research proposal on language

Dissertation Proposal Information

Dissertation proposal guidelines, written proposal.

Each Ph.D. candidate must submit a written dissertation proposal (approximately 10-15 pages long), which must be approved by the candidate’s Reading Committee. The proposal should be written and submitted before the student undertakes the bulk of the dissertation research. It establishes the background, feasibility and interest of the proposed research, and it details the procedures for accomplishing it in a timely manner.

A dissertation proposal will clearly specify the leading research questions and hypotheses, the data relevant to answering those research questions, the theoretical framework and the methods of analysis. It will provide a brief literature review, elucidating the relationship of the proposed research to other current research, and a clear work plan. The proposal should also present and interpret progress to date if the research is already underway. Finally, it should briefly discuss any research costs involved and the anticipated sources of funding.

The written proposal is modeled on the project description for an NSF Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (DDRIG) in Linguistics. The project description is a major part of the full grant application, so the dissertation proposal can serve as a stepping stone towards a complete DDRIG application, if desired. For those who choose not to seek NSF funding, the proposal format will still be helpful for other types of fellowship and funding applications.

An example of a dissertation proposal that was also submitted for an NSF DDRIG:

Scott Grimm NSF proposal ( references )

Abstracts of successful NSF DDRIG proposals:

NSF-awarded dissertation proposals

Proposal Meeting

After the approval of the written dissertation proposal, each student is required to meet with their reading committee plus one or more faculty members who are not members of the reading committee, who can provide a fresh perspective on the research. The purpose of the meeting is to provide the student with further guidance on how best to undertake the dissertation research and complete the dissertation in a timely matter. Topics to be discussed might include priorities among possible research avenues, the best formulation of the research questions and hypotheses, the design of experimental, corpus, or field studies, sources of research funding, and the preparation of grant applications.

For More Information

Further details about the dissertation proposal and the proposal meeting, including timeline for completion and the selection of additional faculty for the proposal meeting, can be found in the PhD Handbook available via the Resources for Graduate Students web page.

Language Revitalization & Research Projects – Sample Documents

Prepared By

First Peoples’ Cultural Council

Contributing Organizations

Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre and the Language Revitalization In Vancouver Island Salish Communities

The following resources are provided as templates for protocol documents for projects involving linguists, anthropologists, or other academics who may wish to do research in aboriginal communities. These templates are intended as a starting point for you to work from to develop your own protocol documents. Please feel free to download them, add the name of your community or organization, and amend the documents as needed to make them appropriate for your particular project. The First Peoples’ Cultural Council cannot guarantee the legal effect of a First Nations community or organization completing, adapting, and using the templates, and recommends that any user obtain legal advice on the use of these agreements in the particular circumstances they are considering. Many thanks to the Heiltsuk Cultural Education Centre and the Language Revitalization In Vancouver Island Salish Communities project for sharing their protocol documents for the development of these templates! For further information on protocols for language projects, check out the Australian Guide to Community Protocols for Indigenous Language Projects .

An Indigenous researcher’s perspective is provided by Linda Tuhiwai Smith of the International Research Institute for Maori and Indigenous Education, in her book :

Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples ISBN: 1-85649-623-6

Research Evaluation Checklist A suggested checklist of questions for evaluating research proposals that will involve researchers interviewing or working with elders and community members. You may want to consider these and other questions before you decide to approve a researcher’s proposed project.

Guidelines for Researchers A suggested set of guidelines to make sure that the relationship between visiting researchers and host aboriginal communities is fair, open, and clearly documented. If you adopt these guidelines, or a modification of them, researchers should be made aware of them as soon as they approach you about a potential research project.

Sample Contract between an aboriginal community or organization and a researcher or institution.

Sample Memorandum of Understanding between an aboriginal community or organization and a researcher or institution.

These types of agreements are intended to make sure that information collected by visiting researchers is shared with your community and used for the benefit of the community, and not taken away and left inaccessible in a library or archive. (The information gathered by researchers might include field notes, audio and/or video recordings, research papers and publications produced from the research, or other documents.) These kinds of agreements may also include a formal statement that certain aspects of your language, culture, or teachings are sacred and not to be documented or witnessed by people from outside the community.

Participant Consent Forms These can be adapted for use as consent forms for elders and community members who will be sharing their knowledge for a research project. Consent forms are a way of formally documenting that the people taking part in a research project understand what the project is about and what they will be asked to do, and give permission for their knowledge to be used for the project.

The general version of the Participant Consent Form is a basic template for developing this kind of form.

A more Specific form template for Language Revitalization projects is also provided. This version could be used when elders or fluent speakers are going to be interviewed, recorded, or videotaped by a researcher for a language revitalization project.

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Language Research Proposals Samples For Students

72 samples of this type

While studying in college, you will definitely have to write a lot of Research Proposals on Language. Lucky you if putting words together and turning them into meaningful content comes naturally to you; if it's not the case, you can save the day by finding a previously written Language Research Proposal example and using it as a model to follow.

This is when you will definitely find WowEssays' free samples database extremely useful as it embodies numerous skillfully written works on most various Language Research Proposals topics. Ideally, you should be able to find a piece that meets your criteria and use it as a template to compose your own Research Proposal. Alternatively, our expert essay writers can deliver you an original Language Research Proposal model crafted from scratch according to your individual instructions.

A Study Of Some Grammatical Errors Made By Arab Learners Of English Research Proposal Sample

Problem statement.

Arab students learning English language in UK universities often commit grammatical errors in their written English. The reasons are far other than issues associated to the fact that the students are non-native English speakers and that is why this research study focuses on thorough investigation of the patterns of Arabic students’ grammatical errors in their writing.

Aim of research

Research proposal on two languages, one nation.

[Client’s Name] [Client’s Professor] [Client’s Subject] [Date Passed]

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Good Research Proposal On Teaching Strategies For Esl Students In The Mainstream High School English Classroom

Teaching strategies for esl students in the mainstream high school english classroom, example of research proposal on using cognition to enhance classroom effectiveness, a study of teaching english, english as a second language.

The influence of Arabic as a language is profound on many languages especially the influence on vocabulary. Indeed, many languages derive their vocabulary from Arabic in spite of the fact that the latter is largely used in Islamic countries. 1.2 billion Muslims worldwide employ the use of Arabic language in religious citations and prayers (Carter & MnCarthy, 2009).

Background of the Study

Research questions research proposals example, what are the differences in language development between early and late normal development children.

What are the differences in language development in early childhood between children with typical development patterns and children with attention deficit disorder? What are the differences in language development in late childhood between children with typical development patterns and children with attention deficit disorder?

What are the developmental difference in language acquisition between early and late childhood stages for children with attention deficit disorder?

