presentation on basic networking concepts

• My presentations

Auth with social network:

Download presentation

We think you have liked this presentation. If you wish to download it, please recommend it to your friends in any social system. Share buttons are a little bit lower. Thank you!

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts.

Published by Franklin Freeman Modified over 8 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts."— Presentation transcript:

Communication and Networking Services Networking Services.

Introduction to Computers Section 7A. home Network A group of connected computers that communicate, exchange information and share resources.

Network+ Guide to Networks, Fourth Edition

LANs and WANs Network size, vary from –simple office system (few PCs) to –complex global system(thousands PCs) Distinguish by the distances that the network.

Networking Basics lesson 17. This lesson includes the following sections: The Uses of a Network How Networks are Structured Network Topologies for LANs.

Computer networks SATISH MISHRA,PGT CS,KV TRIMULGHERRY.

Lesson 1-Introducing Basic Network Concepts

1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Understanding Networks I. Objectives Compare client and network operating systems Learn about local area network technologies, including Ethernet, Token.

Network+ Guide to Networks, Fourth Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking.

Understanding How Networks Communicate. “Copyright and Terms of Service Copyright © Texas Education Agency. The materials found on this website are copyrighted.

Understanding How Networks Communicate. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.2 We Will Learn: Basic networked communications.

CPMT 1449 Computer Networking Technology – Lesson 1

Introduction to Networks Networking Concepts IST-200 VWCC 1.

Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World TB4-1 4 Technology Briefing Networking.

CSCI 1101 Intro to Computers 6. Local Area Networks.

Network+ Guide to Networks 6 th Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking.

Chapter 5 Networks Communicating and Sharing Resources

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking

About project

© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc. All rights reserved.

Networking Basic Concepts and Fundamentals Explained

This tutorial explains the basic concepts of computer networking. Learn the essential networking topics in detail with examples.

Computer networking is one of the most complex subjects. Describing all of its topics requires an encyclopedia. Learning and understanding all these topics at the primary stage are neither required nor recommended. It is just like learning the vocabulary from the dictionary. Unless you know what you need to know, you will never know what you want to know. In this tutorial, I will discuss two essential topics that you should learn at the elementary level. Understanding these topics will set the foundation for the rest of your studies.

Essential components of the computer network

When learning computer networking, this should be your first topic.

A computer network is made up of four essential components. These components are End devices, Media, Protocols, and Networking devices. Let's discuss these components in detail.

End devices

An end device is a device that sends or receives the data in the network. It can be a PC, Laptop, Smartphone, or any other device that is capable of sending and receiving data and is connected with the network. To build a network, at least two end devices are required.

Broadly end devices are categorized into two types; server end device and client end device. The server end device is the device that provides data or service. The client end device is the device that receives the offered data or service from the server end device.

The media provides connectivity between the end devices. Unless end devices are connected through media, they cannot exchange the data or service. Mainly there are two types of media; Wireless media and wired media.

In wireless media, radio signals are used to transfer the data between end devices, whereas, in wired media, the data is transferred through cables.

Both media types are further classified into several subtypes. Subtypes are categorized based on various factors such as length, data transfer speed, used metal, frequency band, etc. Subtypes are defined as the media standards. Two common media standards are the Ethernet and the IEEE802.11 or Wi-Fi standards.

The Ethernet defines the standards for the wired media. The IEEE802.11 defines the standards for wireless media.

Protocols enable communication between two or more end devices. A protocol is a set of predefined rules that specifies standards for a particular stage or all stages of the communication.

Following are some common functions performed by the protocols.

• Initializing and terminating the communication process
• Performing encryption and compression before sending the data
• Packing data in such a format that it can travel in the network
• Providing logical addressing
• Performing error correction
• Performing authentication

Two popular networking models: the OSI Reference Model and the TCP/IP Model describe the functionalities of the most common protocols. Both models divide the entire communication process into logical layers. Further, they explain how the protocols work in each layer to enable the communication process.

Networking device

A networking device works between the end devices. It controls and forwards the flow of data. Based on the functionalities, a networking device can be categorized into three types; forwarding device, connecting device, and securing device.

A forwarding device forwards the data. This device usually has multiple ports which are used to connect more than two end devices in a single network. Hub, bridge, and Ethernet switch provide this functionality.

A connecting device connects two or more different types of media and protocols. If two end devices are located in different logical networks or connected through the different types of media, they need a connecting device to exchange the data. Router and Multilayer switch provides this functionality.

A securing device secures the data from unauthorized access. When a data packet arrives in it, based on pre-defined rules it performs security checks and takes the forwarding decision. Common devices which provide this functionality are the Firewall and NAT.

Classification of the computer network

After learning the essential components of the network, this should be your next topic. Computer networks are mainly categorized based on the geographical location, access types, and relationship between end devices.

Based on the geographical location

Based on the geographical location, a network can be classified into three types: LAN, MAN, and WAN. A network that is geographically spread over a small, medium, and large area are respectively known as the LAN, MAN, and WAN network.

Based on the access type

Based on allowing users to access network resources, the network is classified into three types; Intranet, Extranet, and the Internet. An Intranet is a private network. In this network, external users are not allowed to access the network resources. An Extranet is also a private network. But in this network, after proper authorization, external users are allowed to access a small portion of the network. The Internet is the public network. Any user can connect with this network.

Based on the relationship between the end devices

Based on how the end devices access each other, the network is categorized into two types; peer-to-peer network and clients/server network. In peer to peer network, all end devices have equal rights. In the clients/server network, the server decides which client will have what rights.

