agricultural science digest a research journal

Agricultural Science Digest

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• Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)

Agricultural Research Communication Centre

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0253150X, 09760547

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Agricultural Science Digest

Chief Editor Arvind kumar

Print ISSN 0253-150X

Online ISSN 0976-0547

NAAS Rating 5.52

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Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal Latest Publications

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Effect of pH on Soil Chemical Properties and Maize Performance in Abakaliki, Nigeria

Background: Low soil productivity in Nigeria and Africa sub sahara is considered as one of the major causes of food insecurity and under nutrition. This area is considered among the most regions affected by acidity on soil nutrients optimization. Despite of its severity, there is limited knowledge about limiting effect of pH on nutrients availability and maize yield in the state. Evolving a technology that does not depend on traditional system of amendment for pH assessment for increased soil productivity must first of all go through a good knowledge of the nature and distribution of soil studied. The present study aimed to evaluate three pH (4, 7 and 9) values on soil chemical properties in the state and assess maize performance under these conditions in order to control and manage pH related problems. Methods: In the field-laboratory investigation during 2018-2019 at different localities of Ebonyi State were surveyed. Three sampling localities were selected based on geographical situation, climate and local condition. In the laboratory, the soil samples of natural stock collected were processed for mean pH values and confirmed with pH meter using standard laboratory method. Maize was used as test crop to assess effect of pH on its performance. Result: Our investigations in Ebonyi State have allowed us to inventory three pH values. Among the inventoried pH values, some are regarded adverse for soil productivity. The implication of soil pH on nutrients availability and maize performance was discussed. The current work will be a complementary contribution of detailed study of effect of pH on soil productivity.

Yield Reductions of Wheat Cultivar Obora (UTIQUE96/FLAG-1) due to Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Infestation under Field Conditions at Selected Districts of West Showa Zone, Ethiopia

Background: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop as being consumed as staple food in the world as well as in Ethiopia. The production of wheat in Ethiopia decreased due to the incidence of insect pests. Out of insects’ pests the Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) is the recent one that causes yield loss either directly or indirectly. Methods: The experiment was carried out at selected districts of West Showa zone, Ethiopia during off cropping season 2019 to evaluate the yield reduction in wheat crop due to the invasion of Russian wheat aphids. Malamar, Dimethoate, neem seeds, leaves, Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae were used in form of spray. Result: However, Malamar and Dimethoate highly significantly lowered the population of Diuraphis noxia. The combination of Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopleae significantly lowered the population of Russian wheat aphid. The combination of Neem leaf and Neem seeds, as well as Beaveria bassiana, proved to be effective against Russian wheat aphid yet they were protected and sound against the environments. Malamar showed the maximum decrease in Diuraphis noxia populations followed by Dimethoate, the combination of Beaveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopleae.

Evaluating the Antifungal Activity of Some Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts against Alternaria solani (Tomato Early Blight Pathogen) in Ethiopia

Background: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) belongs to the family Solanaceae. In Ethiopia, control of early blight is largely dependent on fungicidal application. There is a research need to identify effective botanical extracts to control Alternaria solani that cause early blight of tomato and for evaluation of plant extracts through different solvents on the target pathogen. Methods: In vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of crude extracts of 16 selected medicinal plants against Alternaria solani. Thus, crude extracts were extracted from medicinal plants with different solvents (methanol, ethanol and petroleum at (25%, 50% and 100%) concentrations. The Alternaria solani was isolated from infected tomato leaves showing early blight symptoms. Evaluation of plant extracts was carried out against Alternaria solani using food poisoned technique on PDA. Result: Results showed that most of the methanolic extract plants were showed significant inhibition of the mycelial growth as compared to ethanolic and petroleum ether extracts. A higher rate of mycelial reduction was recorded by ethanol extracts of Allium sativum at all concentrations (100%) followed by methanol extracts of Allium sativum at 25%, 50%, 100% concentration (90.02%, 97.01%, 100% respectively). The effectiveness of extracts against Alternaria solani depends on use at the higher concentrations and various solvents. For crude extracts that have shown higher inhibitory effects against Alternaria solani in vitro conditions, actual chemical compounds should be identified. Furthermore, it is also important to evaluate these plants on other microbes, study to test in vivo and to assess their real potential field condition wherever early blight is an important disease of tomato.

