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Indian Space Program: Phases and Achievements

Last updated on January 5, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Indian Space Research Organization ( ISRO ) is the nodal agency and flag bearer in the Indian Space Program.

The Indian Space Program is guided by a probabilistic perspective. It is a regional development instrument. This built on an optical fibre network and wireless communication devices.

Learn more about this topic.

Also read: Aditya-L1 Mission

Table of Contents

Objectives of the Indian Space Program

ISRO has also contributed to science and science education in the country. The Department of Space oversees several dedicated research centers and independent organizations for remote sensing, astronomy and astrophysics, atmospheric sciences, and space sciences in general. the objectives of the Indian Space Program are twofold:

• Space discovery and exploration through space missions.
• Promotion of research and education related to space science in the country. E.g. Tele-education in remote areas in India.

Some of the other functions of the Indian Space Program are:

• Resource management such as mineral resources, agriculture, marine resources, etc.
• Environment conservation.
• Internal security and terrorism. E.g. use of IRNSS for regional security.
• Weather forecasting.
• Disaster Management.

Also read about SSLV , PSLV , and GSLV .

Communications satellites India

Communications satellites allow radio, television, and telephone transmissions to be sent live anywhere in the world. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. Communication Satellites use Microwaves and Radio waves for transmitting signals.

Indian National Satellite (INSAT) Series

• With nine operational communication satellites in Geo-stationary orbit, the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific area.
• INSAT System consists of 14 operational satellites, namely – INSAT-3A, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4CR, 3DR and GSAT-6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15 and 16.
• Educational TV Services
• Telemedicine Programme
• Satellite-Aided Search and Rescue
• Disaster management
• Helps in geopolitics like the SAARC satellite.
• Helps in the commercialization of space programs, like launching the communication satellites of Russia USA, etc.

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)

• ISRO has deployed numerous operational remote sensing satellites since IRS-1A in 1988. India now operates one of the largest constellations of remote-sensing satellites.
• IRS satellite consists of CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT & RISAT (Resource Sat) Satellites

Application of IRS satellites:

• Disaster Management Support
• BioResources and Environment survey and mapping e.g. RESOURCESAT
• Cartography e.g. CARTOSAT
• Agriculture & Soil
• Rural and Urban Development e.g. National Drinking Water mission

Important Milestones in the Indian Space Program

Phase I: 1960-70 (Incipient Stage)

• Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is regarded as a scientific visionary as well as the founding father of the Indian space programme.
• He recognized the potential of satellites after the launch of Sputnik in 1957. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, who considered scientific advancement as an important component of India’s future, placed space research under the jurisdiction of the Department of Atomic Energy in 1961.
• Homi Bhabha, the father of India’s atomic programme, then founded the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, with Dr. Sarabhai as Chairman.
• The Indian space programme began establishing itself with the launch of sounding rockets in 1962, which was aided by India’s geographical proximity to the equator.
• Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) was built near Thiruvananthapuram in south Kerala.
• India developed an indigenous technology of sounding rockets called the Rohini Family of sounding rockets.
• The India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in 1969, and the Department of Space was established in 1972.

Phase II: 1970-80

• Sarabhai had participated in an early NASA study on the viability of employing satellites for uses as diverse as direct television broadcasting.
• India began developing satellite technology in anticipation of future remote sensing and communication requirements.
• India’s first venture into space occurred in 1975, with the launch of their satellite Aryabhata by a Soviet launcher.
• By 1979, the SLV was ready to launch from the Sriharikota Rocket Launching Station, a newly created second launch site (SRLS).
• The first launch in 1979 failed due to a control malfunction in the second stage. This problem had been solved by 1980.
• The first indigenous satellite launched by India was called Rohini.

Phase III: 1980-90

• Following the success of the SLV, ISRO was eager to begin work on a satellite launch vehicle capable of placing a truly useful satellite into polar orbit.
• In 1987, the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was tested, but the launch failed. After modest adjustments, another launch attempt was made in 1988, which also failed.

Phase IV: 1990-2000

• It was not until 1992 that the first successful launch of the ASLV took place.
• Since its first successful launch in 1994, the PSLV has become the workhorse launch vehicle, launching both remote sensing and communications satellites into orbit, establishing the world’s largest cluster, and giving unique data to Indian industry and agriculture.

Developments after 2000

• In 2001, the first development flight of the GSLV took place.
• As the first attempt at exploring the solar system, India pursued a mission to send unmanned probes to the moon in 2008 namely Chandrayaan.
• ISRO has entered the lucrative industry of launching foreign payloads from Indian soil using its rockets.
• After 2010, ISRO embarked on the following programmes: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and next-generation GSLV Mark-III launch vehicle missions are part of the launch vehicle development programme.
• The Earth Observation programme includes cutting-edge Indian remote sensing (IRS) satellites such as Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat, Radar Imaging Satellite, Geo-Imaging Satellite, and weather/climate satellites such as INSAT-3DR missions.
• The satellite navigation programme consists of a constellation of seven Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) satellites and an associated ground segment designed to deliver accurate positional and timing information.

India’s Manned Mission to Space

• Three flights will be sent into orbit.
• There will be two unmanned flights and one human spaceflight.
• The Gaganyaan system module, known as the Orbital Module, would house three Indian astronauts, one of whom would be a woman.
• For 5-7 days, it will circle the Earth in a low-Earth orbit at an altitude of 300-400 km.
• In addition, to assure crew safety during the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO will perform two unmanned ‘Abort Missions’ in 2022.

Scramjet (Supersonic Combusting Ramjet) engine

• In August 2016, ISRO successfully conducted the Scramjet (Supersonic Combusting Ramjet) engine test.
• The Scramjet engine uses Hydrogen as fuel and Oxygen from the atmospheric air as the oxidizer.
• This test was the maiden short-duration experimental test of ISRO’s Scramjet engine with a hypersonic flight at Mach 6.
• ISRO’s Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV), a futuristic-sounding rocket, served as the solid rocket booster for the supersonic testing of Scramjet engines.
• The new propulsion system will complement ISRO’s reusable launch vehicle that will have a longer flight duration.
• IN-SPACe was launched to provide a level playing field for private companies to use Indian space infrastructure.
• It serves as a single point of contact between the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and anyone interested in participating in space-related activities or utilizing India’s space resources.

NewSpace India Limited (NSIL):

• It is a Central Public Sector Enterprise of the Government of India that was founded in 2019 and is managed by the Department of Space.
• It is ISRO’s commercial arm, and its major purpose is to enable Indian enterprises to engage in high-technology space-related operations.
• It is headquartered in Bengaluru.

Indian Space Association (ISpA):

• ISpAaspires to be the collective voice of the Indian Space industry. ISpA will be represented by leading domestic and global corporations that have advanced capabilities in space and satellite technologies.

Amazonia-1:

• The 53 rd flight of PSLV-C51 marked the first dedicated mission for New Space India Ltd (NSIL), the commercial arm of ISRO.
• Amazonia-1, the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) optical earth observation satellite, would offer users remote sensing data for monitoring deforestation in the Amazon region and analyzing diverse agriculture across the Brazilian territory.

UNITYsat (three satellites):

• They have been deployed to provide Radio relay services.
• Satish Dhawan Satellite (SDSAT) is a nanosatellite intended to study the radiation levels/space weather and demonstrate long-range communication technologies.

Upcoming Missions:

• Chandrayaan-3 Mission:   Chandrayaan-3 is likely to be launched during the third quarter of 2022.
• EOS-4 (Risat-1A) and EOS-6 (Oceansat-3) — will be launched using ISRO’s workhorse PSLV, and the third one,  EOS-2 (Microsat) , will be launched in the first developmental flight of the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
• These satellites will be launched in the first quarter of 2022.
• Shukrayaan Mission:  The ISRO is also planning a mission to Venus, tentatively called Shukrayaan .
• Own Space Station : India is planning to launch its space station by 2030 , joining the league of the US, Russia, and China to an elite space club
• XpoSat:  Space observatory, XpoSat, designed to study cosmic x-rays.
• There are five Lagrangian points between any two celestial bodies on the satellite where the gravitational attraction of both bodies is equivalent to the force required to keep the satellite in orbit without spending fuel, implying a parking area in space.

Also read:  Space missions in 2024

Article Written by: Remya

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Essay on Space Technology in India

India’s foray into space technology has been marked by remarkable achievements and groundbreaking milestones. From the inception of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969 to the recent successful missions to Mars and the Moon, India has emerged as a formidable player in the global space arena. This essay delves into the trajectory of India’s space exploration, exploring its key contributions, technological advancements, and the transformative impact of its space endeavors.