That’s all for this tutorial. If you like this tutorial, please don’t forget to share it through your favorite social networking sites.

By ComputerNetworkingNotes Updated on 2024-04-09 07:00:01 IST

ComputerNetworkingNotes Networking Tutorials Networking Basic Concepts and Fundamentals Explained

We do not accept any kind of Guest Post. Except Guest post submission, for any other query (such as adverting opportunity, product advertisement, feedback, suggestion, error reporting and technical issue) or simply just say to hello mail us [email protected]

An Introduction to Basic Networking Concepts and Principles

Table of Contents

Nearly every facet of today's world depends on a type of network to function. Computer networks are the backbone of every organization. But to the not-so-tech-inclined, it is a far too technical area they would rather leave to the tech support guys. While the techies' livelihood depends on fixing your system, it doesn't hurt to be conversant in an area much of our work depends on.

This article aims to introduce you to the fundamental concepts of networking. It doesn't assume any previous knowledge on your part and is intended to make you conversant with the most important concepts of networking.

What is Networking 

Networking simply means the design and use of computer networks.  A network is an interconnection of devices to share data and perform other functions.

Computer networking involves the linking of different computer devices (known as hosts) by others and interfaces designed to ensure effective connection, security, and sometimes, integrity.

To proceed, it is pivotal for us to understand that a network essentially is, at its most basic level, a combination of elements that make up a system. Now, let's take a look at those elements.

Also Read: Network Address Translation(NAT): A Useful Tool for IPV4 Address Translation

A simple computer network usually has components that are linked together to carry out operations. These components are broadly divided into three classes:-

a) The host devices: It is also known as end devices, are the components of the network that most people interface with, they are usually the source and final destination of networking information. Host devices include computers, phones etc.

A network could consist of numerous end devices, so, to distinguish them and ensure proper information routing, a networking principle known as IP (internet protocol) addressing is used.

The host devices are assigned unique numbers to identify them as part of a network. Currently, there are two versions of IP addresses:-

• Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4)
• Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6 )

b) The intermediary/networking devices: These devices are the links between host devices and the network or they can connect different networks together in an internetwork. Their primary function includes:-

• Linking end devices
• Routing data from one end device or network to another by regeneration and retransmission of signals.
• Ensuring security and fast delivery etc.
• Maintaining path information and communicating failure in links.

Examples of intermediary devices include routers and switches. Routers are devices whose primary function involves linking multiple networks and routing data through them. A switch on the other hand links different host devices in one network.

c) The network media : It is basically the channel through which signals pass from a source to a destination in the network. They include :-

• Metallic wires
• Fiber optics
• Wireless transmitters.

Now that we have treated the fundamental components of a typical network it's important to look at what kind of networks are out there.

What are the types of Networks 

Networks can be classified based on many factors. But there are two popular ways to look at them.

A) Classification based on Area

If we decide to consider networks based on the area they cover then some of the common types includes below.

a) Local Area Networks (LAN ): this is one of the simplest forms of networks, this network typically includes a few network devices in a small geographical area. For instance, the network in a corporate office building is a LAN. WLAN (wireless LAN) is a popular type of LAN where communication between the devices is through wireless media.

b) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): as you can deduce from the name, MANs are networks covering a city-wide range. They are normally owned by governments.

c) Wide Area Network (WAN): this is a type of network that covers a wider geographical area than a MAN. The geographical area might be as wide as even continents. The most popular example of these WANs is the internet.

d) Virtual Private Network (VPN): this is a point-to-point connection between two host devices through an encrypted channel. VPNs are normally used to ensure secure communication.

B) Classification based on Physical Topology

Networks can also be classified based on how the devices in the network are arranged and the physical connections. Considering these criteria, four common types of network topologies includes below.

a) Bus network topology : This is the most often used topology in LANs. In this architecture, the host devices (nodes) are all connected to a main cable, sometimes referred to as a bus. The main advantage of using this topology is that it is very easy to install and extend. Along with that it is also very cost effective. But if you are looking for speed, performance, reliability, or number of supported nodes then perhaps you should consider using any other network topology.

b) Star network topology: In this setup, all the nodes are connected to a single point (usually a hub) at the center. It can be divided into a logical star topology or a physical star topology. In a physical star topology, central hub or a bridge controls the communications to and from attached nodes.

The main advantage of using star topology is that it is very easy to troubleshoot and provide better performance. But if you are looking for a complex system where you don't want to be too much dependent on central bridge then perhaps you should consider some other network design.

c) Ring network topology : This network topology involves connecting nodes in a loop. Each of them is made to have a single neighbor on each side. In the ring network topology, a frame is passed from node to node until it reaches its destination. This topology is mostly used for Token Ring and FDDI LANs.

The main advantage of using ring topology is that there is no need to have a mechanism to ensure collision-free datagram passing. It can also be extended to cover greater number of nodes and is fairly simple to maintain. But at the same time any one node failure on the ring can cause an outage to all connected nodes.

d) Mesh network topology: In this network topology, each and every node in network is connected to each other. This is a network topology that ensures high redundancy by connecting nodes in an overlapping manner. This topology is mostly preferred for Wireless networks. Mesh network topology is further divided into full mesh and partially connected mesh topology.

The main advantage of using this network topology is that it can handle large amount of traffic and any failure of one node does not break the entire node on the network. But at the same time it is very costly to implement as compared to other network topologies.

Network Protocols and Layers

Network protocols and network layers are two very important aspects of the topic. Let's take a look at them.

a) Network Protocols

Networking protocols refer to a set of standards and principles governing the transmission of data from one device to another in a network. These protocols are fundamental to how the devices in the network interface with each other - how they communicate.

