in small physical spaces, eliminating the need for bulky file cabinets and enhancing data accessibility.

Example: Cloud storage services ensure data backup and synchronization across multiple devices, providing convenient access to files from anywhere.

8. Financial Management

Personal finance software and online banking tools simplify budgeting, expense tracking, and investment management.

Example: Financial planners use specialized software to create comprehensive financial plans for their clients, optimizing investment strategies and achieving financial goals.

9. Entertainment and Recreation

Computers offer a wide range of entertainment options, including gaming, streaming movies and TV shows, and accessing virtual reality experiences.

Example: Gaming enthusiasts can immerse themselves in realistic virtual worlds, challenging their skills and connecting with other players globally.

10. Globalization and E-commerce

Computers have fueled the growth of e-commerce, enabling businesses to reach customers worldwide, expanding market opportunities and consumer choices.

Example: Online retail platforms connect buyers and sellers worldwide, fostering a global marketplace and transforming the way we shop.

Disadvantages of Computers:

1. health risks.

Prolonged computer use can lead to various health issues such as eye strain, musculoskeletal disorders, and sedentary lifestyle-related problems. Therefore, proper healthy computing habits must be practiced whenever working with computers.

Example: Spending excessive time in front of a computer screen without breaks can cause computer vision syndrome and contribute to back and neck pain. ( Pro tip: Adjust your screen settings to a level that’s comfy to your eyes )

2. Cybersecurity Threats

Computers are vulnerable to malware, viruses, and cyber-attacks, putting personal information and sensitive data at risk.

Example: Ransomware attacks can encrypt valuable data, demanding payment for its release, causing significant financial and reputational damage.

3. Dependency and Addiction

Excessive reliance on computers can lead to dependency and addiction, affecting social interactions and overall well-being.

Example: Internet addiction can cause individuals to neglect relationships, work, and personal responsibilities, leading to adverse consequences.

4. Privacy Concerns

Computers store vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy breaches and unauthorized access to sensitive information. Do take serious precautions to prevent identity theft .

Example: Data breaches in which personal information is stolen from online databases can lead to identity theft and financial loss.

5. Technological Obsolescence

Computers and software quickly become outdated, requiring frequent upgrades and replacements, leading to additional expenses.

Example: Older computers may not support the latest operating systems or software, limiting functionality and compatibility.

6. Social Isolation

Excessive computer use can lead to social isolation, as individuals spend more time interacting with screens than with real people.

Example: Spending hours on social media platforms can create a false sense of connection while reducing face-to-face interactions.

7. Environmental Impact

The production and disposal of computers contribute to electronic waste and environmental pollution.

Example: Improper disposal of electronic devices can result in hazardous chemicals leaching into soil and water, posing risks to ecosystems and human health.

Read also: Proper Ways to Dispose of An Old Computer

8. Distraction and Procrastination

Computers offer numerous distractions, such as social media, online games, and streaming services, which can hinder productivity and focus.

Example: Students may struggle to concentrate on their studies when tempted by online entertainment options.

9. Job Displacement

Automation driven by computers can lead to job losses in certain industries, as machines replace human workers .

Example: Manufacturing plants may reduce their workforce when implementing automated production lines, causing unemployment in the affected sectors.

10. Lack of Human Interaction

Over-reliance on computers for communication can lead to a decline in face-to-face interactions and interpersonal skills.

Example: Virtual meetings and online interactions may lack the nuances of nonverbal communication and human connection.

Computers offer numerous advantages, enhancing productivity, connectivity, and creativity. However, they also come with potential disadvantages, including health risks, privacy concerns, and social drawbacks. Understanding both the advantages and disadvantages of computers helps us harness their potential while mitigating the associated challenges, ensuring a balanced and responsible use of this transformative technology.