Investigating Field Efficacy and Safety of Conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 Vaccine in Cattle

Background: Vaccination is the most fundamental strategy in the control and eradication of brucellosis. Several vaccination programs with different vaccines have been carried out in many countries in which brucellosis continues to be a problem in livestock. One of the recommended vaccines against brucellosis in cattle is the live Brucella abortus S19 vaccine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of field safety and efficacy trials for the conjunctival Brucella abortus S19 vaccine prior to the mass vaccination program. Methods: In this study, 81 female cattle were vaccinated with a reduced dose of Brucella abortus S19 vaccine with the conjunctival route. The immune response after vaccination was investigated by suggested serological tests; namely, Rose Bengal Plate Test, Serum Agglutination Test and Complement Fixation Test. Result: No adverse effect was observed within the scope of safety. Isolation of vaccine strain was observed only in a milk sample of lactating animals. Excluding the diagnosis criteria of the serological tests, humoral immune response was observed in most of the animals by all the serological tests one month after vaccination. Antibody levels lasted approximately 4 months after vaccination. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that besides vaccine-induced antibodies, the vaccine including changes in dose and administration way in this study did not cause any significant risks for the target animals.

Genetic Diversity Associated with Eco-geographical Parameters, Morphological Characteristics and Soil Analyzes of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in Algeria

Background: In the present study, we have set a goal, to study the genetic variability and phylogenetic affinities of 26 spontaneous Vicia sativa L. accessions collected in Algeria, as part of the recovery and enhancement of the local genetic heritage and its integration into the breeding and varietal creation programs. Methods: Morphological traits, performance parameters and phenological stages of each accession were tracked during an experimental test in pots under greenhouse conditions from December 29, 2019 to June 1, 2020. An eco-geographical characterization of samples was also carried out through geographical coordinates. On the other side and for the first time in Algeria, soil analyses of each site were undertaken. Result: The phylogenetic study of accessions confirm the taxonomic complexity of the group V. sativa L. According to the principal component analyses and kruskal-Wallis test, the most segregating variables with the highest values and the largest K variance ratios are most of the attributes associated with the flower, pod and seed. The association of the two dissimilarity matrix carried out by a Mantel test between the morphological and eco-geographic parameters showed a significant effect with a p value = 0.004 at the threshold of alpha=0.05 and a correlation coefficient r (AB) = 0.156.

The Effect of Intercropping of Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) at Different Planting Densities on in vitro and in sacco Dry Matter Digestibility of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

Background: The advantage of intercropping is the more efficient utilization of the all available resources and the increased productivity compared with each sole crop of the mixture. If cowpea and Lablab intercropping with Napier grass its nutritional values was improved. Methods: The experimental design was factorial combination arrangement in randomized complete block design with three inter and intra spaces (1 m × 0.5 m, 0.75 m × 0.5 m, 0.5 m × 0.5 m) and intercropping with two tropical legumes. Treatments were T1= Pure Napier grass at 1 m row spacing, T2= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 0.75 m row spacing, T3= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 0.5 m row spacing, T4= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 1 m row spacing, T5= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 0.5 m row spacing, T6= Pure Napier grass at 0.75 m row spacing, T7= Napier grass intercropped with lablab at 1 m row spacing, T8= Napier grass intercropped with cowpea at 0.75 m row spacing, T9= Pure Napier grass at 0.5 m row spacing and totally nine treatments were used. Soil samples were collected before and after forage harvested. Result: Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at different planting densities had significant effect (P less than 0.05) on the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD, IVOMD) and increased digestibility. The OM degradation constant was significantly different (P less than 0.05) but ‘ED’ was not and for DM degradation ‘c’ and ‘b’ were non-significant (P greater than 0.05) for Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at different planting densities. In conclusion, Napier grass intercropped with lablab and cowpea at a planting density of 24 plants m-2 was better choice for high yield and forage quality.

