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Our Environment | Class 10 CBSE | PPT full

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CBSE Class 10 Chapter 15 Our Environment Notes

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 13.

CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 15 Our Environment Notes

Introduction.

Environment refers to the surrounding of an organism where it thrives. It constitutes both living and non-living things, i.e. physical, chemical and biotic factors. Here, in this chapter, we will learn about various components of the environment, their interactions and how our activities affect the environment.

The ecosystem comprises all the biotic and abiotic factors interacting with one another in a given area. Biotic components include all living organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and humans, etc., and abiotic components include sunlight, temperature, air, wind, rainfall, soil and minerals, etc. E.g. pond ecosystem, grassland ecosystem , etc.

Watch the video below to learn about our environment and its components

Mode of Nutrition in Animals and Plants

Autotrophic and Heterotrophic are the two modes of nutrition in living organisms. Plants and some bacteria are autotrophic as they make their own food. Animals, fungi and some bacteria are heterotrophic as they derive their food from other organisms.

Read more: Difference between Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Saprophytes and Decomposers

Saprophytes feed on dead and decaying material, e.g. fungi and microorganisms. They absorb nutrients from dead and decaying plants and animal parts. Decomposers break down the organic matter or waste material and release nutrients into the soil.  For example, bacteria, worms, slugs, and snails. They are considered extremely important in soil biology. They break down the complex organic matter into simpler substances that are taken up by the plants for various metabolic activities.

Read more: Saprophytes

Abiotic Components

Non-living chemical and physical components of the environment like the soil, air, water, temperature, etc.

Biotic Components

Living organisms of the environment like plants, animals, microbes and fungi.

Read more: Biotic and Abiotic

Trophic Levels

It refers to the various levels in a food web as per the flow of energy. The different trophic levels are –

• Producers (T1)
• Primary consumers (herbivores-T2)
• Secondary consumers (primary carnivores -T2)
• Tertiary consumers(Sec carnivores -T3)
• Quaternary consumers (Ter. carnivores T4)
• Decomposers

Also see:  What do you understand by trophic level?

Pyramid of Trophic Levels

• Is a graphical representation.
• Can be the pyramid of numbers, the pyramid of biomass or the pyramid of energy.
• Start with producers.

a) Pyramid of numbers : gives the number of organisms present at each trophic level. It can be upright or inverted. b) Pyramid of biomass: gives the biomass of each trophic level and could be upright or inverted. c) Pyramid of energy: is always upright as it shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next trophic level.

To know more about different types of ecological pyramids, visit here .

Law of Conservation of Energy

• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another.
• In biological systems, it gets passed from one organism to another across trophic levels.

To know more about the Law of conservation of energy, visit here .

Energy Flow

• Transfer of energy from one trophic level to another depicting its direction and amount.
• Represented by the pyramid of energy.
• In any food chain, only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to another.

To know more about Energy Flow in Ecosystem, visit here .

A series of organisms, each dependent on the next as a source of food.

To know more about Food Chain, visit here .

• Is formed by interconnections of different food chains.
• Is a graphical representation of ‘Who eats Whom’ in an ecosystem.

To know more about Food Web, visit here .

Characteristics of Ecosystem

• Includes the summary of trophic levels.
• Their energy flow and pyramids.

Environment

• Includes all living and nonliving things.
• Unlike ecosystems, there need not be any necessary interaction between them.

Also see: Our Environment

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials (pollutants) into the environment. Pollution can be due to natural causes, such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires, etc. or due to human activities, such as carbon emission, industrial runoff, etc.

Know more: Types of Pollution

Air Pollution

Introduction of pollutants, organic molecules, or other hazardous substances into the earth’s atmosphere. Sources: a) Natural – forest fire, dust storms, and volcanic activity b) Man-made – power plants, homes, industries, oil refineries, and  transportation

To know more about Air Pollution, visit here .

Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer protects the Earth from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. CFCs released into the atmosphere react chemically with ozone molecules and deplete the layer.

For more information on Ozone Layer Depletion, watch the video below

Know more:  Ozone Layer Depletion

Garbage Management

• Involves all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.
• Ensures environmental best practices are followed along with proper monitoring and regulation.

Steps involved: 1. Segregation of waste 2. Collection 3. Transport 4. Treatment 5. Processing & Recycling 6. Disposal

For more information on Waste Disposal, watch the video below

Read more: Solid Waste Management

Biodegradable Waste

• Waste is derived from plants or animals.
•  Decomposed into the soil by a natural agent such as weather, water, air, heat, micro-organisms, etc.

Watch the video below to know more about Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable waste

Biodegradation

Decomposition of garbage or waste material by living organisms or biological processes.

To know more about Different Types of Pollution, visit here .

Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 15 Our Environment

What are the different types of landforms present in our environment.

Mountains, hills, plateaus and plains are the four major types of landforms which are majorly present in our environment.

What is lithosphere’?

The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of the Earth. It is made up of the brittle crust and the top part of the upper mantle.

Where is the biosphere present?

The biosphere makes up the portion of the Earth where life exists.

