bibliography for law essay

Q. What is the format for the bibliography for Law coursework and dissertations? (OSCOLA)

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Answered By: Claire Mazer Last Updated: 16 Oct, 2023 Views: 23127

**Please check for current guidance from Brunel Law School**

In academic work more generally, a bibliography is typically used to show everything you have cited and anything else you have read, even if not cited. Recent advice from the Law School suggests that academic colleagues only wished for cited works to appear in the bibliography and not anything else. So, if you have read a source (book, article etc) , but not cited it in your footnotes, then don't include it in your bibliography.

Bibliography format for law coursework: The key points to note are that sources need to be in categories, with primary sources (cases, legislation) listed first, followed by secondary sources (books, journals, websites) all in alphabetical and then chronological order. Note that case names appear in plain text and not italics.

Note that authors names are inverted. Surname appears first followed by the initial of the first name and then a comma, i.e. Choo A, or Natile S, This does not apply to company, departmental or organisational names (including law firms and barristers chambers), i.e. European Commission, Ministry of Justice, British Red Cross, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, which remain as they are in both footnotes and the bibliography.

Electronic versions of cases and journal articles: Many cases and journal articles can be found in legal databases such as Westlaw, Lexis+ etc. However, it is not necessary to cite databases as the source. Almost all law reports and journals are available in printed form. The citation itself is sufficient since it includes the law report or journal in which the case was reported or journal article was published. There are a few journals where only an electronic version is available, usually the clue is in the title: The Internet Journal of Criminology. For these titles it is necessary to add the URL in triangular brackets and the date it was accessed.

Here is a sample bibliography:

Bibliography

Pepper v Hart [1993] AC 593 (HL)

Mastercard Inc v Merricks [2021] Bus LR 25

R v Brockway (Andrew Robert) (2008) 2 Cr App R (S) 4

R v Edwards (John) (1991) 93 Cr App R 48

Legislation

Crime and Disorder Act 1998

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

Dembour M-B, Who believes in human rights?: reflections on the European Convention (Cambridge University Press 2006)

Herring J, Criminal Law: Text and Materials (9th edn, OUP 2020)

Norrie A, Crime, Reason and History (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014)

Ashworth A, ‘Social Control and “Anti-Social Behaviour”: the Subversion of Human Rights’ (2004) 120 LQR 263

Behan C and O'Donnell I, 'Prisoners, Politics and the Polls: Enfranchisement and the Burden of Responsibility' (2008) 48(3) Brit J Criminol 31

Stephens-Chu G, ‘Is it Always All About the Money? The Appropriateness of Non-Pecuniary Remedies in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2014) 30(4) Arbitration International 661

Gazard B, ‘What’s happened to crime during the pandemic? How ONS has responded to the measurement challenge’ ( Office for National Statistics , 25 August 2020) <https://blog.ons.gov.uk/2020/08/25/whats-happened-to-crime-during-the-pandemic-how-ons-has-responded-to-the-measurement-challenge/> accessed 16 December 2020

Gowin J, ‘Can We Predict Crime Using Brain Scans?’ ( You, Illuminated. Psychology Today, 2013) <https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/you-illuminated/201304/can-we-predict-crime-using-brain-scans> accessed 20 October 2020

Metropolitan Police, ‘What is hate crime?’ ( Metropolitan Police, 2021) < https://www.met.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/hco/hate-crime/what-is-hate-crime/ > accessed 26 February 2021

Bibliography format for law dissertations: Broadly the same as above except that separate tables of cases / legislation / EU or International legal materials (as applicable) should appear between the end of the dissertation and the beginning of the bibliography. The purpose of the bibliography at dissertation level is to provide a list of secondary sources, i.e. books, journals, online documents, websites, blogs.

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Law: Referencing

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Referencing
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Law - Referencing

Referencing is the academic practice of acknowledging the sources you have used in your work. Sources may be other people's words and ideas, or legal authorities such as legislation and case law.

Referencing demonstrates your ethical use of information, the range of your research and reading, provides authority to your arguments, enables others to find materials cited, and avoids accusations of plagiarism.

Plagiarism is the use of another person's work without proper acknowledgment. Most plagiarism is unintentional and the result of poor academic practice. It's is important to reference when directly quoting or paraphrasing another person's work.

Referencing styles are sets of rules governing referencing practice. They prescribe the type, order and format of information in a reference. There are 3 main types of referencing style: in-text, footnote and endnote. Always check what referencing style is required by your department or assessment, as there may be local interpretations.

Cite Them Right

An introduction to the general principles of referencing, including why, when and how to reference.

Research & Academic Support Librarian

OSCOLA Workshops

Learn OSCOLA at our Introduction to OSCOLA workshops. Learn about footnote referencing, how to cite primary and secondary sources of legal information, how to do subsequent citations using short forms and ibids, and how to structure your bibliography.

Appointments

Your Research & Academic Support Librarian is available for 1-2-1 appointments, both on-campus and online, and can advise on all library, research and referencing matters.

Referencing Software

Referencing software allows you to manage references, insert citations and create a bibliography, in your referencing style.

EndNote is referencing software from Clarivate. EndNote Desktop supports the OSCOLA referencing style. EndNote is available from Warwick IT Services, and is supported by Warwick Library. Please see the EndNote LibGuide for further information.

OSCOLA Referencing Style

The Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is the referencing style used by the Warwick Law School and by law schools and legal publishers across the UK. It was developed by the University of Oxford and is free to download from the official OSCOLA website :

Referencing in Law Exams

Introduction.

Law School Guidance

Question: "Do I need to do OSCOLA referencing in exams?" Answer: No

OSCOLA referencing is required for essays and dissertations but not for examinations. In examinations, you need to acknowledge your source, but this should be done in-text (in brackets) and does not require footnotes or a bibliography.

If citing any authorities, include the name/title in the main body of your text (not in footnotes/references)
If citing secondary sources, include the author, an abbreviated source title and the year (in brackets in main body of your text)
If using a direct quotation, you must use "quotation marks" and acknowledge the source in your text

Examples of how to reference in law examinations:

Cases Name of Case (Year) e.g. Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton (2021)
Legislation Title of Legislation Year e.g. Human Rights Act 1998
Books (Author, Short Title of Book Year) e.g. (Bradney, How to Study Law 2021)
Articles (Author, 'Short Title of Article' Year) e.g. (Carr, 'Women in Commercial Law' 2020)

The Law School's current guidance on examinations states:

The word limit applies to the aggregate number of words used to answer all questions, and reflects the specified time set for the exam within the 24-hour period. It excludes footnotes/references, but footnotes/references will not be marked, and you will not be given credit for them. The limit is an upper bound on your wordcount and not a target. In answering all required questions, you may write less if you wish. As with any normal exam, you should put citations of authorities and names of authors in the main body of your answer text if you wish to gain credit for them. You are allowed to access module materials, notes, resources, references and the Internet.
You are not required to use footnotes or include a bibliography. You should include a treaty/ statutory provision or case name for any legal proposition you reference. You do not need to provide the full case citation If you are using a direct quote from a source, you must use quotation marks (see Academic Integrity). It is sufficient to merely state the author of the quote, an abbreviated source and a date. All references should be made in brackets in the body of the essay.

OSCOLA - An Introduction

Bibliography, subsequent citations, secondary referencing.

OSCOLA is a guide to referencing key United Kingdom legal materials including primary sources (legislation and case law), and secondary sources (books and articles). OSCOLA is not a guide to academic or legal writing, nor is it a guide to writing law essays or dissertations.

OSCOLA provide some guidance to referencing European Union and International primary sources, but no guidance to referencing primary sources from foreign jurisdictions. If referencing foreign legal materials, writers should follow referencing guidance from the home jurisdiction.

OSCOLA provides referencing rules and examples for the main types of legal information; but it is not comprehensive, and it does not provide referencing rules of all types of information, especially non-legal information. If you are referencing materials not mentioned in OSCOLA, follow the general principles and be consistent.

OSCOLA is a footnote referencing style . With footnote referencing, numbered footnote markers (superscript numbers) are inserted into your text, normally at the end of your sentence, immediately after the full-stop.¹ You can position footnote markers within your sentence if it improves clarity, e.g. after a semi-colon;² or comma,³ or after a Case Name. The reference is written in a corresponding numbered footnote at the bottom of the page. The footnote is closed with a full-stop.

Insert footnotes

Most word processing software includes footnote referencing functionality. In Microsoft Word, click on the 'References' menu, and then 'Insert Footnote'. Refer to your word processing software’s help pages for further information.

How to Insert Footnotes and Endnotes in Microsoft Word.

Multiple references

A single footnote may include more than one reference. All references should be separated with a semi-colon (;).
List primary sources (legislation and case law) before secondary sources (books and articles), and legislation before case law.
If you have more than one reference of the same type, list them chronologically, with the oldest one first.

When not to footnote

If you state the full title and year (and section where appropriate) of legislation in the main body of your text, you do not need to repeat the information in a footnote. Omit the footnote entirely but include the full reference in the Table of Authorities.

If you state the full name of the case in the main body of your text, you only need to include the case citations in the footnote. Omit the case name from the footnote, but include the citations only. Include the full reference in the Table of Authorities.

A bibliography is a list of sources or references cited in the work. OSCOLA requires a bibliography only for longer works i.e. monographs and dissertations/theses, not shorter works i.e. journal articles or essays. At law school, it is common practice to include a bibliography at the end of an essay. Please check your assessment guidance for further information.

With OSCOLA, the bibliography is split into two section: Table of Authorities (for primary sources) and Bibliography (for secondary sources). Generally, references are copied and pasted from the footnotes to the bibliography, although some minor formatting may also be required.

Table of Authorities

A Table of Authorities is a list of primary sources (legislation and case law) cited in the work. Normally there is a Table of Cases and a Table of Legislation . There may be additional tables depending on the length of work, and volume and types of sources cited.

In the Table of Cases , cases are listed in A-Z order by party name. Copy and paste the reference (case name and citations) from the footnote to the table. Remove any italics from the case name, any pinpoints for quoted pages/paragraphs, and the full-stop at the end of the reference.

In the Table of Legislation , list all Acts/Statutes in A-Z order by title, and then all Statutory Instruments in A-Z order by title. Copy and paste the references from the footnote to the table. Remove any italics from the legislation name, any pinpoints for quoted section numbers, and the full-stop at the end of the reference.

If you have cited legislation or case law from other jurisdictions, you should separate references by jurisdiction, and list international materials first, followed by regional materials i.e. European Union, and then by each national jurisdiction i.e. United Kingdom. If you have a large number of references, you may wish to have a separate table for each jurisdiction.

The bibliography is a list of secondary sources (books, journals and other commentary) cited in the work. There is only one bibliography, and references are listed in A-Z order by author's surname. You do not need to organise the bibliography into sections by material type unless otherwise instructed in your assessment guidance.