Assessing Crop and Water Productivity Performance of Different Crops and Cropping Systems

Background: Freshwater in sufficient quantity and adequate quality is a prerequisite for human societies and natural ecosystems. To adequately feed 9.3 billion people in 2050, consumptive water use (i.e. transpired water) by all food and fodder crops needs to increase from its present estimated level of 7000 km3/year to 12,586 km3/year. However, fresh water resources are increasingly getting scarce because of increased competition among a multitude of users. Getting agriculture to perform with progressively smaller allocation of renewable water resources will remain a challenge on global scale. To meet the challenge there is an urgent need to improve the crop water productivity to ensure the sustainability of agriculture. Methods: An experiment was carried out at village Menawali, Hanumangarh, Rajasthan during both kharif and rabi seasons to assess productivity, economics, N-uptake and water use of different crops. An area of 187 ha comprising 25 farmers irrigated by common irrigation channels were selected to collect the information. The information required i.e. soil, crop management, growth, phonological, yields, water balance, N-uptake and water use efficiency of each crops were collected from 15 farmers. Bt-cotton and clusterbean of kharif and wheat and Indian mustard in rabi were prominent crops, cotton-wheat, cotton-mustard, clusterbean-wheat and clusterbean-mustard were major cropping sequences of the study region. Result: In kharif season, Bt-cotton gave higher economic yields than clusterbean and amongst rabi season crops, economic yields of wheat and mustard were 4255, 1778 kg/ha, respectively. The economic yield of cropping sequences varied from 3741-6514 kg/ha and were higher for cotton-wheat (6218 kg/ha), intermediate for clusterbean-wheat (5785 kg/ha) and lower for cotton-mustard (3741 kg/ha) and clusterbean-mustard (3308 kg/ha). The cotton-wheat (₹1181.2 mm) sequence had highest water use. Clusterbean-wheat cropping system recorded highest water productivity (16.5 kg/ha mm) followed by clusterbean-mustard (14.9 kg/ha mm). The clusterbean-mustard (₹456/ha mm) cropping sequence was most profitable and fetched highest net return followed by clusterbean-wheat (₹383/ha mm).

Seasonal Yield Response Factor for Red Bombay Onion (Allium cepa L.) Variety in Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Background: For better water resources management in the areas of water shortage for crop production, deficit irrigation is very important. The understanding of the yield response factor to water deficit is crucial for efficient irrigation water management. Deficit irrigation for studying yield response factors is always practiced in the way of stressing the demand of the crops. The present study was done for the determination of the seasonal yield response factor of red Bombay onion variety under Arba Minch agro climate condition. Furthermore, it also examined the effect of furrow irrigation systems on the seasonal yield response factor. Methods: The experiment was conducted from August to November 2019. The experiment had six treatments, which were the combination of two furrow irrigation systems and three irrigation levels. Data were collected for soil moisture before and after each irrigation and bulb yield. The seasonal yield response factors were determined through simple linear regressions using SPSS software. Result: When considering the furrow irrigation system as a factor, the seasonal yield response factor for alternate furrow irrigation system was 1.18 while for paired row furrow irrigation system was 1.07. This red Bombay variety of onion clearly shows more sensitive to water stress for alternative furrow irrigation systems than paired row furrow irrigation systems. Therefore, in the area of water shortage paired row furrow irrigation system is better than alternate furrow irrigation system. The seasonal yield response factor as a wall for red Bombay onion variety in Arba Minch agro-ecological condition was 1.12. Therefore, the red Bombay onion variety in Arba Minch agroclimate condition was sensitive to water stress.