Also Check:

• CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Notes
• Real Numbers Class 10 Notes: Chapter 1
• NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 15 – Our Environment
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15: Our Environment

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CHAPTER - 15 OUR ENVIRONMENT

Aug 11, 2012

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CHAPTER - 15 OUR ENVIRONMENT. CLASS :- X MADE BY :- MANAS MAHAJAN SCHOOL :- K.V. GANESHKHIND PUNE-7. 1. Effect of adding waste to the environment :-. Human activities produce a lot of waste materials which

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CHAPTER - 15OUR ENVIRONMENT CLASS:- X MADE BY :- MANAS MAHAJAN SCHOOL :- K.V. GANESHKHIND PUNE-7

1. Effect of adding waste to the environment :- Human activities produce a lot of waste materials which are thrown away into the environment. These wastes cause pollution of air, water and soil. The waste materials produced are of two main types. They are biodegradable wastes and non biodegradable wastes. i) Biodegradable wastes :- are wastes which are decomposed into harmless substances by microorganisms. Eg :- vegetables, fruits, pulses, cereals, cotton, jute, wool, wood, leather, paper, animal dung, animal bones etc. ii) Non biodegradable wastes :- are wastes which are not decomposed by microorganisms. Eg :- polythene bags, plastics, synthetic fibres, glass, metals, synthetic rubber, insecticides, pesticides etc.

2. Ecosystem and its components :- a) Ecosystem :- An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms in an area along with the non living components and their interaction. There are different types of ecosystems. They are :- i) Natural ecosystems :- like forests, deserts, grass lands, mountains, ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans etc. ii) Artificial ecosystems :- like gardens, parks, crop fields, aquarium, zoo etc. b) Components of an ecosystem :- An ecosystem consists of two main components. They are biotic and abiotic components. i) Biotic components :- are the living components like plants, animals and microorganisms. They consist of producers, consumers and decomposers. Producers :- are green plants which produce food by photosynthesis. Consumers :- are herbivores which get their food directly from plants, carnivores which get their food indirectly from plants and omnivores which get their food directly or indirectly from plants. Decomposers :- are microorganisms which decompose dead plants and animals. They decompose complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances in the soil which are again used by plants. ii) Abiotic components :- are the non living components like air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight , temperature, wind etc.

3a) Food chain :- A food chain is the flow of food energy from one organism to the next and to the next and so on. They usually start with a producer (plants) and end with a carnivore. In a food chain an organism gets food from one group of organisms. eaten by eaten by Eg:- Grass Deer Lion (producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) eaten by eaten by eaten by Grass Insects Frog Snake (producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer) eaten by eaten by eaten by eaten by Grass Moth Frog Snake Hawk (producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer) (quarternary consumer)

b) Food web :- Food web is a group of several interconnected food chains. In a food web an organism gets food from more than one group of organisms.

4) Trophic levels :- Each step in a food chain where transfer of food energy takes place is called trophic level. The first trophic level consists of producers. The second trophic level consists of primary consumers. The third trophic level consists of secondary consumers. The fourth trophic level consists of tertiary consumers. Since the transfer of food energy decreases at every trophic level, the number of trophic levels are limited and do not exceed four or five.

5) Energy flow in trophic levels :- Green plants (producers) absorb about 1% of solar energy falling on the leaves and stores it as food energy during photosynthesis. During the transfer of food energy from one trophic level to the next, 90% of the energy is lost to the environment and only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level. So there is a decrease in the amount of food energy transferred at every trophic level by 10%. This is known as the 10% law.

6) Biological magnification (Biomagnification) :- Harmful chemicals like insecticides and pesticides which are used to protect crops from insects and pests are absorbed by plants and enter the food chain. Since these chemicals are non biodegradable, they get accumulated at every trophic level and their concentration increases. Since human beings occupy the highest trophic level, the concentration of these harmful chemicals is maximum in our bodies. The increase in concentration of harmful chemicals in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels is called biological magnification.

7) Human activities affect the environment :- a) Depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere :- Ozone molecule contains three oxygen atoms (O3). At higher levels in the atmosphere the UV radiation splits some oxygen molecules (O2) into free oxygen atoms which combines with oxygen molecules (O2) to form ozone. It is highly poisonous. UV radiation O2 O + O O2 + O O3 The ozone layer present in the higher layer of the atmosphere protects the earth from the harmful UV radiation from the sun. UV radiation causes skin cancer in humans. The ozone layer is being damaged by the use of chemicals like chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs) used in refrigerators and fire extinguishers. So the use of CFCs is now being reduced to protect the ozone layer.

b) Managing the garbage we produce :- The household waste is called garbage. Some of the garbage is biodegradable and some are non biodegradable. Garbage causes pollution of air, water and soil. So it should be disposed properly. Some of the methods of garbage disposal are :- i) Land fills ii) Recycling iii) Production of biogas and manure iv) Preparation of compost v) Incineration vi) Sewage treatment

Land fills Recycling Production of biogas and manure Preparation of compost

Incinerator

Sewage treatment

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