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Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches

• John W. Creswell - Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan
• Cheryl N. Poth - University of Alberta, Canada
• Description

See what’s new to this edition by selecting the Features tab on this page. Should you need additional information or have questions regarding the HEOA information provided for this title, including what is new to this edition, please email [email protected] . Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html .

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Supplements

"Creswell & Poth's text is clear, comprehensive, and compelling. The students loved this text."

"After almost 6 years of teaching this class using this book, I have yet to find a student who does not like it. This is unusual in textbooks, and it shows me that the writing is clear, yet at a level of complexity that matches my students' needs. My students consider this a kind of 'formula' book, where they can follow the examples and conduct their own study with some guidance from me. I respect what Dr. Creswell has attempted to do for instructors and students, and I appreciate the approaches he takes (both methodologically and text-wise!)."

"The writing is clear and to the point. The use of jargon is minimal. Focusing on five different types of research designs is a friendly way to introduce this topic to students interested in qualitative research."

"The vivid and extended examples of the different approaches to research that is a theme throughout the entire book is a huge strength. Those examples really help learning. In addition, the charts and tables which help the reader make distinctions among the approaches are helpful."

Creswell and Poth provide clear guidelines for qualitative research, the book is an ideal resource for developing the framework for a successful qualitative study and is easy to read.

• Brand new "Try This Now" activities extend learning by asking readers to apply the material to their own studies.
• Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS) receives much greater coverage, especially in Chapter 8, to reflect the growing importance of digital tools.
• Expanded coverage of postcolonial theories help expand the awareness of students.
• New studies in the appendices , referred to and incorporated throughout the chapters, provide new insights on phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study research.
• Additional coverage of ethics offers new information for documenting consent digitally, online research ethics mapping, ethics during writing, and self-study considerations.
• Additional figures, tables, and checklists offer new ways to visualize and organize research.
• APA 7th edition updates ensure non-discriminatory and gender inclusive language throughout, as well as instructing readers on updated citation style and best research practices.
• A wide range of coverage includes comparison of theoretical frameworks, ways to employ standards of quality, and strategies for writing introductions, collecting data, analyzing data, writing a narrative, and verifying results.
• An emphasis on social justice as one of the primary features of qualitative research can be seen throughout the book.
• Featured studies that are purposefully selected to represent each of the five approaches to qualitative research are introduced in Chapter 5, revisited throughout Chapters 6-10 as a means of bridging theory with real research projects, and presented in their entirety in the appendixes.
• Numerous in-book resources include discussion questions, a detailed glossary of terms, an analytic table of contents that organizes the material in this book according the five approaches, check-ins and summaries at the end of each chapter.

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• Recognition

John Creswell on the Value of the Qualitative Approach

John W. Creswell

Say the name John Creswell in the presence of social and behavioral scientists and almost immediately you’ll start hearing fond remembrances of one or more of his books on qualitative methodology, quite likely on the mixed methods approach for which he’s been an apostle. And what an apostle – he’s written 28 books on mixed methods research, qualitative research and research design.

That loving response by students past and present, and the track record it represents, has been validated anew by the Textbook and Academic Authors Association (TAA), which this year is honoring one of Creswell’s most popular texts with its McGuffey Longevity Award, which honors well-written, well-research,, well-designed – and most importantly, well-received –books that have been in print for at least 15 years.

In honoring the book, the TAA judges cited two of the attributes that have long marked Creswell’s work, robust research design and absolute accessibility. “ Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design , ” the judges wrote, “ dependably reveals the research design path and provides navigational aids. No doubt it will continue to encourage more generations of researchers to embrace excellent qualitative research because of these attributes.” Taking advantage of the honor, we asked both Creswell and Poth about their work on the book, about trends in methods, and about their own academic journeys. John Creswell’s answers are below; read Cheryl Poth’s reflections on methodology and being asked to join up with a giant whose workshop “changed the course” of her career by clicking here..