Quick Overview:

• The establishment of ISRO in 1969 marked the beginning of India’s ambitious space program.
• ISRO has evolved into one of the world’s leading space agencies, renowned for its cost-effective and innovative approach to space exploration.
• India made history in 2013 with the successful launch of Mangalyaan, its Mars Orbiter Mission.
• Mangalyaan made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation globally to succeed on its maiden attempt.
• Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, was India’s first lunar probe.
• The mission confirmed the presence of water molecules on the moon’s surface, marking a significant contribution to lunar exploration.
• India has demonstrated its prowess in commercial satellite launches with the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
• These launch vehicles have placed numerous satellites into orbit for various countries, showcasing India’s reliable and cost-effective launch services.
• India’s space ambitions extend to future missions, including the ambitious Gaganyaan human spaceflight program.
• Collaborations with international space agencies and private enterprises highlight India’s commitment to advancing space exploration on a global scale.

Exploring India’s Space Odyssey:

India’s journey into space technology began with the establishment of ISRO in 1969, spearheaded by visionary scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. Since its inception, ISRO has consistently demonstrated its commitment to technological innovation, cost-effectiveness, and the peaceful use of space for the benefit of humanity. The agency’s achievements have placed India on the global space map, garnering respect and admiration from the international community.

One of India’s most notable achievements is the Mars Orbiter Mission, affectionately known as Mangalyaan. Launched in 2013, Mangalyaan not only marked India’s entry into interplanetary exploration but also made it the first country to succeed in reaching Mars orbit on its inaugural attempt. This triumph showcased India’s technical prowess, project management capabilities, and cost-effective approach, earning it recognition as a major player in space exploration.

Lunar exploration has been another milestone for India’s space program. Chandrayaan-1, launched in 2008, was the country’s first mission to the moon. The discovery of water molecules on the lunar surface by Chandrayaan-1 was a groundbreaking revelation with far-reaching implications for future lunar exploration and resource utilization.

India’s satellite launch capabilities have been a cornerstone of its space program. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) have consistently demonstrated reliability and efficiency. India has become a go-to destination for commercial satellite launches, providing cost-effective and dependable launch services to countries around the world.

Looking ahead, India’s space ambitions continue to soar. The Gaganyaan mission, set to launch Indian astronauts into space, marks a significant step in India’s pursuit of human spaceflight. Additionally, ISRO’s collaborations with international space agencies and private enterprises underscore its commitment to advancing space exploration on a global scale, fostering cooperation in scientific research, technology development, and space diplomacy.

Conclusion:

India’s trajectory in space technology reflects a journey marked by innovation, determination, and global collaboration. From pioneering interplanetary missions to contributing invaluable insights to lunar exploration, India’s space program has made indelible marks on the scientific community. As the nation looks towards the future, with plans for human spaceflight and continued international collaborations, India’s space odyssey is poised to leave an enduring legacy, inspiring future generations and contributing to the collective knowledge of humanity’s exploration of the cosmos.

Rahul Kumar is a passionate educator, writer, and subject matter expert in the field of education and professional development. As an author on CoursesXpert, Rahul Kumar’s articles cover a wide range of topics, from various courses, educational and career guidance.

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Essay on ISRO

500 words essay on isro.

ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organization, is India’s national space agency that is located in the city of Bengaluru. Furthermore, the Department of Space Government of India controls the ISRO space agency. Let us learn more about this space agency with this essay on ISRO.

                                                                                                                                 Essay On Isro

About the ISRO Space Agency

The formation of ISRO took place in the year 1969. Furthermore, the vision behind the establishment of ISRO was to develop and harness space technology in national development. Moreover, this development and harnessing of space technology were to take place while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration.

ISRO is the successor of the Indian National Committee for Space Research whose establishment took place in the year 1962. ISRO now enjoys the reputation of being among the elite space agencies in the world.

As of now, ISRO is the primary Indian agency to perform activities related to the development of new technologies, space exploration, and space-based applications. Moreover, ISRO is among the only six government agencies that operate large fleets of artificial satellites, deploys cryogenic engines, undertakes extraterrestrial missions, and has full launch capabilities.

Throughout many years, ISRO incorporates space service for the benefit of the common man as well as the nation. Moreover, the maintenance of one of the largest fleets of communication satellites and remote sensing satellites takes place by ISRO. They serve the roles of fast and reliable communication as well as Earth observation.

Achievements of ISRO

The first Indian satellite that was built by ISRO was Aryabhata, whose launching took place on April 19 th , 1975. Furthermore, 1980 was another important year for ISRO because the launching of the Rohini satellite took place. Moreover, the successful placing of Rohini in the orbit took place by SLV-3.

In the year 2014 January, ISRO made use of an indigenously built cryogenic engine for GSLV-D5. Also, this was the launch of the GSAT-14 satellite . Most noteworthy, this made India one of the only six countries to develop a cryogenic technology.

Apart from technological capabilities, a lot of contribution has taken place by ISRO in the field of science. Furthermore, ISRO is in charge of its own Lunar and interplanetary missions. Moreover, ISRO controls various specific projects for the promotion of science education, and also to provide data to the scientific community.

The development of two rockets has taken place by ISRO, which are the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). Moreover, ISRO sent Chandrayaan-1, a lunar orbiter, on October 22nd 2008, which made the spectacular discovery of lunar water in ice form.

The Mars Orbiter Mission was sent by ISRO on November 5th 2013, which made its entry into the orbit of Mars on September 24th 2014, thereby making India successful with its attempt to Mars.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on ISRO

There is no doubt that ISRO is really the pride of India. Furthermore, it has boosted the reputation of India in the world as a nation of scientific thought and development. Hopefully, ISRO will continue on its noble mission of space and technological exploration in the future.

FAQs For Essay on ISRO

Question 1: Mention some of the activities of ISRO?

Answer 1: Some of the activities of ISRO are the operation of large fleets of artificial satellites, deployment of cryogenic engines, undertaking extraterrestrial missions, and full launching capabilities.

Question 2: Mention any two satellites launched by ISRO?

Answer 2: Two satellites launched by ISRO are Aryabhata and Rohini. Furthermore, Aryabhata was the first Indian satellite that was built by ISRO. Moreover, Rohini was the first satellite whose placing took place in the orbit by SLV-3.

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Indian Space Programs

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Sub-Categories:

GS-III: Science & Technology

Prelims : General Science

Mains : Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.

India has one of the world's most active space programmes, with a diverse set of missions and accomplishments in the space sector. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is India's primary space agency. It has made significant contributions in areas such as satellite launch technology, remote sensing, and space exploration, from launching its very first satellite in 1975 to embarking on interplanetary missions such as Mangalyaan to Mars and Chandrayaan to the Moon.

Experimental Satellites

ISRO has launched a number of small satellites, primarily for research purposes. These experiment satellites include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit control, Recovery technology, etc.

Communication Satellites

Communication satellites are man-made satellites that provide communication links between various locations on Earth . Communication satellites are critical components of the global communications system. Most communications satellites consist of Solar cells and batteries, antennas, transponders and orientation and propulsion systems.

• ISRO has launched various communication satellites with INSAT and GSAT satellites being the important ones.
• With 9 operational communication satellites in Geo-stationary orbit, the INSAT system is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region.
• Applications: With over 200 transponders in the C, Extended C, and Ku bands , the INSAT system supports telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite newsgathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning, and search and rescue operations.
• Later in the 2000s, ISRO started developing GSAT satellites to augment the capacity of the INSAT system and to provide new telecommunications services, such as broadband internet and mobile telephony.
• While INSAT satellites are multipurpose satellites, GSAT satellites, on the other hand, are primarily dedicated to telecommunications services. 
• Both INSAT and GSAT satellites are placed in the Geosynchronous Orbit.

Earth Observation Satellites

Earth observation satellites are satellites that observe various Earth phenomena from space.

• ISRO has launched numerous operational remote sensing satellites since IRS-1A in 1988. India now operates one of the largest constellations of remote-sensing satellites .
• Applications : Agriculture, water resources, urban planning, rural development, mineral prospecting, the environment, forestry, ocean resources, and disaster management.