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Introduction: This research is about English as a second language. With education being diversified, many students travel far and wide to get further studies. By understanding English, one will be in a better position as they are able to visit several countries where English is used

The research will seek to analyze how wide English is used and what should be done to increase its usage in the world

Research Question:

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What social factors lead a live language to become a dead language, or lead languages to stop evolving and fall out of use?

In what ways are the IELTS tests inaccurate in assessing the verbal and written performance levels of ESL learners?

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When students seek to study internationally, or more specifically when international students seek to study at English-speaking universities, they are often instructed to take a test that measures their level of mastery as it relates to the use of English. Among the most common of tests used for this purpose is the IELTS. However, there is some doubt regarding the effectiveness of using these tests. As such, the primary research question of interest will be: In what ways are the IELTS tests inaccurate in assessing the verbal and written performance levels of ESL learners?

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The present research will explore language acquisition through reading and music. While previously a significant amount of studies examined the potential connections that exist between language acquisition and intensive reading, there are a limited amount of studies that explore the link between music and language acquisition. Subsequently, this study will set out to not only draw conclusions regarding whether or not a connection exists between an individual’s reading and vocabulary acquisition, but if a connection exists between listening to music and such comprehension.

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Communication Theory

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Thesis statement: Various implications of the representation of race and ethnicity in popular culture and its impact on intercultural communications The paper will discuss about the facts relating to intercultural communication and how the representation of race and ethnicity on popular media and society influences this communication. (Gray, John, 2000)

Also, it will touch upon the impact that language barriers and internationalism has on intercultural communications.

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LIMITED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PERCEPTION OF AFRICAN WOMEN IMMIGRANTS IN THE UK AS THE RESULT TO THE CURRENT TREND OF INADEQUATE CLINICAL INTERVENTION FOR POSTNATAL DEPRESSION PATIENTS Limited understanding of the perception of African Women Immigrants in the UK the Cause of the Current trend of inadequate Clinical Intervention

Research Proposal On Research Methodology 12

Introduction 4.

Literature Review 7

Results and Discussion 13 Conclusion and Recommendations 14

References 15

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211 Research Topics in Linguistics To Get Top Grades

Many people find it hard to decide on their linguistics research topics because of the assumed complexities involved. They struggle to choose easy research paper topics for English language too because they think it could be too simple for a university or college level certificate.

All that you need to learn about Linguistics and English is sprawled across syntax, phonetics, morphology, phonology, semantics, grammar, vocabulary, and a few others. To easily create a top-notch essay or conduct a research study, you can consider this list of research topics in English language below for your university or college use. Note that you can fine-tune these to suit your interests.

Linguistics Research Paper Topics

If you want to study how language is applied and its importance in the world, you can consider these Linguistics topics for your research paper. They are:

An analysis of romantic ideas and their expression amongst French people
An overview of the hate language in the course against religion
Identify the determinants of hate language and the means of propagation
Evaluate a literature and examine how Linguistics is applied to the understanding of minor languages
Consider the impact of social media in the development of slangs
An overview of political slang and its use amongst New York teenagers
Examine the relevance of Linguistics in a digitalized world
Analyze foul language and how it’s used to oppress minors
Identify the role of language in the national identity of a socially dynamic society
Attempt an explanation to how the language barrier could affect the social life of an individual in a new society
Discuss the means through which language can enrich cultural identities
Examine the concept of bilingualism and how it applies in the real world
Analyze the possible strategies for teaching a foreign language
Discuss the priority of teachers in the teaching of grammar to non-native speakers
Choose a school of your choice and observe the slang used by its students: analyze how it affects their social lives
Attempt a critical overview of racist languages
What does endangered language means and how does it apply in the real world?
A critical overview of your second language and why it is a second language
What are the motivators of speech and why are they relevant?
Analyze the difference between the different types of communications and their significance to specially-abled persons
Give a critical overview of five literature on sign language
Evaluate the distinction between the means of language comprehension between an adult and a teenager
Consider a native American group and evaluate how cultural diversity has influenced their language
Analyze the complexities involved in code-switching and code-mixing
Give a critical overview of the importance of language to a teenager
Attempt a forensic overview of language accessibility and what it means
What do you believe are the means of communications and what are their uniqueness?
Attempt a study of Islamic poetry and its role in language development
Attempt a study on the role of Literature in language development
Evaluate the Influence of metaphors and other literary devices in the depth of each sentence
Identify the role of literary devices in the development of proverbs in any African country
Cognitive Linguistics: analyze two pieces of Literature that offers a critical view of perception
Identify and analyze the complexities in unspoken words
Expression is another kind of language: discuss
Identify the significance of symbols in the evolution of language
Discuss how learning more than a single language promote cross-cultural developments
Analyze how the loss of a mother tongue affect the language Efficiency of a community
Critically examine how sign language works
Using literature from the medieval era, attempt a study of the evolution of language
Identify how wars have led to the reduction in the popularity of a language of your choice across any country of the world
Critically examine five Literature on why accent changes based on environment
What are the forces that compel the comprehension of language in a child
Identify and explain the difference between the listening and speaking skills and their significance in the understanding of language
Give a critical overview of how natural language is processed
Examine the influence of language on culture and vice versa
It is possible to understand a language even without living in that society: discuss
Identify the arguments regarding speech defects
Discuss how the familiarity of language informs the creation of slangs
Explain the significance of religious phrases and sacred languages
Explore the roots and evolution of incantations in Africa

Sociolinguistic Research Topics

You may as well need interesting Linguistics topics based on sociolinguistic purposes for your research. Sociolinguistics is the study and recording of natural speech. It’s primarily the casual status of most informal conversations. You can consider the following Sociolinguistic research topics for your research:

What makes language exceptional to a particular person?
How does language form a unique means of expression to writers?
Examine the kind of speech used in health and emergencies
Analyze the language theory explored by family members during dinner
Evaluate the possible variation of language based on class
Evaluate the language of racism, social tension, and sexism
Discuss how Language promotes social and cultural familiarities
Give an overview of identity and language
Examine why some language speakers enjoy listening to foreigners who speak their native language
Give a forensic analysis of his the language of entertainment is different to the language in professional settings
Give an understanding of how Language changes
Examine the Sociolinguistics of the Caribbeans
Consider an overview of metaphor in France
Explain why the direct translation of written words is incomprehensible in Linguistics
Discuss the use of language in marginalizing a community
Analyze the history of Arabic and the culture that enhanced it
Discuss the growth of French and the influences of other languages
Examine how the English language developed and its interdependence on other languages
Give an overview of cultural diversity and Linguistics in teaching
Challenge the attachment of speech defect with disability of language listening and speaking abilities
Explore the uniqueness of language between siblings
Explore the means of making requests between a teenager and his parents
Observe and comment on how students relate with their teachers through language
Observe and comment on the communication of strategy of parents and teachers
Examine the connection of understanding first language with academic excellence