Creswell is a professor of family medicine and co-director of the Michigan Mixed Methods Research and Scholarship Program at the University of Michigan. While at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, he held the Clifton Endowed   Professor Chair, served as director of a mixed methods research office, founded the SAGE journal, the  Journal of Mixed Methods Research , and was an adjunct professor of family medicine at the University of Michigan and a consultant to the Veterans Administration.

The market has spoken as to whether your books — not just this one!– are successes. But from your vantage point, why are your books, and this one in particular, a success?

Over the years I have learned from readers that my books are successful because I simplify and clarify the basic research ideas so that a reader can easily learn how to conduct research. I have also been described as a clear, concise writer, and in my books, I share what has actually worked for me in research and talk about my own studies. This lends a personal touch to the writing. One of the best compliments I received for my writing came from a reader who asked me if I still practiced water aerobics because I had brought in as an example something from my water aerobics class in one of my books. What resonated with this person was my personal experience that helped the reader understand and remember my point about doing research.

What have you learned in between each edition?

I have learned how important ethics is in doing qualitative research and continue to expand my ethics discussion with each new edition. I have also learned that 5 approaches might be expanded to include more approaches, such as participatory action research and discourse analysis. But five approaches seems to be enough for the present moment, and I do not want to keep expanding the content of the book.

W hat was the original reason you wrote this particular book on the five approaches, as opposed to a different way to explain qualitative inquiry and research design?

I felt that qualitative research was not simply one type of design but many possibilities for the researcher. This was especially true after the early 1990s when specific books were being published on types of qualitative designs, such as grounded theory, phenomenology, and case studies. I felt that the researcher needed to select from among the different types of designs, and that my book could present the possibilities so that the researcher could make an informed decision as to what type of qualitative design would be best for their project. Thus, the Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design book put five approaches side-by-side so that a researcher might decide which approach was best for their project.

What was, or is, your own biggest stumbling block in deploying qualitative research methodology?

For many years I needed to convince researchers of the value of qualitative research. The approach to research had been primarily quantitative, statistically oriented research. So my challenge was to create the best argument possible for the value of qualitative research and why it was useful as an approach to research. This involved talking about how hearing the voices of participants was important, how specific words used by participants were important, and how the setting or context of the research situation was valuable to know. Today, I find that I have less to justify the use of qualitative research and focus more on how to actually employ the approach in an actual study.

While you’re certainly best-known in these parts for your advocacy and support of qualitative inquiry and mixed methods, your ‘day job’ is as a professor of family medicine. [He was a Senior Fulbright Scholar to South Africa in 2008 and to Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he co-led a national working group on mixed methods practices at the National Institutes of Health, served as a visiting professor at Harvard’s School of Public Health, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria, South Africa.] Would you outline the overlap between those two spheres?

In family medicine at Michigan, I am a full-time researcher helping faculty and students prepare their research applications for funding sources. I also provide workshops on qualitative and mixed methods research. So in my day job at Michigan, I am continually employing my ideas about how to conduct good research. At Michigan I do not teach formal graduate courses, but my workshops do provide a teaching opportunity for me

While I know all the tips and approaches are valuable, if you were told to write a book with only one tip for research design, what would it be?

The one tip I would provide is to think about the parts of conducting research – the problem, the data collection, the data analysis, the interpretation – and consider how these parts interact. All of my books take the position that the “process of research” is fundamental to conducting and writing about research, and that a good research study portrays the interaction among all of the parts of research

While receiving an excellence award is certainly an honor in itself, what sort of actionable information does being recognized for having a text that has stood the test of time provide for your own writing/textbook creation?

With all of my new editions to my research books, I think that I am up to 28 books now, the question is, “Do I write another book?” I cannot answer this question right now, although I would like to write (and am writing my memoir) a literary book. Recognition gives me the incentive to continue writing more books, whether academic or literary in form. The habit of writing has certainly set in for me, and I am such that I will continue. The award just encourages me onward.