Navigation Satellites

Satellite navigation service is a new satellite-based system with commercial and strategic applications. ISRO has developed and launched a series of navigation satellites to establish and enhance India's regional navigation capabilities. Navigation satellites are important for civil aviation requirements, navigation and time-based positioning.

GPS-Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

• It is a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) jointly developed by ISRO and the Airport Authority of India (AAI).
• The system will be compatible with other international SBAS systems and will allow for seamless navigation across regional borders.
• GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 provide access to the GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS).

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS): NavIC

• NavIC was erstwhile known as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS )
• It is intended to provide accurate position, navigation and timing services to users in India and regions extending up to 1500 kilometres from its boundary .
• It provides Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for all users and Restricted Service (RS) for authorised users.

Small Satellites

The small satellite project aims to provide a platform for stand-alone payloads for earth imaging and science missions in a short period of time.

• Payload capability: IMS-1 bus -nearly 30 kg, while IMS-2 bus - nearly 100 kg.

Space Explorations of ISRO

ISRO has made significant strides in space science and exploration missions, conducting missions that have expanded our understanding of astronomy, astrophysics, celestial bodies and space.

Future Space Programmes of ISRO

According to ISRO, the following are the upcoming programmes:

PYQs on Indian Space Programs

Question 1: India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics. Explain critically (UPSC Mains 2017)

Question 2: What do you understand about ‘standard positioning systems’ and ‘protection positioning systems’ in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites. (UPSC Mains 2015)

Question 3: With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements: (UPSC Prelims 2018)

• IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
• IRNSS covers the entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
• India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2019.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

• 1 and 2 only
• 2 and 3 only

Answer: (a)

FAQs on Indian Space Programs

Who is responsible for india’s space programs.

ISRO (Indian Space and Research Organisation) is the primary agency for conducting India’s space programs.

When was India's first satellite launched?

Aryabhata, India's first satellite, was launched in 1975 using the C-1 Intercosmos launch vehicle. It is India's first satellite, completely designed and manufactured in the country.

What are the communication satellites launched by ISRO?

ISRO has launched several communication satellites, including GSAT and INSAT series satellites. The INSAT system is a domestic communication satellite system supporting various applications such as telecommunications, television broadcasting, and weather forecasting.

What is the navigation satellite system of ISRO?

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. The operational name of the IRNSS is NavIC, which stands for Navigation with Indian Constellation.

What are some upcoming space programmes of ISRO?

ISRO has planned missions like Gaganyaan (human spaceflight), X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat), NASA-ISRO SAR (NISAR) Satellite, and indigenous space stations like the International Space Station.

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INDIA’S ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPACE

SPACE, when we hear this word one organisation comes in our minds i.e. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). ISRO is the pioneer space exploration agency of the Government of India, headquartered at Bengaluru. ISRO was set up in 1969 with a vision to develop and harness space technology in national development, while pursuing planetary exploration and space science research.

Before coming to ISRO and its achievements, let us first take a ride in past to understand the history of Indian space research. The space research activities were initiated in India during the early 1960’s, when applications using satellites were in experimental stages even in the United States. With the live transmission of Tokyo Olympic Games across the Pacific by the American satellite ‘Syncom-3’ demonstrating the power of communication satellites, Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the founding father of Indian space programme, quickly recognised the benefits of space technologies for India.

Dr. Sarabhai was convinced and envisioned that the resources in space have the potential to address the real problems of society. As Director, Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) located in Ahmedabad, Dr. Sarabhai convened an army of able and brilliant scientists, anthropologists, communicators and social scientists from all corners of the country to spearhead the Indian space programme.

India’s first PM Jawaharlal Nehru, who saw scientific development as an essential part of India’s future, placed space research under the jurisdiction of the Department of Atomic Energy in 1961. The DAE Director Homi Bhabha, who was father of India’s atomic programme, then, established the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) with Dr. Sarabhai as Chairman in 1962.

The Indian Rohini programme continued to launch sounding rockets of greater size and complexity, and the space programme was expanded and eventually given its own Government Department, separate from the Department of Atomic Energy. On August 15, 1969 the ISRO was created from the INCOSPAR programme under the DAE, continued under the Space Commission and finally the Department of Space was created in June 1972.

In the 1960s, Sarabhai had taken part in an early study with NASA regarding the feasibility of using satellites for applications as wide as direct television broadcasting, and this study had found that it was the most economical way of transmitting such broadcasts. Having recognised the benefits that the satellites could bring to India from the very start, Sarabhai and the ISRO set about designing and creating an independent launch vehicle, capable of launching into orbit, and providing the valuable experience needed for the construction of larger launch vehicles in future. Recognising the advanced capability India had in building solid motors with the Rohini series, and that other nations had favoured solid rockets for similar projects, the ISRO set about building the technology and infrastructure for the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV). Inspired by the American Scout rocket, the vehicle would be a four-stage all-solid vehicle.

The Aryabhata satellite, launched in 1975 from Kapustin Yar using a Soviet Cosmos-3M launch vehicle, was India’s first satellite. By 1979, the SLV was ready to be launched from a newly-established second launch site, the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC). The first launch in 1979 was a failure, attributed to a control failure in the second stage. By 1980, this problem had been worked out. The first indigenous satellite launched by India was Rohini-1.

Following the success of the SLV, ISRO was keen to begin construction of a satellite launch vehicle that would be able to put truly useful satellites into polar orbits. Design of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) was soon underway. This vehicle was designed as India’s workhorse launch system, taking advantage of both old technology with large reliable solid stages, and new liquid engines. At the same time, it was decided by the ISRO management that it would be prudent to develop a smaller rocket, based on the SLV that would serve as a testbed for many of the new technologies that would be used on the PSLV. The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) would test technologies like strap-on boosters and new guidance systems; so that experience could be gained before the PSLV went into full production.

It was not until 1992 that the first successful launch of the ASLV took place. At this point, the launch vehicle, which could only put very small payload into orbit, had achieved its objective. In 1993 the time had come for the maiden flight of the PSLV. The first launch was a failure. The first successful launch took place in 1994, and since then, the PSLV has become the workhorse launch vehicle—placing both remote sensing and communications satellites into orbit, creating the largest cluster in the world and providing unique data.

The first development flight of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) took place in 2001. The indigenous cryogenic engine for the GSLV’s upper stage was tested in 2007. ISRO had reconsidered the effectiveness of the GSLV for the needs of the 2000-2010 decade and began development of an indigenous and new heavy launch vehicle, GSLV III. After several delays and a sub-orbital test flight in December 2014, ISRO successfully conducted the first orbital test launch of GSLV III in June 2017.

Chandrayaan, 2008: ISRO sent a small robotic spacecraft into lunar orbit, mounted on a modified PSLV in order to survey the surface of moon in greater detail than ever before an attempt to locate resources.

AVATAR Scramjet: This is a long-term project to develop a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) restricted to the launch of satellites. Theoretically, AVATAR was to be a cost-effective launch vehicle for small satellites and therefore a commercially competitive launch system. ISRO successfully tested a scramjet air breathing engine which produced Mach 6 for seven seconds. ISRO continued research related to using scramjets in RLVs since 2010.

ISRO achieved a significant milestone through the successful test of indigenously developed Cryogenic Stage, to be employed as the upper stage of India’s GSLV. The test was conducted for its full flight duration of 720 seconds on November 15, 2007 at Liquid Propulsion test facility at Mahendragiri in Tamil Nadu. With this test, the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage has been fully qualified on the ground. The flight stage was ready for use in the next mission of GSLV (GSLV-D3) in 2008.

On April 28, 2008, ISRO successfully launched 10 satellites in a single mission. These include 690 kg CARTOSTAT-2 and another 83 kg mini Indian satellite, IMS-1; and eight other nanosatellites made by various universities; and R&D institutions in Canada and Germany offered at a subsidised price as part of a goodwill gesture by the Indian Department of Space.

Mangalyaan, 2014: India joined an exclusive global club when it successfully launched the Mars Orbiter Mission on a shoestring budget that was at least 10 times lower than a similar project by the US. Only the US, Russia and Europe had previously sent missions to Mars, but what made India’s achievement stand out was that it succeeded in its first attempt, which even the Americans and the Soviets could not do. Rs. 450-crore project revolved round the Red Planet to collect data on Mars’ atmosphere and mineral composition.

On February 15, ISRO kicked off 2017 with a historic record-breaking launch. In one of the most complicated missions in the history of Indian space exploration, India, with the help of six other nations, launched 104 satellites into space. These satellites were launched in a single launch.