Language Research Topics

Numerous languages exist in different societies. This is why you may seek to understand the motivations behind language through these Linguistics project ideas. You can consider the following interesting Linguistics topics and their application to language:

What does language shift mean?
Discuss the stages of English language development?
Examine the position of ambiguity in a romantic Language of your choice
Why are some languages called romantic languages?
Observe the strategies of persuasion through Language
Discuss the connection between symbols and words
Identify the language of political speeches
Discuss the effectiveness of language in an indigenous cultural revolution
Trace the motivators for spoken language
What does language acquisition mean to you?
Examine three pieces of literature on language translation and its role in multilingual accessibility
Identify the science involved in language reception
Interrogate with the context of language disorders
Examine how psychotherapy applies to victims of language disorders
Study the growth of Hindi despite colonialism
Critically appraise the term, language erasure
Examine how colonialism and war is responsible for the loss of language
Give an overview of the difference between sounds and letters and how they apply to the German language
Explain why the placement of verb and preposition is different in German and English languages
Choose two languages of your choice and examine their historical relationship
Discuss the strategies employed by people while learning new languages
Discuss the role of all the figures of speech in the advancement of language
Analyze the complexities of autism and its victims
Offer a linguist approach to language uniqueness between a Down Syndrome child and an autist
Express dance as a language
Express music as a language
Express language as a form of language
Evaluate the role of cultural diversity in the decline of languages in South Africa
Discuss the development of the Greek language
Critically review two literary texts, one from the medieval era and another published a decade ago, and examine the language shifts

Linguistics Essay Topics

You may also need Linguistics research topics for your Linguistics essays. As a linguist in the making, these can help you consider controversies in Linguistics as a discipline and address them through your study. You can consider:

The connection of sociolinguistics in comprehending interests in multilingualism
Write on your belief of how language encourages sexism
What do you understand about the differences between British and American English?
Discuss how slangs grew and how they started
Consider how age leads to loss of language
Review how language is used in formal and informal conversation
Discuss what you understand by polite language
Discuss what you know by hate language
Evaluate how language has remained flexible throughout history
Mimicking a teacher is a form of exercising hate Language: discuss
Body Language and verbal speech are different things: discuss
Language can be exploitative: discuss
Do you think language is responsible for inciting aggression against the state?
Can you justify the structural representation of any symbol of your choice?
Religious symbols are not ordinary Language: what are your perspective on day-to-day languages and sacred ones?
Consider the usage of language by an English man and someone of another culture
Discuss the essence of code-mixing and code-switching
Attempt a psychological assessment on the role of language in academic development
How does language pose a challenge to studying?
Choose a multicultural society of your choice and explain the problem they face
What forms does Language use in expression?
Identify the reasons behind unspoken words and actions
Why do universal languages exist as a means of easy communication?
Examine the role of the English language in the world
Examine the role of Arabic in the world
Examine the role of romantic languages in the world
Evaluate the significance of each teaching Resources in a language classroom
Consider an assessment of language analysis
Why do people comprehend beyond what is written or expressed?
What is the impact of hate speech on a woman?
Do you believe that grammatical errors are how everyone’s comprehension of language is determined?
Observe the Influence of technology in language learning and development
Which parts of the body are responsible for understanding new languages
How has language informed development?
Would you say language has improved human relations or worsened it considering it as a tool for violence?
Would you say language in a black populous state is different from its social culture in white populous states?
Give an overview of the English language in Nigeria
Give an overview of the English language in Uganda
Give an overview of the English language in India
Give an overview of Russian in Europe
Give a conceptual analysis on stress and how it works
Consider the means of vocabulary development and its role in cultural relationships
Examine the effects of Linguistics in language
Present your understanding of sign language
What do you understand about descriptive language and prescriptive Language?

List of Research Topics in English Language

You may need English research topics for your next research. These are topics that are socially crafted for you as a student of language in any institution. You can consider the following for in-depth analysis:

Examine the travail of women in any feminist text of your choice
Examine the movement of feminist literature in the Industrial period
Give an overview of five Gothic literature and what you understand from them
Examine rock music and how it emerged as a genre
Evaluate the cultural association with Nina Simone’s music
What is the relevance of Shakespeare in English literature?
How has literature promoted the English language?
Identify the effect of spelling errors in the academic performance of students in an institution of your choice
Critically survey a university and give rationalize the literary texts offered as Significant
Examine the use of feminist literature in advancing the course against patriarchy
Give an overview of the themes in William Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”
Express the significance of Ernest Hemingway’s diction in contemporary literature
Examine the predominant devices in the works of William Shakespeare
Explain the predominant devices in the works of Christopher Marlowe
Charles Dickens and his works: express the dominating themes in his Literature
Why is Literature described as the mirror of society?
Examine the issues of feminism in Sefi Atta’s “Everything Good Will Come” and Bernadine Evaristos’s “Girl, Woman, Other”
Give an overview of the stylistics employed in the writing of “Girl, Woman, Other” by Bernadine Evaristo
Describe the language of advertisement in social media and newspapers
Describe what poetic Language means
Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing on Mexican Americans
Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing in Indian Americans
Discuss the influence of George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” on satirical literature
Examine the Linguistics features of “Native Son” by Richard Wright
What is the role of indigenous literature in promoting cultural identities
How has literature informed cultural consciousness?
Analyze five literature on semantics and their Influence on the study
Assess the role of grammar in day to day communications
Observe the role of multidisciplinary approaches in understanding the English language
What does stylistics mean while analyzing medieval literary texts?
Analyze the views of philosophers on language, society, and culture

English Research Paper Topics for College Students

For your college work, you may need to undergo a study of any phenomenon in the world. Note that they could be Linguistics essay topics or mainly a research study of an idea of your choice. Thus, you can choose your research ideas from any of the following:

The concept of fairness in a democratic Government
The capacity of a leader isn’t in his or her academic degrees
The concept of discrimination in education
The theory of discrimination in Islamic states
The idea of school policing
A study on grade inflation and its consequences
A study of taxation and Its importance to the economy from a citizen’s perspectives
A study on how eloquence lead to discrimination amongst high school students
A study of the influence of the music industry in teens
An Evaluation of pornography and its impacts on College students
A descriptive study of how the FBI works according to Hollywood
A critical consideration of the cons and pros of vaccination
The health effect of sleep disorders
An overview of three literary texts across three genres of Literature and how they connect to you
A critical overview of “King Oedipus”: the role of the supernatural in day to day life
Examine the novel “12 Years a Slave” as a reflection of servitude and brutality exerted by white slave owners
Rationalize the emergence of racist Literature with concrete examples
A study of the limits of literature in accessing rural readers
Analyze the perspectives of modern authors on the Influence of medieval Literature on their craft
What do you understand by the mortality of a literary text?
A study of controversial Literature and its role in shaping the discussion
A critical overview of three literary texts that dealt with domestic abuse and their role in changing the narratives about domestic violence
Choose three contemporary poets and analyze the themes of their works
Do you believe that contemporary American literature is the repetition of unnecessary themes already treated in the past?
A study of the evolution of Literature and its styles
The use of sexual innuendos in literature
The use of sexist languages in literature and its effect on the public
The disaster associated with media reports of fake news
Conduct a study on how language is used as a tool for manipulation
Attempt a criticism of a controversial Literary text and why it shouldn’t be studied or sold in the first place

Finding Linguistics Hard To Write About?