In the bibliography, copy and paste the references from the footnote to the bibliography. Invert the authors' name: from first name last name format, to last name initial format. Remove any pinpoints for quoted pages/paragraphs, and the full-stop at the end of the reference. Keep the italic font in the book or journal titles.

Personal authors (a person) should be presented as First Name Surname in the footnote e.g. Jackie Hanes, and Surname, Initials in the bibliography e.g. Hanes, J OSCOLA uses little punctuation and there are no periods after or between initials.

Corporate authors (an organisation) should be presented as the full name of the organisation, in both footnotes and the bibliography e.g. University of Warwick.

Titles and postnominals

Give the author's name as it appears in the publication, including for judges, but omit titles e.g. Lord/Lady or Sir/Dame and postnominals e.g. QC/KC.

Multiple authors

If citing between 1 and 3 authors, you should list all authors names, in the order listed on the source, in both the footnotes and the bibliography.

One author: Smith (2022)
Two authors: Smith and Jones (2022)
Three authors: Smith, Jones and Patel (2022)

If citing 4 or more authors names, you should list only the first author's name, followed by words 'and others'. Do not use et al .

Four authors +: Patel and others (2022)

Some sources have an editor instead of, or as well as, an author. If citing an editor, include the abbreviation ed (for a single editor) or eds (for multiple editors) in round brackets, after the editor(s) name(s) e.g. Jackie Hanes (ed) or Hanes, J (ed).

Short quotations, up to 3 lines of text, should be incorporated into your text, within 'single quotation marks'.
Longer quotations, over 3 lines of text, should be presented in an indented paragraph, without quotation marks.

Page numbers

All direct quotations and paraphrasing should be referenced by a footnote, including the page, paragraph or section number(s) of the original source at the end of the footnote. OSCOLA uses limited page number signals: if citing a book, book chapter or report, the page number(s) stand alone at the end of the footnote (do not use p. or pp. or at). If citing a journal article or law report, where the reference ends with the first page number, you should separate the numbers with a comma i.e. first page, quoted page.

The first time a source is cited, it should be referenced in full, normally in a footnote. If the source is cited again, the subsequent references can be abbreviated, using either ibid or a short form and cross-reference. You are advised to leave ibids and short forms until your work is finished, as the numbering of footnotes may change during editing, and may lead to incorrect cross-references.

Ibid is an abbreviation of the Latin ibidem, meaning 'in the same place'. In referencing it is used to refer to the immediately preceding footnote. If you cite a source, and then cite the same source in the very next footnote, you can use 'ibid' in place of the full reference. If you are citing the same source, but at a different page number, simply add a comma after ibid and then the new page number.

Short forms and cross-references are used to reference to other previous footnotes, where they are not immediately preceding. If you cite a source, and then cite the same source later in your work, you can use a short form and cross reference to the original footnote.

For books and articles, the short form is normally the author's surname. For case law, the short form is normally the first party name, in italics. The short form is followed by the letter 'n' and a number in (round brackets) e.g. Smith (n 5). N is an abbreviation for footnote number, and the number is the number of the footnote containing the original full reference. If you are citing the same source, but at a different page number, simply add the new page number to the end of the reference.

Full reference of Secondary Source (as cited in Full reference of Primary Source, Page)

Benjamin Bowing, Violent Racism: Victimization, Policing, and Social Context . (OUP 1998) (as cited in Steve Case and others (eds), The Oxford Textbook on Criminology (2nd edn, OUP 2012) 212).

If you are reading a source, and it mentions another source, you may wish to cite the other source in your work.

The best academic practice is to find and read the original source and then cite it directly. If you are unable to find the original source, you can cite it indirectly, 'as cited in', another source. This practice of indirect citation is known as secondary referencing .

The primary source is the one you have read; the secondary source is the one you have read about. You should cite the full reference of both sources in your footnote, but only the primary source in your bibliography. Be careful, as this practice will create very long footnotes, which take words from your word count.

OSCOLA - Primary Sources

UK Legislation
EU Legislation
ECtHR Cases
International Legislation

International Cases

Act or statute.

Short Title | Year

Human Rights Act 1998.

Footnote with section number:

Human Rights Act 1998, s 12.

Footnote if subsequently referring to Act with abbreviation:

Human Rights Act 1998, s 12 (HRA 1998).

Table of Authorities:

Human Rights Act 1998

Statutory Instrument

Title | Year, | SI | Year/Number

Working Time Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3372.

Footnote with regulation number:

Working Time Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3372, reg 3.
Working Time Regulations 1999, SI 1999/3372

Case with a neutral citation

Case Name | Neutral Citation, | Law Report Citation

Case Name | [Year] Court-Abbreviation Case-Number, | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page

After 2001, cases were assigned a neutral citation, in addition to their law report citation, which identifies the case by year, court and case number.

Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783.

Footnote with page [paragraph] number (and judge):

Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783, 790.
Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783 [4].
Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783 [177] (Burrows JSC).

Footnote if full case name stated in main body of text:

[2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783.
Manchester Building Society v Grant Thornton UK LLP [2021] UKSC 20, [2022] AC 783

Case without a neutral citation

Case Name | Law Report Citation (Court-Abbreviation)

Case Name | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page (Court-Abbreviation)

Before 2001, cases were identified by the law report citation and an abbreviation for the court.

Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA).

Footnote with page number (and judge):

Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA) 708.
Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA) 714 (Butler-Sloss LJ).
[1998] QB 686 (CA).
Kelly v Corston [1998] QB 686 (CA)

EU Treaties

Legislation Title | [Year] OJ | Issue/First-Page

Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13.

Footnote with article number:

Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13, art 19.
Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13, art 19 (Schengen Agreement 2000).
Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders [2000] OJ L239/13

EU Regulations, Directives etc

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1, art 5.

Footnote if subsequently referring to legislation with abbreviation:

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1, art 5 (GDPR 2016).
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1

Case Number | Case Name | ECLI Citation, | Law Report Citation

Case Number | Case Name | Jurisdiction:Court:Year:Case-Number, | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page

After 2011, EU cases were assigned a uniform citation ( European Case Law Identifier or ECLI ), in addition to their law report citation, which identifies the case by jurisdiction/country, court, year, and case number. ECLI citations are not covered in the OSCOLA 4th edition, but are included in the OSCOLA Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), and are expected to feature in the next edition of OSCOLA.

Case C-311/18) Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14.

Footnote with page [paragraph] number:

Case C-311/18) Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14, 502.
Case C-311/18) Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14, para 55.
EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14.

Case Name | (Number) | ECLI Citation, | Law Report Citation

Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems (C-311/18) EU:C:2020:559, [2021] 1 CMLR 14

In the Table of Authorities, the order of case name and case number are reversed, to aid alphabetical ordering of the list of cases.

Case Name | Law Report Citation

Case Name | [(Year)] Volume Law-Report-Abbreviation First-Page

Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7.
Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7, 319.
Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7 [109].
(2020) 71 EHRR 7.
Lopez Ribalda v Spain (2020) 71 EHRR 7

Unreported cases

Case Name | App no Number/Year | (ECtHR, Judgment Date)

Lopez Ribalda v Spain App no 1874/13 (ECtHR, 19 October 2019).
Lopez Ribalda v Spain App no 1874/13 (ECtHR, 19 October 2019)

If a case is unreported in an official series of law reports, you can cite the judgment using the application number, court and judgment date.

International Treaties

The referencing rules for international law materials are covered in a separate OSCOLA: Citing International Law guide.

Where possible, cite from the official international treaty series in preference to others i.e. UNTS (United National Treaty Series) CTS (Consolidated Treaty Series) or LNTS (League of Nations Treaty Series). Otherwise cite from national official treaty series e.g. UKTS (United Kingdom Treaty Series) or other international treaty series.

Multilateral treaties

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 19 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW).
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 19 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW) art 15.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 19 December 1979, entered into force 3 September 1981) 1249 UNTS 13 (CEDAW)

For multi-lateral treaties, state the adopted (signature) date, and the entered into force date. This information is commonly available from the UNTC Online website, and the FLARE Index to Treaties .

Bilateral treaties

Treaty Title | (Parties-To-Treaty) (adopted Date, entered into force Date) | Volume | Treaty Series | First-Page (Abbreviation)

Security Treaty Between Australia and New Zealand and the United States (adopted 1 September 1951, entered into force 29 April 1952) 1952 ATS 2 (ANZUS).
Free Trade Agreement Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Australia (16-17 December 2021) CP 689.

If the parties to bilateral treaties are not given in the treaty title, then state them in (round brackets) after the title. Adopted and in-force dates should be given where available. Bilateral treaties may be published in national treaty series, in the above examples in the Australian Treaty Series (ATS) and as a Command Paper (CP) for the UK treaty.

The referencing rules for international law materials are covered in a separate OSCOLA: Citing International Law guide.

Cite International Court of Justice cases from the official International Court of Justice Reports (ICJ Rep) series. For other international courts, cite from an authoritative law reports series such as the International Law Reports (ILR).

International Court of Justice

Case Name | ICJ Law Report Citation

Case Name | [Year] ICJ Rep First-Page

Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014) ICJ Rep 226.

Footnote with page number:

Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014) ICJ Rep 226, 236.

Footnote if full case name stated in main body of text:

[2014) ICJ Rep 226.
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014) ICJ Rep 226

Other International Courts

Case Name | [(Year)] | Volume | Law-Report-Abbreviation | First-Page

Law Society of South Africa and Others v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others (2020) 185 ILR 313.

OSCOLA - Secondary Sources

Encyclopaedias.

Conferences

Author, Title of Book (Edition edn, Publisher Year) 

Lisa Webley, Legal Writing (4th edn, Routledge 2016).
Anthony Bradney and others, How to Study Law (9th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2021).

The edition statement is only required for second or later editions. For first editions, or books without an edition statement, do not include '1st edn' in the reference.

The place of publication is not required. It is also permissible to abbreviate the publisher e.g. Oxford University Press = OUP.

For ebooks, follow the general rules for referencing print books. It is not necessary to include the ebook platform or web address.

Book chapters

Author, ‘Title of Chapter’, in Editor ed, Title of Book (Edition edn, Publisher Year) 

Fiona Cownie and Anthony Bradney, ‘Socio-Legal Studies: A Challenge to the Doctrinal Approach’, in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (2nd edn, Routledge 2017).

Title of Encyclopaedia (Edition edn, Year) vol Volume, para Paragraph

Halsbury's Laws of England (5th edn, 2014) vol 20, para 32.

Author, 'Title of Article', Title of Encyclopaedia (Date) <web address> accessed Accessed-Date

Tom Brett Young, 'British Citizenship', Westlaw Edge UK Overview (7 March 2018) <https://uk.westlaw.com/> accessed 1 September 2022.

Encyclopaedias are commonly referenced by title, volume and paragraph number. If the author and article title are known, you can include them at the start of the reference, and it will more closely follow the referencing rules for book chapters.