As you must have already noticed, networks are usually made up of different devices with different designs and underlying infrastructure. The protocols are the rules that govern how these devices work together. Without the network protocols, communicating with each other would be almost impossible for the devices.

There are several protocols and different organizations backing them. For example IEEE, ISO, and ITU have their sets of network protocols or standards. But all protocols fall under one of 4 classifications :-

• Communication protocols are the protocols that are primarily concerned with communication between network devices. For eg: Internet Protocol (IP), Bluetooth transfer protocol, and instant messaging protocols.
• Security protocols are a set of protocols that ensure the security of the data sent over networks and the networks themselves. For eg: Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols and encryption protocols.
• Routing protocols govern the operation of routers. It enables them to exchange information about routes, compare data, and select the best route to a destination. For eg: OSPF (open shortest path first) and BGP (Border gateway protocol).
• Service discovery protocols aid the automatic detection of devices, connections, or services. For eg: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS).

b) Network Layers

From picking up data from the source to interpreting it at the destination, a network is implemented in functional layers. At each layer, information passes through additional processing, is encoded (based on the protocols in that layer), and moved to the next layer. This continues until it gets to the destination where it is decoded. The protocols discussed earlier all fall under certain layers.

Therefore, a network can be divided into layers - conceptual models. The most popular models for classifying network layers include the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model.

Let's take a look at the seven layers in the OSI model and the protocols that exist in them:-

• The physical layer is at the bottom of the OSI model, this layer is concerned with transmitting and receiving unstructured raw bit streams over a physical medium. Protocols here include USB physical layer and integrated services digital network (ISDN).
• The data link layer ensures the error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another over the physical layer. Protocols here include Ethernet, Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) etc.
• The network layer controls the operation of the subnetworks, mostly concerned with routing. Protocols here include Internet Protocol (IP), Open shortest path first (OSPF) etc.
• The transport layer ensures ordered and loss-free delivery of messages. Protocols here include Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User datagram protocol (UDP).
• The session layer establishes sessions between processes. Protocols here include Server Message Block (SMB), Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) etc.
• The presentation layer formats the data to be presented to the application layer. It functions as a translator for the network. Protocols here include Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Socket Tunneling (SSL).
• The application layer is the medium through which users and app processes access network services. Protocols here include Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) and Domain Name System (DNS).

These layers all work together to ensure the network as a system successfully carries out its operations.

Wireless Networks

Over the years network technologies has taken a strong leap forward resulted in the development of Wireless Networks which is probably the most used networks today. Today in almost every famous electronic devices, you would find a wireless adapter in it to connect to the wireless networks. As more and more network devices developed, there are certain common standards also developed which every manufacturer needs to adhere to. We will see some of the famous standards below. But before that let's understand few of the basic concepts in Wireless networks.

CSMA/CA, also known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance is an access method used in Wireless networks. Every wireless devices in a network uses this access method to get the hold of access point to transfer the data packets.

b) Radio Waves

As the name suggests, radio waves are the waves in radio frequency zone of the electromagnetic spectrum. All wireless communications goes through the radio waves. The basic principle of generating radio waves is by through passing an alternating current through a conductor and transmitted out from an antenna.

c) Frequency

Frequency is defined as the number of cycles it takes to complete per second. Each cycle is measured in a unit called Hertz(Hz). Every radio wave has some frequency. The higher the frequency, the shorter is the wavelength. However higher frequency facilitates more data transfer per second.

d) Modulation

Modulation is a method of modifying the amplitude, frequency or phase of transmitting radio waves to increase the efficiency. There are many different types of modulation techniques which can be efficiently utilizes in multiple frequency bands to provide the best usage of available bandwidth. We will see few of the modulation techniques used in different wireless standards in below section.

e) IEEE 802.11a

The IEEE 802.11a is a wireless standard supported for devices using 5 GHz frequency range. It was developed way back in September 1999. 802.11a utilizes Orthogonal Frequency Distribution Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique to provide the best usage of available bandwidth.

f) IEEE 802.11b

The IEEE 802.11b is a wireless standard supported for devices using 2.4 GHz frequency range. It was also released along with IEEE 802.11a in September 1999. This standard utilizes a modulation technique called Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) to provide efficient use of the available bandwidth.

g) IEEE 802.11g

IEEE 802.11g standard was developed to enhance the capability of IEEE 802.11a. This was released in the year 2003 and provide speed up to 54 Mbps in a frequency band of 2.4 GHz. The IEEE 802.11g standard uses modified OFDM modulation technique to provide the efficient use of available bandwidth.

h) IEEE 802.11n

IEEE 802.11n supported both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, therefore devices utilizing both the frequency band are called dual-band. The devices supporting this standard usually has multiple antennas and utilizes the concept of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas.

i) IEEE 802.11ac

IEEE 802.11ac uses single 5 GHz frequency band. This is a very recent standard which uses a very efficient modulation technique called Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) to utilize the available bandwidth. The improvements added in this standard resulted in overall speed of 1.3 Gbps which is much more than the previous achieved speed in other standards.