With these topics, you can commence your research with ease. However, if you need professional writing help for any part of the research, you can scout here online for the best research paper writing service.

There are several expert writers on ENL hosted on our website that you can consider for a fast response on your research study at a cheap price.

As students, you may be unable to cover every part of your research on your own. This inability is the reason you should consider expert writers for custom research topics in Linguistics approved by your professor for high grades.

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Research Proposal (Applied Linguistics and TESOL) (936Q3)

15 credits, Level 7 (Masters)

Spring teaching

This module follows on from Researching Language in Use. In this module you will a)identify an interesting project, b)identify appropriate research questions and c)identify an appropriate methodology. By the end of the module you will have identified your dissertation topic and written a proposal, on the basis of which you will be assigned a supervisor. You will be supported by means of regular seminars, peer-group editing and support sessions, and by special skills workshops as needed (for example, on statistics, phonetics software, using MS-Word effectively), and by Canvas discussions.

Contact hours and workload

We regularly review our modules to incorporate student feedback, staff expertise, as well as the latest research and teaching methodology. We’re planning to run these modules in the academic year 2021/22. However, there may be changes to these modules in response to feedback, staff availability, student demand or updates to our curriculum. We’ll make sure to let you know of any material changes to modules at the earliest opportunity.

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Reaserch proposal on 'CHALLENGES FACED BY THE TAMANG LEARNERS LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAE'

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International Education Studies

Pramila Neupane

This exploration of challenges and barriers to inclusion in Nepal elaborates a conceptual framework for education development in a diverse society. As Nepal is a highly diverse, caste-based, multi-ethnic, and multi-linguistic society with very low development indicators, the article focuses on barriers to education and related issues across different socioeconomic groups. A systematic review of the relevant literature forms the basis for the design of a practical approach to education development for this diverse society in light of education policy trends in Nepal since 1950. The five proposed steps for education policy formulation and implementation include an in-depth analysis of the existing situation and outcome assessments. The proposed approach will enable local governance institutions to design and implement pragmatic provisions for education development at local level in the context of a new constitution that mandates local government management of school education.

Dharma Raj Joshi

Mahendra Jung shahi

Jeevan Raj Lohani

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How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

Search for relevant literature
Evaluate sources
Identify themes, debates, and gaps
Outline the structure
Write your literature review

A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

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What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.

Quick Run-through
Step 1 & 2

When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:

Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.

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See an example

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.

Download Word doc Download Google doc

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.

Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:

Your university’s library catalogue
Google Scholar
Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
EconLit (economics)
Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

What question or problem is the author addressing?
What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
What are the key theories, models, and methods?
Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
What are the results and conclusions of the study?
How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:

Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

Most research has focused on young women.
There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).

Chronological

The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.

Methodological

If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:

Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical

A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.

The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Sampling methods
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Likert scales
Reproducibility

Statistics

Null hypothesis
Statistical power
Probability distribution
Effect size
Poisson distribution

Research bias

Optimism bias
Cognitive bias
Implicit bias
Hawthorne effect
Anchoring bias
Explicit bias

A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .

It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.

There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:

To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic

Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.

The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .

A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .

An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .

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A.G. File No. 2023-013

Pursuant to Elections Code Section 9005, we have reviewed the proposed measure (A.G. File No. 23-0013, Amendment #1) that would authorize $5 billion in state general obligation bonds for mental health-related research and therapies involving certain psychedelic substances.

Research and Development (R&D) Process Has Three Key Stages. The first stage in the R&D process usually entails “basic research,” which is theoretical in nature, focusing on discovering new knowledge in a field. The second stage typically entails “applied research,” which takes what is known and applies it to solving a specific problem. The third stage, “development,” occurs when a promising idea for a product (such as a medical treatment) emerges from applied research. R&D is conducted mainly by businesses (including pharmaceutical companies), research institutes, and universities. Whereas businesses tend to focus on the latter stages of the R&D process, research institutes and universities tend to focus on the earlier stages.

Medical R&D Often Involves Clinical Trials . In the medical field, the development stage typically includes animal and human clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and side effects of new drugs. The federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves pharmaceutical drugs that have been found safe and effective through clinical trials. The time line from research in a field to clinical trials to manufacturing a new, related drug can stretch across many years.

R&D Involving Certain Substances Must Follow Heightened Safety Protocols. Research studies and clinical trials are regulated, meaning they must follow certain protocols to promote the safety of participants. Multiple agencies are involved in setting regulations and reviewing proposed studies and clinical trials. Certain substances—those that generally are illegal, have not yet been shown to have medical value, and are at high risk of abuse—have the most regulatory restrictions. Currently, these heightened regulatory restrictions generally apply to psychedelic substances. At the federal level, the FDA and the Drug Enforcement Agency, among other agencies, are involved in the regulatory and review process. In addition, at the state level, the Research Advisory Panel of California, housed within the Department of Justice, reviews studies involving certain substances, including psychedelic substances.

R&D Often Involves Intellectual Property Agreements. These agreements establish who owns and controls any new resulting research discoveries, such as a new drug. If a new drug emerges from the R&D process and is approved by the FDA, the creators can seek to patent (or own) it. Those who own patents, in turn, can generate revenue from licenses and royalty payments. Licenses allow others specified access to a new drug (or other intellectual property), typically for a one-time, upfront fee. Royalty payments allow the creators to receive a share of the ongoing profit derived from usage of the new drug.

Some R&D Focuses on the Effects of Psychedelic Substances. Psychedelic substances can impact a person’s brain and central nervous system and produce changes in perception, mood, and cognitive processes. Some psychedelic substances are found in nature (including certain herbs, seeds, and mushrooms), whereas others are created in laboratories. Researchers continue to study the impact of specific psychedelic substances. Some of this work focuses on the impact of these substances on certain mental health issues, including trauma, depression, anxiety, and addiction. To date, the FDA has approved one psychedelic drug (a nasal spray involving esketamine) for mental health purposes.