 The 2230 kg satellite was launched by GSLV Mark-II (GSLV-F09) into its planned Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) on May 5, 2017. This was the fourth consecutive success achieved by GSLV carrying indigenously developed Cryogenic Upper Stage. The GSLV-F09’s main objective is to establish a smooth communication network amongst the South Asian nations by providing them with applications in Ku-band, which gives them a higher frequency range to communicate in.

With already 17 Indian satellites circling the planet, ISRO launched 18th communication satellite, GSAT-17, to join the fleet. The GSAT-17 has been designed for an operational lifespan of about 15 years. The spacecraft carries equipment to aid meteorology and search and rescue operations primarily over the Indian sub-continent.

ISRO launched its 100th satellite along with 30 others in a single mission on January 12, 2018 from Sriharikota Spaceport in Andhra Pradesh. Thirty-one spacecraft, including weather observation Cartosat-2 series satellite, were launched by PSLV-C40. Out of the 31, 28 satellites are foreign, while three are from India.

ISRO’s latest missions are GSLV-F11/GSAT-7A Mission, GSAT-11, PSLV-C43/ HysIS Mission and GSLV MkIII-D2/ GSAT-29 Mission.  GSLV-F10/Chandrayaan-2 Mission, planned during early 2019, undoubtedly shows, once again, India’s prowess in the field of space technology. Of late, ISRO has launched “Samwad with Students” on New Year Day i.e. January 1, 2019. We hope that under the leadership of Dr. K. Sivan, ISRO will be successful in all its upcoming missions and shall make many more proud moments for us.  

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Science and Technology in India, Progress, Achievements, and Concerns

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India's modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. Know all Achievements Science and Technology in India.

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Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India’s modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. With a rich history dating back centuries, India has made significant strides in recent years, positioning itself as a global player in the field of science and technology.

Science and Technology in India

Science and technology have significantly influenced India’s development. With a rich historical legacy, India has made remarkable strides in recent times. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has gained global acclaim with missions to the moon and Mars, while the IT and pharmaceutical sectors are thriving. These advancements have driven economic growth, improved healthcare, and strengthened the agricultural sector. However, India must address funding, education, and digital access disparities to maintain this momentum and ensure technology benefits all.

History of science and technology in India

India’s history of science and technology is a tapestry of remarkable accomplishments spanning millennia. Ancient Indian mathematicians blazed a trail with the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero, while astronomers made precise celestial observations. The “Sushruta Samhita” demonstrated advanced surgical knowledge, and India’s metallurgical expertise was renowned. The medieval period witnessed architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal. British colonialism influenced the growth of modern scientific institutions.

Post-independence, India prioritized education and research, giving rise to institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Contemporary India excels in space exploration, IT, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy, solidifying its global stature in science and technology. Science and technology have always been integral to Indian culture, with a rich tradition of natural philosophy. The Indian Renaissance, coinciding with the independence struggle, saw significant progress by Indian scientists. Post-independence, the government established robust S&T infrastructure, with the Department of Science and Technology playing a pivotal role.

Role of Science & Technology in India

The role of science and technology in India is pivotal, with significant contributions to the nation’s development and progress. This role can be understood through various dimensions:

Economic Growth

Science and technology play a critical role in driving economic growth. They underpin various industries, including information technology, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and manufacturing. India’s burgeoning software and IT services sector, in particular, has led to substantial foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The advancements in these industries have significantly contributed to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and overall economic development.

Agricultural Transformation

Science and technology have been instrumental in transforming India’s agriculture sector. The Green Revolution, initiated in the mid-20th century, introduced high-yield crop varieties, modern irrigation techniques, and improved agricultural practices. These innovations increased agricultural productivity, ensuring food security for the growing population.

Healthcare Advancements

Technological advancements in the field of medicine have improved healthcare outcomes in India. Advanced medical equipment, telemedicine, and innovative treatment methods have enhanced the quality of healthcare services. India has also become a prominent player in pharmaceuticals, producing a wide range of affordable generic drugs and vaccines.

Education and Research

Science and technology have fostered a culture of innovation and research in India. The establishment of institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and world-class research facilities has nurtured a new generation of scientists and engineers. These institutions have not only contributed to cutting-edge research but have also attracted international collaborations.

Space Exploration

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has achieved significant milestones in space exploration. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013 marked its entry into interplanetary space exploration. ISRO’s missions have contributed to advancements in communication, remote sensing, and global positioning systems, benefiting a wide range of sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning.

Global Contributions

India has become a global contributor in science and technology. Its space missions and pharmaceutical industry have not only served domestic needs but have also had a global impact. India’s information technology sector provides crucial services to businesses and organizations around the world. The nation’s scientists and engineers are increasingly engaged in collaborative research projects with international partners, contributing to global scientific advancements.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Science and technology have fostered innovation and entrepreneurship. Start-ups in the technology, biotechnology, and clean energy sectors have gained prominence, attracting investments and generating job opportunities. India’s government and private sector actively support the growth of a vibrant start-up ecosystem.

Recent Developments of science and technology in India

India has a rich history of remarkable achievements in the field of science and technology, spanning from ancient innovations to modern breakthroughs. Here are some notable contributions:

Revolutionizing Agriculture

India’s Green Revolution, a monumental achievement, transformed the country’s agricultural landscape. Agro-scientists introduced high-yielding seeds, modern farming techniques, and improved irrigation practices. As a result, India became self-sufficient in food production, reducing reliance on foreign grain imports and ensuring food security.

Pioneering Satellite Communication

Under the visionary leadership of Vikram Sarabhai, India ventured into space technology. The successful launch of the Space Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) and the INSAT system in 1983 established India as a significant player in satellite communication. This achievement has had a profound impact on telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather forecasting.

Global Pharmaceutical Hub

India has earned its reputation as “the pharmacy of the world.” Government initiatives, including the establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics Limited and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited, along with private sector contributions, have led to the production of affordable and effective drugs and vaccines with a global impact.

Indigenous Defence Advancements

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has been pivotal in developing indigenous defence systems, including advanced aircraft, weaponry, tanks, electronic warfare technologies, and missile systems. India’s successful nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 have reinforced national security and sovereignty.

Space Exploration Excellence

The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969 marked a significant milestone. ISRO’s missions, including Chandrayaan (2008) and Mangalyaan (2014), have propelled India to the forefront of space exploration. India became the first nation to reach the orbit of Mars on its maiden attempt, expanding our knowledge of celestial bodies.

Global IT Dominance

The establishment of the Department of Electronics in 1970, coupled with the emergence of public sector companies like ECIL and CMC, challenged the dominance of global IT giants. Today, India stands as the world’s largest exporter of IT services, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) ranking among the top 10 IT firms globally, contributing significantly to the nation’s economic growth and technological prowess.

Achievements of India in Science and Technology

In the realm of space exploration, India has achieved notable milestones through the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ISRO has successfully launched numerous satellites for communication, Earth observation, and navigation. The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, marked a historic achievement, making India the fourth country in the world to reach Mars on its maiden attempt. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-2 mission was launched to explore the Moon, comprising an orbiter, lander, and rover.

Nuclear Technology

India has made significant strides in nuclear technology, developing capabilities for both civilian and military purposes. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 demonstrated India’s nuclear capabilities to the world. The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) have played pivotal roles in advancing nuclear science within the country.

Information Technology

India has established itself as a global IT hub, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, and Wipro leading the industry. These companies have contributed to Silicon Valley and the global tech industry, while Indian engineers and entrepreneurs have made substantial contributions in the field of information technology.

Pharmaceutical and Healthcare

India is a major player in the pharmaceutical industry, producing a significant portion of the world’s generic drugs. Indian pharmaceutical companies have played a crucial role in the global fight against diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This contribution to healthcare has had a global impact.

Renewable Energy

India has made significant progress in the field of renewable energy, setting ambitious goals for solar and wind energy generation. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), initiated by India, promotes cooperation among countries in harnessing solar energy, contributing to sustainable development.

Biotechnology

In the field of biotechnology, India has made advancements through research institutions and companies. These advancements encompass genetic engineering, vaccine development, and crop improvement, making significant contributions to the global biotech sector.

Supercomputing

India’s indigenous supercomputer, Param, has been a valuable tool for scientific research and weather forecasting. It showcases India’s capabilities in high-performance computing.

Agriculture and Green Revolution

The Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, led by scientists like Norman Borlaug, transformed agricultural practices in India. It significantly increased food production and played a crucial role in improving food security.

