school supplies research paper

The School-Supply Gap

The high cost of school supplies poses a challenge to many parents and impacts students during back-to-school season and beyond..

Gail O’Connor

In the two-bedroom apartment Paola Peralta rents above the funeral home where she works in Newark, New Jersey, framed school certificates cover a living room wall.

Paola’s two children, Mateo, 13, and Valentina, 11, have received distinctions for honor roll, completing bilingual summer literacy programs and having perfect attendance, and on a recent weekday afternoon, they were getting ready for another school year, sorting colorful supplies into their backpacks. 

Mateo is starting ninth grade at a specialized public vocational high school; he’s excited to take engineering and robotics. Valentina, who’s entering seventh grade at the neighborhood middle school, is looking forward to her favorite subject, math. Her mother recently bought a new calculator Valentina needs, which came in her favorite color, red. Besides being great students, the siblings are enthusiastic athletes (volleyball for him, soccer for her), and their respective sports medals dangle from hooks on the wall in the tidy bedroom they share, their sides of the room divided by a free-standing rack of clothes on hangers.  

Most days, Paola works eight-hour shifts downstairs in the funeral home, tending to tasks in the office, cleaning the viewing rooms, and doing makeup. However, this time of year, in anticipation of the supplies and other things her children will need for school, Paola works shifts that can stretch to 13 hours, and still picks up extra hours on weekends. There are many items to buy on the supply lists distributed by her children’s schools: three-ring binders, pencils, pens (red, black, and blue), highlighters, dry-erase markers, Post-It notes, graph paper, index cards, and more. 

There also are school uniforms to purchase. Paola bought Valentina’s maroon polo shirt oversized last year, so it will last through another grade. To meet the strict dress code at his high school, Mateo needs all new clothes, including shirts, pants, a gym uniform, and a sharp blazer, which will total $250.

The priciest single item on Mateo’s list—a graphing calculator—gave Paola pause. She contacted a math-teacher friend in her home country of Ecuador to ask if Mateo would need the specific model listed, or if he could get by in algebra with something less expensive. Advised to get the calculator, Paola paid the $130 for it. “It is an investment. That’s why I’m working, for them,” she says. 

Between the two children, Paola has spent close to $700 on her debit card—so far. The kids’ supply lists note that specific teachers may require additional supplies in the first weeks of the school year.

‘A Couple of Mortgage or Rent Payments’

The $700 Paola has spent puts her right at the national average ($696.70) of what American parents were estimated to spend during the back-to-school season this year, according to the National Retail Federation. Such costs threaten to overwhelm many families with lower incomes, and with the growing expectation that kids will have access to technology at home, some cost projections are even higher. 

The Huntington Backpack Index , an annual barometer of school-supply and related expenses, developed in collaboration with Communities In Schools, a national nonprofit supporting at-risk students in K-12 public schools, estimated what parents could expect to pay this year per child:

• $1,017 for elementary school supplies, extracurricular fees, and technology
• $1,277 for middle school supplies, extracurricular fees, and technology
• $1,668 for high school supplies, extracurricular fees, and technology

“When you’re talking about, even at a low end, $1,000 out of pocket, for really any family it’s quite an expense, and if you think about our families who are living at the poverty line or below, this is really significant,” says Heather Clawson, Ph.D., chief program and innovation officer at Communities in Schools . “Many families are not single-child households. They have multiple children, so compound that cost by two, three, or four kids spanning across K through 12, you’re talking about a couple of mortgage or rent payments potentially, and money that would otherwise pay for food or to pay the electric bill.” 

For students whose families cannot afford supplies, coming to school unprepared can create social and emotional challenges, in addition to putting kids at a disadvantage for learning. 

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“Once you start getting into third grade and on up, and definitely for middle school students in particular, they often don’t want to ask for help—they’re embarrassed, and how adults respond to that in the school and in the classroom can make a very big difference in how that student feels and how they show up,” Heather says. “Our students have a sense of pride and they don’t want to admit they couldn’t afford school supplies and that they don’t have what they need. That results in students not doing assignments, not being prepared, and not being able to participate. They often withdraw and feel isolated, and this is compounded over time.”

School-supply drives can help defray some of the cost, but they alone aren’t an answer. “If there isn’t a way to inform parents about these opportunities, they’re really not as helpful as we think they are,” Heather says, adding that school supply shopping is not a “one and done”: “We often see these drives at the beginning of the school year, but what happens midway through the year is students need more supplies or are running low. We all want to be Good Samaritans and donate and volunteer our time, but the reality is this is a pervasive problem.”