R&D Is Funded by a Few Main Sources. Both the private and public sectors fund R&D. Private businesses collectively contribute the greatest amount toward R&D. In 2021, businesses collectively contributed nearly 75 percent of the estimated $792 billion in R&D funding nationally. The federal government is by far the largest source of public funding for R&D—accounting for 19 percent of all R&D funding in 2021.The federal government provides funding for its own R&D centers, universities, and in partnership with businesses. Nationally, other government funding sources accounted for 1 percent of R&D funding, with higher education institutions and nonprofit organizations accounting for the remainder.

California Supports Some R&D Directly. Though a relatively small fund source, California state government also provides some R&D support. About half of the state’s support involves tax credits to encourage businesses to conduct R&D, with the other half of state support generally provided as direct R&D grants. The state allocates grant funding to several agencies, including the University of California—its public research university system. Other agencies, including the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) and California Energy Commission, also receive state support for certain R&D activities.

State Can Sell Bonds to Finance Some Activities. The state collects tax revenue to fund many of its government services and facilities. It deposits most tax revenue into its General Fund, which it in turn uses to pay for education, prisons, health care, and other public services (including some research). It also uses General Fund revenue to make many of its debt payments. The state can borrow funds for purposes such as constructing facilities, which have high upfront costs but provide benefits over several decades. In these cases, the state issues bonds, which investors buy. The state uses the bond funds to build the facility, then repays investors, typically over a 30-year period. The state’s associated debt payments entail paying back the principal (the amount initially borrowed) as well as paying interest costs on the bonds. General obligation bonds—a common type of state bond—require voter approval. In addition to borrowing for the purpose of constructing facilities, voters approved general obligation bonds for stem cell research administered by CIRM in 2004 and 2020.

Creates a New State Institute. The proposed measure adds an article to the California Constitution as well as several statutory sections establishing the Treatments, Research, Education, Access, and Therapies (TREAT) Institute. The TREAT Institute would be governed by an independent board appointed by various state leaders. Board members would serve in the dual capacity of being executive officers of the Institute, with particular board members overseeing particular divisions of the Institute. The measure also creates two work groups (one focused on R&D and the other focused on care providers) that serve in an advisory capacity.

Focuses on R&D Related to Using Psychedelic Substances to Treat Mental Health Issues. The measure creates a state constitutional right to conduct research in California using all psychedelic substances (natural and synthetic), except for peyote. (The State Constitution currently is silent on this issue.) Substances that could be studied include psilocybin (magic mushrooms), ibogaine, LSD, MDMA (molly or ecstasy), ketamine, and cannabis. The measure specifies that the TREAT Institute is to award funding to support research, clinical trials, training, and education relating to the use of these substances for the treatment of mental health issues. The Institute is to support all stages of the R&D process and is to establish its own associated state regulatory standards and oversight.

Authorizes State Bonds to Fund R&D. The measure authorizes the state to sell a total of $5 billion in general obligation bonds to support TREAT activities. The state may issue no more than $500 million in bonds in any calendar year. The bond funds are intended primarily to support R&D, with no more than 6 percent of total bond funds allowed for administrative costs. The measure would provide the TREAT Institute with an initial $6 million General Fund loan so it could commence its operations, followed by annual General Fund loans of $150 million if the first bonds are not sold in the first fiscal year following passage of the initiative. The Institute would be required to repay these loans within 12 months after the sale of the first bonds. Besides these provisions, the measure specifies that bond proceeds are to cover all associated debt payments for the first five years.

Requires Award Recipients Be Subject to Intellectual Property Agreements. Businesses, universities, and others that receive awards from the TREAT Institute are to be subject to intellectual property agreements intended to balance the potential financial returns to the state with those conducting the R&D. To this end, TREAT award recipients generally must share a portion of the revenue they receive from any new discoveries they develop from R&D funded by the TREAT Institute. For the first 15 years of TREAT’s existence, all associated royalty revenues are to be used for more R&D on psychedelic substances as well as TREAT’s administrative costs. Beginning in year 16, 5 percent of royalty revenues are to be deposited into the General Fund for the broad benefit of the state. The share given to the state is to increase by 5 percentage points a year for each of the next four years—reaching 25 percent of royalty revenues by year 20. The remainder of royalty revenues are to continue being available for R&D and the TREAT Institute’s administrative costs.

Fiscal Effects

Annual State Costs of $220 Million for 30 Years to Repay the Bonds. We estimate the cost to repay the bonds (both principal and interest) would average about $220 million General Fund each year for 30 years, with costs totaling $6.6 billion over the period. Given inflationary effects over the 30-year period, the total cost of the bonds is projected to be about 10 percent more expensive than if the state paid in cash. The annual payments would be less than 1 percent of state General Fund revenue. Assuming no other state bonds were enacted, the state’s debt load would remain moderate according to various measures.

About $100 Million in Initial Bond Payments Paid by Bond Proceeds. We estimate a total of about $100 million in bond funds would be used to pay bond costs from 2025 through 2029. The total amount of bond funds available for the main activities of the initiative would be affected accordingly—reduced from $5 billion to an estimated $4.9 billion. During this initial five-year period, the state General Fund would not incur associated costs. The state’s annual General Fund payments would commence in 2030.

State Could Receive Some Revenue From New Discoveries. If TREAT award recipients discover new drugs, the state would receive some associated revenue. Because the R&D process can be lengthy, the state likely would not derive such revenue in the initial few years after TREAT-funded R&D commenced. Moreover, the amount of revenue derived in this way is uncertain. Many times, R&D does not lead to new discoveries, but, in a few cases, new discoveries (such as a new drug) are very lucrative. The amount the state receives also will be affected by the specific terms of the intellectual property agreements that the TREAT Institute negotiates with TREAT award recipients.

Other Possible Fiscal Effects. The measure could result in indirect fiscal effects on state and local governments. For example, to the extent the measure results in new mental health treatments that are more cost-effective than existing treatments, state and local governments could experience savings in some programs such as Medi-Cal, the state’s subsidized health care program for low-income people. Alternatively, government costs could increase if promising new treatments are more expensive or if more staff are needed to support their implementation. The magnitude and direction of these and other indirect effects are unknown.

Summary of Fiscal Effects. This initiative would have the following major, direct fiscal effect:

Average state costs of about $220 million each year for 30 years, with costs totaling $6.6 billion over the period.

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Research Proposals for PhD in Linguistics

In the 'Research Proposal' section of the main application form, please include only 100 words outlining your topic, and upload a fuller research proposal as a separate document, in the 'supporting documents' section.

This proposal should be between 1500 and 2500 words in length , and should contain at least the following:

1. Title of proposed research project

This should allow the reader to place the research, at a glance, within an academic sub-field, as well as identifying the main issue to be addressed. It should not be more than 20 words long.