Space Research and Navigation

India’s space research extends to navigation with the launch of its regional satellite navigation system called NavIC. NavIC provides accurate positioning information services to users in India and neighboring regions, enhancing navigation capabilities.

Science and Innovation

Indian scientists and researchers have made substantial contributions to various scientific fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. Their work has elevated India’s standing in the global scientific community and contributed to scientific knowledge worldwide.

Concerns in Science and Technology in India

India’s science and technology landscape faces several concerns that impact its growth and competitiveness:

• Funding Challenges: The level of investment in research and development in India is often insufficient to support cutting-edge scientific endeavors and technological innovations. Inadequate funding hampers the country’s ability to tackle critical challenges and compete globally.
• Educational Variability: Disparities in the quality of science and technology education across the country hinder the development of a skilled workforce. Education reform is needed to make curriculum more relevant and equip students with practical skills.
• Brain Drain: The emigration of highly skilled researchers and scientists to foreign countries in pursuit of better opportunities results in a substantial loss of expertise and innovation within India.
• Innovation Ecosystem: Establishing a thriving innovation ecosystem with support for startups and entrepreneurship remains a challenge. Translating research into commercially viable products or services can be difficult.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure, including state-of-the-art research facilities, hinders scientific progress and innovation.

Way Forward

To bolster India’s science and technology sector, key measures are vital. Firstly, an increase in research and development funding is imperative, with a greater budget allocation to support innovative projects and cutting-edge scientific endeavors. Concurrently, a focus on education reform is essential, enhancing the quality of science and technology education with modernized curricula and practical skill development.

Mitigating the brain drain necessitates incentives to retain talented researchers and scientists while nurturing an innovation ecosystem through support for startups and streamlined regulations promotes the commercialization of research. Infrastructure development, including state-of-the-art research facilities, will facilitate scientific progress. These measures collectively position India to contribute significantly to global scientific advancements and ensure socio-economic development.

Science and Technology in India UPSC

Science and Technology is a significant subject within the Civil Services Examination. It’s evident from the numerous questions related to this subject that appear in both the UPSC Prelims and Mains. To assist IAS aspirants in their exam preparations, this article offers downloadable PDFs of UPSC notes on Science and Technology. In the UPSC Mains, Science and Technology form part of the GS III syllabus. Additionally, science subjects such as Botany, Chemistry, and Biology are among the optional subject choices for the IAS Mains exam. These scientific subjects offer the potential for high scores, but often, aspirants face challenges in balancing static and dynamic aspects while making notes, especially when dealing with contemporary issues from the news.

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Science and Technology in India FAQs

What is the role of science and technology in modern india.

Science and technology in modern India drive economic growth, healthcare advancements, and agricultural transformation while fostering innovation, global contributions, and socio-economic development.

What is the future of science and technology in India?

India aspires for advancements in experimental physics, astrophysics, drug development, diagnostics, and biotechnology, aiming to push scientific frontiers.

How does science and technology contribute to economic growth in India?

Science and technology underpin various industries, such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, contributing to GDP and job creation.

Greetings! I'm Piyush, a content writer at StudyIQ. I specialize in creating enlightening content focused on UPSC and State PSC exams. Let's embark on a journey of discovery, where we unravel the intricacies of these exams and transform aspirations into triumphant achievements together!

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Home » Science & Technology » Space Technology

Space Technology

Space technology is technology for use in travel or activities beyond Earth’s atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight or space exploration. Space technology includes space vehicles such as spacecraft, satellites, space stations and orbital launch vehicles; deep-space communication; in-space propulsion; and a wide variety of other technologies including support infrastructure equipment, and procedures.

The space environment is a sufficiently novel environment that attempting to work in it often requires new tools and techniques. Many common everyday services for terrestrial use such as weather forecasting, remote sensing, satellite navigation systems, satellite television, and some long-distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure. Of the sciences, astronomy and Earth science benefit from space technology.[1] New technologies originating with or accelerated by space-related endeavors are often subsequently exploited in other economic activities.

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India makes breakthrough by test-firing new 3D-printed rocket engine (photo)

The new manufacturing approach saves materials and time.

India has announced a breakthrough that could boost its efforts to grow as a space-faring nation.

On May 9, the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a successful hot-fire test of a liquid-fueled rocket engine that was built using additive manufacturing (colloquially known as 3D printing ) technology. 

The engine, which burns a hypergolic mix of nitrogen tetroxide and monomethyl hydrazine, fired for a duration of 665 seconds, marking a major milestone. The engine is used in the upper stage of India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ). 

Related: Latest news about India's space program

ISRO said the new laser powder bed fusion technique used to make the engine has brought down the number of engine parts from 14 to a single piece. This has eliminated 19 weld joints and saved significantly on the raw material usage per engine: The new process uses 30.2 pounds (13.7 kilograms) of metal powder, for example, compared to the 1,245 pounds (565 kg) of forgings and sheets needed with the conventional technique. The new process also reduces the overall production time by 60%, according to ISRO.

Design & Manufacturing Breakthrough:ISRO successfully conducts a long-duration test of the PS4 engine, re-designed for production using cutting-edge additive manufacturing techniques and crafted in the Indian industry.The new engine, now a single piece, saves 97% of raw… pic.twitter.com/YdDsDm3YGF May 10, 2024

— New head of Indian space agency's 'biggest challenge' will be human spaceflight

— India's human spaceflight plans coming together despite delays

— The latest news about India's space program

The 145-foot-tall (44 meters) PSLV is one of India's workhorse launchers, along with the LVM-3. The rocket can deliver up to 3,860 pounds (1,750 kg) of payload to sun-synchronous polar orbits 370 miles (600 km) high.

The milestone will help the country boost its launch rate . India also has grand plans in human spaceflight including landing an astronaut on the moon and establishing a lunar base by 2047 . 

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Andrew is a freelance space journalist with a focus on reporting on China's rapidly growing space sector. He began writing for Space.com in 2019 and writes for SpaceNews, IEEE Spectrum, National Geographic, Sky & Telescope, New Scientist and others. Andrew first caught the space bug when, as a youngster, he saw Voyager images of other worlds in our solar system for the first time. Away from space, Andrew enjoys trail running in the forests of Finland. You can follow him on Twitter  @AJ_FI .

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भारत में अन्तरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी पर निबंध | Essay on Space Technology in India | Hindi

भारत में अन्तरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी पर निबंध! Here is an essay on ‘Space Technology in India’ in Hindi language.

आज मानव ने अन्तरिक्ष विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में काफी प्रगति कर ली है । पृथ्वी से इतर ग्रहों के रहस्यों का भेद पाने के लिए एक ओर बह चाँद पर जा पहुँचा है, तो दूसरी ओर उसने मानव जीवन में ज्ञान-विज्ञान और सुख-सुविधाओं का विस्तार करने के उद्देश्य से अन्तरिक्ष में अत्याधुनिक तकनीक सम्पन्न विभिन्न प्रकार के उपग्रहों को स्थापित करने में अद्‌भुत सफलता हासिल की है ।

अन्तरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी के क्षेत्र में अद्भुत उपलब्धियाँ प्राप्त करने वाले विश्व के चन्द देशों में आज भारत भी किसी मायने में किसी से पीछे नहीं है । 5 नवम्बर, 2013 को हमारे देश के वैज्ञानिकों ने पीएसएलबीसी-25 के माध्यम से मार्स ऑर्बिटर यान अर्थात् मॉम को अन्तरिक्ष में सफलतापूर्वक स्थापित कर भारत को विश्व के उन चार देशों में शामिल कर दिया, जिन्होंने मंगल पर अपने यान भेजने में सफलता पाई है ।

24 सितम्बर, 2014 को मॉम के मंगल ग्रह की कक्षा में प्रवेश करने के साथ ही हमारा देश मंगल तक पहुँचने बाला न सिर्फ प्रथम एशियाई देश बन गया, बल्कि इसने अपने प्रथम प्रयास में सफलता प्राप्त कर नया रिकॉर्ड भी बना डाला ।

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हमारे मंगल अभियान की इस सफलता पर प्रधानमन्त्री श्री नरेन्द्र मोदी जी ने कहा था- ”हमारे वैज्ञानिकों ने जो हासिल किया है, हम सबको उस पर गर्व होना चाहिए ।” इस महान् उपलब्धि पर नासा ने भी ट्‌वीट किया- ”हम इसरो को मंगल पर पहुँचने के लिए बधाई देते हैं लाल ग्रह का अध्ययन करने वाले मिशनों में मंगलयान मॉम शामिल हुआ ।