“When you’re talking about, even at a low end, $1,000 out of pocket, for really any family it’s quite an expense, and if you think about our families who are living at the poverty line or below, this is really significant.”

Heather Clawson, Ph.D

Chief Program and Innovation Officer, Communities in Schools

The Burden on Teachers

In addition to students, this school-supply gap places an unfair burden on another group: teachers. “We already know our teachers are underpaid and don’t have spare cash laying around, yet they often have to come out of pocket to provide for their students,” Heather says. 

Ninety-three percent of public school teachers spend their own money on school supplies without reimbursement, and on average, teachers spend $479 on items for their classrooms, according to the National Center for Education Statistics . 

Teachers are in a unique position to either add to a student’s feelings of inadequacy or be sensitive to the mental burden that comes from financial insecurity. “It’s often seen as a behavioral issue if a student doesn’t show up with their pencil or their notebook or hasn’t turned in an assignment that needed to be submitted electronically, because they didn’t have internet at home,” Heather says. “And it’s really important for adults to sort of pause, and really understand students and the conditions that they are faced with, and that we show compassion for our students.” 

Making It Work

To scour the best deals, Paola makes trips to separate stores, usually Staples and Walmart. Sometimes, a neighborhood will hold a local school supply drive. At one such drive in a nearby park, Paola picked up crayons and colored pencils, loose-leaf paper, and notebooks. She stores the items that don’t align with the school list in two drawers in the living room for future use, or the kids give them to classmates who doesn’t have any supplies. Paola donates what she can to others in need as well, such as when a local family suffered a home fire.

This year, Mateo will be getting a school-issued Chromebook, which he’s allowed to take home. He’d like a new backpack, the kind with a space dedicated for a laptop, but that will have to wait. “The ones that they already have are still working. So I said, ‘For next time,’ because I don’t have money,” Paola says. 

Pooling Supplies

The burden that the cost of school supplies can place on a family is a familiar story around the country. “When they get the supply list from school, parents bring it in and ask what is essential,” says Alejandro Amaya (Dallas-Ft. Worth ‘15), a fifth-grade math and science teacher at Leonides Gonzalez Cigarroa, M.D. Elementary School in Dallas. He adds he feels fortunate to work at a school with strong parental support. 

Alejandro, who came to the U.S. with his younger brother and parents from Mexico when he was in fourth grade, recalls his parents asking teachers the same question. His family shopped at different stores to get the cheapest brands possible and picked up whatever they could at school-supply drives at their church. “For that month of August there was just making some hard choices in either getting the school supplies or other regular monthly necessities,” Alejandro says. “As a teacher, I see my students’ parents facing the exact same situation, and I can't help but feel like the needle has not moved forward much in 20 years.”

To make supplies accessible to everyone in the class, Alejandro pools the supplies that come in from his students. He lets students keep anything of their own that is extra-special to them, such as crayons or colored pencils, while he puts out a full box of crayons and markers he buys for the class with his materials stipend. Sometimes Alejandro has to explain to parents why he shares with the entire class the materials they worked hard to buy, while also thanking them for contributing. 

“We just want to make sure everyone has what they need for school,” Alejandro says. “It would be a shame if a student feels they can’t learn or they feel left out, because their parents can’t afford pencils or markers or crayons or glue sticks. 

“It’s an issue that doesn’t get a lot of attention, and [getting supplies] is something that many people assume automatically happens, when it’s definitely a struggle that we’re not naming and a lot of families are suffering because of it,” Alejandro adds.

Taking the Pressure Off Families

Futuro Academy Charter School in Las Vegas takes an innovative approach to this problem: The three-year-old school does not distribute supply lists. “We highly recommend all our students have a backpack, so they can carry their homework folder inside, and this folder is provided by the school,” says kindergarten teacher Sylvia Espinoza (Las Vegas Valley ‘12). If parents can’t acquire a backpack, or it starts to fall apart mid-year, the school can provide one that’s been donated by other generous families, staff, or members of the community. 

Students wear uniforms; the first shirt is offered for free by the school, while pants and any additional shirts need to be purchased by families. Futuro provides all other basic supplies—like pencils, notebooks, and paper. “This way we’re not putting economic pressure on our families, and really having them only focus on working with their students academically,” Sylvia says. 