If the encyclopaedia is published online only, and the article does not have volume and paragraph numbers, then include the web address and accessed date at the end of the reference.

Journal articles

Author, ‘Article Title’ Citation

The journal article citation is expressed as: ([Year]) Volume Journal-Abbreviation First-Page

Sue Carr, ‘Women in Commercial Law’ [2020] JBL 91.
Christopher McCrudden, ‘Legal Research and the Social Sciences’ (2006) 122 LQR 632.

Legal abbreviations are normally stated in the journal, but if unknown, please refer to the Cardiff Index of Legal Abbreviations .

If the journal does not have a legal abbreviation, use the full title of the journal instead.

The year is normally in (round brackets), but where journals do not have volume numbers, the year should be in [square brackets].

Online journal articles

For most ejournals, follow the general rules for referencing print journal articles. Some journals are published online only, and articles do not have page numbers. For online only journals, include the web address and accessed date at the end of the reference.

Author, ‘Title of Article’ Citation <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date

India Thusi, 'Blue Lives and the Permanence of Racism' (2020) 105 Cornell L Rev <https://www.cornelllawreview.org/2020/03/03/blue-lives-the-permanence-of-racism/> accessed 1 September 2022.

Newspaper articles

Author, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Newspaper (Place, Publication-Date) First-Page

Matt Datham, 'Human Rights Overhaul Set to Limit Power of European Judges', The Times (London, 22 June 2022) 1.

Online newspaper articles

Author, ‘Title of Article’, Title of Newspaper (Place, Publication-Date) <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date

Haroon Siddique, 'What Would a British Bill of Rights Look Like?', The Guardian (London, 21 June 2022) <https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/jun/21/what-would-a-british-bill-of-rights-look-like> accessed 1 September 2022.

Author, Title of Website (Publication-Date) <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date

Equality and Human Rights Commission, University Periodic Review of Great Britain (27 April 2022) <https://equalityhumanrights.com/en/publication-download/universal-periodic-review-great-britain> accessed 1 September 2022.

The referencing rules for websites can be adapted for other types of media including government publications, official reports and statistics, and audio-visual materials like films, documentaries, and YouTube videos.

There are specific referencing rules for parliamentary papers including Bills, Command Papers and Hansard Debates. Please refer to the full OSCOLA referencing guide for further information.

Blogs posts

Author, ‘Title of Blog Post’ ( Title of Blog , Publication-Date) <web-address> accessed Accessed-Date

David Allen Green, 'A First Glance at the Bill of Rights Bill' ( The Law and Policy Blog , 22 June 2022) <https://davidallengreen.com/2022/06/a-first-glance-at-the-bill-of-rights-bill/> accessed 1 September 2022.

The referencing rules for blog posts can be adapted for other types of serialised media including episodes of television and radio programmes, and podcasts .

Author, 'Title of Thesis' (Award, Awarding Body Year)

Martha Gayoye, 'The Role of the Judiciary in Constitution Making: The Two-Thirds Gender Principle in Kenya' (DPhil thesis, University of Warwick 2020).

Conference papers

Author, 'Title of Paper' (Title of Conference, Place, Date)

Stephanie Hare, 'Digital Ethics' (British and Irish Association of Law Librarians, Wyboston Lakes, 7 July 2022).

Lecture materials

The referencing rules for conference papers can be adapted for other types of public lecture. They can also be adapted for lectures delivered as part of taught modules, although you should generally avoid citing your lecturers or teaching materials.

Alex Sharpe, 'Flirting with Fascism: The Thin White Duke, Art and Ethical Limits' (University of Warwick, 4 February 2021) <https://youtu.be/dndz5K3-caQ> accessed 1 September 2022.
Serena Natile, 'Gender, Sexuality and Human Rights' (LA346: Gender and the Law, University of Warwick 2021).

Referencing Tutorials

Online tutorials providing an introduction to the general principles of plagiarism and referencing , and to the OSCOLA legal referencing style. If you would like to complete a How to do OSCOLA Referencing course, the online tutorials from Cardiff and IALS are recommended:

Academic and Legal Research Skills

Discover a range of library and study skills guides including how to study law, how to think critically, and how to write law essays and prepare for examinations.

Discover how to avoid plagiarism, how to use the OSCOLA legal referencing style , and how to manage references with EndNote referencing software.

Legal Research

Discover how to find legislation, case law, and journal articles using law databases, including Doing Legal Research moodle and Lexis+ UK and Westlaw Edge UK database training and certification courses.

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Footnotes, endnotes, and citations

What citations should I use in my essay?

Regular essays and timed exams

Most instructors at the undergraduate level (including instructors on law conversion courses) do not require students to do more than indicate the names of cases or statutes in the text of their essays and examinations, particularly in timed examinations. While it's preferable to give the full case name (such as Jones v Smith), in a timed examination you can get by with one name or the other. Usually people pick the first party's name, unless it's a very common name or a criminal case. Sometimes, though, you will notice that your textbook or lecturer uses the second party's name regularly. If you know that the case is commonly short-cited to the second party's name, go ahead and use that.

If you can't remember the name of a particular case or statute, simply describe it. For example, 'the snail in the bottle case' sufficiently evokes Donoghue v. Stevenson . 'The first Occupiers' Liability Act' gets you past worries about the particular year it was enacted. Of course, if you are working on a weekly essay or a long-term research project you must take the trouble of finding and putting in the proper title or citation.

Once you have used the full name once, feel free to use a short citation, such as ' Donoghue' or 'the 1984 Act.' There's no need to keep repeating the full name.

If you are writing your essay by hand, there is no need to use different coloured ink for a case or statutory citation. It often helps if you underline case names, but you won't lose points if you don't. If you are typing your essay, you can underline or italicise case names, but there's no need for elaborate type faces. Make your writing stand out rather than your design skills. Sometimes it seems that students spend more time formatting the essay than they do writing it. Don't be one of those students.

Typically, citations in a regular essay or timed examination are placed in the text next to the proposition they support. See the sample student essays in chapter 10 of the book for models.

These suggestions are only guidelines to use if you do not receive more specific instructions from your tutor or lecturer. If your university or instructors have particular rules that they wish you to follow, do so.

Long-term research essays and theses

If you are doing a long-term research project, you should use the full and proper citation, either in a footnote, an endnote or in the text. Again, once you have given the citation in full, you may use the appropriate short citation.

Very often, instructors will give formatting advice for long-term research essays. Certainly students doing masters theses will be given detailed information on the citation convention they are to use. If you have not been given any guidance, ask for it. Also, don't wait until the last minute to investigate your citation requirements. There's nothing worse than having to go back through all your research to add in specific page numbers or dates because you forgot to do it the first time. With a long-term project, you can and should plan ahead.

When should I quote and when should I paraphrase?

As mentioned in the book, quotes are good in the law. The words of Lord Justice Whozits are much more persuasive than a mere lawyer's. Use quotations freely, as long as you:

use the exact words and punctuation found in the original source;
use square brackets [ ] to indicate changes in capitalization, punctuation and language; and
provide the source of the quotation.

Remember also that extensive quotations from statutes – particularly if you are permitted to use the statute book in an otherwise closed examination – are not particularly impressive. What is more important in those situations is your interpretation and use of the statute.

Never include the precise language of a source – or language that is virtually identical – without a proper attribution. Not only does that constitute plagiarism, it is counter to the use of source material in law. The law depends on published precedent for its authority. A legal principle is only as good as its source. Therefore, you want to demonstrate where your various propositions come from, since they will be more valuable if they come from an outside source.

However, there are times when you should paraphrase rather than provide a direct quotation. If the pertinent section is very long or discusses issues that are not relevant to the point you are making, then go ahead and paraphrase. Similarly, if the point you are making is only tangential to your larger argument, a paraphrase may be appropriate. Sometimes it's wise to save your ammunition for the big issues.

If you are paraphrasing someone, it is still helpful to identify the source so that your reader knows that you are not making the proposition up out of whole cloth. Again, lawyers and judges evaluate the strength of your argument based on the strength of your sources. Show your reader how well-read you are and earn every point you possibly can.

When should I use footnotes, when should I use endnotes and when should I put the citation in the text?

For the most part, undergraduates can put their citations in the text of their essays. The citation can be set off mid-sentence through parenthesis ( Hansel v Gretel ) or can follow the sentence. Hansel v Gretel . The one exception for undergraduates is on long-term research projects, where the instructors might ask for footnotes or endnotes.

There is no formal convention on when you should use footnotes rather than endnotes. For the most part, it's a matter of style and personal choice, although the choice may not be yours to make. If you are writing a postgraduate thesis or dissertation, your faculty or your supervisor may have very strict ideas on how the work is to be presented. Follow those rules to the letter. Similarly, if you are hoping to have your work published in a periodical or legal journal, ask to see the editorial guidelines. An editor is much more likely to accept your work if it conforms to the house style.

If the issue is left entirely up to you, then you simply need to decide which form of notes you find more helpful. Footnotes can be seen to break the flow of the text, but they also help the reader follow the argument, particularly if the text is comparing and contrasting different sources. Footnotes are also more useful than endnotes if the footnotes contain substantive information rather than simply providing source material. For the most part, British and European writers do not include anything in their foot- or endnotes other than the citations themselves, possibly with a “see also” reference to additional material. American authors, on the other hand, fill their footnotes with additional substantive information. Often the best information in an American law review article can be found in the footnotes.

American legal texts are also known for dropping a footnote at the end of almost every sentence, whereas texts from other countries do so much less, usually only following a direct quote. The reason why American journals use as many footnotes as they do is because most American law journals are edited by law students. British and European journals are peer-reviewed, meaning that an article is only accepted if it passes muster with other academics and/or practitioners. Therefore, the text of the article is verified before it is accepted for publication. American students are not experts in their fields, so they must – and do – check the substance of each and every footnote by hand to make sure that it supports the proposition stated. Therefore, American law journals contain excellent source material for researchers, since the footnotes point the reader to a wide variety of verified information and additional resources. Because American footnotes contain so much information, it makes sense to place them on the same page as the text they support rather than at the end of the article or book.

If you are writing for a non-American audience, you should strongly consider putting citations only into your notes. Once you have made that decision, it matters less whether you put the note on the page or at the end of the piece. If you have a multi-chaptered work (such as a book or doctoral dissertation), then you might consider putting the notes at the end of each chapter rather than at the end of the work as a whole. However, it is highly unlikely that the decision to use footnotes or endnotes will be left to your discretion if you are writing a book or dissertation. Again, conform your text to the guidelines of your institution.

Do remember your punctuation, however. Footnotes and endnotes should both end with a full stop.

What is 'proper' citation form?

If you are an undergraduate writing a weekly essay or timed examination, a case name or the short title of a statute should be sufficient, unless you are told otherwise. If you are writing a more elaborate work, you should follow proper citation guidelines.