हमारे मंगलयान ने मंगल ग्रह की कक्षा में प्रवेश करने के दूसरे दिन ही मंगल ग्रह के सुन्दर दृश्यों की पहली तस्वीर भेजी । भारत का यह महत्वाकांक्षी मिशन संसार का सबसे सस्ता मंगल मिशन है । इससे पूर्व वर्ष 2008 में मून मिशन की सफलता के पश्चात् इसरो का लोहा पूरी दुनिया मान चुकी है ।” मून मिशन के अन्तर्गत भारत चन्द्रमा पर चन्द्रयान-1 के रूप में मानवरहित उपग्रह भेजने वाला विश्व का चौथा देश है ।

4 अक्टूबर, 1967 को सोवियत संघ द्वारा अन्तरिक्ष में ‘स्पुतनिक’ नामक अन्तरिक्ष यान भेजकर अन्तरिक्ष में छिपे रहस्यों को जानने की पहल की गई । इस अन्तरिक्ष यान के प्रक्षेपण के साथ ही विश्व में अन्तरिक्ष युग की शुरूआत हो गई और दिन-प्रतिदिन प्रौद्योगिकी में प्रगति के साथ ही आज मानव विकास की आधुनिक उन्नत अवस्था तक पहुँच गया है विश्व में अन्तरिक्ष अभियान प्रारम्भ होने के मात्र पाँच साल बाद वर्ष 1962 में भारत में भी अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रमों की शुरूआत हुई ।

आज भारत अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान के क्षेत्र में विश्व में अपना विशेष स्थान रखता है । वह अपने विभिन्न अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रमों के बल पर शिक्षा, सूचना एवं संचार आदि के क्षेत्र में विशेष प्रगति हासिल कर चुका है । भारत के प्रथम अन्तरिक्ष यात्री राकेश शर्मा हैं ।  वर्ष 1997 में भारत की महिला अन्तरिक्ष यात्री कल्पना चावला ने अन्तरिक्ष की यात्रा की ।

वह 16 जनवरी, 2003 को छ: अन्य सदस्यों सहित अमेरिकी अन्तरिक्ष केन्द्र ‘नासा’ द्वारा पुन: अन्तरिक्ष यात्रा पर गई, पर 16 दिनों की अन्तरिक्ष यात्रा पूर्ण कर पून्त्री पर उतरने से पूर्व ही उनके अन्तरिक्ष यान ‘कोलम्बिया एसटीएस-107’ में विस्फोट हो गया और सभी अन्तरिक्ष यात्रियों की मौत हो गई । इस दुर्घटना ने एक प्रतिभाशाली अन्तरिक्ष परी को हमसे हमेशा के लिए छीन लिया ।

अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान की बदौलत भारत की इस प्रगति में महान् वैज्ञानिक डॉ विक्रम साराभाई का सर्वाधिक योगदान रहा है । डॉ. साराभाई ने ही भारत में अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रमों की शुरूआत की थी, जिसके फलस्वरूप कई भारतीय उपग्रह अन्तरिक्ष में छोडे गए और सूचना एवं संचार के क्षेत्र में देश में अभूतपूर्व क्रान्ति का सूत्रपात हो सका ।

वर्ष 1962 में डॉ. साराभाई को भारत में अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान एवं विकास की जिम्मेदारी सौंपी गई, उन्होंने भारत को अन्तरिक्ष युग में ले जाने में अग्रणी भूमिका निभाई, इसलिए उन्हें ‘भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रमों का जनक’ कहा जाता है ।

भारत में अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान की शुरूआत करने के लिए वर्ष 1982 में डॉ. साराभाई की अध्यक्षता में अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान समिति के गठन के बाद वर्ष 1963 में केरल राज्य में तिरुबनन्तपुरम् के निकट भुला में एक रर्किट प्रक्षेपण केन्द्र स्थापित किया गया ।

वर्ष 1969 में अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान समिति को पुनर्गठित करके इसका नाम ‘भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान सगठन’ (इसरो) कर दिया गया । इसके बाद देश में अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान को मजबूत वित्तीय आधार प्रदान करने के लिए वर्ष 1972 में केन्द्र सरकार द्वारा एक अलग अन्तरिक्ष विभाग एवं अन्तरिक्ष आयोग का गठन किया गया ।

19 अप्रैल, 1975 को तत्कालीन सोवियत संघ की मदद से प्रथम भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष उपग्रह आर्यभट्ट के प्रक्षेपण के साथ ही भारत अन्तरिक्ष युग में प्रवेश कर गया । इस उपग्रह का निर्माण एक्स-रे एस्ट्रोनॉमी, एरोनॉमिका एवं सौर भौतिकी के क्षेत्र में उन्नति के लिए किया गया था ।

भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की इस अद्वितीय उपलब्धि पर वर्ष 1976 में तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री श्रीमती इन्दिरा गाँधी ने कहा था- ”इस बात की खुशी है कि भारत के प्रथम उपग्रह का नाम आर्यभट्‌ट रखा गया । हमारा यह उपग्रह भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों की योग्यता और परिश्रम का प्रतीक है ।” बीसवीं सदी के सत्तर का दशक भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष कार्यक्रमों के प्रयोग का युग था ।

इस दौरान भास्कर, रोहिणी एवं एप्पल जैसे कई उपग्रह छोड़े गए । रोहिणी वर्ष 1980 में स्वदेश निर्मित प्रक्षेपण यान पुसएलवी-3 से कक्षा में स्थापित किया जाने वाला प्रथम उपग्रह है इसके अन्तर्गत प्रक्षेपित किए गए चार उपग्रहों में से तीन सफलतापूर्ण कक्षा में स्थापित हुए । आठवें दशक के प्रारम्भ में पूर्व राष्ट्रपति डॉ एपीजे अब्दुल कलाम के नेतृत्व में उपग्रह लान्च करने की तकनीक विकसित करने हेतु सैटेलाइट लान्च व्हीकल (एसएलवी) प्रोजेक्ट शुरू किया गया ।

श्रीहरिकोटा से पहली बार 10 अगस्त, 1979 को एसएलबी लान्च किया गया, जो पोलर सैटेलाइट लान्च व्हीकल पीएसएलवी और जियो सिंक्रोनस सैटेलाइट लान्च व्हीकल (जीएसएलवी) का आधार बना । पीएसएलवी को इण्डियन रिमोट सेंसिंग (आईआरएस) को प्रक्षेपित करने और जीएसएलवी को भू-स्थैतिक कक्षाओं में इनसेट उपग्रहों को प्रक्षेपित करने हेतु विकसित किया गया था ।

अस्सी के दशक में इनसेट एवं आईआरएस जैसे उपग्रह कार्यक्रम प्रारम्भ हुए । इनसेट की प्रथम पीढ़ी के उपग्रहों का निर्माण विदेशी तकनीक की सहायता से किया गया था, किन्तु इसकी द्वितीय पीढी के उपग्रहों को पूर्णतः स्वदेशी तकनीक द्वारा देश में ही विकसित किया गया । इनसेट उपग्रह प्रणाली एक बहुउद्‌देशीय उपग्रह प्रणाली है ।

यह अन्तरिक्ष विभाग, दूरसंचार विभाग, भारतीय मौसम विभाग, आकाशवाणी एवं दूरदर्शन का संयुक्त उद्यम है, इसलिए यह भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था के अनेक महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्रों में सेवाएँ उपलब्ध कराती है । इनमें से सबसे महत्वपूर्ण दूरसंचार क्षेत्र है, जो इनसेट मोबाइल उपग्रह सेवा के साथ-साथ वी-सेट सेवाएँ भी देता है । इनसे टेलीविजन प्रसारण एवं पुनर्वितरण को भी काफी लाभ हुआ है ।

इनसेट के कारण भारत में बड़ी संख्या में स्थापित स्थलीय पुनर्प्रसारण ट्रांसमीटरों से करोडों लोगों तक टेलीविजन की पहुँच हो पाई है । इसके अतिरिक्त, इनसेट के कारण ही प्रशिक्षण और विकासात्मक शिक्षा के लिए विशेष चैनल उपलब्ध करा पाना सम्भव हो पाया है । शिक्षा के प्रसार के लिए विशेष उपग्रह एडु सैट (एजुकेशन थ्रू सैटेलाइट) का भी प्रक्षेपण किया गया है ।