Influence of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Vermicompost on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

Background: Composting is the process of breaking down of organic matter using living organisms which can be used as manure for soil conditioning. Vermicomposting is the rapid decomposition of biowastes using earthworm species which will enhance the growth and yield of plants. Methods: The vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit wastes was carried out during summer season (May-July) and by using the vermicompost a pot culture experiment was conducted in black gram for three months from August to October, 2019. The treatments consist of combinations of vermicomposted wastes and cowdung along with bioinoculants, Soil served as control. The biometric parameters such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield characters like number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pods, pod length, weight of seed/pod, pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were recorded and statistically analysed. The present study has been attempted to convert the vegetables and fruit waste into compost as manure and analyse its effect on vegetative growth and yield parameters of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.). Result: The highest value of shoot length, root length, fresh weigh and dry weight were noted in fruit waste + cow dung + Pleurotus eous (APK1) + Trichoderma asperelloides + Eudrilus eugeniae on 15, 35 and 55 day after sowing (DAS) and the least was reported in control (only soil). The application of T8 treatment reported the highest yield characters which were followed by other treatments and control on 15, 35 and 55 DAS. The study concluded that T8 (F.W + cow dung + P. eous + T. asperelloides + Eudrilus eugeniae) is an effective biocompost for the growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) which is eco-friendly.

Cultural, Morphological and Pathogenic Variability in Alternaria cyamopsidis Causing Alternaria Blight of Clusterbean in Rajasthan

Background: Alternaria cyamopsidis (Rang. and Rao) causes Alternaria blight of clusterbean and it is one of the significant disease of clusterbean. Studies were conducted to compare the Cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability among ten isolates of Alternaria cyamopsidis from clusterbean, in five districts of Rajasthan viz., Bikaner, Barmer, Churu, Hanumangarh and Jaipur. Methods: During 2016-17 exhaustive survey was conducted in clusterbean growing areas of Rajasthan and collected diseased samples of clusterbean caused by Alternaria. All the samples were processed for isolation, purification and their pathogenicity was proved in cagehouse and laboratory and standard methods were adopted for cultural and morphological variability study. Result: All the isolates showed variation in their morphological characters, i.e., colony color and shape; conidial number, size, width, length, shape and septation on PDA. Out of ten isolates two isolate, viz., AlcyJp1 and AlcyJp2 showed maximum colony diameter 89.50 and 86.30 mm, respectively. All the isolates varied in their spore length and width and virulent on the tested variety of clusterbean for virulence. AlcyJp1 was the most virulent and produced maximum (65.50%) disease intensity, followed by AlcyJp2 isolate (61.22%).

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Agricultural Science Digest is an organ of the Agricultural Resrach Communication Centre. It provides a forum for the scientific community to publish original research notes/short communication for quick dissemination of latest research findings on plant and soil science and to open new grounds for further research. The journal is being scanned in the important indexing and abstracting journals of the world

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Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal

pISSN : 0253-150X

Publisher : Agricultural Research Communication Center

Impact of front line demonstrations on the production and productivity of pulses in arid regions of nagaur district of rajasthan

Background: Pulses are well known richest source of vegetable protein and is known as poor man’s food because of its essential component in diet. The frontline demonstrations of pulses were carried out on 311.8 ha area with 694 demonstrations in different clusters of Nagaur district of Rajasthan. Methods: more...

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Productive Response to Manganese Added to the Diet of Broilers Ross (308) Exposed to Feed Restriction

• Mohammed Khalil Ibrahim Al-Saeedi Department of Environment - College of Environmental Science -Al-Qasim Green University- Babylon province, Iraq.
• Hashim Hadi Al-Jebory Department of Animal Production- college of agriculture-Al-Qasim Green University- Babylon province, Iraq.
• Majeed Ajafar Department of Animal Production- college of agriculture-Al-Qasim Green University- Babylon province, Iraq.
• Nihad Abdul-Lateef Ali Department of Animal Production- college of agriculture-Al-Qasim Green University- Babylon province, Iraq.