There are entire books written on how to cite legal authorities. If you are writing a detailed research paper such as a thesis or dissertation, you should consult one of those books so that you cite your sources properly. Your law librarian can help you find those resources. Also, you should know that each jurisdiction has its own conventions on how to cite legal authorities, so the style of case citation, for example, may not appear consistent if you are citing materials from different countries, even if the individual citations are correct.

In the U.K., authors generally do not give parallel (i.e., multiple) citations except when citing both a neutral reporter and an official reporter, though they must follow strict rules regarding punctuation (or the lack thereof), the type of brackets, typeface, etc. Examples of common British case citations are as follows.

Walker v Sitter [2004] EWHC 1000 (Ch) [5]-[7] (neutral citation, pinpointing paragraphs 5 to 7)

Yin v Yang [2004] QB 123 (QB) at 125 (Schmidt, J) (pinpointing page, noting author)

Tweedledee v Tweedledum [2003] 2 All ER 456 (HL)

Re Luftborough Airport [2002] 1 WLR 89 (Com Ct)

Barking Mad Ltd v Crazy Horse Int'l Inc (2005) Times, 15 April (QB)

The neutral citation system was introduced in the U.K. in January 2001. All cases since then have a neutral citation as well as numbered paragraphs instead of page numbers. The abbreviations indicate which court heard the case. For example, the jurisdictions include:

UK United Kingdom (used only with House of Lords decisions)

EW England and Wales

Scot Scotland

NI Northern Ireland

The court abbreviations which follow the jurisdictional abbreviation in a neutral citation are:

HL House of Lords

CA Civ Court of Appeal (Civil Division)

CA Crim Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)

HC (Ch) High Court (Chancery Division)

HC (QB) High Court (Queen's Bench)

HC (Admin) High Court (Administrative Court Division)

HC (Fam) High Court (Family Division)

HC (Pat) Patents Court

HC (Comm) Commercial Court

HC (Admlty) Admiralty Court

HC (TCC) Technology & Construction Court

European jurisprudence follows its own conventions. You might see citations along the following lines:

Case 26/97 Commission v. Ireland [1999] ECR 321

Case 177/75 Belgium v. Spain [1976] ECR 722, para. 3

Case C-123/92P Y v Commission [1994] ECR I-4321

American legal citations follow a different format, using the style known as the 'Bluebook', which is a citation guide put out by the Harvard Law Review. You'll usually see citations similar to the following:

Darth Vader v Skywalker , 103 F.3d 1049 (2d Cir. 2005)

In re Ballyhoo , 998 F.Supp. 22 (D. D.C. 1999)

Grasshopper v The Ant , 37 App. 2d 24 (Ill. App. Div. 2003)

Cowboy v Cow , 42 S.W.3d 444 (Tex. 2004)

Many common words (railway, limited, public limited company) can be abbreviated in a case name. Those abbreviations can be found in citation guides such as OSCOLA, which is described below. Similarly, many reporting series are known by their abbreviations. Some of the more common British reporters follow, with their short titles. Be aware that some of these series may also have numbers appearing before the volume name (for example, 2 QB).

Official Law Reports AC, QB, Ch, Fam, P

Weekly Law Reports WLR

European Court Reports ECR

All England Law Reports All ER, All ER Com

Common Market Law Reports CMLR

Criminal Appeal Reports Cr App R

Family Law Reports FLR

Lloyd's Law Reports Lloyd's Rep

Official Journal of the EC OJ

Scots Law Times CLT

The Times The Times

Citation of statutes in the U.K. is a straightforward affair. Typically a student needs only cite the name of the legislation and the year, along with the appropriate section, chapter or paragraph number. For example:

Companies Act 1985, sch. 1, para. 3

Arbitration Act 1996, s. 69

European legislation is equally simple, though the titles are often longer and appear in lower case.

Council Regulation (EC) 2693/94 addressing the need to conform widget size in automobiles [1994] OJ L123

Directive 77/331 applying competition rules to the dairy industry [1977] OJ L78/41

When citing American federal legislation and rules, do not include the name of the enactment.

28 U.S.C. § 1391

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4

Students should be aware that two well-known U.S. treatise series – the Restatement (of Tort, of Contract, of Foreign Relations, etc.) and A.L.R. (American Law Reports) do not constitute binding authority in the U.S. Instead, these works simply generalise about the laws of the various U.S. states and should not be considered as authoritative in any particular jurisdiction. While some courts may adopt the Restatement position on a particular issue, the Restatement does not constitute the law in that jurisdiction until a court has so stated. In all instances, the authority comes from the court, not the Restatement.

Which reporting series should I use?

Since the introduction of the neutral citation system in 2001, it is always proper to cite to that series, using paragraph numbers instead of page numbers. If a case is reported in the official Law Reports (AC, QB, etc.), then you should use that report in addition to the neutral citation (at least for decisions after 2001). If the case is not reported in the official Law Reports, you should use to the Weekly Law Reports and All England Law Reports, in that order. After that, you may turn to any other published source, including specialist series such as Lloyd's or the Times.

What is OSCOLA and how does it relate to the Harvard citation style?

'OSCOLA' refers to the Oxford Standard Citation of Legal Authorities, which is available free of charge on the University of Oxford Faculty of Law website ( www.law.ox.ac.uk ). The faculty releases two publications: 'Big OSCOLA', which is over 300 pages in length, and 'Little OSCOLA', which is about 30 pages long. Both documents give you detailed instructions on how to cite cases, statutes, books, journals and other legal materials. Most people should start with Little OSCOLA unless they are doing a postgraduate degree at Oxford or are directed to use Big OSCOLA. The OSCOLA system reflects a common understanding of how British legal authorities should be cited and is a good place to learn how British and European cases should be referenced. Notably, the OSCOLA system proposes a citation methodology that conflicts with American usage, and those whose work includes a large number of American cases may prefer to consult the latest edition of the Bluebook, which is available in many university law libraries, for U.S. sources.

You may also hear about the Harvard style of citation, particularly if you conduct socio-legal or other multi-disciplinary research. The Harvard style is not the same as the Bluebook, even though that guide is also put out by Harvard. The Harvard style of citation focuses primarily on non-legal sources such as books and journal articles, and, as such, is not as useful for those taking a strict law course as OSCOLA is. Under the Harvard style of citation, cases are cited in the text, rather than in the footnotes.

Citation signals

Older sources make wide use of Latin phrases such as infra, supra, ante, id, op cit, loc cit and contra . American sources continue to use many of these phrases in addition to a number of signals ( see, see also, but see, cf., accord ) at the beginning of a cite and descriptors ( cert. denied , aff'd by, rev'd by, superseded by , etc.) following a cite. Current British usage avoids all Latin phrases except for ibid , which means 'in the place of' and refers to the preceding citation only. You may only use ibid if the subsequent citation is to the same page; otherwise, use ibid 345 (if, for example, the new citation is to page number 345) or ibid art. 3 (if, for example, the new citation is to article 3). You may also use cf (compare) as a signal, but avoid the American use of see, see also, but see , etc.

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This guide provides a quick introduction to Cite Them Right (CTR) Harvard and OSCOLA (Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities) referencing styles. CTR is a practical guide to referencing, and is available through the OU Library. If you are viewing CTR in any mode other than full-screen, you might have to scroll down to find the information you require.

For general help and support with referencing, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material using CTR Harvard you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

Two categories of material

When you are studying an OU Law module, you will need to refer to two categories of material: general academic sources, and legal sources. On Law undergraduate modules, these two types of source require different referencing styles: CTR Harvard and CTR OSCOLA.

General academic sources

You will reference these using the CTR Harvard . These sources are sometimes referred to as ‘secondary sources of law’, and include module materials, books, databases, journal articles and websites.

When you are referring to module materials, you should:

follow the style shown in Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs (Harvard) (this item is under the 'Learning Environments and online support' sub-heading under the 'Digital & Internet' heading in CTR Harvard),
include section numbers to enable your tutor to find the part of the materials that you used, and
use suffix letters to distinguish between the units, as explained in Sections 8–8.2.2 (requires login) of the Law undergraduate guide .

Legal sources

You will reference these sources, which are listed under the 'Legal' heading in CTR OSCOLA .

These sources include various reports and papers, and primary sources of law, including:

UK cases (these are listed as ‘Law reports (cases)’)
UK statutes (these are listed as ‘UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament)’ under the ‘Official records of Parliament’ sub-heading)
UK secondary legislation (this is listed as ‘Statutory Instruments (SIs)’ under the ‘Official records of Parliament’ sub-heading)
Welsh Parliament (Senedd Cymru) legislation (this is in the examples of ‘Legislation from UK devolved legislatures’ under the ‘Official records of Parliament’ sub-heading)
EU legislation (this is listed under the ‘International’ sub-heading)
EU cases (these are listed under the ‘European Case Law Identifier’ under the ‘International’ sub-heading)
International treaties and case law (these are in the examples of ‘International legal sources’ listed under the ‘International’ sub-heading)
The European Convention on Human Rights and cases from the European Court of Human Rights

In-text citations and full references

Referencing consists of two elements:

in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations, you also need the page number/s, if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
full references, which are given in alphabetical order in a reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

Difference between reference list and bibliography

A reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

A bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment.

Examples of in-text citations

There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work. Examples are provided below:

In-text citations to your online module units should also include the section number (e.g. The Open University (2023a, 5.1)).

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Examples of full references

Online module materials.

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

Surname, Initial. (Year study of module started) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author - this is the case for all undergraduate Law modules :

The Open University (Year study of module started) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Hypothetical example:

The Open University (2029) 'Unit 4: Rules and regulations'. W376: Law for life . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=XXXXXXXX (Accessed: 7 March 2032).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website.

The Open University (2022) ‘Video: Blue v Ashley [2017]’. W212: Contract law . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2009935 section=3.1.2 (Accessed: 14 June 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio: FutureProofing, 2015’. W302: Equity, trusts and land . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1973369 section=5.1 (Accessed: 14 June 2023).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, you should reference the original journal article, and not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article that you want to reference is included in your module materials, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Pywell, S. (2023) ‘Welcome to the Right Cites forum', Right Cites: avoiding plagiarism and citing correctly , in W112: Civil justice and tort law . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4311441 (Accessed: 14 June 2023).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A., Sandin, T.R., and Ford, A.L. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, Calif.: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose either method to reference four or more authors, and your approach should be consistent.

Note: You should create full references for the printed versions of the module materials only if you receive them for reasons related to additional requirements that you have declared to the OU. If you have chosen to have printed versions of the module materials, but can access the online versions, your full references should refer to the online versions, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year study of module started) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Place of publication: Publisher.

The Open University (Year study of module started) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Place of publication: Publisher.

The Open University (2029) 'Unit 4: Rules and regulations'. W376: Law for life . Milton Keynes: The Open University.

Note: An edited book has an editor, or editors, and chapters written by different authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Surname of book editor, Initial. (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

Or if accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI OR URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Foran, M. (2022) ' The cornerstone of our law: equality, consistency and judicial review', Cambridge Law Journal , 81(2), pp. 249–272.