इनसेट के श्रृंखलाबद्ध उपग्रहों के साथ-रही-साथ भारत ने वर्ष 1980 के बाद से अब तक आईआरएस, मेटसेट, कार्टोसेट, हैमसेट, आईआरपुनएसएस आदि के कई श्रृंखलाबद्ध उपग्रहों का सफलतापूर्वक प्रक्षेपण किया है । आईआरएस उपग्रहों द्वारा प्रेषित चित्रों का उपयोग भारत में कृषि क्षेत्र में कई तरह से किया जाता है ।

इसके अतिरिक्त, इन चित्रों का उपयोग जल के श्रेष्ठतम उपयोग हेतु भू-जल एवं सतह पर उपलब्ध जल के संचयन एवं तालाबों तथा सिंचाई कमान क्षेत्रों की निगरानी हेतु किया जाता है ।  वन सर्वेक्षण, बंजर भूमि पहचान तथा उसे पुन उपज योग्य बनाने का कार्य भी इन चित्रों के माध्यम से किया जाता है साथ-ही-साथ इनका उपयोग खनिजों के अन्वेषण एवं सम्भावित मत्स्य क्षेत्रों की भविष्यवाणी हेतु भी किया जाता है । आज भारत द्वारा प्रक्षेपित किए गए कई सुदूर संवेदी उपग्रहों रिमोट सेंसिंग सैटेलाइट्‌स का उपयोग राष्ट्रीय एवं अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर किया जा रहा है ।

अक्टूबर, 1994 में ध्रुवीय उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान (पीएसएलवी) द्वारा आईआरएसपी-2 उपग्रह को छोड़े जाने के साथ ही भारतीय प्रक्षेपण यान कार्यक्रम ने एक अच्छी उपलब्धि हासिल की । वर्ष 2002 में पीएसएलवी द्वारा भू-स्थैतिक कक्षा में स्थापित किया जाने वाला प्रथम उपग्रह कल्पना-1 है, जो पूर्णतः मौसम सम्बद्ध जानकारी हेतु समर्पित है ।

इसरो ने पीएसएलवी रॉकेट द्वारा विदेशी उपग्रहों का व्यावसायिक प्रक्षेपण वर्ष 1999 में शुरू किया था । वर्ष 2002 में एक एकल अभियान में भारत ने पीएसएलवी के सहारे एक साथ 10 उपग्रहों को अन्तरिक्ष में सफलतापूर्ण स्थापित करके अन्तरिक्ष क्षेत्र में महान् उपलब्धि प्राप्त की ।

भारत में उपग्रहों का प्रक्षेपण आन्ध्र प्रदेश के श्रीहरिकोटा स्थित सतीश धवन अन्तरिक्ष केन्द्र से किया जाता है । इसी केन्द्र से अप्रैल, 2009 में पीएसएलवी-सी 12 द्वारा भारत का जासूसी उपग्रह रिसेट-2 एवं अनुसेट प्रक्षेपित किए गए । इसी वर्ष दिसम्बर में पीएसएलवी ने अपने साथ 7 विदेशी उपग्रहों को लेकर उडान भरी ।

इसके बाद फरवरी 2013 में पीएसपुलबी-सी 20 द्वारा एकल अभियान में भारतीय-फासीसी समुद्र विज्ञान अध्ययन उपग्रह ‘सरल’ एवं अन्य 6 विदेशी उपग्रहों का सफलतापूर्ण प्रक्षेपण किया गया । यह इसरो का महत्वपूर्ण 100वाँ अन्तरिक्ष अभियान था ।

इस अभियान के अन्तर्गत कक्षाओं में स्थापित किए जाने बाले बिदेशी उपग्रहों में कनाडा एवं ऑस्ट्रिया के दो-दो तथा ब्रिटेन एवं डेनमार्क के एक-एक उपग्रह शामिल थे । श्रीहरिकोटा से जून, 2014 में पीएसएलवी-सी 23 के सहारे 5 और विदेशी उपग्रह एक साथ अन्तरिक्ष में भेजे गए । इस प्रकार आज भारत उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण करने वाला एक सफल और विश्वासी देश बन चुका है ।

इसरो ने अमेरिका के जीपीएस की तरह भारतीय क्षेत्रीय नौवहन उपग्रह प्रणाली (आईआरएनएसएस) स्थापित करने हेतु सात उपग्रह भेजने की योजना बनाई है । सतीश धवन अन्तरिक्ष केन्द्र से पीएसएलवी रॉकेटों द्वारा इस श्रृंखला के अब तक तीन उपग्रह आईआरएनएसएस-1 ए, आईआरपनाग्सएस- 1 बी एवं आईआरएनएसएस- 1 सी क्रमशः जुलाई, 2013, अप्रैल, 2014 एवं अक्टूबर, 2014 में सफलतापूर्वक अन्तरिक्ष में भेजे जा चुके है । इनमें से आईआरएनएसएस-1 सी पीएसएलवी की 28वीं उड़ान थी ।

पीएसएलवी की सफलता के बाद जीएसएलवी (भू-तुल्यकालिक उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान) को प्रक्षेपित करने में भी भारतीय वैज्ञानिकों को सफलता प्राप्त हुई । जीएसएलवी दो हजार किलोग्राम श्रेणी के उपग्रहों को भू-स्थिर स्थानान्तरण कक्षा में छोड़ सकता है ।  अब स्वदेश में ही विकसित क्रायोजेनिक तकनीक की सहायता से इसका प्रक्षेपण और भी आसान हो गया है ।

5 जनवरी, 2014 को भारत ने श्रीहरिकोटा से पहला स्वदेश निर्मित क्रायोजेनिक रकिट जीएसएलबीडी-5 का सफलतापूर्वक प्रक्षेपण किया है । इसके साथ ही भारत की गिनती प्रक्षेपण यान निर्माण करने वाले इने-गिने देशों में होने लगी । इस प्रकार आज हमारा देश न सिर्फ उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण की तकनीक में उन्नत हो गया है, बल्कि प्रक्षेपण यान के निर्माण में भी सफलता हासिल कर ली है ।

हाल के मंगल मिशन (मॉम) की सफलता ने हम भारतीयों का मस्तक गर्व से ऊँचा कर दिया है ।  ये सारी उपलब्धियाँ भारत के लिए राजस्व का एक बृहत द्वार खोल सकती हैं । ऐसी आशा की जा रही है कि सस्ती एवं भरोसेमन्द तकनीक होने के कारण उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण हेतु एशिया, यूरोप, अफ्रीका एवं दक्षिण अमेरिका के विकासशील देश भारत का रुख कर सकते हैं ।

विकासशील अर्थव्यवस्था और उससे जुडी अनेक समस्याओं से घिरे होने के बावजूद भारत ने न सिर्फ अन्तरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी को प्रभावी का से विकसित किया है, बल्कि उसे अपने तीव्र विकास के लिए इस्तेमाल भी किया है । इतना ही नहीं आज भारत अन्य देशों को भी इन कार्यक्रमों से सम्बन्धित अनेक प्रकार की सुविधाएं उपलब्ध कर रहा है । आशा है आने बाले वर्षों में भारत अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान के क्षेत्र में नई उपलब्धियाँ हासिल करने में और अधिक सफल होगा ।

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Essay on Technology Development in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Technology Development in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

Introduction.

India has seen rapid technology development. This growth has improved lives and boosted the economy.

Technology in Education

Technology has transformed education in India. Digital classrooms and online learning have made education accessible to everyone.

Healthcare Technology

In healthcare, technology has enabled telemedicine and e-health services. This has improved healthcare access in rural areas.

Technology in Business

Businesses have benefited from technology, with e-commerce and digital payments becoming popular. This has boosted the economy.

Technology development in India continues to grow, promising a brighter future for all.

250 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

India, a country known for its rich cultural heritage, has been making significant strides in technology development. The rapid advancements have not only revolutionized the urban landscape but also penetrated the rural regions, transforming the nation into a digital powerhouse.

Information Technology and Software Services

India’s Information Technology (IT) sector has been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth. The IT-BPM (Business Process Management) industry has made India a global outsourcing hub, creating millions of jobs and contributing significantly to the GDP. The development of software services, IT parks, and special economic zones has fostered innovation and entrepreneurship.