Michael Todd

Social Science Space editor Michael Todd is a long-time newspaper editor and reporter whose beats included the U.S. military, primary and secondary education, government, and business. He entered the magazine world in 2006 as the managing editor of Hispanic Business. He joined the Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy and its magazine Miller-McCune (renamed Pacific Standard in 2012), where he served as web editor and later as senior staff writer focusing on covering the environmental and social sciences. During his time with the Miller-McCune Center, he regularly participated in media training courses for scientists in collaboration with the Communication Partnership for Science and the Sea (COMPASS), Stanford’s Aldo Leopold Leadership Institute, and individual research institutions.

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Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches

Student resources, welcome to the sage companion site for  research design ,  sixth edition.

The sixth edition of the best-selling text,  Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches  by  John W. Creswell  and  J. David Creswell , continues to provide clear and concise instruction for designing research projects or developing research proposals. This user-friendly text walks readers through research methods, from reviewing the literature to writing a research question and starting a hypothesis to designing the study. At each step in the process, the text addresses qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches to encourage readers to choose the approach that best fits the research question. Numerous examples draw from a wide variety of disciplines, featuring diverse philosophical ideas and modes of inquiry. Features like bullet points, numbered steps, and annotated research examples help students focus on the most important information in research design.

The  Sixth Edition  has been fully revised to reflect the 7th edition of the P ublication Manual of the American Psychological Association  with more inclusive language, updated citation styles, and updated writing suggestions. Learning objectives are now included at the start of each chapter. To help readers better achieve these learning objectives, the authors have clarified and improved the writing exercises to help readers better achieve these learning objectives. The final three chapters detailing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods now have a parallel structure so readers can better compare and contrast these approaches. Chapter 10 on mixed methods in particular has been restructured to reflect the latest developments in mixed methods and best practices. New research examples throughout help capture and demonstrate new trends in research.

 Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge John Ward Creswell and John David Creswell for writing an excellent text and creating the materials on this site.

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Authors: John Ward Creswell and John David Creswell Pub Date: November 2022

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Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

The book Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches by Creswell (2014) covers three approaches-qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. This educational book is informative and illustrative and is equally beneficial for students, teachers and researchers. Readers should have basic knowledge of research for better understanding of this book. There are two parts of the book. Part 1 (chapter 1-4) consists of steps for developing research proposal and part II (chapter 5-10) explains how to develop a research proposal or write a research report. A summary is given at the end of every chapter that helps the reader to recapitulate the ideas. Moreover, writing exercises and suggested readings at the end of every chapter are useful for the readers. Chapter 1 opens with-definition of research approaches and the author gives his opinion that selection of a research approach is based on the nature of the research problem, researchers' experience and the audience of the study. The author defines qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research. A distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The author believes that interest in qualitative research increased in the latter half of the 20th century. The worldviews, Fraenkel, Wallen and Hyun (2012) and Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) call them paradigms, have been explained. Sometimes, the use of language becomes too philosophical and technical. This is probably because the author had to explain some technical terms.

Related Papers

Daniel Ortiz

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods

Esra Öztürk Çalık

Conducting a well-established research requires deep knowledge about the research designs. Doing research can be likened to jumping into the sea which may transform into a huge ocean if the researcher is not experienced. As a PhD candidate and a novice researcher, I believe that the book "Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches" by J.W. Creswell is a true reference guide for novice researchers since it is the most comprehensive and informative source with its reader-friendly structure.

International Journal of Social Sciences Interdisciplinary Research

Prashant Astalin

rhoda taller

Yan-yi Chang

John W. Creswell was previously a professor in educational psychology in the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He moved to the University of Michigan in 2015 as a professor in the Department of Family Medicine. He has published many articles and close to 27 books on mixed methods. Professor Creswell is also one of the founding members of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. He was a Fulbright scholar in South Africa in 2008 and Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he served as a visiting professor in the School of Public Health of Harvard University. In 2014, he became the Chairman of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. Professor Creswell has a personal website called “Mixed Methods Research” at http://johnwcreswell.com/. The site contains the information about his background, his own blog, consulting works and published books. He also posted replies questions from academic researchers and practitioners in the blog.

kassu sileyew

There are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come across the research result findings. In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.