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1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of using computers

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

• define Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Information Technology
• provide an overview of a general model of a computer
• provide an overview and concepts of the main components of a computer system
• define shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software
• explain the interdependency of hardware and software
• state and differentiate between the types of computers
• categorise computers/classification of computers
• list the advantages and disadvantages of using computers
• explain and differentiate between data and information
• explain the information processing cycle
• provide an overview of uses and examples of information within an organisation
• explain why is information useful
• provide an overview of a general model of an ICT system.

input device – any hardware or peripheral device that allows you to enter data into a computer or interact with a computer

storage device – a hardware device that is used for storing data

random-access memory (RAM) – a hardware device, usually on the motherboard, that allows information and data to be temporarily stored and retrieved on a computer while it is on

processing device – a hardware device that receives the data, performs a set of instructions, and then returns the processed data to the RAM

output device – a device that formats and presents data in a form understandable to a user

communication device – a hardware device capable of transmitting a signal over a wire or wireless connection.

INTRODUCTION

Information Communication Technologies (ICT) is the combination of computer-based technologies (such as computing devices and smartphones) with communication technologies (such as telephones, cell phones and the internet). In practice, it refers to all the hardware, software, and systems essential to communicate electronically.

Over the last twenty years, the field of ICT has grown from a small niche field to one of the most important fields in the world. Refer to the YouTube video to see how ICT has changed over the years.

https://youtu.be/FBmWaxir8Dg

UNIT 1.1 General model of a computer

In this unit, you will:

• explain the information processing cycle.

ICT SYSTEMS AND IT

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refers to technologies that capture, transmit and display data and information electronically and includes all devices, applications and networking elements that allow people to connect in a digital world.

An ICT system refers to the overall set-up, consisting of hardware, software, data and its users. ICT systems as a whole include:

• People – to supply the data and to make decisions from the output supplied from the system information, which is based on the results from processing data and the output from an ICT system.
• Hardware e.g. input devices, storage, processor, output devices and communication devices.
• Procedures – to determine what needs to be done and when. This causes the passing of data or information between people.
• Software – the computer programs which provide the step-by-step instructions to complete the task.
• Data – raw material that is processed by the system to provide the information for the output provided by the system. Data can come in different formats, such as sounds, images, and videos, etc.

In order for an ICT system to function, it needs to receive, store, retrieve, manipulate and transmit data.

Computers are programmable electronic devices designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations. Computers are used in Information Technology (IT) – which is a subset of ICT. Computers store, transmit, retrieve and manipulate data for businesses and other enterprises. Computers refer to the hardware, and since computers cannot initiate functionality on their own, they start functioning as soon as they receive data to work with (to process). This data is then stored on the computer, the computer manipulates the data according to the instructions it has received, before sending the new information back to the user.

Thus, we can say that Information technology (IT) is the development, maintenance and use of computer systems, software, and networks for processing and communicating data.

THE GENERAL MODEL OF A COMPUTER

The following illustration demonstrates a general model of a computer and shows that the functions of a computer are similar to the steps of the information processing cycle. All basic computers consist of four functions: input, storage, processing and output.

IPO is often called IPOS or input, process, output, storage. The computer receives input, processes the input as per user instructions and provides output and can be stored in a desired format.Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, is called information. Raw facts and figures that can be processed using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called data.

The general model of computers can be used to explain how each computer (or smartphone) works.

Once you understand how a computer operates, it becomes a lot easier to think about creating your own programs. When you begin learning about coding a program, you need to understand that you must create a set of step-by-step instructions that manages the flow of information: from when your program receives data from the user, up to the point when it returns output back to the user.

1.1.1 Differentiate between ICT and IT.

1.1.2 List the output devices of your computer.

1.1.3 Follow the guidelines below to provide a diagrammatic example of the general model of computers.

a. Draw a diagram of the five steps of the general model of computers.

b. Define each step.

c. Think about when you send a WhatsApp message. How can you apply the general model of a computer to this?

Hint: Watch the video given in the QR code to help you answer this question.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEjPop-aK_w

UNIT 1.2 Hardware and software

In this unit, you will learn about the following:

• explain the interdependency of hardware and software.