Networks consist of components that communicate to ensure data is passed from a point to another. You can conceptually view networks as existing in functional layers with rules governing the operation at each one. In this article, we have seen about different types of networks. We have also gone through the basic understanding of Network protocol and layers. At last, we have gone through brief introduction of Wireless networks and some of its famous standards used.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Computer Networking : Principles, Protocols and Practice

(5 reviews)

Olivier Bonaventure, Universite catholique de Louvain

Copyright Year: 2011

Publisher: Saylor Foundation

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Venkatesh Patil, Adjunct Faculty, Portland State University on 1/27/23

The book is sufficiently comprehensive for the introductory CS/EE courses. It covers topics from the top-down perspective of the OSI model. Most other books will start with a bottom-up approach. Fundamentals are covered in a systematic way. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

The book is sufficiently comprehensive for the introductory CS/EE courses. It covers topics from the top-down perspective of the OSI model. Most other books will start with a bottom-up approach. Fundamentals are covered in a systematic way.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

Content is accurately presented as in the scope of this book.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

Since the fundamentals of networking have remained the same, the topics covered are still relevant as an introductory understanding. Future releases could include more on security/cryptography to keep up with the latest changes.

Clarity rating: 4

Topics are clearly presented, with exercises and solutions. Protocols are explained in step-by-step manner.

Consistency rating: 5

The book maintains consistency with the topics covered and terminology used. Slowly it starts with concepts and builds on them.

Modularity rating: 4

The sections of the book is divided nicely. The index, titles and sub-sections are clear and easy to follow.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

Nicely organized in a logical fashion from a top-down approach. Index topics are clear and easy to follow.

Interface rating: 5

There are no navigation issues, and the structure is well maintained throughout the book.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

No grammatical mistakes found

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

The book is technical in nature and found no issues with cultural biases.

Great book as an introductory courses for CS/ES classes. Cleary presented topics as described in the scope of the book. A great addition for understanding networking concepts. New revision could add latest technological updates.

Reviewed by Suban Krishnamoorthy, Professor, Framingham State University on 6/12/20

Textbook covers almost all areas of TCP/IP Internet protocol except security, network management and protocols for real-time applications and Internet Application layer protocols such as FTP, SNMP, SMTP, and HTTP in details. read more

Textbook covers almost all areas of TCP/IP Internet protocol except security, network management and protocols for real-time applications and Internet Application layer protocols such as FTP, SNMP, SMTP, and HTTP in details.

There are couple of spelling errors. Other than that the textbook is accurate and unbiased.

The publication of the textbook is 2011, which is almost 10 years old. It was not updated to cover the technological changes that appeared since 2011. The good part is most of the TCP/IP layers remained the same. The date of publication gives the impression that it is outdated or old in the minds of the readers and the students in the course. It will be beneficial to revise the textbook up-to-date. It will make it easier to adopt as a textbook for the relevant networking courses.

The presentation of materials is mostly clear. However, sometimes few abbreviations will appear without its expansion at its first appearance resulting in reader not knowing what it is. In other cases, a concept will appear without prior coverage of it and hence readers will not know what it is making the material difficult to understand.

Consistency rating: 4

The presentation of materials is consistent. However, sometimes few abbreviations will appear without its expansion at its first appearance resulting in reader not knowing what it is. In other cases, a concept will appear without prior coverage of it and hence readers will not know what it is making the material difficult to understand.

The networking technology is such that the chapters cannot be easily rearranged or read at random. Some of the concepts must be understood to learn the later materials. In this sense, there is certain level of rigidity in the presentation order of materials.

The author claims that the presentation is top down meaning present the chapters from Internet Application layer to physical layer, which is true for most part. However, in the first chapter is mixed layer presentation.

Interface rating: 4

The presentation of materials is mostly free of interface issues. However, sometimes few abbreviations will appear without its expansion at its first appearance resulting in reader not knowing what it is. In other cases, a concept will appear without prior coverage of it and hence readers will not know what it is making the material difficult to understand

Could not find grammatical errors except couple of spelling errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

Networking subject has little with races and ethnicity.

The last published date of the book is 2011, which is 9 years ago. It gives the impression that the book is old and less attractive to adopt even though TCP/IP Internet protocol as not changed much. The book should be revised soon with topics indicated below to be more attractive to adopt.

Security is a major issue nowadays. Also wireless LAN used by more and more people and schools. Cellular network supporting the cell phones with Internet access has become normal. In fact, more cell phones are in use and sold compared to laptops and desktops. Including a chapter about cellular network will be helpful. Presentation of various materials could be improved. Somehow it feels like the material presented is a bunch of monotonous paragraphs of text making it less attractive to read with interest compared to most textbooks. It makes it less attractive to keep reading paying attention to details. Appearance of the figures could be improved to be more attractive. Overall the book is adaptable as a free text given the fact that the textbooks are very expensive and is not affordable for almost all students taking or more courses in a semester. Even the used textbook is not cheap. I have not seen any information about instructor materials like PowerPoint slides presentation of each chapter, exam/quiz questions, etc. It will be helpful to information about these materials included in the textbook including how to get access to them. At this point, I am inclined to adapt the book for my networking course.

Reviewed by Ronny Bazan, Assistant Professor of Practice, MOBIUS on 1/8/19

The text is well organized and covers basic computer networking concepts. read more

The text is well organized and covers basic computer networking concepts.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

Although some data is old (since the text is from 2011), the content is accurate.

The computer networking area evolves quickly, so the content is not up-to-date.

Clarity rating: 5

Data are presented clearly, content is well organized.

The content is easy to follow, hence consistency is high.

Modularity rating: 5

The textbook presents a good index, titles and subtitles are well organized.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The textbook is well organized.

Content is presented clearly.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

I couldn't find any grammatical error.

The text does not present offensive content.

Reviewed by John Hoag, Associate Professor, Ohio University on 2/1/18

The book is more sufficiently comprehensive for an a single or introductory networking class for in an EE or CS program. It is sufficiently conceptual with good visuals and does not delve into programming for either explications or exercises.... read more

The book is more sufficiently comprehensive for an a single or introductory networking class for in an EE or CS program. It is sufficiently conceptual with good visuals and does not delve into programming for either explications or exercises.