Cahill-O’Callaghan, R. and Mulcahy, L. (2022) ‘Where are the numbers? Challenging the barriers to quantitative socio-legal scholarship in the United Kingdom’, Journal of Law and Society , 49(1), pp. S105–S118. Available at: https://doi- org.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/10.1111/jols.12376.

Candi, M., Melia, M. and Colurcio, M. (2019) ‘Two Birds with One Stone: The Quest for Addressing Both Business Goals and Social Needs with Innovation’, Journal of Business Ethics , 160(4), pp. 1019–1033. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/45278183 (Accessed: 14 June 2023).

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper (Edition, if any), Day and month, Section and page reference (if available).

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper (Edition, if any), Day and month, Section and page reference (if available).Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Ashton,, J. (2023) ‘Capital flows through London like the Thames. Don't divert it’, Evening Standard , 13 June, p. 23.

Ellis, L. (2023) ‘Job Enthusiasm Dims As Frustrations Grow’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 14 June. Available at: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2825379095/fulltext/67C087F32B96422BPQ/... (Accessed: 14 June 2023).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation ... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: CTR offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names or dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

In-text footnote numbers, and full citations in footnotes

An OSCOLA reference must include two elements:

in-text footnote numbers , presented as superscripts if possible, immediately after the punctuation at the end of every clause or sentence where cited material appears in your work. You should insert these references using your word-processor’s ‘insert footnote’ facility; in modern versions of Word, this appears under the ‘References’ tab. If you do not insert a space between the punctuation and the superscript, the superscript will not be included in your word count.
footnotes , each consisting of a number and a full citation, at the bottom of every page that includes one or more in-text footnote numbers; the material in these footnotes is not included in your word count. It does not matter whether these footnote numbers are presented as superscripts or normal-sized text, but you should be consistent within each piece of work. The examples below demonstrate the use of both styles.

For primary sources of law – eg UK cases and statutes, UK secondary legislation, Welsh legislation, EU cases and legislation, international treaties and case law, the European Convention on Human Rights and cases from the European Court of Human Rights – that you have found listed in your OU module materials , copy all the details, including the citation, from the footnote or (if there is no footnote) the text of the unit, and paste them into your footnotes. (These primary sources should not be included in the reference list at the end of your work.)

For other sources listed under the ‘Legal’ heading in CTR OSCOLA, and primary sources of law that you find in non-OU publications , use the CTR OSCOLA guidance to construct the footnote.

Examples of how to cite cases from the UK courts are found in ‘Law reports (cases)’ under the 'Legal' heading in CTR OSCOLA.

If you need to refer to a legal source that is not covered by CTR OSCOLA, you should make a genuine attempt to include all the information that would be necessary in order to enable your tutor to find it.

There is a note about citing treaties at the end of this Quick Guide.

You may choose to include the titles of some legal sources in the text of a piece of work, but you must also include their full citations in footnotes.

Most Law assignments will require both types of reference, so each piece of work is likely to include:

CTR Harvard in-text citations , and a reference list , for general academic sources
CTR OSCOLA in-text footnote numbers , and footnotes , for legal sources.

Examples of using in-text footnote numbers and corresponding footnotes

The facts in the example below have, of course, been overtaken by events, but they have been used because it is very rare for so many different sources of law to be relevant to one situation.

If you include the name of a case in the text, you do not need to include its date in the text. The date for every case is part of its citation, so it must appear in the footnote.

If you include the title of a piece of legislation in the text, you must include its date in the text.

The ‘triggering’ process set out in the EU Treaty enables a member state to leave the EU within two years of giving formal notice of its intention to do so. 1 The High Court ruled, in R (Miller) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union , 2 that the UK could not give notice of its intention to leave without the authority of an Act of Parliament. On 24 January 2017, this decision was upheld by the Supreme Court in R (on the application of Miller and another) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union . 3 Parliament subsequently passed the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017, which came into force on 16 March 2017, giving the Prime Minister the discretionary power to notify the EU of the UK’s intention to withdraw. The UK’s exit date was originally set for 29 March 2019, 4 but an extension was unanimously agreed by Parliament, and granted by the EU, and the date was amended to 31 October 2019. 5 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the European Union [2008] OJ C115/13, art 50. R (Miller) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin). R (on the application of Miller and another) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2017] UKSC 5. European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, s 20(1). European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (Exit Day) (Amendment) (No. 2) Regulations 2019, SI 2019/859, reg 2(2).

Examples of how to construct citations for footnotes

Report citation with specific ‘pinpoint’ reference to a page.

Footnote number. Name of parties involved in the case [Year] Volume number Abbreviation First page of report, page number (Judge's name). [Use square brackets for the year if it is needed to identify the volume of the law report].

1. Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council [1992] 2 AC 1, 23 (Lord Templeman).

Report citation without specific ‘pinpoint’ reference

Footnote number. Name of parties involved in the case (Year) Volume number Abbreviation First page of report. (Use round brackets if each annual volume is numbered so the year is not necessary to identify the volume of the law report).

2. R v Edwards (John) (1991) 93 Cr App R 48.

Neutral citation with a specific ‘pinpoint’ reference to a paragraph

Names of parties involved in the case [Year] Court Number of case in that year [number of the paragraph].

3. Humphreys v Revenue and Customs [2012] UKSC 18 [8].

Footnote number. Short title Year enacted, s section number(subsection number).

4. Human Rights Act 1998, s 6(1).

Footnote number. Short title House (Parliamentary session) [Bill number].

5. Transport HC Bill (1999–2000) [8].

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

The treaty that you will be most likely to need to cite is the European Convention on Human Rights . You can use this shortened wording in the main text of your work, and you should insert a footnote superscript after it.

In the footnote itself, you should use the full title, followed (if necessary), by the article number:

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms art 50.

EU treaties

Instructions about how to cite the EU treaties are given under the ‘EU legislation, directives, decisions and regulations’ sub-heading under the 'International' tab in CTR OSCOLA.

Other international treaties

CTR OSCOLA requires more details about an international treaty than are likely to be given in your module units. If you cannot easily find all the details required by CTR, you can simply copy the full citation from your unit, and put it into a footnote.

In accordance with the University’s Referencing accessible formats , individual arrangements will be made for students who advise the University that they have a disability that makes them unable to create references or to use CTR Harvard or CTR OSCOLA.

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Referencing home

Getting started

The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC4) is the official citing and referencing style for legal citations in Australia. A free copy of AGLC4 is available to view and download from the publisher's website .

This guide is designed to help you:

Our interactive online tutorials can help you understand the basics of citing and referencing, and why it's important.

Elements of citing and referencing in AGLC4 style

There are two places you need to write references in your assignments.

1. Footnote citations

Use footnote citations to avoid plagiarism and show how your work is influenced by others. You write these citations by creating footnotes in your paper. The format changes depending on the source you are citing.

Footnote citations: rules

2. Bibliography

At the end of your assignment you need to provide a record of all the sources you have cited in your assignment. It is placed on a new page at the end of your essay and has a specific format you will need to follow.

Bibliography: rules and examples

For when you need support beyond this guide

Next: Footnotes >>
Last Updated: Apr 30, 2024 4:36 PM
URL: https://guides.lib.monash.edu/aglc4

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Knowledge Base
Referencing
Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

Harvard Reference Generator

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Be assured that you'll submit flawless writing. Upload your document to correct all your mistakes.

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

Entire book
Book chapter
Translated book
Edition of a book

Journal articles

Print journal
Online-only journal with DOI
Online-only journal without DOI
General web page
Online article or blog
Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

Newspaper article
Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

(Smith, 2019a)
(Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

Highlight all the entries
Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
Then close the window with ‘OK’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 21 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

Is this article helpful?

Jack Caulfield

Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.

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How to write a first-class bibliography for a legal essay