Manganese sulfate was applied as a feed additive in the diet to show its effect on the productive characteristics of broilers. One hundred eighty broiler chicks were used, divided into four treatments. For each treatment, 45 chicks were divided into three replicates, each replicating 15 chicks. The treatments were 0+ (Free diets), 0+ Feed restriction eight h/day, 75, 100, and 125 mg/ kg feed+ feed restriction eight h/day for treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively, and were subjected to feed restriction (8 hours/day) for 8-14 days of the experiment. The experiment continued for 35 days. The results of the experiment were: Significant superiority (P≤0.05) in live body weight at the end of the experiment and the total average weekly weight gain for treatments T3 and T4 compared to the rest of the treatments, and the treatment also increased significantly (P≤0.05) T1 in the rate of feed consumed, and the treatments T2 and T3 improved significantly (P≤0.05) in the feed conversion factor, and no significant differences were found in the percentage of chicks’ mortality.

Ahmed, S.K., and G.Y. Butris. 2014. The off-feeding intervals affect some performance traits of broilers. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 38(1): 48 - 55.

Al-Gburi, N.M.A., F.R.A. Al-Khafaji, and H.H.D. Al-Gburi. 2021. Effect of Injection of Hatching Eggs in Different Concentrations of Nano Silver at Age 17.5 Days of Embryonic Age in Some Histological Traits of Broiler Ross 308. Medico-legal Update. 21(2): 157-162.

Al-Khafaji, F.R. and H.H. Al- Jebory. 2018. EFFECT OF INJECTION OF HATCHING EGGS IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS NANO SILVER AT AGE 17.5 DAYS IN SOME OF THE PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS ROSS 308 EXPOSED TO HEAT STRESS. Journal of Al-Qasim Green University (JQGU). 1(2): 60-66.

Al-Khafaji, F.R. and H.H. AL-Jebory. 2019. EFFECT OF INJECTION IN HATCHING EGGS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF NANO-SILVER AT 17.5 DAYS AGE IN SOME HATCHING TRAITS AND BLOOD PARAMETERS FOR BROILER CHICKENS (ROSS 308). Plant Archives. 19(2): 1234-1238.

Al-Jebory HH, Al-Saeedi MKI, Ajafar M, Ali NAL .2024. Impact of melatonin on improving productive traits of broiler exposed to environmental stress. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 12(4): 775-781.

Boostani, A., A. Ashayerizadeh, M.H.R. Fard, A. Kamalzadeh A. 2010. Comparison of The Effects of Several Feed Restriction Periods to Control Ascites on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Hematological Indices of Broiler Chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science.12 (3): 171 – 177.

Dominguez H (2013) Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals. Elsevier.

Favero A, Vieira SL, Angel CR, Bess F, Cemin HS, Ward TL (2013) Reproductive performance of Cobb 500 breeder hens fed diets supplemented with zinc, manganese, and copper from inorganic and amino acid complexed sources. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22: 80-91.

Fouad, AM, El-Senousey HK (2014) Nutritional factors affecting abdominal fat deposition in poultry: a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27: 1057-1068

Freeland-Graves JH, Mousa TY, Kim S (2016) International variability in diet and requirements of manganese: causes and consequences. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 38: 24-32.

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CALS, MAFES employees honored for excellence in teaching, research, service at MSU

Contact: Vanessa Beeson

STARKVILLE, Miss.—The Mississippi State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station recently honored faculty and staff for outstanding teaching, research and service endeavors.

Scott Willard, CALS dean and MAFES director, spoke about both MSU divisions and their growth and success over the past year.

“CALS enrollment has remained steady with more than 2,400 students, and, each year, we continue to graduate a record number of students, and 2023 was no exception with over 600 students graduating from our college,” he said. “During the fiscal year of 2023, MAFES scientists secured more than 420 extramural awards totaling over $47 million, making up just under 20% of all MSU awards. I want to thank our scientists for the work they do to help fund our research and how that research impacts our stakeholders and students and contributes significantly to Mississippi State’s standing as an R1 institution.”

This year’s honorees include:

Teaching, Advising and Diversity:

—Assistant Professor Kelsey Harvey, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, CALS Excellence in Teaching-Graduate Level. She is departmental graduate coordinator, chairs eight master’s student committees and serves on an additional 12 master’s and doctoral committees combined. She led the revision of the Master of Agriculture online curricula to accommodate nontraditional students pursuing the degree. Harvey is stationed at the MAFES Prairie Research Unit in Clay County.