While schools, teachers, and families do what they can to narrow the school-supply gap, there is still a long way to go. “We talk about public education and our tax dollars paying for free education for all students, but clearly getting an education is not free,” Heather, from Communities in Schools, says. “There are costs associated with it that we don’t often really think about, and we don’t think about the implications of those costs for lower-income families.”

She adds: “There’s obviously a much bigger societal problem, one we need to address.” 

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Every Student Needs School Supplies. But Who Pays for Them?

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Every day, students walk into school with backpacks full of supplies. But who pays for those materials varies considerably from place to place.

The cost of school supplies is front and center for many American families this fall as a new school year begins. Inflation has driven up prices of consumer goods . Some pandemic-era programs designed to help low-income families stay afloat have petered out or disappeared.

Just as that happens, some school districts that used to pay for school supplies for all families have stopped covering those costs.

The Kodiak school district in Alaska is among several that used federal COVID relief dollars to pay for students’ school supplies during the pandemic. But with those funds running out, the district couldn’t find room in its budget to pick up another year’s worth of supplies for every student, according to Alaska Public Media .

But even as districts cut school supplies out of their budgets, they likely can’t count on that reduction to close budget gaps. Rather, making that cut can be a useful way for districts to signal to community members that they’re being fiscally responsible, said Sidney Clark, business manager and board secretary for the Shanksville-Stonycreek school district in Pennsylvania.

“Supplies in total only makes up about 4 percent of our district budget while salaries and benefits total over 60 percent,” said Clark, whose district buys school supplies for all students.

There are no comprehensive data on how many school districts pay for students’ quotidian school supplies like paper and pencils for their students, and how many expect families to cover costs on their own. But there are certainly lots of districts that have historically expected families to furnish school supplies.

Here’s a look at different approaches districts take to paying for school supplies.

Fully covering the cost of supplies

The Brewer district has shifted in recent years away from requiring families to provide school supplies for their children to use in the classroom in favor of providing students with all school supplies they need.

“We have everything a student needs to be successful when they walk into our schools,” said Gregg Palmer, the Maine district’s superintendent.

In the Osseo district in Minnesota, each school building receives a set amount of funds each year to pay for classroom supplies, said John Morstad, the district’s executive director of finance and operations. Teachers and administrators in each building can decide how to divvy up those funds.

Teachers can also crowdsource donations from the public if there’s something more they need, “but it must be approved by the building and district leadership prior,” he said.

Some districts turn to outside partners, like city governments or local nonprofits, to ensure all students have access to classroom materials they need at no cost to them. In Shawnee Mission, Kansas, for instance, residents can pay court fees by donating school supplies .

Charging fees to cover supplies costs

The Evanston district in Illinois this year will provide school supplies for all students, but it will charge each student a $50 fee to cover the costs. Students eligible for reduced-price meals will pay $25, and students who qualify for free meals won’t have to pay the fee.

Some school districts in Indiana used to do the same, but they’ll find it more challenging this year after the state passed a law barring schools from levying curricular or technology fees. The state provided $160 million to help districts cover the loss of those fees, but many schools will have to dip into their local budgets to make up the difference, according to media reports.

District leaders have struggled to figure out which items fall under those laws, according to reporting in the Kokomo Tribune . Computers and textbooks obviously do, but calculators and pencils are less clear-cut.

Shifting costs to parents or teachers

The National Retail Federation estimates families will spend as much as $890 on school supplies this year—an increase of more than $25 from last year’s figure. Many school districts provide lists of expected supplies in the weeks preceding the start of the school year.

In some cases, those expenses are a product of district policies that have been in place before the current administrators and haven’t been revisited since then, despite changes to academic requirements, course offerings, and supply costs. The Green Bay school district, for instance, has distributed school supply expectation lists to families for at least the last 10 years.

“I don’t think we have anyone left here who could explain why or how those decisions were originally made,” said Lori Blakeslee, the district’s director of communications and public relations.

Sometimes those costs end up shifting to educators who interact directly with students. A recent survey by the Association of American Educators, a professional organization that advocates for teachers, found that U.S. teachers were poised to spend an average of roughly $673 on school supplies this year. Many respondents to that survey said they still shell out for supplies even if their school or district pays for some.

Morstad from the Osseo schools said he believes his district’s allocated budget should cover all the supplies schools need. But, he acknowledges, dollar amounts for the supply budgets have stayed the same in recent years.