Its selection of topics is comparable with commercial textbooks, arguably more modern and complete than some.

Data communications and wide-area networking, ie, at lower protocol levels, is not emphasized.

The book contains both exercises (with solutions) an simulation problems.

Content appears to be error-free and consistent with primary sources, ie RFCs.

All books in this field require constant refreshing - and the Open format may be much more amenable than print. Emerging topics - cloud, virtualization, software-defined assets - impact networking and will motivate further updates.

Note that comparable print textbooks require approximately 3-year refresh cycles.

Clarity is a strength of the book. The author uses plain language, supported by appropriate graphics and symbology. Moreover, the author uses more personal sidebars throughout to add context and the right touch of informality.

The book embraces the better approach of "climbing the protocol ladder" which builds a framework for the cumulative understanding. Concepts are introduced in this order, such that material is consistently defined before further used.

The book is sufficiently modular in that, within the constraints of schedule of availability of lab equipment, later material can be omitted at the instructor's discretion.

As mentioned previously, the "classic" way to teach networking is to build a framework based on communication protocols that is cumulative. This book does this well, with appropriate

Book interface - navigation, presentation - are well-done.

Ideally, I would ask for some interface that provides time-on-task on a per-student, per-login basis.

Book is grammatically excellent, readable - and more likely, translatable by international students.

This subject matter is technical and global, and cultural relevance is not an issue.

I am the last among my colleagues to adopt - and advocate for - a textbook. Evidence shows that having a common body of knowledge - taxonomy and ontology - improves our departmental outcomes. However, commercial options are both stale and costly, so this book (or one like it) may become our "common reader." I will adopt this next semester for a graduate class - on the strength of the later quantitative elements - and will make an internal recommendation at that time.

Reviewed by Donald Easton, Faculty Instructor, Lane Community College on 6/20/17

What I found interesting about this book is the author's approach to order of topic discussion. As was pointed out in the introduction, most textbooks that discuss computer networking, and the OSI and TCP/IP models specifically, is that it is... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

What I found interesting about this book is the author's approach to order of topic discussion. As was pointed out in the introduction, most textbooks that discuss computer networking, and the OSI and TCP/IP models specifically, is that it is standard practice to begin with the physical layer and make your way up to the application layer. In this text, readers were introduced to the application layer first. The rationale behind this is that the audience has changed dramatically since computer networking came into existence. Most students have had fairly extensive exposure to the Internet, so approaching it from the point at where these individuals are on familiar ground may make it more engaging for them and assist in information retention. Many of these students are not engineers, so starting out with bits and bytes may be less appealing to them. The text is a good adaptation of this way of thinking and I feel it could be very effective in bringing in and retaining future technologists.

There was no noticeable bias and the text is accurate in this content area.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

Although this book takes a different approach to introducing computer networking to students, the fundamentals of networking are fairly stationary. This author refrained from that level of specificity that would render this book obsolete within a relatively short period of time.

The book maintained a high level of clarity. I feel that there were moments where the author took us "into the weeds", but the overall flow was well done.

There were no issues with consistency. Standard industry terminology was consistent throughout the text.

The book makes itself available in a modular approach. An example of this may be that an instructor may decide to only discuss the data-link and network layers when covering traditional layer 2 and 3 routing and switching.

The text covered the topics in logical, clear fashion. As I mentioned earlier, the order in which the topics are presented differ from other texts commonly used for this topic, but I do not see that as a detriment, but more a benefit to a more technically proficient student body.

The interface of the book is adequate. I saw no issues with the current structure.

I found the book to grammatically sound.

There are no issues related to cultural relevance with this text.

I enjoyed reviewing this text. I feel Dr. Bonaventure put together a well written textbook and I appreciate his approach in reorganizing topics based on a changing audience. I would recommend this book as a solid textbook for an introductory/intermediate networking class.

Table of Contents

2 Introduction

• 2.1 Services and protocols
• 2.2 The reference models
• 2.3 Organisation of the book

3 The application Layer

• 3.1 Principles
• 3.2 Application-level protocols
• 3.3 Writing simple networked applications
• 3.4 Summary
• 3.5 Exercises

4 The transport layer

• 4.1 Principles of a reliable transport protocol
• 4.2 The User Datagram Protocol
• 4.3 The Transmission Control Protocol
• 4.4 Summary
• 4.5 Exercises

5 The network layer

• 5.1 Principles
• 5.2 Internet Protocol
• 5.3 Routing in IP networks
• 5.4 Summary
• 5.5 Exercises

6 The datalink layer and the Local Area Networks

• 6.1 Principles
• 6.2 Medium Access Control
• 6.3 Datalink layer technologies
• 6.4 Summary
• 6.5 Exercises

8 Bibliography

9 Indices and tables

Ancillary Material

About the book.

This open textbook aims to fill the gap between the open-source implementations and the open-source network specifications by providing a detailed but pedagogical description of the key principles that guide the operation of the Internet.

About the Contributors

Olivier Bonaventure is a Professor of Computer Science at Universite catholique de Louvain.