2. Background

Outline the linguistic area in which you propose to conduct research. Why is it important and interesting? What is the need for further research in this area? You should provide a context for your research. Do this by referencing and briefly reviewing a number of key works in your chosen field, showing how your work is built on this prior research.

3. Research questions

You should give at least one overarching research question, plus a number of more specific sub-questions. Make sure these questions all emerge from and are firmly grounded in the literature you have reviewed. Ensure that these questions — particularly the specific sub-questions — are researchable; that is, they should not be too broad or too general. You should also explain how these research questions can be considered original.

4. Data and data analysis

All projects will involve the collection of data of some kind. In some cases, this will be based on native-speaker judgements. Other projects will require experimental data, the use of existing or specially-created corpora, longitudinal observation, or sociolinguistic interviews - to name but a few data sources. Will you be able to gain access to the data in the quantities required? Are there ethical concerns which need to be overcome? You should also be as specific as you can at this stage about the kinds of analysis you will perform. What specific techniques will you use? What statistical analyses will you be performing (if any)? Mention any software you envisage using.

5. Fit with Departmental Research Interests

Before you formulate your proposal, you should look carefully through the Department of Language and Linguistic Science web pages to identify staff members who might be able to supervise your research. You may mention the person or people by name. You are also encouraged (though you are not obliged) to contact individual staff members to find out if they believe your ideas to be viable and if they would in principle be interested in supervising your project.

6. References

You should provide a list of the works you have referred to in your proposal. Don't list other works which may be relevant: this is to assure the reader that you have read and understood the literature you have cited.

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Why the U.S. Is Forcing TikTok to Be Sold or Banned

Lawmakers in numerous countries have expressed concerns that TikTok, which is owned by the Chinese company ByteDance, may expose sensitive user data.

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By Sapna Maheshwari and Amanda Holpuch

Concerns that the Chinese government could access sensitive user data through the short-form video app TikTok, which is owned by the Chinese company ByteDance, have prompted the U.S. government to pass legislation banning the social media platform unless it is sold to a government-approved buyer.

After President Biden signed into law legislation that gives ByteDance up to a year to divest from TikTok, the company sued the federal government in a case that is likely to end up in front of the Supreme Court.

Here’s why the pressure has been ratcheted up on TikTok.

It all comes down to China.

Lawmakers and regulators in the West have increasingly expressed concern that TikTok and its parent company, ByteDance, may put sensitive user data, like location information, into the hands of the Chinese government. They have pointed to laws that allow the Chinese government to secretly demand data from Chinese companies and citizens for intelligence-gathering operations.

They are also worried that China could use TikTok’s content recommendations to fuel misinformation, a concern that has escalated in the United States during the Israel-Hamas war and the presidential election. Critics say that TikTok has fueled the spread of antisemitism.

TikTok has long denied such allegations and has tried to distance itself from ByteDance, which is considered to be one of the world’s most highly valued start-ups .

Have any other countries banned TikTok?

Yes, India did in 2020 , costing ByteDance one of its biggest markets. The government there cracked down on hundreds of Chinese-owned apps , claiming in part that they were secretly transmitting users’ data to foreign servers.

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New CSSP Call for Proposals is now open!

The Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP) has launched eight new science and technology (S&T) challenges to improve public safety and security capabilities in Canada.

Prospective partners from government, academia, and industry are invited to apply to the Call for Proposals. We invite you to discuss the challenges and match with partners on our GC Collab message boards . To request permission to access this platform, please follow the instructions in the user guide . These message boards are optional. To apply for the CSSP Call for Proposals, please visit CanadaBuys .

2024 CSSP Call for Proposals

The public safety and security environment is highly complex, volatile, and rapidly evolving. The intent of the 2024 CSSP Call for Proposals is to leverage the innovative application of science and technology across the spectrum of safety and security.

Solutions submitted for the 2024 CSSP Call for Proposals must address the following challenge areas:

Wildfire intelligence – A common picture for detection and suppression

Building stronger communities – understanding and improving mass care in emergencies, identify and protect – biometrics for defence and security, upholding canada’s sovereignty – border security and domain awareness, navigating the future – fortifying canada’s critical infrastructure with next gen positioning and timing, unmask the threat – advancing technologies for the detection and identification of threat materials, shields up – responding to neglected, emerging, and re-emerging diseases, safeguarding – identifying and mitigating the risks of small modular reactors and radioactive sources.

A forest with smoke and icons representing technology floating above. Text on image: Wildfire intelligence. A common picture for detection and suppression.

S&T challenge: Wildfire firefighting ‘common operating picture’

The 2023 wildfire season in Canada was unprecedented in terms of its severity compared to the wildfire seasons of the past several years. This increased public concern due to poor air quality and the threat of evacuations of affected communities. The economic impact as well as the effect on the general population (distress, evacuation, smoke) make wildfires one of the worst natural disasters.

The effective execution of wildfire fighting operations (from detection to attack to suppression) is one of the key elements in reducing the impact of severe wildfire seasons, which are expected to continue several years into the future due to the effects of climate change.

Another key element of wildfire fighting operations is the effective use of wildfire information (remote sensing data, propagation modelling forecasts, resource availability, etc) by the incident management team (IMT) commander, or commanders at provincial headquarters (HQ). However, this wildfire information (also called wildfire intelligence) often arrives at the IMT command piecemeal, presented in a variety of different tools or software. This can create confusion and render the wildfire fighting operations sub-optimal.

To this end, the Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP) is seeking innovative science and technology (S&T) solutions for:

developing a “common operating picture” (CoP) for wildfire fighting operations, with emphasis on advancing capabilities that support incident commanders and wildfire fighters; and/or
development of a “wildfire synthetic environment” (W-SE) for concept development and experimentation and to train IMT commanders. This would be used to enable the execution of wildfire “war games” that closely align to war games for defence in the Department of National Defence/Canadian Armed Forces (DND/CAF) experimentation warfare centres.

Of interest are project proposals that entail building a system capable of ingesting fire intelligence from all different sources and presenting this information to an IMT (or HQ) commander in a coherent fashion, which would enable more effective and optimal decision-making. Due to the multi-jurisdictional nature of wildfire fighting, and the need to have such a CoP system and W-SE system available to all wildfire agencies in Canada, the developed systems need to be open architecture and have maximum interoperability with existing systems.

To apply, visit the CanadaBuys website.

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Three different images showing a person with a young child in a shelter, a military member preventing further road degradation after a flood, and various people helping pack canned goods in a box. Text on image: Building stronger communities. Understanding a improving mass care in emergencies.

