phd in neuropsychology usa

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Clinical neuropsychology is a formally recognized specialty area under the umbrella of clinical psychology. Clinical neuropsychologists are individuals who, in addition to being trained in general clinical psychology, are also trained in theoretical, empirical, and practical aspects of brain-behavior relationships. Most clinical neuropsychologists work in medical centers, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, or private practice, as well as medical schools or universities. Typical neuropsychologists spend at least some portion of their work week evaluating cognitive and emotional functioning of patients suffering from various types of brain dysfunction. Additionally, many clinical neuropsychologist also devote some portion of their time to patient treatment, such as conducting psychotherapy with brain-injured patients and their families, or developing cognitive rehabilitation programs. Finally, the majority of clinical neuropsychologists, whether employed primarily in clinical or academic settings, engage in research activities aimed at the advancement of our understanding of brain-behavior relationships, as well as the advancement of neuropsychological assessment techniques.

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Clinical neuropsychology is a recognized specialty of clinical psychology that involves the science and practice of brain-behavior relationships across the lifespan.

The University of Houston (UH) has a proud and storied history of specialty training in clinical neuropsychology that dates back to the 1970s. In its present form, the clinical psychology Ph.D. program at UH offers a clinical neuropsychology training experience that follows the guidelines of the Houston Conference on Specialty Education and Education and Training in Clinical Neuropsychology and meets the American Psychological Association’s definition of a “major area of study."

Our mission is to train the next generation of academic clinical neuropsychologists who will embrace diversity in multidisciplinary research and clinical teams to advance our understanding of brain-behavior relationships and enhance the quality of life of individuals and families affected by disorders of the central nervous system.

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PhD in Behavioral Neuroscience

For contact information, please visit the Graduate Medical Sciences website .

The mission of the Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program is to provide students with a firm foundation in basic principles and methods of Experimental Neuropsychology in preparation for embarking on a career as an experimental neuropsychologist and behavioral neuroscientist in academia or industry.

The Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program is unique in that the focus is on human neurobehavioral disorders in relation to brain structure and function. The Behavioral Neuroscience Program provides a true translational link between cutting-edge research and its emphasis on medical patient care. Our students and alumnae represent strong, talented, and highly productive professionals. The strength and uniqueness of the Behavioral Neuroscience Program is exemplified in the quality and constitution of our course offerings, faculty, and research opportunities.

The Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program is an interdisciplinary program administered through Graduate Medical Sciences , Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, and consists of faculty members mainly in the Departments of Neurology ,  Psychiatry , and  Anatomy & Neurobiology . Many hold joint research and/or clinical appointments with the VA Boston Healthcare System.

The key features of the program are:

• The delineation and analysis of perceptual, cognitive, linguistic, affective, and behavioral disorders observed in neurologic disease, as these disorders contribute to an understanding of normal brain function and its modification by pathology .
• The subject matter derives primarily  from clinical populations with neurological disorders   affecting higher processes, particularly from the study of syndromes involving selective impairment of functional systems such as memory, language, attention, executive functioning, and/ or purposeful movement.
• Current  methods of clinical assessment, neuropsychology, experimental design, and the neurosciences are integrated into a broad program focused on clinical research. There is also limited opportunity for basic science research.

Students in the program are required to participate in a research apprenticeship with a faculty member with course credits being offered as Research in Behavioral Neuroscience. This arrangement is intended as preparation for independent research careers. Students also have the opportunity to participate in grand rounds, and to attend didactic seminars and hospital lectures at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and the VA Boston Healthcare System.

The doctoral program curriculum consists of core and elective courses and research in neuropsychology within Graduate Medical Sciences. Candidates may also enroll in directed studies or graduate courses offered in other Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine departments, including but not limited to, the Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology ,  Psychology , and course offerings of the Graduate Program for Neuroscience .  For some students with specialized interests and backgrounds, additional courses available throughout Boston University may be credited toward the PhD degree with special permission.

Learning Outcomes

The goals of the Behavioral Neuroscience PhD program are to provide students with a firm foundation in basic principles and methods of Experimental Neuropsychology to prepare students for embarking on a career as an experimental neuropsychologist and behavioral neuroscientist in academia or industry.