HARDWARE VS. SOFTWARE

For a computer to function properly, it must consist of both hardware and software, because the hardware and software are interdependent. This means that the one will not function without the other.

• Hardware consists of the physical components of a computer, also referred to as the equipment of a computer. Hardware devices can be categorised according to their functionality on the computing device.
• Software Application software (Apps) and System software (Operating System ) refers to the programs used to direct the operation of a computer. It also contains the instructions for how to use the software.

HARDWARE: THE PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

The common physical components of a computer system that will be discussed are input (keyboard, mouse), storage (hard drive), memory (RAM), processing (CPU), output (monitor, printer) and communication (Network Interface Card, NIC).

• Input devices are any hardware devices that allows you to input data into a computer or interact with a computer. In the past, the most popular input devices included the mouse and keyboard. These days, however, there is quite a variety of input devices. One very popular example is the touchscreen keyboard on mobile smartphones.
• A storage device is a hardware device that allows you to store data for later use. There are many different storage devices, with each device having advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most popular storage devices include hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). The different storage devices will be discussed in more detail in later chapters.

• Random-access memory (RAM) refers to a fast, temporary form of storage. All data and instructions that is currently being executed is stored in RAM. RAM is volatile, that is, all data is erased from your RAM when your computer is turned off. RAM is also referred to as memory.

• Processing devices receive the data from the RAM, perform sets of instructions, and returns the processed data to the RAM. The two most important processing devices in modern computers are:
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for processing general instructions. Every application makes use of the CPU to collect, decode and execute instructions as required by the application.
• The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is responsible for processing the instructions that create the pictures on your screen, for example, three-dimensional games rely heavily on the GPU to create their images.

• Output devices are devices that return the computer’s instructions, as results, to the user. Popular output devices include monitors / screens and printers.

Do not mistake the screen of a computer for the computer itself! In many films, actors destroy the screen of a computer to destroy the computer. In most situations, the computer would continue working without a screen and users would be able to use the computer as soon as a new screen is connected.

• A communication device is a hardware device capable of transmitting an analog or digital signal over a wired or wireless connection. Examples include, a modem and a network interface card (NIC) that can be either wired or wireless

SOFTWARE: THE NON-PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Software refers to the set of instructions a computer uses to complete any instructed task. Software is the program that is operated by the hardware. These include programs such as, Microsoft Applications or InDesign Creative Suite. As a result, hardware and software are interdependent.

Remember that this interdependence means that neither the software nor the hardware can function without the other one. Hardware cannot do anything without software because it depends on the processed instructions to provide input, while software cannot function without hardware to process the user’s instructions.

The two most important types of software are:

• system software (including the operating system)
• application software.

One of the primary outcomes of this subject is to teach you how to write your own software. This will allow you to use the power of a computer to make your life, and the lives of the people all around the world, better and easier!

You will learn more about the different types of hardware and software and the relationship between them.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System software is the specific type of software that manages the flow of data and the information contained on the computer. The operating system (OS) is the most important type of system software.

Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS, iOS and Android. The OS is designed to control and coordinate the tasks and functions of computer hardware.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software is a program that is built for a specific purpose, like sending a message, browsing the internet, or typing a document. Application software refers to any software that lets the user accomplish a function or create content. Application software requires system software in order to function. This type of software includes media players, spreadsheets and word processors. When multiple applications are packaged together it is called an application suite. Examples include Microsoft Office, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Skype. Games and mobile applications such as Spotify and Uber, are also considered application software.

SHAREWARE, FREEWARE, FREE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE (FOSS) AND PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE

Let’s have a look at the table on the next page. The table shows the differences and uses between shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software.

When a program is developed, the developers decide whether the code is proprietary or open source software (OSS). The table below explains more about open source software.