November 9, 2010

How to write a bibliography to conclude your first-class dissertation

There are three stages for completing an abundant and competent bibliography. First, go into the footnotes on your document, select all, copy and paste to the foot of your article, then separate into different categories. Then, second, go back through the materials which you have read and add them. Finally, third, sort alphabetically using Word or Excel.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 7.1. TABLE OF CASES A and others v Denmark [1996] ECHR 2 AG of Zambia v Meer Care and Desai [2005] EWHC 2102 (Ch), appeals dismissed [2006] EWCA Civ 390 Airbus Industrie GIE v Patel [1999] 1 AC 119 Airey v Ireland [1979] ECHR 3 Al-Bassam v Al-Bassam [2004] EWCA Civ 857 Amuur v France (1996) 22 E.H.R.R. 533 Andreucci v Italy [1992] ECHR 8 Ashingdane v United Kingdom [1985] ECHR 8 Att. Gen. v Arthur Anderson & Co [1989] ECC 224 Axelsson v. Sweden, no.11960/86, 13 July 1990 Bensaid v United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 10 Berghofer v. ASA SA Case 221/84 [1985] ECR 2699 Berisford Plc v New Hampshire Insurance [1990] 2 QB 631 Bock v. Germany [1989] ECHR 3 Boddaert v Belgium (1993) 16 EHRR 242 Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi(“Bosphorus Airways“) v Ireland (2006) 42 EHRR 1 Bottazzi v. Italy [1999] ECHR 62 Brazilian Loans (PCIJ Publications, Series A, Nos. 20-21, p.122) Bristow Heliocopters v Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation [2004] 2 Ll Rep 150 British Airways v Laker Airways [1983] AC 58 British South Africa Co v Companhia de Moçambique [1893] AC 602 Buchholz v Germany [1981] ECHR 2 Carel Johannes Steven Bentinck v Lisa Bentinck [2007] EWCA Civ 175 Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Banka AS v Nomura International Plc [2003] IL Pr 20 Chellaram v Chellaram [1985] 1 Ch 409 Connelly v RTZ Corpn plc [1998] AC 854 Credit Agricole Indosuez v Unicof Ltd [2004] 1 Lloyd.s Rep 196 Cumming v Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd, The Times June 8, 1995 Darnell v United Kingdom (1993) 18 EHRR 205 Delcourt v Belgium (1979-80) 1 EHRR 355 Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers Ltd [1992] QB 770 Deweer v Belgium (1979-80) 2 EHRR 439 Di Mauro v. Italy ECHR 1999-V Drozd and Janousek v France and Spain (1992) 14 EHRR 745 Eckle v Germany (1983) 5 EHRR 1 Elderslie Steamship Company v Burrell (1895) 22 R 389 Elefanten Schuh GmbH v Jacqmain (Case 150/80) [1981] ECR 1671 Erich Gasser GmbH v Misat Srl, C-116/02 [2005] QB 1 ERT v DEP C-260/89 [1991] ECR I-2925 F v Switzerland [1987] ECHR 32 Ferrari v Italy [1999] ECHR 64 Foti v Italy (1982) EHRR 313 Fritz and Nana v France, 75 DR 39 Golder v. United Kingdom [1975] ECHR 1 Gorbachev v Russia, No. 3354/02, Judgment of 15 February 2007. Government of the United States of America v Montgomery (No 2) [2004] UKHL 37 Guincho v Portugal (1984) 7 EHRR 223 H v France (1990) 12 EHRR 74 Hesperides Hotels Ltd v Aegan Turkish Holidays Ltd [1979] AC 508 Hewit’s Trs v Lawson (1891) 18 R 793. Huseyin Erturk v Turkey [2005] ECHR 630. Irish Shipping Ltd v Commercial Union [1991] 2 QB 206. Iveco Fiat v Van Hool Case 313/85 [1986] ECR 3337 Jones v Saudi Arabia [2004] EWCA Civ 1394 JP Morgan Europe Ltd v Primacom [2005] EWHC 508 Katte Klitsche de la Grange v Italy (1994) 19 EHRR 368 Klockner Holdings GmbH v Klockner Beteiligungs GmbH [2005] EWHC 1453 Konamaneni v Rolls-Royce Industrial Power (India) Ltd [2002] 1 WLR 1269 Konig v Federal Republic of Germany (1978) 2 EHRR 170 Krombach v Bamberski Case C-7/98 [2001] QB 709 Kudla v Poland [2000] ECHR 512 Lacey v Cessna Aircraft (1991) 932 F.2d 170 Ledra Fisheries Ltd v Turner [2003] EWHC 1049 Lubbe v Cape Industries Plc [2000] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 383 Malone v United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 1 Malstrom v Sweden (1983) 38 Decisions and Reports 18 Manieri v Italy [1992] ECHR 26 Margareta and Roger Andersson v Sweden (1992) 14 EHRR 615. Markovic v Italy [2006] ECHR 1141 Maronier v Larmer [2003] QB 620 Matthews v United Kingdom [1999] ECHR 12. Messier-Dowty v Sabena [2000] 1 WLR 2040 Netherlands 6202/73 1975 1 DR 66 OT Africa Line Ltd v Hijazy (The Kribi) [2001] Lloyd’s Rep 76 Owens Bank Ltd v Bracco [1992] 2 AC 433 Owners of the Atlantic Star v Owners of the Bona Spes (The Atlantic Star and The Bona Spes) [1974] AC 436 Owusu v Jackson and Others C-281/02 [2005] QB 801 Pafitis v Greece (1999) 27 EHRR 566 Pfeiffer and Plankl v Austria (1992) 14 EHRR 692 Philip Morris International Inc v Commission of the European Communities [2003] ECR II-1 Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v Germany ECHR 2001-VIII. R (Razgar) v Special Adjudicator [2004] 1 AC 368 R v Jones [2003] 1 AC 1 R. (Alconbury Developments Ltd) v Secretary of State for the Environment [2001] 2 WLR 1389 R. (on the application of Ullah) v Special Adjudicator [2004] UKHL 26 Riccardo Pizzati v Italy [2006] ECHR 275 Robins v United Kingdom (1998) 26 EHRR 527 Salesi v Italy [1993] ECHR 14 Salotti v RUWA Case 23/76 [1976] ECR 1831 Santambrogio v Italy [2004] ECHR 430 Scopelliti v Italy (1993) 17 EHRR 493 Sim v Robinow (1892) 19 R 665 Soc Divagsa v Spain (1993) 74 DR 274. Soering v United Kingdom (1989) 11 EHRR 439 Spiliada Maritime Corporation v Cansulex Lid [1987] 1 AC 460 Standard Steamship Owners Protection and Indemnity Association v Gann [1992] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 528 Stogmuller v Austria (1979) 2 EHRR 155 Stubbings v United Kingdom [1996] ECHR 44 Sunday Times v United Kingdom (1979-80) 2 EHRR 245 The Al Battani [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 219 The Benarty [1984] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 244 The Fehmarn [1958] 1 WLR 159 The Jalakrishna [1983] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 628 The Lakhta [1992] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 269 The Nile Rhapsody [1992] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 399 The Pioneer Container [1994] 2 AC 324 The Polessk [1996] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 40 The Vishva Ajay [1989] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 558 Toepfer International G.M.B.H. v. Molino Boschi Srl [1996] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 510 Trendex v Credit Suisse [1982] AC 679 Turner v Grovit and Others [2005] 1 AC 101 Union Alimentaria SA v Spain (1990) 12 EHRR 24 Vocaturo v Italy [1991] ECHR 34. Wemhoff v Germany (1968) 1 EHRR 55 Winterwerp v The Netherlands [1979] ECHR 4 X v France [1992] ECHR 45 Xn Corporation Ltd v Point of Sale Ltd [2001] I.L.Pr. 35 Z and Others v. United Kingdom (2002) 34 EHRR 3 Zimmermann and Steiner v Switzerland [1983] ECHR 9 7.2. TABLE OF LEGISLATION European Union EC Treaty Art 6(2) Art 307 Council Regulation 44/2001 (Brussels Regulation) Art 2 Art 4 Art 27 Art 28 Art 30 Art 34(1) Art 34(2) Art 35(3) Art 71 Italy Law no.89 of 24 March 2001 (the “Pinto Act”). United Kingdom Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 Civil Procedure Rules 1998 Part 11 r 3.1(2)(f) Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA 1998) s1(1)(a) s2(1)(a) s3(1) s6(3)(a) 7.3. TABLE OF CONVENTIONS Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Brussels Convention) Art 21 Art 22 Art 57 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Art 5 Art 6 Art 7 Art 13 7.4. TEXTBOOKS Anton, A.E., and Beaumont, P., 1995. Anton & Beaumont’s Civil Jurisdiction in Scotland: Brussels and Lugano Conventions. 2nd ed ., Edinburgh: Greens Bell, A., 2003. Forum Shopping and Venue in Transnational Litigation. Oxford: OUP Briggs, A., 2002. The Conflict of Laws, Oxford: OUP. Briggs, A., and Rees, P., 2002. Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments. 3rd ed., London: LLP Briggs, A., and Rees, P., 2005. Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments. 4rd ed., London: LLP Clarkson, C.M.V., and Hill, J., 2002. Jaffey on the Conflict of Laws. 2nd ed., Oxford: OUP Clarkson, C.M.V., and Hill, J., 2006. The Conflict of Laws. New York: OUP Clayton, R. and Tomlinson, H., 2000. The Law of Human Rights. Oxford: OUP Collier, J.C., 2001. Conflict of Laws. 3rd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Collins, L., et al (eds), 2006. Dicey Morris and Collins on the Conflict of Laws. 14th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell Crawford, E.B., and Carruthers, J.M., 2006. International Private Law in Scotland. 2nd ed, Edinburgh: Greens Einhorn, T. and Siehr, K., 2004. Intercontinental Cooperation Through Private International Law – Essays in Memory of Peter E. Nygh. The Hague, The Netherlands: T.M.C. Asser Press. Fawcett, J.J., 1995. Declining jurisdiction in private international law: reports to the XIVth congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law, Athens, August 1994. Oxford: Clarendon Press Fawcett, J.J., Harris, J. and Bridge, M., 2005. International Sale of Goods in the Conflict of Laws. Oxford: OUP Grosz, S., Beatson, J. and Duffy, P., 2000. Human Rights: The 1998 Act and the European Convention,.London: Sweet and Maxwell Harris, D.J., O’Boyle, M., Warbrick, C., 1995. Law of the European Convention on Human Rights. London: Butterworth Hill, J., 2005. International Commercial Disputes in English Courts. 3rd ed Portland: Hart Publishing McClean, D. and Beevers, K., 2005. Morris on the Conflict of Laws. 6th ed., London: Sweet and Maxwell North, P.M. and Fawcett, J.J., 2004. Cheshire and North’s Private International Law. 13th ed. Oxford: OUP Ovey, C. and White, R., 2002. The European Convention on Human Rights. New York: OUP Raitio, J., 2003. The Principle of Legal Certainty in EC Law. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Reed, R. and Murdoch, J., 2001. A Guide to Human Rights Law in Scotland. Edinburgh: Butterworths Scotland Starmer, K., 1999. European Human Rights Law. London: Legal Action Group 7.5. ARTICLES Baldwin, J., and Cunnington, R., 2004. “The Crisis in Enforcement of Civil Judgments in England and Wales.” 2004 PL (SUM) 305-328 Briggs, A., 2005a. “Foreign Judgments and Human Rights.” 121(APR) L.Q.R. 185-189 Briggs, A., 2005b. “The Death of Harrods: Forum non Conveniens and the European Court.” 121(OCT) L.Q.R. 535-540 Clarke, A., 2007. “The Differing Approach to Commercial Litigation in the European Court of Justice and the Courts of England and Wales” 18 E.B.L.Rev. 101-129 Collins, L., 1995. “The Brussels Convention Within the United Kingdom”, 111 LQR 541 Costa, J-P., 2002, Rivista internazionale dei diritti dell’uomo, 435, cited in Kinsch, P., 2004. “The Impact of Human Rights on the Application of Foreign Law and on the Recognition of Foreign Judgments – A Survey of the Cases Decided by the European Human Rights Institutions,” in Einhorn, T. and Siehr, K., 2004. Intercontinental Cooperation Through Private International Law – Essays in Memory of Peter E. Nygh, The Hague, The Netherlands: T.M.C. Asser Press, pp197-228, p228 n100 Crawford, E.B., 2005. “The Uses of Putativity and Negativity in the Conflict of Laws.” 54 ICLQ 829-854 Crifo, C., 2005. “First Steps Towards the Harmonisation of Civil procedure: The Regulation Creating a European Enforcement Order for Uncontested Claims.” C.J.Q. 2005, 24(APR), 200-223 Eardley, A., 2006. “Libel Tourism in England: Now the Welcome is Even Warmer.” 17(1) Ent. L.R. 35-38 Fabri, M., and Langbroek, P.M., 2003. “Preliminary draft report: Delay in Judicial Proceedings: A preliminary Inquiry into the Relation Between the Demands of the Reasonable Time Requirements of Article 6(1) ECHR and Their Consequences for Judges and Judicial Administration in the Civil, Criminal and Administrative Justice Chains”, CEPEJ (2003) 20 Rev Farran, S., 2007. “Conflicts of Laws in Human Rights: Consequences for Colonies”, (2007) 1 EdinLR 121 Fawcett, J.J., 2007. “The Impact of Article 6(1) of the ECHR on Private International Law.” 56 ICLQ 1-48 Fentiman, R., 2005. “English Domicile and the Staying of Actions” [2005] 64 CLJ 303 Flannery, L., 2004. “The End of Anti-Suit Injunctions?” New Law Journal, 28 May 2004, 798 Franzosi, M., 2002. “Torpedoes are here to stay” [2002] 2 International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law 154 Franzosi, M., 1997. “Worldwide Patent Litigation and the Italian Torpedo” 19 (7) EIPR 382 Green, L., 1956. “Jury Trial and Mr. Justice Black,” 65 Yale LJ 482 Halkerston, G., 2005. “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.” 155 NLJ 436 Hare, C., “Forum non Conveniens in Europe: Game Over or Time for ‘Reflexion’” JBL 2006, Mar, 157-179 Harris, J., 2001. “The Brussels Regulation.” 20 Civil Justice Quarterly 218 Harris, J., 2005. “Stays of Proceedings and the Brussels Convention.,” 54 ICLQ 933 Hartley, T.C., 1994. “Brussels Jurisdiction and Judgments Convention: Agreement and Lis Alibi Pendens.” 19(5) E.L.Rev 549-552 Hartley, T.C., 2001. “International Law and the Law of the European Union – A Reassessment”, 72 BYBIL 1 Hartley, T.C., 2005a. “Choice-of-court agreements, lis pendens, human rights and the realities of international business: reflection on the Gasser case” in Le droit international privé: mélanges en l’honneur de Paul Lagarde, (Dalloz, Paris, 2005), pp383-391 Hartley, T.C., 2005b. “The European Union and the Systematic Dismantling of the Common Law Conflict of Laws”, 54 ICLQ 813 Higgins, R., 2006. “A Babel of Judicial Voices? Ruminations From the Bench.” 55 ICLQ 791-804. Hogan, G., 1995. “The Brussels Convention, Forum non Conveniens and the Connecting Factors Problem.” 20(5) E.L. Rev. 471-493 Hood, K.J., 2006. “Drawing Inspiration? Reconsidering the Procedural Treatment of Foreign Law.” 2(1) JPrIL 181-193. Hunt, M., 1998. “The “Horizontal Effect” of the Human Rights Act”. 1998 Public Law 423-443 Hunter-Henin, M., 2006. “Droit des personnes et droits de l’homme: combinaison ou confrontation? (Family Law and Human Rights: Can They Go Along or Do They Exclude Each Other?),” 95(4) Revue critique de droit international privé pp743-775. Kennett, W., 1998. “Service of Documents in Europe.” 17(JUL) C.J.Q. 284-307 Kennett, W., 2001. “The Brussels I Regulation.” 50 ICLQ 725 -737 Kennett, W., 2001. “The Enforcement Review: A Progress Report.” 20(Jan) CJQ 36-57 Kennett, W., and McEleavy, P., 2002. “(Current Development): Civil and Commercial Litigation” 51 ICLQ 463 Kinsch, P., 2004. “The Impact of Human Rights on the Application of Foreign Law and on the Recognition of Foreign Judgments – A Survey of the Cases Decided by the European Human Rights Institutions,” in Einhorn, T. and Siehr, K., 2004. Intercontinental Cooperation Through Private International Law – Essays in Memory of Peter E. Nygh, The Hague, The Netherlands: T.M.C. Asser Press, pp197-228. Lester, A., and Pannick, D., 2000. “The Impact of the Human Rights Act on Private Law: The Knight’s Move.” 116 LQR 380-385 Loucaides, L.G., 2003. “Questions of a Fair Trial Under the European Convention on Human Rights.” (2003) HRLR 3(1), pp27-51. Lowenfield, A.F., 2004. “Jurisdiction, Enforcement, Public Policy and Res Judicata: The Krombach Case,” in in Einhorn, T. and Siehr, K., 2004. Intercontinental Cooperation Through Private International Law – Essays in Memory of Peter E. Nygh, The Hague, The Netherlands: T.M.C. Asser Press, pp229-248 Mance, J., 2004a. “Civil Jurisdiction in Europe – Choice of Court Clauses, Competing Litigation and Anti-Suit Injunctions – Erich Gasser v. Misat and Turner v. Grovit: Address to Second Conference of European Commercial Judges, (“Problems of enforcement of european law”)” Paris – 14th October 2004; http://www.courdecassation.fr/formation_br_4/2004_2034/jonathan_mance_8239.html, (Accessed 10 March 2007) Mance, J., 2004b. “Exclusive Jurisdiction Agreements and European Ideals.” 120 LQR 357 Mance, J., 2005. “The Future of Private International Law.” 1(2) JPrIL 185-195 Mance, J., 2007. “Is Europe Aiming to Civilise the Common Law?” 18 EBLRev 77-99 McLachlan, C., 2004. “International Litigation and the Reworking of the Conflict of Laws” 120(OCT) LQR 580-616 Meidanis, H.P., 2005. “Public Policy and Ordre Public in the Private International Law of the EU: Traditional Positions and Moderns Trends.” 30(1), ELRev, 95-110 Merrett, L., 2006. “The Enforcement of Jurisdiction Agreements within the Brussels Regime,” 55 ICLQ 315 Muir Watt, H., 2001. “Evidence of an Emergent European Legal Culture: Public Policy Requirements of Procedural Fairness Under the Brussels and Lugano Conventions.” 36 Tex. ILJ, p. 539. North, P., 2001. “Private International Law: Change or Decay?” 50 ICLQ 477-508 Orakhelashvili, A., 2006. “The Idea of European International Law.” 17 Eur. J. Int’l L. 315 Peel, E., 2001. “Forum non Conveniens Revisited.” 117(APR) L.Q.R. 187-194 Robertson, D.W., 1987. “Forum Non Conveniens in America and England: ‘A rather fantastic fiction’.” 103 LQR 398 Robert-Tissot, S., and Smith, D., 2005. “The Battle for Forum”, New Law Journal, 7 October 2005, p1496 Robert-Tissot, S., 2005. “The Battle for Forum.” 155 NLJ 1496 Rodger, B.J., 2006. “Forum non Conveniens: Post Owusu.” 2(1) JPrIL 71 Schiavetta, S., 2004. “The Relationship Between e-ADR and Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights pursuant to the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights.” 2004 (1) The Journal of Information, Law and Technology (JILT). http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/law/elj/jilt/2004_1/schiavetta/ (Accessed 28 February 2007) Sinopoli, L., 2000. Le droit au procès équitable dans les rapports privés internationaux (doctoral dissertation, University of Paris-I, 2000) Slater, A.G., 1988. “Forum Non Conveniens: A View From the Shop Floor.” 104 LQR 554 Svantesson, D.J.B., 2005. “In Defence of the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens.” (2005) HKLJ 395 Van Hoek: 2001. “Case note on Krombach v Bamberski” (2001) 38 CMLR 1011. Wade, H.W.R., 2000. “Horizons of Horizontality.” 116 LQR 217-224 Williams, J.M., 2001. “Forum non Conveniens, Lubbe v Cape and Group Josi v Universal General Insurance.” J.P.I. Law 2001, 1, 72-77 Zhenjie, H., 2001. “Forum Non Conveniens: An Unjustified Doctrine.” 48 NILR 143