Contribute to this Page

• Engineering Mathematics
• Discrete Mathematics
• Operating System
• Computer Networks
• Digital Logic and Design
• C Programming
• Data Structures
• Theory of Computation
• Compiler Design
• Computer Org and Architecture

Basics of Computer Networking

• Types of Network Topology
• Transmission Modes in Computer Networks (Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex)
• Manchester Encoding in Computer Network
• Difference between Broadband and Baseband Transmission
• What is OSI Model? - Layers of OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
• Multiple Access Protocols in Computer Network
• Framing in Data Link Layer
• What is Ethernet?
• Ethernet Frame Format
• Token Ring frame format
• Difference between Byte stuffing and Bit stuffing
• Hamming Code in Computer Network
• Back-off Algorithm for CSMA/CD
• Collision Detection in CSMA/CD
• Efficiency of CSMA/CD
• Efficiency Of Token Ring
• Stop and Wait ARQ
• Sliding Window Protocol | Set 1 (Sender Side)
• What is MAC Address?
• Collision Avoidance in wireless networks
• Difference between Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast in Computer Network
• Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain in Computer Network
• Introduction of Classful IP Addressing

Computer Networking is the practice of connecting computers together to enable communication and data exchange between them. In general, Computer Network is a collection of two or more computers. It helps users to communicate more easily. In this article, we are going to discuss the basics which everyone must know before going deep into Computer Networking. 

Computer Networking

How Does a Computer Network Work?

Basics building blocks of a Computer network are Nodes and Links. A Network Node can be illustrated as Equipment for Data Communication like a Modem, Router, etc., or Equipment of a Data Terminal like connecting two computers or more. Link in Computer Networks can be defined as wires or cables or free space of wireless networks.

The working of Computer Networks can be simply defined as rules or protocols which help in sending and receiving data via the links which allow Computer networks to communicate. Each device has an IP Address, that helps in identifying a device.

Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks

• Network: A network is a collection of computers and devices that are connected together to enable communication and data exchange.
• Nodes: Nodes are devices that are connected to a network. These can include computers, Servers, Printers, Routers, Switches , and other devices.
• Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules and standards that govern how data is transmitted over a network. Examples of protocols include TCP/IP , HTTP , and FTP .
• Topology: Network topology refers to the physical and logical arrangement of nodes on a network. The common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
• Service Provider Networks: These types of Networks give permission to take Network Capacity and Functionality on lease from the Provider. Service Provider Networks include Wireless Communications, Data Carriers, etc.
• IP Address : An IP address is a unique numerical identifier that is assigned to every device on a network. IP addresses are used to identify devices and enable communication between them.
• DNS: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a protocol that is used to translate human-readable domain names (such as www.google.com) into IP addresses that computers can understand.
• Firewall: A firewall is a security device that is used to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic. Firewalls are used to protect networks from unauthorized access and other security threats.

Types of Enterprise Computer Networks

• LAN: A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that covers a small area, such as an office or a home. LANs are typically used to connect computers and other devices within a building or a campus.
• WAN: A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographic area, such as a city, country, or even the entire world. WANs are used to connect LANs together and are typically used for long-distance communication.
• Cloud Networks: Cloud Networks can be visualized with a Wide Area Network (WAN) as they can be hosted on public or private cloud service providers and cloud networks are available if there is a demand. Cloud Networks consist of Virtual Routers, Firewalls, etc.

These are just a few basic concepts of computer networking. Networking is a vast and complex field, and there are many more concepts and technologies involved in building and maintaining networks. Now we are going to discuss some more concepts on Computer Networking.

• Open system:  A system that is connected to the network and is ready for communication. 
• Closed system:  A system that is not connected to the network and can’t be communicated with.

Types of Computer Network Architecture

Computer Network falls under these broad Categories:

• Client-Server Architecture: Client-Server Architecture is a type of Computer Network Architecture in which Nodes can be Servers or Clients. Here, the server node can manage the Client Node Behaviour.
• Peer-to-Peer Architecture: In P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Architecture , there is not any concept of a Central Server. Each device is free for working as either client or server.

Network Devices

An interconnection of multiple devices, also known as hosts, that are connected using multiple paths for the purpose of sending/receiving data or media. Computer networks can also include multiple devices/mediums which help in the communication between two different devices; these are known as Network devices and include things such as routers, switches, hubs, and bridges. 

Network Topology

The Network Topology is the layout arrangement of the different devices in a network. Common examples include Bus, Star, Mesh, Ring, and Daisy chain. 

OSI Model  

OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection . It is a reference model that specifies standards for communications protocols and also the functionalities of each layer. The OSI has been developed by the International Organization For Standardization and it is 7 layer architecture. Each layer of OSI has different functions and each layer has to follow different protocols. The 7 layers are as follows: 

• Physical Layer
• Data link Layer
• Network Layer
• Transport Layer
• Session Layer
• Presentation Layer
• Application Layer

A protocol is a set of rules or algorithms which define the way how two entities can communicate across the network and there exists a different protocol defined at each layer of the OSI model. A few such protocols are TCP, IP, UDP, ARP, DHCP, FTP, and so on. 

Unique Identifiers of Network 

Hostname: Each device in the network is associated with a unique device name known as Hostname. Type “hostname” in the command prompt(Administrator Mode) and press ‘Enter’, this displays the hostname of your machine.   

IP Address (Internet Protocol address):   Also known as the Logical Address, the IP Address is the network address of the system across the network. To identify each device in the world-wide-web, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns an IPV4 (Version 4) address as a unique identifier to each device on the Internet. The length of an IPv4 address is 32 bits, hence, we have 2 32 IP addresses available. The length of an IPv6 address is 128 bits.

In Windows Type “ipconfig” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this gives us the IP address of the device. For Linux, Type “ifconfig” in the terminal and press ‘Enter’ this gives us the IP address of the device.