Table 1.1: Shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software

Keep in mind that there are safety precautions you should follow when downloading free or paid software. Nothing stops the developer from bundling the software with malicious software, malware (virus, worms, or spyware) and still make you pay for it. There is also a lot of freeware that is useless or ineffective and you need to be aware of the importance of practicing good software safety, so that you can choose the best software for your needs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ehpgbb3XD0

https://qrs.ly/3eab1zk

1.2.1 Explain the difference between hardware and software.

1.2.2 Explain the interdependency of hardware and software.

1.2.3 Match column A with column B. Only write the question number and the alphabet letter, e.g. 1, M:

1.2.4 a. Differentiate between system software and application software.

b. List two examples of operating systems.

c. List two examples of application software.

1.2.5 a. Define shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software.

b. Evaluate which categories given in question 1.2.4 a. above would most likely be used for the following:

ii. a businessman who has online meetings

iii. a student researching for a project

iv. a teacher designing lesson plans

1.2.6 a. Distinguish between the six main components of a computer system.

b. Provide an example for each of the main components of a computer system.

1.2.7 What is a storage device? Give examples of those that you have in your computer lab.

1.2.8 Read the following article taken from an eNCA report and answer the questions that follow.

Subdued growth to dominate SA’s ICT market

By KAUTHAR GOOL

Johannesburg, 15 Feb 2018

S outh Africa’s overall ICT market is expected to reach $21.4 billion (R248 billion) by the end of 2018, and $23.4 billion (R273 billion) by 2021, representing a compound average growth rate of 2.9%.

This is according to market research firm IDC, which hosted its IDC Directions 2018 event in Johannesburg this week.

Speaking at the event, Mark Walker, associate vice-president for Sub-Saharan Africa at IDC, said this is in line with overall macro-economic growth expectations which are relatively subdued.

According to Walker, IT services, software and infrastructure roll-out are the fastest growth segments in SA’s ICT market.

‘The government and financial sectors dominate spend in South Africa,’ he noted. ‘In finance, this is driven by investment in upgrading legacy systems, compliance, as well as risk mitigation and improving customer experience.’

He pointed out that government spend is focused on maintaining and upgrading existing systems while rolling out infrastructure and improving connectivity as progress is made on various discrete smart city initiatives.

[Source: https://www.itweb.co.za/content/xnklOvzbkd8v4Ymz [Last accessed April 2019]]

a. ICT and IT are mentioned in the excerpt. Explain and describe the difference between these terms.

b. The term ‘legacy systems’ is used in the text. Research this term and explain its meaning in your own words.

c. Explain what in meant by ICT infrastructure.

d. What is meant by connectivity in this context?

UNIT 1.3 Types of computers

• categorise computers/classification of computers.

Wouldn’t it be fantastic if each morning, 10 minutes before your alarm goes off, your coffee machine automatically pours you a cup of coffee, tea or hot chocolate, your toaster makes fresh toast, your lights slowly turn on and music starts playing?

Less than 15 years ago these concepts could only be found in science fiction films. Today, thanks to the development of affordable computers, all these smart devices exist and are ready to make your life more comfortable. These devices are generally called smart devices or embedded computers and are one of the five types of computers you can find today.

Supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers and mobile computers are the main categories under which computers can be classified.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be classified as general-purpose computers, specific purpose computers or super computers.

General-purpose computers compute a range of tasks but lack super speed and efficiency. The purpose of computers in this category might differ from one another: Examples are:

• desktop computers
• smartphones.

Specific purpose computers handle a specific problem or task. It uses a high level of accuracy and processing power. Examples are:

• embedded devices.

Super computers are extremely expensive, and the applications are for specialised activities or tasks such as weather forecasting.