With inflation, that means those funds can’t pay for as much as they used to.

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The Supplies Students Need Precede the Success They Want

Back-to-school shopping season has arrived with students across the country spending their last precious weeks of summer picking out new backpacks and three-ring binders. Yet the 15 million kids living in poverty in the United States spend these weeks knowing they will arrive on the first day of school this fall without the supplies they need to learn.

When students and families cannot provide their own materials, it places an incredible burden and strain on the classroom.

How will teachers ensure these students can participate fully? How will they guarantee equity?

Educators are increasingly expected to provide supplementary and even foundational supplies out of their own pockets – and student success depends on it.

According to a recent annual impact report from the more than 200,000 educators who received supplies from the Kids In Need Foundation (KINF) in 2017, a national nonprofit dedicated to providing free school supplies to students most in need, teachers spent an additional $500 per year on supplies for their students, in addition to the support they received from KINF.

“When the children come to school, it’s bad enough that some of them have limited food and clothing at home and don’t know where their next meal is coming from,” said a teacher from Valdosta, Georgia. “The struggle is real.”

Of the teachers surveyed in KINF’s annual impact report, 76 percent said student self-esteem improved when students had the school supplies they needed.

If preparation is the key to success, having critical classroom tools can make the all the difference. Something as simple as a pencil and paper can give students the hands-on learning they need for success in the classroom and in life.

SOURCE: Kids In Need Foundation, [email protected]

Educational Supply Chain Management: A Review Paper

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• First Online: 30 June 2022
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• Nur Shahida Binti Mat Ishah 11 ,
• Khai Loon Lee 11 &
• Gusman Nawanir 11  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 486))

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• International Conference on Business and Technology

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Supply chain management (SCM) is relatively not a newly founded area of research. It is rather the underlying theory that always exists in a society without official recognition. However, the concept of educational supply chain management (EduSCM) is still limited. The purpose of this paper is to review the philosophy of SCM in current higher educational institutions (HEIs) in which is hoped to be the foundation for better ideas that can be put into practice for better management of the HEIs. This paper uses a semi-systematic review approach for the acknowledgement of all related literature throughout time and places. According to an exploratory study conducted by one of the researchers, 87% of SCM studies are done in the industrial context, 13% for the service businesses, and the remaining five per cent for the educational sector. However, there is an increase in research trends in the educational sector, indicating a hopeful improvement in a country’s education system. Researchers create a few theories, models and frameworks; in a broad and specific topic to better understand SCM in the educational sector. Each level in the educational supply chain (EduSC) was given a fresh and alternative approach and a new focus. The involvements from a lot of different associates and contributors to an EduSC were considered. There are plenty of opportunities and methods to be studied in the backgrounds and developments of the EduSC, EduSC practices, and attributes related to the EduSC. Failing to address these needs may impede the country’s education quality and the quality of the graduates produced.

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This paper is a deliverable of Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), which is funded by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, through MyGrants, Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FGRS) with Grant No. FRGS/1/2018/SS03/UMP/02/3.

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Ishah, N.S.B.M., Lee, K.L., Nawanir, G. (2022). Educational Supply Chain Management: A Review Paper. In: Alareeni, B., Hamdan, A. (eds) Financial Technology (FinTech), Entrepreneurship, and Business Development. ICBT 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 486. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08087-6_8

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The School Supplies Business Owners Strategies for the Sudden Drop Of their Sales

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Nam Phuong Le

The failure rate among small businesses is high. More than half of all small businesses fail within the first 7 years of operation. The purpose of this multi-case study was to explore the strategies that successful small ethnic restaurant owners employed to remain operable beyond 7 years. Three successful ethnic restaurant owners who have been operating their restaurant for at least 7 years in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada were selected. Data were gathered from participant interviews and from an examination of available physical artifacts such as the locations, premises, websites, and social media pages. The resource-based view by Edith Penrose was the underlying conceptual framework for this research. Within-method triangulation was used to ensure the rigorousness of the study. In the study, 5 themes were identified: hard work, interest or passion, family support, location, and food and service quality. These findings underscore the importance of hard work, business interest, family support, prime location, and quality food for successful small businesses. Current and future small ethnic restaurant business owners may apply these findings to improve their business performance and survival rate.