—Instructor II Angel Fason, School of Human Sciences, CALS Teacher of the Year and CALS Undergraduate Teaching Award-Upper Level. Fason, who has been with the school for 18 years, has taught 45 courses over 40 sections, producing more than 2,000 credit hours in the last two years.

— Instructor Cappe Hallberg, School of Human Sciences, CALS Undergraduate Teaching Award-Lower Level. Hallberg teaches four classes a semester and is noted for her enthusiasm and effectiveness in teaching foundational courses relevant across majors.

—Assistant Professor Ben Burke, School of Human Sciences, CALS New Faculty Teaching Award. Burke is noted for his commitment to student engagement and dedication to fostering inclusivity.

—Associate Professor Caroline Kobia, School of Human Sciences, CALS Excellence in Advising Award. Recognized as a fellow for both the Center for Community-Engaged Learning and the Division of Access, Opportunity and Success, Kobia advises nearly 30 upper-level fashion design and merchandising students.

—Kenisha Gordon, agricultural sciences doctoral student in animal and dairy sciences, CALS/NACTA Graduate Student Teaching Award of Merit and the CALS/MAFES Individual Diversity Award. Gordon has been a teaching assistant or guest lecturer for eight courses across two majors. She is president of the MSU student chapter of Minorities in Agriculture, Natural Resource and Related Sciences, programming director of the Pipetting Club, served on the Dean’s Council for the College of Forest Resources and was the 2022-2023 Region IV graduate vice president for the national MANRRS organization. She teaches laboratory skills to non-STEM majors and developed STEM curricula and activities for K-12 teachers in rural Mississippi.

—The Pipetting Club, CALS/MAFES Team Diversity Award. The club is an organizationally diverse, student-founded club aimed at teaching and promoting STEM knowledge and skills to a diverse population in a collaborative and inviting space. Shecoya White is faculty advisor and team members are Sarah Broadway, Christina Istiphan, Katie Allgaier, Carlie Willingham and Kenisha Gordon.

Service and Safety:

—Assistant Professor Lorin Harvey, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, CALS/MAFES Faculty Service Award. Nationally, Harvey is on the Specialty Crop Committee for the National Agriculture Research, Extension, Education and Economics advisory board and is chair-elect for the National Sweetpotato Collaborators Group. He is on the board of directors for the U.S. Sweetpotato Council and the Mississippi Sweetpotato Council Board and is vice president of the Mississippi Chapter of the American Society of Agronomy. Harvey is stationed at the MAFES Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station.  

—Cathy Aultman (not pictured), lab coordinator, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, MAFES Safety Award. Aultman, who has served in this position for 35 years, is responsible for coordinating all lab activities; training faculty, staff and students; and ensuring the laboratories are run safely and efficiently. Nominators note her meticulous attention to detail, great communication skills and dependability.

—Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center Research Professor and Coordinator David Wise, Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi Land Bank-sponsored MAFES Excellence in Research Faculty Award. The 30-year MSU veteran has published 131 peer-reviewed publications. A leading authority on catfish disease management, he is best known for the development of a live attenuated, orally delivered Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine. This groundbreaking vaccine has not only revolutionized disease prevention practices within the catfish aquaculture sector but has also played a pivotal role in reducing reliance on medicated feeds and mitigating the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Since 2019, there has been a 90% reduction in incidence of antibiotic resistance in diagnostic submissions to the Aquatic Research and Diagnostic Laboratory in Stoneville. Wise is stationed at Stoneville’s Delta Research and Extension Center.

—Assistant Professor Vitor Martins, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, MAFES Grantsmanship Award. The award recognizes the scientist who garners the most competitive funds. The MAFES scientist secured $990,000 in extramural funding across various projects.

—Assistant Professor Jagmandeep Dhillon, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, MAFES Outstanding Publication Award and MAFES Most Impactful Publication Award. Published in Science of Total Environment, “Climate trends and soybean production since 1970 in Mississippi” explores the relationship between climate change and soybean production in Mississippi.