Chisomo Mgunda

Gloria Thakane Leutle

Richard Baskas, Ed.D. Candidate

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Evaluating Local Government Policy Innovations

A case study of surabaya's efforts in combating stunting and enhancing public health services quality.

• Deasy Arieffiani Universitas Hang Tuah
• Mas Roro Lilik Ekowanti Public Administration Department, Hang Tuah University, Surabaya, Indonesia

This research aims to evaluate regional innovations in implementing Surabaya City government policies to reduce stunting rates and improve the quality of public health services. A qualitative descriptive method was used with a case study approach involving field observations and structured interviews. The research results show the success of Posyandu Prima in reducing stunting rates significantly in the last two years. The Surabaya City Government has proven effective in managing this program's human resources and budget. The active involvement of Great Surabaya Cadres (KSH) and non-governmental organizations also contributed greatly to the program's success. Cross-sector collaboration plays an important role in supporting implementation. Institutional characteristics, such as commitment to public health and ability to collaborate, also matter. Theoretically, this research shows that synergy between the parties involved and government commitment can achieve significant results in handling the stunting problem. In conclusion, the Prima Posyandu Program has proven successful in reducing stunting rates and improving the quality of public health services in Surabaya. Additionally, the collaborative efforts between community stakeholders, healthcare providers, and governmental bodies underscore the crucial role of multi-sectoral partnerships in addressing complex public health issues like stunting. This synergy fosters comprehensive approaches that combine local knowledge, resources, and policy support to effectively combat stunting and enhance the well-being of communities. Thus, the Prima Posyandu Program's success is a compelling example of how concerted action and sustained commitment can yield tangible improvements in population health outcomes.

Adair, L. S., Carba, D. B., Lee, N. R., & Borja, J. B. (2021). Stunting, IQ, and Final School Attainment in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey Birth Cohort. Economics & Human Biology, 42, 100999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.100999

Aditri, F., Sufyan, D. L., & Puspareni, L. D. (2022). Policy Implementation Strategy of West Bandung District Health Office in Stunting Intervention During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Global Nutrition, 1(2), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.53823/jgn.v1i2.24

Adnyana, S. (2014). Perbedaan Status Gizi Balita Berdasarkan Frekuensi Kunjungan ke Posyandu dan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu di Desa Bungaya Kecamatan Bebandem Kabupaten Karangasem Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Bina Praja, 6(3), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.06.2014.221-226

Anggraini, T., & Melin Wula, H. V. (2021). Governmental Performance in Integrated Stunting Countermeasures in Border Regions: Evidence from Timur Tengah Utara Regency. Jurnal Studi Sosial dan Politik, 5(2), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.19109/jssp.v5i2.9561

Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2007). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032

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Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Stone, M. M. (2015). Designing and Implementing Cross-Sector Collaborations: Needed and Challenging. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12432

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.

Daniel, D., Qaimamunazzala, H., Prawira, J., Siantoro, A., Sirait, M., Tanaboleng, Y. B., & Padmawati, R. S. (2023). Interactions of Factors Related to the Stunting Reduction Program in Indonesia: A Case Study in Ende District. International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services, 53(3), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/27551938231156024

Elmighrabi, N. F., Fleming, C. A. K., & Agho, K. E. (2024). Factors Associated with Childhood Stunting in Four North African Countries: Evidence from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2014–2019. Nutrients, 16(4), 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040473

Erlyn, P., Hidayat, B. A., Fatoni, A., & Saksono, H. (2021). Nutritional Interventions by Local Governments as an Effort to Accelerate Stunting Reduction. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.543-553

Essa, W. Y., Nurfindarti, E., & Ruhyana, N. F. (2021). Strategies for Handling Stunting in Bandung City. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.15-28