MAC Address (Media Access Control address):  Also known as physical address, the MAC Address is the unique identifier of each host and is associated with its NIC (Network Interface Card) . A MAC address is assigned to the NIC at the time of manufacturing. The length of the MAC address is: 12-nibble/ 6 bytes/ 48 bits Type “ipconfig/all” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this gives us the MAC address. 

Port:  A port can be referred to as a logical channel through which data can be sent/received to an application. Any host may have multiple applications running, and each of these applications is identified using the port number on which they are running. 

A port number is a 16-bit integer, hence, we have 2 16 ports available which are categorized as shown below: 

Number of ports: 65,536  Range: 0 – 65535  Type “ netstat -a ” in the command prompt and press ‘Enter’, this lists all the ports being used. 

List of Ports

Socket:  The unique combination of IP address and Port number together is termed a Socket. 

Other Related Concepts 

DNS Server:   DNS stands for Domain Name System . DNS is basically a server that translates web addresses or URLs (ex: www.google.com) into their corresponding IP addresses. We don’t have to remember all the IP addresses of each and every website. The command ‘ nslookup ’ gives you the IP address of the domain you are looking for. This also provides information on our DNS Server. \

Domain IP Address

ARP:   ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol . It is used to convert an IP address to its corresponding physical address(i.e., MAC Address). ARP is used by the Data Link Layer to identify the MAC address of the Receiver’s machine. 

RARP:   RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol . As the name suggests, it provides the IP address of the device given a physical address as input. But RARP has become obsolete since the time DHCP has come into the picture.

Please Login to comment...

Similar reads, improve your coding skills with practice.

What kind of Experience do you want to share?

This browser is no longer supported.

Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support.

Fundamentals of computer networking

You learn the fundamental principles of computer networking to prepare you for the Azure admin and developer learning paths.

Learning objectives

In this module, you will:

• List the different network protocols and network standards.
• List the different network types and topologies.
• List the different types of network devices used in a network.
• Describe network communication principles like TCP/IP, DNS, and ports.
• Describe how these core components map to Azure networking.

Prerequisites

• Introduction min
• Network types and topologies to use when you design a network min
• Types of network devices to use when you build a network min
• Network protocols to use when you implement a network min
• IP address standards and services min
• Summary min

Basic Network Concepts

Oct 12, 2012

240 likes | 449 Views

Basic Network Concepts. What are protocols?. Rules for communicating between two entities (e.g., a client and a server)

Share Presentation

• transmission control protocol
• network model

Presentation Transcript

What are protocols? • Rules for communicating between two entities (e.g., a client and a server) • “A protocol definition specifies how distributed system elements interact with one another in order to achieve a specified behavior, and the structure of the information exchanged during this interaction.” [Foster et. al, 2001] Page 2

Network Layers Application (e.g., FTP, HTTP, telnet) Transport (e.g., TCP, UDP) Network (e.g., IP) Data Link (e.g., Ethernet) Physical (e.g., cables, etc.) Page 3 Network Model

When a message is sent • The application constructs a message user data Page 4 Network Model

When a message is sent • The message is packaged (encapsulated) with a header from the transport layer (e.g., TCP) and sent to the network layer TCP user data Page 5 Network Model

An IP packet When a message is sent • The network layer adds a header IP TCP user data Page 6 Network Model

An Ethernet frame When a message is sent • The data link layer adds a header, and the frame is sent out on the network Ethernet IP TCP user data Page 7 Network Model

Message arrives to user memory and the application is notified Message arrives to user memory and the application is notified Message arrives to user memory and the application is notified You only see the communication at THIS LEVEL Message is copied to kernel and TCP/IP and Ethernet headers are added Message is copied to kernel and TCP/IP and Ethernet headers are stripped Message is sent onto network to receiver When a message is sent Application builds message in user memory Page 8 Network Model

Connectionless or connection-oriented • If a protocol is connection-oriented then the client and server must connect before communication takes place – like a telephone call. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection oriented. • If a protocol is connectionless then there is no connection, just messaging – like sending a letter in the mail. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is connectionless. Page 9

Client/Server Model Server Client • Starts first • Waits for contact from a client • Responds to requests • Starts second • Contacts a server with a request • Waits for response from server Page 10 Client/Server Model

Types of Servers A server can be: Iterative Concurrent iterative stateful concurrent stateful Stateful iterative stateless concurrent stateless Stateless Page 11 Types of Servers

Stateful Server • Maintains some information between requests • Requires smaller messages, since some information is kept between contacts • May become confused if a connection terminates abnormally (if the design is not fault tolerant) • Example: FTP Page 12 Types of Servers

Stateless Server • Requires larger messages. That is, the message must contain all information about the request since no state information is kept. • Example: HTTP Page 13 Types of Servers

Iterative Server while (1) { accept a connection (or request) from a client service the client close the connection (if necessary) } Page 14 Types of Servers

Concurrent Server while (1) { accept a connection/request from client start a new thread to handle this client /* the thread must close the connection! */ } Page 15 Types of Servers

Internet Addressing • Suppose you type: http://comp.uark.edu/~aapon • This invokes the HTTP protocol (over TCP/IP), and the computer “comp.uark.edu” is sent a message Page 16 Addressing

Internet Addressing Find the home page of user aapon http://comp.uark.edu/~aapon/ • Same as IP address 130.184.252.197 Contact the HTTP server on the computer named comp.uark.edu Page 17 Addressing

Internet Addressing • There are four classes of addresses for IPv4 (the most common version) • Class A for very large networks (up to 224 hosts) • Class B for medium networks (up to 216 hosts) • Class C for small networks (up to 28 hosts) • Class D for broadcast addresses Page 18