—Ramandeep Kumar Sharma, plant and soil sciences doctoral student under the direction of Jagmandeep Dhillon, MAFES Excellence in Research Award-Graduate Student. Sharma has published 13 peer-reviewed articles in high impact journals, six as first author including the article that received the MAFES Outstanding Publication Award and MAFES Most Impactful Publication Award. He is the associate editor of Agrosystems, Geosciences and Environment, receiving their Editors Citation for Excellence Reviewer Award and the prestigious Gerald O. Mott Award from the Crop Science Society of America.

—Madeline McKnight, a 2023 Bachelor of Science in Animal and Dairy Sciences recipient and current master’s student, MAFES Excellence in Research Award-Undergraduate Student. McKnight published one peer-reviewed publication, four scientific abstracts and contributed to the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center Annual Report. She served as an undergraduate research assistant under the direction of Kelsey Harvey at the MAFES Prairie Research Unit.

—Sonya Baird, manager of facilities and research in the Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, CALS/MAFES Professional Staff Award. Baird oversees departmental space and facilities and lab safety and compliance. She was central in coordinating the recent relocation of an entire department during two separate building renovations happening simultaneously. Nominators note her diligence, exceptional work ethic and calm, competent demeanor in the face of uncertainty.

—Terri Shaw, administrative assistant I, MAFES Truck Crops Branch Experiment Station, CALS/MAFES Support Staff Award. A part of the Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center for seven years, Shaw is noted for her work ethic, positive attitude and willingness to go above and beyond. She accomplished administrative duties for both Truck Crops and Brown Loam Experiment Stations during a time of transition while also serving CMREC in Raymond as needed.

For more on the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, visit www.cals.msstate.edu and www.mafes.msstate.edu .

Mississippi State University is taking care of what matters. Learn more at  www.msstate.edu .

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First 'warm-blooded' dinosaurs may have emerged 180 million years ago

The ability to regulate body temperature, a trait all mammals and birds have today, may have evolved among some dinosaurs early in the Jurassic period about 180 million years ago, suggests a new study led by UCL and University of Vigo researchers.

In the early 20 th century, dinosaurs were considered slow-moving, "cold-blooded" animals like modern-day reptiles, relying on heat from the sun to regulate their temperature. Newer discoveries indicate some dinosaur types were likely capable of generating their own body heat but when this adaptation occurred is unknown.

The new study, published in the journal Current Biology , looked at the spread of dinosaurs across different climates on Earth throughout the Mesozoic Era (the dinosaur era lasting from 230 to 66 million years ago), drawing on 1,000 fossils, climate models and the geography of the period, and dinosaurs' evolutionary trees.

The research team found that two of the three main groupings of dinosaurs, theropods (such as T. rex and Velociraptor ) and ornithischians (including relatives of the plant eaters Stegosaurus and Triceratops ), moved to colder climates during the Early Jurassic, suggesting they may have developed endothermy (the ability to internally generate heat) at this time. In contrast, sauropods, the other main grouping which includes the Brontosaurus and the Diplodocus , kept to warmer areas of the planet.

Previous research has found traits linked to warm-bloodedness among ornithischians and theropods, with some known to have had feathers or proto-feathers, insulating internal heat.

First author Dr Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza, of UCL Earth Sciences, said: "Our analyses show that different climate preferences emerged among the main dinosaur groups around the time of the Jenkyns event 183 million years ago, when intense volcanic activity led to global warming and extinction of plant groups.

"At this time, many new dinosaur groups emerged. The adoption of endothermy, perhaps a result of this environmental crisis, may have enabled theropods and ornithischians to thrive in colder environments, allowing them to be highly active and sustain activity over longer periods, to develop and grow faster and produce more offspring."

Co-author Dr Sara Varela, of the Universidade de Vigo, Spain, said: "Theropods also include birds and our study suggests that birds' unique temperature regulation may have had its origin in this Early Jurassic epoch.