At the conclusion of the program, students will be able to:

• Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the relationship between neuroanatomy and neurobehavior and cognition.
• Demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the relationship between neuropathology and neurobehavior and cognition.
• Demonstrate proficiency in assessing behavioral and cognitive skills and deficiencies based on neuropathology and/or neurodegenerative disorders.
• Design and perform assessments and data acquisition, and data analyses for scientifically sound research studies.
• Read, interpret, and present scientific findings.

Program Requirements

The Behavioral Neuroscience PhD program is a full-time program only. Most students complete the program in 5–7 years. Matriculation is in September only.

A total of 64 credits is required to fulfill the program requirements. This includes the core courses as well as elective courses and credit for performing research activities in one of the program’s research labs. If a student enters the program with a related master’s degree, they may be required to complete 32 credits rather than 64 credits.

Course Descriptions

The curriculum for the doctoral program consists mainly of existing courses within Graduate Medical Sciences.

Core Courses

Required of all PhD students in the p rogram (MD/PhD students are exempt from taking Basic Neurosciences). A brief description of each course being offered appears below. A graduate-level course in statistics is also required.

• Human Neuropsychology Seminar I (GMS BN 775)
• Human Neuropsychology Seminar II (GMS BN 776)
• Basic Neurosciences Survey (GMS BN 778)
• Neuropsychological Assessment I (GMS BN 796)
• Functional Neuroanatomy in Neuropsychology (GMS BN 798)

Elective Courses

• Research in Behavioral Neuroscience (GMS BN 991 or 992)
• Behavioral and Biological Aspects of Stress and Trauma (GMS BN 780)
• Directed Studies in Behavioral Neuroscience (GMS BN 791, 792)
• Brain Asymmetry: Functional and Structural Differences Between Hemispheres (GMS BN 794)
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory and Perception (GMS BN 795)
• Neuropsychological Assessment II (GMS BN 797)
• Seminar in Neuroimaging (GMS BN 821)
• Case Studies in Neuropsychology (Sections A, B, & C) (GMS BN 891, 892)
• Child Clinical Neuropsychology (GMS BN 893)
• Beginning Basic Neurosciences (GMS BN 779)

GMS BN 775 & 776, Human Neuropsychology I and II, 4 credits each

Course focuses on the relationship of the field of neuropsychology to other medical and scientific disciplines. Includes the study of attention, cerebral dominance, pathologies of language, traumatic brain injuries, PTSD, and Parkinson’s.

Course focuses on the relationship of the field of neuropsychology to other medical and scientific disciplines. Includes neuropsychological aspects of neurological disease of dementing diseases, memory, epilepsy, child development, neurotoxicant exposures, and brain stimulation treatments.

GMS BN 778, Basic Neurosciences, 4 credits across two semesters (also offered as GMS BN 779 for 2 credits each semester)

Gms bn 778 & 779.

Overview includes neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuroanatomy, neurobehavior, and neuropsychopharmacology. Processes occurring at the cellular and physiological levels are related to known central nervous system dysfunction.

GMS BN 780, Behavioral and Biological Aspects of Stress and Trauma, 2 credits

This course reviews the psychobiological aspects of responses to trauma and stressful conditions, including the importance of individual differences and social factors.

GMS BN 791, 792, Directed Studies in Behavioral Neuroscience, variable credits

In a one-on-one format, students work closely with a faculty member to study a topic of special interest to both of them.

GMS BN 794, Brain Asymmetries: Functional and Structural Differences Between Hemispheres, 4 credits

The distinctive roles of the left and right hemispheres are reviewed, first by examining alterations in language and nonverbal behavior under conditions of brain damage and second by examining techniques used to investigate functional asymmetry in the normally intact brain.

GMS BN 795, Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory and Perception, 4 credits

The study of normal and abnormal memory and perception is related to brain structure and function, theoretical and clinical issues about how abilities change with increasing age.

GMS BN 796, Neuropsychological Assessment I, 4 credits

Overview of neuropsychological tests used for cognitive assessment in clinical and research settings. Focus is on determining appropriate outcome measures to quantify brain behavior relationships. This course prepares students to design neuropsychological assessment batteries for research studies.

GMS BN 798, Functional Neuroanatomy in Neuropsychology, 4 credits

This course has been designed to provide students with a foundational and comprehensive review of the structures and functions of the human nervous system, as well as an introduction to neuropathology and the sequelae associated with congenital and acquired disorders of the central nervous system.