Internet Addressing • A Domain Name Server (DNS) may be called to find the IP address of comp.uark.edu • Each IP machine is usually configured with the name of a DNS server. • Some IP names and addresses can also be stored in /etc/hostfile Page 19 Addressing

Internet Addressing “http” says: send the message to port 80 • An http request includes both a host IP address and a port number! • The HTTP server listens to port 80 • The HTTP server responds when a client contacts it Page 20 Addressing

Internet Addressing • You can write a server that listens to any port not already in use! • A port number is a 16-bit integer. Ports below 1024 are reserved for system use. • Well-known ports include FTP, Telnet, SMTP, etc. Page 21 Addressing

• More by User

Introduction to Network Theory: Basic Concepts

Introduction to Network Theory: Basic Concepts Ernesto Estrada Department of Mathematics, Department of Physics Institute of Complex Systems at Strathclyde University of Strathclyde www.estradalab.org What is a Network? Network = graph

5.1k views • 66 slides

Basic Concepts

Basic Concepts Acknowledgement: slides from: Software Architecture: Foundations, Theory, and Practice; R. Taylor, N. Medvidovic, E.Dashofy “Principal” implies a degree of importance that grants a design decision “architectural status”

714 views • 27 slides

Basic Concepts. a database is an collection of logically related records or files a relational database stores its data in 2-dimensional tables a table is a two-dimensional structure made up of rows ( tuples , records ) and columns ( attributes , fields )

759 views • 22 slides

Introduction to Network Theory: Basic Concepts. Ernesto Estrada Department of Mathematics, Department of Physics Institute of Complex Systems at Strathclyde University of Strathclyde www.estradalab.org. What is a Network?. Network = graph

990 views • 66 slides

Basic Network Concepts:

Basic Network Concepts:. 1.01 Identifying Characteristics of a Network. The server in a server-based network may provide a number of different services.

729 views • 36 slides

Basic Concepts. Of Medical Instrumentation. Block diagram of a generalized instrumentation system. The Bourdon Gauge. Block diagram of the pressure gauge based on Bourdon tube. Outputs. Signal. Signal. Data. Sensor. conditioning. processing. displays. Measurand. Feedback. Data.

1.47k views • 37 slides

Basic network concepts (Part 5)

Basic network concepts (Part 5). Access Methods. Three major access methods: CSMA/CD CSMA/CA and Token passing. CSMA/CD. Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD ) is one of the most popular access methods in use today .

414 views • 28 slides

Basic Concepts. COE 205 Computer Organization and Assembly Language Computer Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Overview. Welcome to COE 205 Assembly-, Machine-, and High-Level Languages Assembly Language Programming Tools

1.13k views • 80 slides

Basic Network Concepts. And Troubleshooting. 10/100 Ethernet Switch. Your computer’s network adapter connects to a port on a switch. When you have a connection to a switch, there should be a link light on the network adapter.

278 views • 14 slides

Basic network concepts (Part 6)

Basic network concepts (Part 6). Network Operating Systems. Now that you have a general idea of the network topologies, cable types, and network architectures, let’s look at the network operating system (NOS). We focus on the three most widely used network operating systems available today:

395 views • 21 slides

Basic Concepts. EE 122, Fall 2013 Sylvia Ratnasamy http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee122/. Administrivia . Instructional account forms have been sent by email to registered students (not wait list) you should have them by now email apanda@eecs and sylvia@eecs if you don ’ t

1.13k views • 91 slides

Basic network Concepts

Basic network Concepts. Instructors: Fu-Chiung Cheng ( 鄭福炯 ) Associate Professor Computer Science & Engineering Tatung University. Contents. Networks Layers TCP/IP Packet format. Networks.

807 views • 59 slides

Basic Concepts. Antireflective coating is used to prevent reflections from the chrome coming back into the resist Occasionally AR coatings are deposited on wafers also Develop the resist and etch to remove the metal We get good dimensional control because the Cr is very thin (~80nm)

596 views • 42 slides

BASIC CONCEPTS

BASIC CONCEPTS. BUSINESS 189 DR. MARK FRUIN SPRING 2007. BASIC CONCEPTS/MODELS. FROM SOURCES TO SALES: VERTICAL INTEGRATION ACTIVITY SEQUENCE INDUSTRIES & SECTORS FIRMS VALUE CHAINS STRATEGY STACKS FIRM BOUNDARIES

596 views • 17 slides

Basic Concepts of a Computer Network

Basic Concepts of a Computer Network. Content. The Need for a Computer Network LANs and WANs LANs Peer-to-Peer Server-Client Connecting to a computer Network network interface card (NIC) Connecting Device … switch, hub, router Network cables … coaxial cable, UTP, optical fibre

571 views • 15 slides

Basic concepts

Basic concepts. What is a payment system? A system for transferring value between persons so as to complete exchange transactions. Barter. Grain. Corn Owner. Grain Owner. Corn. Basic concepts.

367 views • 12 slides

Basic Network Concepts (Part 4)

Basic Network Concepts (Part 4). Network Media and Connectors. Fiber -Optic Cable

279 views • 15 slides

Basic concepts Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with complete accuracy. Data can be corrupted during transmission. For reliable communication, errors must be detected and corrected.

697 views • 41 slides

Basic Concepts. Prof. Choong Seon HONG. Basic Concepts. Five general concepts provide the basis for the relationship between the communicating devices. Line configuration Topology Transmission mode Categories of Networks Internetworks. 2.1 회선구성 (Line configuration).

539 views • 40 slides