S&T challenge: Community resilience research

Mass care is evolving as a concept in emergency response and recovery globally and within Canada. Mass care is not just the delivery of humanitarian services. It involves a high degree of collaboration across the private, public, volunteer, and non-profit sectors to resolve the disaster-related unmet needs of affected individuals and communities. This includes the provision of life-sustaining assistance such as shelter, transportation, and human services (including mental health and reunification assistance) to disaster survivors with access and functional needs including seniors, children, individuals with disabilities, and individuals with chronic medical conditions or recurring pharmacological dependency.

A mass care capacity involves engaging the whole community, including under-served and vulnerable populations, giving agency to people while recognizing that there is a proactive component to response and recovery. At the heart of mass care is a need for unified, human-centered support to those affected and/or displaced by disasters, and to those who are more likely to need acute care in the future if enabling supports are nonexistent.

Defence Research and Development Canada’s CSSP is seeking innovative S&T project proposals that:

identify or develop a better understanding of what is currently being provided across Canada in terms of mass care, and highlight key knowledge, technology or capacity gaps;
design tools, methodologies and systems that facilitate the sharing of mass care resources and knowledge and enable improved collaboration across communities, regions, provinces and territories; and/or
identify and define evidence-based approaches, best practices, and scientifically validated guidance for community led mass care delivery and coordination that will contribute to the mass care national dialogue, leading to disaster risk reduction.

Authentication by facial recognition concept and fingerprint shown with a biometric and security system. Text on image: Identify and protect. Biometrics for defence and security.

S&T challenge: Biometrics for defence and security

Governments are required to authenticate and establish the identity of individuals for a multitude of reasons, from verifying the identity of persons entering the country or applying for official documents such as passports and driver’s licences, to identifying suspects in criminal and national security-related investigations, among other purposes.

Governments at all levels are seeking ways to improve their biometric recognition capabilities, while simultaneously protecting Canadians’ privacy and delivering programs and services that do not systematically discriminate against or disadvantage any demographic group.

This Call for Proposals is seeking innovative S&T solutions to enhance the government’s biometric recognition capabilities, with a particular emphasis on capabilities that support:

border control/security and immigration;
law enforcement/policing;
defence/national security/intelligence operations; and/or
physical and/or logical access control.

Of particular interest are projects that explicitly address or incorporate work to better understand:

known or potential vulnerabilities/weaknesses in biometric technologies (e.g., presentation attacks/spoofing, photo-morphing, privacy/data security, demographic-based performance differentials);
how biometric technologies can be utilized for deepfake/synthetic media detection; or,
how biometric technologies interact with other elements in the system, including the human element.

A topographic map of Canada with country borders, rivers and longitude and latitude line. Text on image: Upholding Canada’s sovereignty. Border security and domain awareness.

S&T challenge: Border security and domain awareness

Canada’s extensive perimeter, including its maritime regions and remote points of entry, presents the Government of Canada with daunting border security and domain awareness challenges. This includes the need to secure the long Canadian land border with the United States, perform surveillance of maritime and Arctic approaches, and ensure the efficient and secure flow of people, goods, and materials at air, land, and sea ports of entry.

This Call for Proposals is seeking innovative S&T solutions to enhance Canada's ability to protect and secure its land and/or maritime border, with a particular emphasis on any technologies or solutions that can address one or more of the following:

enhancing Canada’s border services and search and rescue (SAR) capabilities in the North/Arctic, including SAR equipment and capabilities with limited personnel;
surface platform concepts that can be used on ice and water, or semi-autonomous underwater vehicles, to combat activities such as the illegal transport of firearms and drugs or irregular migration carried out by underwater and/or surface vessels within Canada’s contiguous zone and maritime borders;
studies and/or research into network architecture that increases interoperability between stove-piped enclaves or cloud services used by different departments for command and control (C2), domain awareness, surveillance, or intelligence, as well as remote operations for the types of platforms in (b);
ensuring the effective screening of cargo and travellers; and
detection of unregulated chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive (CBRNE) hazards.

Various mode of transportation such as containers, plane, truck and ship making connections on a map of Canada. Text on image: Navigating the future. Fortifying Canada’s critical infrastructure with next gen positioning and timing.

S&T challenge: Positioning, navigation and timing

Positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) technologies, largely enabled by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), underpin most modern infrastructures, operations, and functions. In addition to providing navigation information for airplanes, ships, and now autonomous vehicles, GPS/GNSS also provide critical timing information for communications networks, energy grids and financial exchanges. As London Economics describes, “GNSS is an umbrella term describing an infrastructure that provides PNT information via satellites orbiting in space. This information allows users with a compatible receiver (e.g., a smartphone) to determine their position, velocity and precise universal and local time.”

GPS/GNSS has become an “invisible” and essential utility. Critical infrastructures (CI) have become increasingly reliant on GPS/GNSS-based PNT data, as have a broad range of economic sectors and consumer applications, in Canada and elsewhere. However, many CI owners and operators are unaware of how their equipment performs when faced with a broad range of threats such as interference, jamming, spoofing, meaconing, cyber-attacks, space weather, and GPS/GNSS outages/operation failures. Due to the dynamic nature of PNT-related applications, technologies, and services, CI cannot keep pace with recent developments that have economic, safety, and security implications for Canada. Developments such as GPS/GNSS improvements and service offerings, alternative PNT technologies and services, new applications leveraging small satellites, situational awareness, and standards development could influence how a GNSS disruption impacts Canadian civilian uses now and into the future.

Furthermore, existing research and development (R&D) may not holistically address the Canadian context, such as the jurisdictional/structure or ownership of CI, interdependencies, dependency on open sharing of international data, R&D investments, fiscal climate and unique Canadian PNT requirements for services in the North (e.g. safe and secure Arctic navigation, and the need for increased GNSS radio occultation data to support accurate weather prediction systems in this region where conventional weather observations are sparse).

This Call for Proposals is seeking innovative S&T solutions aimed at increasing awareness of GPS dependencies, tools to assess operational vulnerabilities, and the development of alternative and complementary PNT technologies to build PNT resilience for Canada’s civilian critical infrastructure. Of particular interest are technologies or solutions that can address one or more of the following:

studies on GNSS dependencies in Canadian CI sectors (e.g. creating PNT profiles for various use cases);
studies on impacts of GNSS disruptions;
studies that will increase awareness of GNSS vulnerabilities;
development and demonstration of technologies that will improve situational awareness in the event of a GNSS disruption.
development and demonstration of tools to assess or provide situational awareness of the operating environment or user equipment response under threat;
testing of device performance in unfavourable operating conditions (e.g., interference, spoofing, in the presence of space weather phenomena);
simulations of a GNSS disruption and its impacts.
studies on the potential of alternative and complementary PNT technologies;
technology development (hardware, software) for improved PNT resiliency;
demonstrations of assured PNT performance in the event of a GNSS disruption.