Classification of computers in terms of data processing power and capacity could be done in the following grouping:

Table 1.2: Types of computing devices

Examples of embedded computers are:

• ATM machines
• MP3 players
• DVD players
• Anti-lock braking system
• Airbag control system
• Digital watches.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dS58AfaOAxk

https://qrs.ly/daab1zl

1.3.1 Identify the different types of computers illustrated below.

1.3.2 Differentiate between the six types of computing devices.

1.3.3 Which of the devices below are examples of embedded devices? Support your answers.

a. Mobile phone

b. Navigating system in a motor vehicle

c. A tablet

d. A robotic vacuum cleaner

d. Television decoder

1.3.4 Your school wants to upgrade their computers in the media centre. A debate has started about whether to replace the desktop computers with laptops or tablets. Critique the options and give reasons for your choice.

UNIT 1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of using computers

• list the advantages and disadvantages of using computers.

ADVANTAGES OF USING A COMPUTER

There are many advantages of using computers. However, the following are some of the most important ones to know:

1. Provides access to more information

2. Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete

3. Saves time

4. Automates repetitive tasks

5. Allows for greater productivity

6. Allows for better communication and connections

7. Entertainment

DISADVANTAGES OF USING A COMPUTER

Unfortunately computers also have some disadvantages. These disadvantages include:

1. Social risks: computers provide humans access to social media, which can be addictive, make people less happy, lead to jealousy, and get in the way of real-world friendships. In fact, a study found that of 1 500 Facebook users interviewed, 62% said Facebook occasionally made them feel like they are not good enough, and 60% said that comparing themselves to other people on Facebook made them jealous.

2. Health risks: research has shown that excessive computer use can result in several medical problems, including back pain, eyestrain, obesity, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and repetitive strain injury (RSI) . However, with good ergonomic practices, many of these health risks could be reduced or removed.

RSI (REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY) – a painful inflammation of the tendons that often results from overuse. A tendon is tissue that attaches muscle to the bone

ergonomics – the study of how humans interact with fabricated objects, the goal is to create an environment that is well suited to the users’ physical needs

3. Security risks: computer security risk can be created by malware, that is, bad software, that can attack your computer system, destroy your files, steal your data, or allow an attacker to gain access to your system without your knowledge. Computers are programmed to follow instructions, and sometimes people program computers to act in a way that harms a user.

4. High cost: computers are expensive. Even the most affordable computers are still very expensive for the average person in South Africa. Since computers empower people, the high cost of computers puts pressure on people who are not able to afford them, and places them at a disadvantage.

5. Distractions/disruptions: if you have ever spent hours browsing the internet or watching videos on YouTube, then you know how distracting computers can be! Because of their high entertainment value, it is easy for computers to distract people and stop them from being productive.

6. Environmental impact: computers use a lot of electricity and in most cases the generation of electricity is harmful to the environment because of the carbon emissions. This has a huge impact on our planet.

1.4.1 List any TWO advantages of computers.

1.4.2. List any TWO disadvantages of computers.

1.4.3. What do you use a desktop computer for?

1.4.4. In two teams, debate for and against the use of computers. Support your answers.

UNIT 1.5 Data and information management

• explain why information is useful

So far, we have spoken a lot about computers receiving data, manipulating the data, and then turning data into useful information. But what exactly is data and how does it differ from information?

Data can be defined as unprocessed numbers, or facts. Without first processing or changing data, it is meaningless. For example, your school might have data on the names, surnames, addresses, contact details, as well as the results of every class test, assignment, test, and exam of all current and past learners stored on a computer somewhere. While this data is important to store, it could be hundreds or even thousands of pages long and very difficult to interpret!

Information can be defined as facts and numbers that have been organised / processed so that it is useful / meaningful to people. For example, if your mathematics teacher wanted to see how well your current class is performing compared to last year’s class, she might ask your school’s database administrator to process the available data into averages for the two years. In that way, all those thousands of pages of data are processed into two numbers that can be compared easily. Similarly, the report you receive at the end of each school year takes all the data that teachers have collected during the year and turns that data into a single report that you can use to measure your performance.

One of the main functions of a computer is to take unprocessed data (data that is useless to humans) and then turn it into something that is meaningful and easy to understand for humans.