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Halik, A. (2015). Implementasi Kebijakan Pelimpahan Urusan Pemerintahan Lingkup Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Jurnal Bina Praja, 7(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.07.2015.131-148

Iryani, R. Y., Maulidiah, S., Rahman, K., Prihatin, P. S., & Febrian, R. A. (2022). Capacity of Community Government in Convergence Stunting Prevention in Sinaboi Countries Sinaboika District, Rokan Hilir District. International Journal of Health Sciences, 619–638. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.5595

Jeyakumar, A., Godbharle, S., & Giri, B. R. (2021). Determinants of Anthropometric Failure Among Tribal Children Younger than 5 Years of Age in Palghar, Maharashtra, India. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 42(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120970836

Kwami, C. S., Godfrey, S., Gavilan, H., Lakhanpaul, M., & Parikh, P. (2019). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203793

Lacey, A., & Luff, D. (2009). Qualitative Data Analysis. The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands/Yorkshire & the Humber.

Macella, A. D. R., Mardhiah, N., & Handayani, S. W. (2022). A Study of Leadership Innovation in Stunting Prevention and Handling in Simeulue, Aceh Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.56225/ijassh.v1i1.39

Media, Y. (2014). Kualitas Pelayanan Kesehatan Ibu Hamil dan Bersalin di Daerah Terpencil (Studi Kasus di Nagari Batu Bajanjang, Kabupaten Solok, Provinsi Sumatera Barat). Jurnal Bina Praja, 6(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.06.2014.21-30

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. SAGE.

Mwita, F. C., PrayGod, G., Sanga, E., Setebe, T., Joseph, G., Kunzi, H., Webster, J., Gladstone, M., Searle, R., Ahmed, M., Hokororo, A., Filteau, S., Friis, H., Briend, A., & Olsen, M. F. (2024). Developmental and Nutritional Changes in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition Provided with n-3 Fatty Acids Improved Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food and Psychosocial Support: A Pilot Study in Tanzania. Nutrients, 16(5), 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050692

Nadeak, H. (2014). Implementasi Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 2008 tentang Kecamatan. Jurnal Bina Praja, 6(3), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.06.2014.183-195

Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. SAGE Publications.

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Prasetyo, A., Noviana, N., Rosdiana, W., Anwar, M. A., Hartiningsih, Hendrixon, Harwijayanti, B. P., & Fahlevi, M. (2023). Stunting Convergence Management Framework through System Integration Based on Regional Service Governance. Sustainability, 15(3), 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031821

Rahman, S. A., Amran, A., Ahmad, N. H., & Khadijeh Taghizadeh, S. (2019). The Contrasting Role of Government and NGO Support Towards the Entrepreneurs at Base of Pyramid and Effect on Subjective Wellbeing. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 31(4), 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1498261

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Sirait, F. E. T. (2021). Policy Communication and the Solidity of the Jokowi’s Second Term Coalition in Handling Covid-19. Jurnal Bina Praja, 13(2), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.13.2021.257-268

Siswati, T., Iskandar, S., Pramestuti, N., Raharjo, J., Rubaya, A. K., & Wiratama, B. S. (2022). Impact of an Integrative Nutrition Package through Home Visit on Maternal and Children Outcome: Finding from Locus Stunting in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Nutrients, 14(16), 3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163448

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Taufiqurokhman, T. (2023). Equality Strategy for Reducing Stunting Prevalence Rate: Case Study of DKI Jakarta Province. Jurnal Bina Praja, 15(3), 495–506. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.15.2023.495-506

Titaley, C. R., Ariawan, I., Hapsari, D., Muasyaroh, A., & Dibley, M. J. (2019). Determinants of the Stunting of Children Under Two Years Old in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Nutrients, 11(5), 1106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051106

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Utami, W. A., Rikza, A., Anggresta, P., & Nuryananda, P. F. (2022). The Role of Institutional Collaboration Between Actors in Protecting the Economic Security of Indonesian Migrant Workers With Financial Literacy. Jurnal Bina Praja, 14(2), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.14.2022.373-383

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