Five hazard symbols. Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives. Text on image: Unmask the threat. Advancing technologies for the detection of identification of threat materials.

S&T challenge: Detection of threat materials

The risk posed by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) events continues to be of significant concern and have the potential to overwhelm response capacities. Whether they result from natural events, accidental release, or hostile uses, the consequences of CBRNE incidents could have implications on national security, public safety, public confidence, the economy, the environment, and international relations. To prepare for such situations, Canada must have robust tools to anticipate, prevent, protect, and respond to CBRNE crisis situations in a timely and effective manner.

In pursuit of response preparedness to continually expanding and evolving CBRNE materials with increasingly sophisticated delivery methods, there must be improvements made to the tools and technologies to detect in the field.

This challenge accepts the following project types:

Technology demonstration
Technology pilot / feasibility studies

Innovative S&T solutions are being sought to enable the development of CBRNE knowledge and capabilities to support emergency management preparedness and strengthen whole-of-society resilience against threats, hazards, and crises. Particularly, proposals are sought for S&T projects whose aim is to develop enhanced tools and methods for detection and identification of threat materials in the field, specifically:

detection of toxins and high consequence pathogens;
detection of explosive materials (home-made, industrial, and military) and precursors.

Illustration of red Covid-19 cells floating, and social icons on a gray background with grids. Text on image: Shields up. Responding to neglected, emerging, and re-emerging diseases.

S&T challenge: Preparation for neglected, emerging, and re-emerging diseases

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the requirement for Canada to be prepared for disease outbreaks with plans, procedures, risk assessment methods, adaptable testing, generic treatment options and broadly applicable public heath expertise. Maintaining capabilities and expertise between public health events can be a challenge and requires a significant amount of foresight and preparation.

Studies and analysis

Proposals are sought for S&T projects whose aim is to develop enhanced tools and methods for preparation to respond to neglected, emerging, and re-emerging diseases, specifically:

studies to identify likely disease candidates;
early ID and characterization;
transmission studies for likely pathogens; and/or
development of animal models.

Illustration of two hands holding a physical particle atom. Text on image: Safeguarding. Identifying and mitigating the risks of small modular reactors and radioactive sources.

S&T challenge: Risk reduction for small modular reactors (SMRs) and radiological and nuclear (RN) materials

The use of radioactive materials in research and industry comes with some inherent risks that the materials may be lost, stolen, or intentionally misused to cause harm to the public. Additionally, small modular reactors (SMRs) are increasingly being considered for energy generation, including in remote locations, and these come with additional risks for malicious or negligent use of the fuel required for these reactors.

Proposals are sought for S&T projects whose aim is anticipate, characterize, and offer potential solutions for the risks and perceived risks associated with the use of radioactive sources and small modular reactors, specifically:

enhanced tracking or security for portable radioactive sources;
characterization of vulnerabilities for maintaining and operating SMRs in remote locations; and/or
technological solutions for increasing the safety of security of SMRs and their fuel.

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A linguistics thesis is an original research project undertaken during your senior year at Harvard College . You will conduct research into past literature on your topic, con-duct analysis of relevant data (including designing and running an experiment, where relevant) and, eventually, produce a written final product of between 50-70 pages Your .
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Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
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Research Proposal
This proposal should be between 1500 and 2500 words in length, and should contain at least the following: 1. Title of proposed research project. This should allow the reader to place the research, at a glance, within an academic sub-field, as well as identifying the main issue to be addressed. It should not be more than 20 words long.
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Your research proposal is very important because it is the main basis for deciding whether or not to admit you as a research student. You should allow yourself plenty of time to write a detailed proposal and check it carefully for any mistakes. Your proposal should be a maximum of 2000 words long (excluding the list of references).
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This proposal should be between 1500 and 2500 words in length, and should contain at least the following: 1. Title of proposed research project. This should allow the reader to place the research, at a glance, within a sub-field of psycholinguistics (e.g., sentence processing, second language acquisition, etc.), as well as identifying the main ...
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Telp. Telp. (021)8092425, [email protected] First Edition, 2019. PDF | For undergraduate or post-graduate students, writing a research proposal is compulsory because it is the main academic ...
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The proposal should also present and interpret progress to date if the research is already underway. Finally, it should briefly discuss any research costs involved and the anticipated sources of funding. The written proposal is modeled on the project description for an NSF Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (DDRIG) in Linguistics.
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Linguistics Research Paper Topics. If you want to study how language is applied and its importance in the world, you can consider these Linguistics topics for your research paper. They are: An analysis of romantic ideas and their expression amongst French people. An overview of the hate language in the course against religion.
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Research Proposal (Applied Linguistics and TESOL) (936Q3) 15 credits, Level 7 (Masters) Spring teaching. This module follows on from Researching Language in Use. In this module you will a)identify an interesting project, b)identify appropriate research questions and c)identify an appropriate methodology. By the end of the module you will have ...
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A quality example of a research proposal shows one's above-average analytical skills, including the ability to coherently synthesize ideas and integrate lateral and vertical thinking. Communication skills. The proposal also demonstrates your proficiency to communicate your thoughts in concise and precise language.
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Research Proposal on Language Attitude - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document is a proposal for a study titled "Language Shift and Language Maintenance: A comparative Study of Students' Attitudes towards English and Khowar" submitted by Sumira Wali to the Department of English at City University of Science and ...
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Research Proposal Sample - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This research proposal aims to study the effects of prenatal stimulation on post-natal language acquisition. The researchers hypothesize that mothers who speak, read and sing to their children prenatally will have children who acquire language earlier than those who do not receive such ...
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A.G. File No. 2023-013. September 7, 2023. PDF Version. Pursuant to Elections Code Section 9005, we have reviewed the proposed measure (A.G. File No. 23-0013, Amendment #1) that would authorize $5 billion in state general obligation bonds for mental health-related research and therapies involving certain psychedelic substances.
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This proposal should be between 1500 and 2500 words in length, and should contain at least the following: 1. Title of proposed research project. This should allow the reader to place the research, at a glance, within an academic sub-field, as well as identifying the main issue to be addressed. It should not be more than 20 words long.
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Why the U.S. Is Forcing TikTok to Be Sold or Banned
TikTok said that it submitted a 90-page proposal in 2022 detailing how it planned to operate in the United States while addressing national security concerns.
FAR
FAC Number Effective Date HTML DITA PDF Word EPub Apple Books Kindle; 2024-05: 05/22/2024
(PDF) Promotional Language and the Adoption of ...
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Apply for funding 2024
The public safety and security environment is highly complex, volatile, and rapidly evolving. The intent of the 2024 CSSP Call for Proposals is to leverage the innovative application of science and technology across the spectrum of safety and security. Solutions submitted for the 2024 CSSP Call for Proposals must address the following challenge ...