OVERVIEW OF AN ICT SYSTEM IN ORGANISATIONS

Information is useful in an organisation because it will speed up the decision-making process, and help the business to improve their business service offering.

For example, supermarkets and chain stores use ICT systems for a variety of reasons. Let’s look at an example of a Point of sale (POS) system, paying special attention to the processes of receiving, storing, conveying, and manipulating data.

EXAMPLE OF A POINT OF SALE SYSTEM PROCESS:

From the cashier and customer’s perspective, a supermarket’s ICT system is a standalone computer, called a cash register. However, it consists of much more than that.

Most products have a barcode, which is a pattern of narrow and wide stripes that is read by a barcode reader. The barcode consists of information about the product such as, availability in store, quantities, orders, etc. The scan reader will scan the barcode optically and convert the stripes into numerical data, which is then transferred automatically to the checkout computer (cash register). The barcode reader sometimes beeps after scanning an item to signal to the cashier that the item is now identified.

Look at the IPO table below to see how this process works:

Answer the questions, which are based on the three scenarios below.

Increasingly, the internet and big data are combined with mobility and social networking to allow companies to respond speedily to customer demands. Let’s use the Red Robin restaurant chain in the United States as an example.

A while ago, they tested a new hamburger across the chain and gave their frontline waiters devices on which to input customer feedback – likes and dislikes – about the burger. Normally the testing, feedback and response loop would have taken 12 to 18 months. This time round they were able to get a new, improved burger on to the menu within four weeks.

In South Africa, the Johannesburg Road Agency’s (JRA) Find and Fix app allows motorists to report issues such as potholes and broken traffic lights as they encounter them, with one or two clicks on a smartphone.

The internet of things (IOT) is about four big trends: social, mobile, cloud and big data; by using data and information collected through things like mobility and sensors and the cloud to make smarter, better decisions or to provide better, quicker service. It helps to collect and analyse data faster, understand customers, make decisions faster, and provide better service to customers.

[Adapted from The Mail and Guardian, 4 June 2014 ( http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-04-inside-the-internet-of-things )]

1.5.1 Explain the term ‘data’.

1.5.2 List the examples of data in each scenario.

1.5.3 List the examples of information in each scenario.

1.5.4 What device do you think the Red Robin restaurant gave their waiters to capture customer feedback?

1.5.5 Draw an input processing output diagram for each of the scenarios.

1.5.6 Explain the advantages of having information for each of the scenarios above.

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITY Chapter 1: Basic concepts of computing

1. Which ONE of the following options gives the CORRECT order of the information processing cycle?

a. Input, processing, output, storage

b. Input, output, processing, storage

c. Input, processing, storage, output

d. Input, storage, output, processing

2. Which one of the following best describes this definition: This is a combination of computer-based technologies (such as computers and smartphones) with communication technologies (such as telephones, cell phones and the internet).

c. Internet

d. None of the above

3. Which one of the following is NOT an output device?

b. Keyboard

c. Speakers

4. Which ONE of the following is short-term memory?

a. Flash drive

c. Hard drive

5. Which type of software is built for a specific purpose, like playing a game?

a. System software

b. Application software

c. Utilities

6. Choose the answer and write TRUE or FALSE next to the question number. Correct the statement if it is FALSE. Change the word(s) in bold to make the statement TRUE where necessary. (You may not simply use the word ‘NOT’ to change the statement.)

a. A communication device is a device that allows a computer to connect to a network.

b. Hardware refers to the set of instructions a computer uses to complete any task.

c. Smartphones and tablets have less processing power than notebooks. They also do not have a dedicated keyboard.

d. Information is defined as raw, unorganised numbers, signals, or facts.

e. Supercomputers are devices designed for a single purpose.

7. Fill in the missing information at a, b, c, d and e.

8. Look at the following input-process-output table.

The processes have been jumbled up. Copy the table and place them in the correct order.