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Referencing - UK & EU Law: Bibliography

Repeated references
Bibliography
Neutral citation
Pre-1865 case
Unreported case
Judicial opinion
EU unreported case
Opinion of Advocate General
Decision of the European Commission
ECHR unreported case
Statute (Act of Parliament)
Statutory instrument (SI)
EU regulation/directive (etc)
Law Commission report/paper
Command Paper
Select Committee report
Hansard (Parliamentary debates)
European COM Docs
Book with one author
Book with two authors
Book with three authors
Book with more than three authors
Edited book
Contribution to an edited book
Encyclopedia
Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
Journal article
Newspaper article
Working paper
Websites/Web documents
Plagiarism & Copyright This link opens in a new window

How do I create a bibliography?

A bibliography contains full references to all the sources you have cited or relied on for your assignment or dissertation.

The bibliography should be divided into the following categories, as appropriate:

UK statutes (Acts)
UK statutory instruments
EU legislation
International legislation
International cases
Official materials (e.g. reports, Command Papers, Hansard)
Journal articles
Newspaper articles
Websites / web documents
Other materials.

List sources in alphabetical order within each category.

What if an author has written more than one source?

If citing several sources of the same type (e.g. books) by the same author, list the author's works in chronological order (starting with the oldest) within the relevant category.

If an author has written several sources of the same type (e.g. books) that were published in the same year, list them in alphabetical order of first major word of the title within the relevant category.

How do I reference an author's name in a bibliography?

An author's name is referenced differently in a footnote and a bibliography. This applies to ANY source with a named author.

In a footnote, cite the author's name exactly as it is given in the source used (see 'Footnotes' ):

In a bibliography, give the author's last name followed by his/her initial(s) with no punctuation between them:

What if a source doesn't have an author?

If a source doesn't have a named person or an organization as the author, treat it as an unattributed work in the biblography.

Begin the reference with a double dash - - in place of an author's name.

List the unattributed work at the beginning of the relevant section in the bibliography. The example above is a journal article, so it would be listed at the beginning of the 'Journal articles' section.

If there is more than one unattributed work in a section, list them in alphabetical order of first major word of the title.

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Next: Cases >>
Last Updated: Nov 20, 2023 4:47 PM
URL: https://libguides.bournemouth.ac.uk/referencing-uk-eu-law

OSCOLA referencing guide (Online): Bibliography

Paraphrasing
Repeating Citations
Secondary Referencing

Bibliography

Referencing Tools
Two or Three Authors
Four plus Authors
Chapter in an Edited Book
Editor or Translator
Author & Editor or Translator
Encyclopaedias
Books of Authority
Cases with Neutral Citation
Cases without neutral citation
Unreported Cases
Cases before 1865
Judges' Names
Scot, NI & International
Parts of Statutes
Statutory Instruments
Journal Articles
Forthcoming Articles
Working Papers
Newspaper Articles
Hansard & Select Committee reports
Command Papers
Law Commission Reports
Official reports
Official Publications
Legislation
ECJ & GC cases
Decisions of the European Commission
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) cases
Websites & Blogs
Personal Communications
Press Release
Podcasts & Youtube videos
Insight & LPC

You should create a bibliography at the end of your work that lists all of the sources used in your work. Each source only needs to be listed once, even if you have referred to it multiple times in your work. Do not include background reading in your bibliography. The bibliography should appear after the text and after appendices. The bibliography should list the sources in alphabetical order.

If your piece of work is long, you can divide the bibliography into three sections: Cases, Legislation, and Bibliography

Cases - Do not italicise case names. You should list the cases alphabetically in order of the first significant word. If the parties involved are only identified by initials the case should be listed under the initial. List trademark cases and shipping cases under the full case name, but insert an additional entry in the table under the trademark or the name of the ship with a cross-reference to the full name.
Legislation - This should include every statute listed in your piece of work (unless your lecturer has told you differently). Legislation should be listed in alphabetical order. Statutory Instruments should be listed separately after Statutes.
Bibliography - Unlike in footnotes, the author's surname should be listed first, followed by the author's initials. Unlike in the footnotes, you do not list the author's first names, just initials. The secondary material should also be listed alphabetically. If citing more than one work by the same author, list the author’s works in chronological order (oldest first), and in alphabetical order of the first major word of the title within a single year.