Telecommunication

The telecommunication sector in India has witnessed exponential growth with the advent of affordable smartphones and cheap data services. The introduction of 4G, and the impending launch of 5G, has improved connectivity, paving the way for digital inclusivity.

Space Technology

India’s space technology, spearheaded by ISRO, has garnered international acclaim. The successful missions to the moon (Chandrayaan) and Mars (Mangalyaan) have positioned India as a formidable player in space exploration.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

India is making significant strides in the field of AI and ML. With a plethora of startups focusing on AI-based solutions, India is poised to become a global leader in this domain.

In conclusion, the development of technology in India is a testament to the nation’s resilience and adaptability. As the country continues to embrace the digital revolution, it is essential to address the digital divide and ensure technology benefits all strata of society equally.

500 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

India, a country with a rich history and a fast-growing economy, has made significant strides in the field of technology. The country’s tech development has been marked by a series of remarkable achievements, from the establishment of prestigious institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology to the launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission. This essay delves into the development of technology in India and its implications for the country’s future.

The Emergence of the IT Sector

India’s technological journey began in earnest with the emergence of the Information Technology (IT) sector in the 1990s. The liberalization of the Indian economy played a crucial role in this development, attracting foreign investments and paving the way for the growth of IT companies. Today, India’s IT sector is a global powerhouse, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP and providing employment to millions.

India’s prowess in space technology is another testament to its technological advancements. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved several milestones, including the successful launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars. These achievements have not only put India on the global space map but also highlighted its capabilities in advanced technology and research.

Start-up Ecosystem

The start-up ecosystem in India has also witnessed exponential growth, driven by technological innovation. With the government’s supportive policies and initiatives like ‘Start-up India’, young entrepreneurs are leveraging technology to solve a myriad of problems, from healthcare to education. This has led to the birth of several unicorns and has positioned India as a global innovation hub.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite these achievements, India faces several challenges in its technological journey. Issues such as digital divide, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate investment in research and development pose significant hurdles. However, these challenges also present opportunities for growth. For instance, the digital divide can be bridged through initiatives like the Digital India campaign, which aims to make government services digitally accessible to all citizens.

In conclusion, technology development in India has been a journey of remarkable growth and innovation. The country has made significant strides in various fields, from IT to space technology. However, to sustain this momentum and achieve its vision of becoming a global technology leader, India needs to address the existing challenges and capitalize on the opportunities that lie ahead. The future of technology in India holds immense potential, and with the right strategies, the country can harness this potential to drive its socio-economic development.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

• Essay on Social Problems in India
• Essay on Unemployment in India
• Essay on Indian Politics

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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India's space startup calls off maiden rocket launch for a fourth time

India’s Agnikul Cosmos called off a test flight of its first rocket on Tuesday seconds before it was due to launch - the fourth such cancellation in the last three months.

Launches of India’s second privately built rocket, and first using a combination of gas and liquid fuel, had been aborted three times before because of technical issues, including one flight that was cancelled about 90 seconds before lift-off.

The launch, scheduled for 5:45 a.m. IST (0015 GMT) on Tuesday, was first delayed less than six minutes before lift-off “due to a technical glitch in the countdown activities”, and officials set a new lift-off time of 9:25 a.m.

Only five seconds before lift-off, however, the launch was put on “temporary hold to check igniter performance”, then was called off altogether.

The mission was expected to last two minutes and test the new "semi-cryogenic" engine and 3D-printed parts. If successful, it would have represented a technological step for India, whose Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has not yet successfully flown a semi-cryogenic engine, which uses a mix of liquid and gas for propellant.

Agnikul Cosmos’ Agnibaan rocket is a customisable, 2-stage launch vehicle that can take up to 300 kg (about 660 lb) of payload to orbits about 700 km in altitude (435 miles), the company said. SpaceX's Falcon Heavy can put up to 63,500 kgs to low Earth orbit.

India’s first privately developed rocket, from the company Skyroot, was flown from ISRO’s launch site in 2022.

Founded in 2017, Agnikul - whose name is derived from the Hindi and Sanskrit word for fire - runs the country’s first private launchpad and mission control centre, while ISRO operates all other launchpads.

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Google leases new office space in Bengaluru with a monthly rent of over Rs 4 crore: Report

Google has secured 649,000 square feet of office space in bengaluru, marking a significant step in its india expansion strategy. this lease seems to be part of a broader plan to enhance its presence in key indian cities..

• Updated May 28, 2024, 7:03 AM IST

Google has leased 649,000 square feet of office space in Alembic City, Whitefield, Bengaluru, according to a report by ET. The report suggests that the office has been leased with a three-year lock-in period at a monthly rental rate of Rs 62 per square foot which amounts to a whopping Rs 4,02,38,000 monthly rent. 

The new office space acquisition comes after Google let go of some core employees from its US offices earlier this month. The company reportedly shifted some of the positions to India.  According to the report, in 2022, Google Connect Services India Pvt. Ltd. renewed its lease for 600,000 square feet of office space in Hyderabad. Google also agreed to lease 1.3 million square feet of office space from Bagmane Developers in Bengaluru. Since 2020, Google's office space portfolio in India has expanded by 3.5 million square feet. The company now operates in five cities across India, with a total real estate footprint of 9.3 million square feet.

Google is further expanding its presence in India by dipping into manufacturing. The company has plans to manufacture smartphones at a Foxconn facility in Tamil Nadu and to start drone manufacturing in the state. Production of Pixel smartphones in India is expected to begin with the Pixel 8 model.

The company had initially laid out the plans to start manufacturing Pixel phones during the Google for India conference last year.  

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Starlink Outage Affects Thousands: SpaceX Scrambles for Solution

Elon musk's starlink services experienced a significant outage affecting 41,393 users, as reported by downdetector.com. spacex's starlink, with around 60% of the 7,500 satellites in orbit, dominates the satellite internet market. the company is currently working to resolve the network issue..

Elon Musk's Starlink services are down for 41,393 users, according to outage tracking website Downdetector.com on Tuesday.

"We are currently in a network outage and are actively implementing a solution," Starlink said. SpaceX's Starlink, which owns around 60% of the roughly 7,500 satellites orbiting earth, is dominant in the satellite internet sphere.

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What is Halloween Crack?

Although iceberg calving is normal, the brunt ice shelf is feeling the same pressures as elsewhere around antarctica, including low sea ice conditions..

A large iceberg, measuring 375 square kilometres, broke off from Antarctica’s Brunt Ice Shelf last week. As per the European Space Agency, this was the region’s third significant iceberg calving in the past four years.

The iceberg that broke off was named A-83, and Christopher Shuman, a glaciologist based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, estimated that the iceberg measures about 375 square kilometres (145 square miles).

Iceberg A-83 was first spotted off the Brunt Ice Shelf in the eastern Weddell Sea. It broke from a rift known as the “Halloween Crack”. Although iceberg calving is normal, the Brunt Ice Shelf is feeling the same pressures as elsewhere around Antarctica, including low sea ice conditions. When less sea ice is present, ice shelves are more exposed to destabilising wind and wave action.

Here’s all about  the Halloween Crack

📌 First spotted on 31 October 2016, the Halloween Crack runs from an area known as McDonald Ice Rumples – which is where the underside of the floating ice sheet is grounded on the shallow seabed. This pinning point slows the flow of ice and fractures the ice surface. 📌 The Halloween Crack, which is currently stable, runs adjacent the more precarious tip of Brunt Ice Shelf. This tip of the shelf is hanging by a thread – now only held in place by a narrow strip of ice around 600 m long at the northern end of the long chasm cutting through the western and remaining eastern part of the ice shelf. 📌 If and when this potential rupture point finally gives way, it is expected to spawn a huge iceberg about 1750 square kilometres. 📌 The McDonald Ice Rumples are the result of ice that flows over an underwater obstruction, where the bedrock rises high enough to reach into the underside of the floating ice shelf. This rocky formation impedes the flow of ice and causes pressure waves, crevasses, and rifts to form at the shelf’s surface.

(With inputs from the LandSat NASA and European Space Agency)

IMD predicts neutral ENSO conditions in June, transitioning to La Nina in July-September. La Nina brings above normal rainfall and stronger monsoon winds, favoring Indian monsoons. South peninsular and central India expected to receive above normal rainfall, while northwest India will receive normal rainfall and east and northeast India below average.

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