9. How do input and output devices differ from each other in terms of their function in a computing device?

10. Give TWO examples of a communication device.

11. What is the most popular input device on a smartphone?

12. What is the difference between data and information?

13. Briefly explain why software and hardware are interdependent.

14. Explain THREE disadvantages that computers have.

15. Explain what the function of a computer is in relation to data and information.

16. Your father has decided to buy the following computing device for his personal use. Use the specifications given to answer the following questions.

a. What category of computing device did he purchase?

b. What type of CPU is specified?

c. Give a disadvantage of this computing device.

17. Explain how an embedded computer differs from a general purpose computer. Give examples in your answer.

18. Complete the crossword puzzle below:

• Trending Now
• Foundational Courses
• Data Science
• Practice Problem
• Machine Learning
• System Design
• DevOps Tutorial

Classification of Computers

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• Fengs's Classification
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• Handler's Classification in Computer Architecture
• Classification of Computer Network on basis of Architecture
• Layers of Abstraction in Computer System
• Classification of Data Mining Systems

The computer systems can be classified on the following basis: 

1. On the basis of size.  2. On the basis of functionality.  3. On the basis of data handling. 

Classification on the basis of size

• Super computers : The super computers are the most high performing system. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. The actual Performance of a supercomputer is measured in FLOPS instead of MIPS. All of the world’s fastest 500 supercomputers run Linux-based operating systems. Additional research is being conducted in China, the US, the EU, Taiwan and Japan to build even faster, more high performing and more technologically superior supercomputers. Supercomputers actually play an important role in the field of computation, and are used for intensive computation tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations. and also Throughout the history, supercomputers have been essential in the field of the cryptanalysis.  eg: PARAM, jaguar, roadrunner.
• Mainframe computers : These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organisations for bulk data processing such as statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as these systems has a higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers, most of these mainframe architectures were established in 1960s, the research and development worked continuously over the years and the mainframes of today are far more better than the earlier ones, in size, capacity and efficiency.  Eg: IBM z Series, System z9 and System z10 servers.
• Mini computers : These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution.  In the 60s to describe the smaller computers that became possible with the use of transistors and core memory technologies, minimal instructions sets and less expensive peripherals such as the ubiquitous Teletype Model 33 ASR.They usually took up one or a few inch rack cabinets, compared with the large mainframes that could fill a room, there was a new term “MINICOMPUTERS” coined  Eg: Personal Laptop, PC etc.   
• Micro computers : A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal I/O circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board.The previous to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger, hard to maintain and more expensive. They actually formed the foundation for present day microcomputers and smart gadgets that we use in day to day life.  Eg: Tablets, Smartwatches.   

Classification on the basis of functionality

• Servers : Servers are nothing but dedicated computers which are set-up to offer some services to the clients. They are named depending on the type of service they offered. Eg: security server, database server.   
• Workstation : Those are the computers designed to primarily to be used by single user at a time. They run multi-user operating systems. They are the ones which we use for our day to day personal / commercial work.
• Information Appliances : They are the portable devices which are designed to perform a limited set of tasks like basic calculations, playing multimedia, browsing internet etc. They are generally referred as the mobile devices. They have very limited memory and flexibility and generally run on “as-is” basis.
• Embedded computers : They are the computing devices which are used in other machines to serve limited set of requirements. They follow instructions from the non-volatile memory and they are not required to execute reboot or reset. The processing units used in such device work to those basic requirements only and are different from the ones that are used in personal computers- better known as workstations.

Classification on the basis of data handling

• Analog : An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. Any thing that is variable with respect to time and continuous can be claimed as analog just like an analog clock measures time by means of the distance traveled for the spokes of the clock around the circular dial.
• Digital : A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and “1”, “Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form. from manipulation of the combinations of the binary digits, it can perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyze data, control industrial and other processes, and simulate dynamic systems such as global weather patterns.
• Hybrid : A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to digital and processes them in digital form.

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