"Sauropods, on the other hand, which stayed in warmer climates, grew to a gigantic size at around this time -- another possible adaptation due to environmental pressure. Their smaller surface area to volume ratio would have meant these larger creatures would lose heat at a reduced rate, allowing them to stay active for longer."

In the paper, the researchers also investigated if sauropods might have stayed at lower latitudes to eat richer foliage unavailable in colder polar regions. Instead, they found sauropods seemed to thrive in arid, savannah-like environments, supporting the idea that their restriction to warmer climates was more related to higher temperature and then to a more cold-blooded physiology. During that time, polar regions were warmer, with abundant vegetation.

The Jenkyns event occurred after lava and volcanic gasses erupted from long fissures in the Earth's surface, covering large areas of the planet.

Co-author Dr Juan L. Cantalapiedra, of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain, said: "This research suggests a close connection between climate and how dinosaurs evolved. It sheds new light on how birds might have inherited a unique biological trait from dinosaur ancestors and the different ways dinosaurs adapted to complex and long-term environmental changes."

The study involved researchers from UCL, University of Vigo, the University of Bristol and the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid, and received funding from the European Research Council, the Spanish Ministry of Research, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Royal Society.

• Extreme Survival
• Evolutionary Biology
• Paleontology
• Early Birds
• Ichthyosaur
• Feathered dinosaurs
• Brachiosaurus
• Precambrian

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Materials provided by University College London . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Related Multimedia :

• Artist’s impression of a dromaeosaur

Journal Reference :

• Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza, Juan L. Cantalapiedra, Lewis A. Jones, Sara Gamboa, Sofía Galván, Alexander J. Farnsworth, Paul J. Valdes, Graciela Sotelo, Sara Varela. Early Jurassic origin of avian endothermy and thermophysiological diversity in dinosaurs . Current Biology , 2024; DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.051

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Agribusiness graduate lands job with USDA in food and nutrition

• Publication date May 6, 2024
• Categories: For the Media , May 2024 , News Releases , SANS Monthly Digest

Agribusiness graduate will work in food and nutrition at USDA

Jordan Frazier will have a purposeful step when he crosses the stage with some 238 degree candidates during the University of Maryland Eastern Shore’s 137 th Spring Commencement. The agribusiness management major from Springdale, Maryland, will be making his way toward a job with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food and Nutrition Services in Alexandria, Virginia. His ultimate mission: to make a difference in the nation’s food deserts.

 Frazier’s recent internship with the agency’s human resources department, arranged through his association as a USDA 1890 National Scholar and UMES Land-grant Scholar, was a catalyst for the job offer and first step toward achieving his career goals.

 “When I came in as a freshman, I didn’t realize all the opportunities (aside from the obvious financial assistance) that being a land-grant scholar would provide throughout my collegiate career,” Frazier said. His eyes were opened to the possibilities through this along with his extra-curricular experiences, including being a member of the university’s Minorities in Agriculture, Natural Resources and Related Sciences chapter.

At the encouragement of mentors, Frazier shifted his interest from business administration to agricultural business, which, he said, expanded his career options.

“Agriculture is everything from the food you eat to the clothes you put on your body,” he said as UMES’ Mr. MANRRS ambassador in an interview with a WMDT-TV 47 during UMES’ Nov. 30 groundbreaking ceremony for the Agricultural Research & Education Center. Speakers from the USDA and Maryland Legislature hit home the importance of agriculture in feeding the growing population and UMES’ role in training and recruiting a diverse future agricultural workforce.

Frazier represents that hoped-for future — talented young minds from all walks of life championing the nation and world’s food security needs.

Living in Somerset County, a low-income and low-access census tract, while pursuing his degree called Frazier’s attention to community needs and some of the factors that make a food desert by the USDA’s criteria. Limited access to healthy food sources, he learned, can be attributed to distance from a grocery store, the number of stores in an area, the availability of private or public transportation, and individual or neighborhood income levels.

“It’s just really important to see people like us in this field to make a difference,” he said.

Gail Stephens, agricultural communications, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, [email protected]

Photos by Todd Dudek, agricultural communications, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, School of Agricultural Sciences, [email protected]

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