Samuel Osei Tutu

The evolution of Diaspora Entrepreneurship is a complex phenomenon that reflects the relationship between the country of origin and the host country. Diaspora entrepreneurs are migrants who are entrepreneurs but live outside of their home country in the United States and stay involved with their homeland (Wolff, Opoku-Owusu, 2016). Diaspora entrepreneurs have increased in this era when immigrants are facing many challenges across the United States. Globally, the growth of Diaspora entrepreneurs is unprecedented. Diaspora Entrepreneurship exposes the characteristics appearance of high and low skilled immigrants in the global cities abroad. The land of origin plays a significant role in influencing immigrants economic activities in their current state. Few studies have focused on how culture and family business influence the decisions of immigrants on entrepreneurship. This descriptive case study explored the Ghanaian immigrant cultural perspective and family business orientation to identify its impact on making self-employment decision. The purpose of this study was to investigate how culture and family business influence self-employment. The study focused on the first-generation Ghanaian immigrant entrepreneurs in the United States operate in the state Maryland. The study was descriptive with both qualitative and quantitative methods. Also, both open-ended and closed questions were used to collect date from sixty-three participants. Ghanaians entrepreneurs identified opportunities abroad and wish to exploit such opportunities to create jobs to boost economic growth in the home country and overseas. Ghanaians cherish their culture and traditions to the extent to influence business decision

Desmond Gagakuma

ABSTRACT This dissertation analysed and examined the factors that influence people to form small businesses in the Wa Township and factors that can determine the growth of small businesses in the Wa Township. The main research question for this study was what factors determine the formation and growth of small businesses in the Wa Municipality of the Upper West Region? The study population of this study was 75 small business owners in the Wa Township. Using mixed method approach 75 small business owners were randomly sampled and primary data collected using questionnaires and interview guide. The data was analysed using correlation, regression and cross tabulation. The group found out of respondents exists a moderately positive relationship between demographic characteristics and growth of small businesses in the Wa Township. The group also found out that marketing strategies and the amount of money spent on marketing can determine the growth of a small business. Also, out that family history of business ownership influences people to start their own businesses in the Wa township. Subsequently, previous work experiences and non-satisfaction with previous employment influences people to start their own businesses. Based on this study we recommend that business owners should try as much as possible to acquire more formal education and also business owners need to advertise their products in order to stimulate the growth of their businesses.

Owners of various small businesses foster the instigation and growth of their local societies. Nonetheless, several small businesses fail to thrive beyond the first five years. Cognizant of the theory that revolves around systems, the focus of this particular case study is to investigate the approaches that small businesses implement to develop and withstand long-term businesses. Through a multiple case study technique, administration of semi-structured interviews among retail business owners is necessary to find out more about the research topic. The correspondents will provide in-depth information regarding the strategies used to maintain their businesses. The semi-structured interviews will bring forth insights into the respondents’ conversations while the field notes and member interview checking will help the researcher to foster triangulation and facilitation of the key themes. In essence, there will be three main themes from the study including provision of improved customer services, assessing capital, and choosing good locales. The strategies that will be provided by the respondents often give guidance for the small business owners who have the quest to do business for long. Novel and existing businesses will benefit from this research through expanding knowledge from the explicated strategies; hence, bolstering job creation and growth of the local economies via small businesses.

Marguerite Berger

Journal of Small Business and …

Mohani Abdul , Murali Sambasivan

Kerathum Juma

Dr. Glenda Overstreet-Vaughn

This study was conducted to determine leadership qualities that new generational business entrepreneurs believe lead the way to resolving economic problems faced by entrepreneurial business leaders through innovative practices. The purpose of the study was to examine the lived experiences of small business owners of start-ups from various generational groups and their implementation of innovative practices, identification of leadership styles and attributes they believe contribute to innovative effectiveness and leadership styles that business owners believe reflect success and to identify obstacles believed to hinder success. A qualitative research method and phenomenological design was used for data collection and analysis to examine entrepreneurial leaders lived experiences. Six major themes emerged from the data collection and analysis process: Technology, Self-Initiation, Motivation, Generation X, Baby Boomers, and Innovation. The growing number of generations in the workforce has been due in part to a struggling economy. According to Business Wire, new business entrepreneurs will lead the way in solving the economy’s problems. A strong cadre of capable, innovative entrepreneurs will be critical to the repair and future prosperity of our economy. Vital for these new business leaders will be finding creative and innovative ways to address generational diversity.

Faizur Rahman

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