For further guidance see the full OSCOLA guide.

OSCOLA referencing guide (full) (word)
OSCOLA Bibliography This document shows how to format a bibliography using the OSCOLA referencing style
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Next: Referencing Tools >>
Last Updated: Apr 23, 2024 2:40 PM
URL: https://libguides.swansea.ac.uk/oscola

Home » Samples » Sample Law Bibliography

Sample Law Bibliography

Posted on February 9, 2016

Bibliography

Blick, A., “Codifying-or not codifying-the UK Constitution” <https://www.parliament.uk:80/pagefiles/56954/CPCS%20Literature%20Review%20(4).pdf> (Accessed 26 November 2015) Dicey, Albert Venn, Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (London: Macmillan, 1885) n. page

Melton, J., “Codification of the UK Constitution is not essential” <https://constitution-unit.com/2015/03/19/codification-of-the-uk-constitution-is-not-essential/> (Accessed 26 November 2015)

Ministry of Justice, “Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report” (2009) <https://www.peerage.org/genealogy/royal-prerogative.pdf> (Accessed 26 November 2015)

Walters, M. ‘Dicey On Writing The Law Of The Constitution’ Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Reports 32, issue 1 (2012): 21

This bibliography was created by writing service as a sample. If you need bibliography made specially for you as a sample order it! You also can order write my essay service and anything you need for college.

Table of Cases

Entick v Carrington [1765] 19 St Tr 1029, [1795] 95 ER 807

Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75

Table of Statute

1. 1689 Bill of Rights

2. 1937 Constitution of Ireland

Dicey, Albert Venn, Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (London: Macmillan, 1885) n. page

Journal Articles

Blick, A., “Codifying-or not codifying-the UK Constitution” <https://www.parliament.uk:80/pagefiles/56954/CPCS%20Literature%20Review%20(4).pdf> (Accessed 26 November 2015)

Type of paper: Bibliography Citation style: Other Pages: 1 Sources: 3 Level: Undergraduate

IMAGES

AGLC
Annotated Bibliography For Research Paper Example
AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)
Annotated Bibliography Example
MLA Annotated Bibliography Examples and Writing Guide
Annotated Bibliography and Thesis Statement Instructions

VIDEO

purpose to study bibliography
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Writing l How to write Bibliography for project in English l @Creative_handwriting
Accessing the current bibliography (LexMA- Lexikon des Mittelalters)
BIBLIOGRAPHY|How to write Bibliography|bibliography for project file|school project file

COMMENTS

What is the format for the bibliography for Law coursework and
Bibliography format for law coursework: The key points to note are that sources need to be in categories, with primary sources (cases, legislation) listed first, followed by secondary sources (books, journals, websites) all in alphabetical and then chronological order. Note that case names appear in plain text and not italics.
Referencing & Citations Guide For Law Essays
Referencing & Citations Guide For Law Essays. 5th May 2020 Law Essay Help Guide Reference this In-house law team. Guide to Referencing and Citations for Law Essays. Accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all academic work. Whenever you refer to either the work or ideas of someone, or are influenced by another's work, you must ...
How to Cite a Law in APA Style
Revised on December 27, 2023. To cite federal laws (also commonly referred to as statutes or acts) in APA Style, include the name of the law, "U.S.C." (short for United States Code ), the title and section of the code where the law appears, the year, and optionally the URL. The year included is when the law was published in the source ...
Referencing
A bibliography is a list of sources or references cited in the work. OSCOLA requires a bibliography only for longer works i.e. monographs and dissertations/theses, not shorter works i.e. journal articles or essays. At law school, it is common practice to include a bibliography at the end of an essay.
HOW TO CREATE A BIBLIOGRAPHY
The bibliography is simpler than it appears. A bibliography is typically found towards the conclusion of a master's thesis. It includes all of the sources you used when writing the essay. This includes any sources you used or quoted in your essay, as well as any other works you read while researching or preparing the essay. HOW TO WRITE A ...
Footnotes, endnotes, and citations
Long-term research essays and theses. If you are doing a long-term research project, you should use the full and proper citation, either in a footnote, an endnote or in the text. Again, once you have given the citation in full, you may use the appropriate short citation. Very often, instructors will give formatting advice for long-term research ...
Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules
Introduction. This guide provides a quick introduction to Cite Them Right (CTR) Harvard and OSCOLA (Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities) referencing styles. CTR is a practical guide to referencing, and is available through the OU Library. If you are viewing CTR in any mode other than full-screen, you might have to scroll down to find the information you require.
How to Reference Law Essays (Quick Guide to OSCOLA Style)
The OSCOLA referencing style is essentially a guidebook for how you should be formatting the footnotes and bibliography in your law essays. This particular referencing style is applied by all UK academics who write about law. You will find it in all UK journal articles on legal subjects, law textbooks, Masters theses and PhDs.
Law: Legal essay
This resource will focus on theoretical based law essays. There are a number of strategies that may help you in starting, structuring and presenting a law essay. 1. Starting your answer. The first step to a successful law essay is understanding the question. One of the most effective ways of breaking down the question is to identify the ...
Getting started
Getting started. The Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC4) is the official citing and referencing style for legal citations in Australia. A free copy of AGLC4 is available to view and download from the publisher's website. This guide is designed to help you: Our interactive online tutorials can help you understand the basics of citing and ...
Harvard Style Bibliography
A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted ... Note that this example is an edited collection of essays from different authors, and thus the editor is listed as the main author. ... title', Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. page range. Example: Maceachen, D. B. (1950) 'Wilkie Collins and British law', Nineteenth-Century ...
Bibliography
The Bibliography should be located at the end of your work and will list all sources used. You do not need to list a source multiple times even if you have referred to it several times. In OSCOLA the Bibliography is split into three sections: References in the Bibliography are formatted slightly differently to references in the footnotes.
How to write a first-class bibliography for a legal essay
November 9, 2010. WardBlawg. How to write a bibliography to conclude your first-class dissertation. There are three stages for completing an abundant and competent bibliography. First, go into the footnotes on your document, select all, copy and paste to the foot of your article, then separate into different categories.
Legal Citation
The first citation of a source should appear in full (rule 1.1.1). When citing a previously cited source, a shortened form of the citation may be provided with a cross-reference in parentheses to the footnote number in which the citation may be found in full. Example 48 Catharine MacMillan, Mistakes in Contract Law (Hart Publishing, 2010) 9. ...
Footnotes
Follow these rules when creating your footnote references. Author names should be formatted as First name Surname, e.g. Jill Poole. End footnotes with a full stop. If citing more than one source to make a single point, include all sources used to make the point in one footnote. Separate the citations with semi-colons, and end the footnote with ...
Referencing
A bibliography contains full references to all the sources you have cited or relied on for your assignment or dissertation. The bibliography should be divided into the following categories, as appropriate: Legislation. UK statutes (Acts) UK statutory instruments. EU legislation. International legislation.
How to Structure a Law Essay (Tips from a Former LLB Lecturer)
Restate key supporting arguments. The final stage of creating the plan of your law essay is to pick 2 to 3 key supporting arguments which you discussed in the main body of your paper and outline them again. This time, however, you will not be getting into a detailed discussion of how case law or statute sections justify your supporting arguments.
Law Dissertation Referencing
Referencing Your Law Dissertation. Each university has a different referencing system and indeed, the referencing requirements for each course may vary still, so you need to check your individual course guidelines carefully. The Harvard system is by far the most common referencing system used on law courses. The Harvard Referencing System - a ...
PDF General Instructions & Sample Entries for Bibliographies
"An Annotated Bibliography of Law Review Articles Addressing Feminist Perspectives on 'Law in Literature.'" Law Library Journal 99, no. 1 (2007): 55-72. This selective annotated bibliography covers law review articles that address the topic of "law in literature" from a feminist perspective and includes an introductory essay
Example Essay with OSCOLA Referencing
This short essay will explain the way in which the Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities, or OSCOLA, referencing method is used for the citation of legal references in the academic discipline of law. Proficiency with the OSCOLA method is an essential element of the academic study of law.
OSCOLA referencing guide (Online): Bibliography
Bibliography. You should create a bibliography at the end of your work that lists all of the sources used in your work. Each source only needs to be listed once, even if you have referred to it multiple times in your work. Do not include background reading in your bibliography. The bibliography should appear after the text and after appendices.
Example Law Essays
Outline and Describe the Scottish Civil Court Structure. Example essay. Last modified: 7th Aug 2019. Scotland's law is seen as a mixed system and not purely the common law system and this due to scot lawyers preferring to take ideas from Roman Law and other continental legal systems rather than the English Law. ...
Sample Law Bibliography
Walters, M. 'Dicey On Writing The Law Of The Constitution' Oxford Journal of Legal Studies Reports 32, issue 1 (2012): 21. This bibliography was created by writing service as a sample. If you need bibliography made specially for you as a sample order it! You also can order write my essay service and anything you need for college. Table of Cases

Q. What is the format for the bibliography for Law coursework and dissertations? (OSCOLA)

Answered By: Claire Mazer Last Updated: 16 Oct, 2023 Views: 23127

Related Topics

Law: Referencing

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Law - Referencing

Cite Them Right

Research & Academic Support Librarian

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OSCOLA Referencing Style

Referencing in Law Exams

Question: "Do I need to do OSCOLA referencing in exams?" Answer: No

Examples of how to reference in law examinations:

OSCOLA - An Introduction

Insert footnotes

Multiple references

When not to footnote

Table of Authorities

Titles and postnominals

Multiple authors

Page numbers

OSCOLA - Primary Sources

International Cases

Statutory Instrument

Case with a neutral citation

Case without a neutral citation

EU Treaties

EU Regulations, Directives etc

Unreported cases

International Treaties

Multilateral treaties

Bilateral treaties

International Court of Justice

Other International Courts

OSCOLA - Secondary Sources

Book chapters

Journal articles

Online journal articles

Newspaper articles

Online newspaper articles

Blogs posts

Conference papers

Lecture materials

Referencing Tutorials

Academic and Legal Research Skills

Legal Research

About the Library

Footnotes, endnotes, and citations

Select your Country

You are here

Table of contents

Two categories of material

General academic sources

Legal sources

In-text citations and full references

Difference between reference list and bibliography

Examples of in-text citations

Examples of full references

In-text footnote numbers, and full citations in footnotes

Examples of using in-text footnote numbers and corresponding footnotes

Examples of how to construct citations for footnotes

Report citation without specific ‘pinpoint’ reference

Neutral citation with a specific ‘pinpoint’ reference to a paragraph

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

EU treaties

Other international treaties

Using Library Search for your assignment

Library Helpdesk

The Open University

Undergraduate

Postgraduate

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Getting started

Elements of citing and referencing in AGLC4 style

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Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

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Table of contents