GMS BN 821, Neuroimaging Seminar, 2 credits

This course is intended for students with limited background in the application of neuroimaging techniques for the study of psychiatric and neurological illnesses. Techniques, including MRI, fMRI, DTI, MRS, PET, and SPECT, will be discussed with relevance to selected neurobehavioral disorders.

GMS BN 891 & 892, Case Studies (three different clinical rounds, Sections A1, B1, and C1), 2 credits per Section

Individual patients with perceptual/cognitive/affective symptomatology concomitant with brain damage are examined intensively through the use of a variety of behavioral assessment procedures. Patients’ symptoms and test results are reviewed for the differential diagnosis and etiology of neurological syndromes. Emphasis on qualitative and quantitative analyses of standardized and experimental tests. There are three distinct sections of this course each semester. These sections specialize in different neurobehavioral disorders.

GMS BN 893, Child Clinical Neuropsychology, 4 credits

Covers general theoretical issues (e.g., intrauterine and postnatal development of the brain, handedness and lateralization of function, and recovery of function and neurobehavioral plasticity); diagnostic entities (e.g., attention deficit disorder, early brain damage, developmental language disorders, dyslexia, and effects of malnutrition); and assessment and treatment.

GMS BN 991 & 992, Research in Behavioral Neuroscience, variable credits

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Neuropsychology Ph.D. Programs – Everything You Need to Know in 2024

What’s in this guide, at a glance.

• Why get a PhD in  Neuropsychology?

Entry requirements for a Neuropsychology PhD program

What’s covered in a neuropsychology phd program, how much does a phd in neuropsychology cost, program funding and financial support, program duration and flexibility, location and access to clinical populations, program curriculum and specializations, internship placement and post-graduation outcomes, what jobs can you do with a phd in neuropsychology, how much can you earn with a phd in neuropsychology.

By psychologyjobs.com Staff Writer

A PhD in neuropsychology is an advanced academic degree that delves into the intricate relationship between the brain and behavior. It encompasses a comprehensive study of how different neurological conditions, injuries, and disorders affect cognitive functions and behaviors. This intensive program integrates both theoretical and applied knowledge, ensuring that students are well-equipped to understand the complexities of the human brain and its impact on behavior and cognition.

The journey to earning a PhD in neuropsychology typically spans between 5 to 7 years, although the duration can vary based on individual progress and institutional requirements. Throughout this period, students immerse themselves in a rigorous curriculum that covers a broad spectrum of topics. Common areas of study include neuroanatomy, cognitive neuropsychology, clinical neuropsychology, neuropsychological assessment, neuroscience, and research methods. Additionally, candidates are often required to undergo clinical training and produce a dissertation grounded in original research.

Upon successful completion, many choose to work as  clinical neuropsychologists , diagnosing and treating individuals with neurological challenges. Others opt for roles in  research , either in academic settings or with pharmaceutical companies, delving deeper into the mysteries of the brain. The academic realm offers positions as  professors , while some graduates venture into forensic neuropsychology, healthcare administration, or even science writing. The versatility of the degree ensures that its holders can find fulfilling roles in diverse sectors, all centered around the profound understanding of the brain’s influence on behavior.

Why get a PhD in Neuropsychology?

There are a multitude of reasons why students pursue a PhD in neuropsychology, here are a few key reasons to consider it:

Expertise in a Growing Field

Neuropsychology is a rapidly expanding field, with increased recognition of the importance of brain-behavior relationships in various medical, educational, and legal settings. The demand for expertise in understanding neurological conditions and their impacts on cognition and behavior has surged. By pursuing a PhD in neuropsychology, students position themselves at the forefront of this blossoming domain, armed with the in-depth knowledge and skills essential for leading the next wave of discoveries and interventions. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the employment of psychologists, which includes neuropsychologists, is projected to grow 3% from 2019 to 2029. The increasing demand for psychological services in schools, hospitals, mental health centers, and social service agencies will drive employment growth.

Diverse Career Opportunities

A PhD in neuropsychology opens doors to a multitude of career paths, ensuring flexibility and adaptability in the job market. From clinical practice and academic research to consultancy roles in legal and corporate settings, the range of jobs available to neuropsychologists is both broad and varied. This diversity ensures that graduates have numerous avenues to explore based on their interests and strengths, making the degree exceptionally versatile.

The American Psychological Association (APA) indicated that in 2020, about 58% of doctorate recipients in psychology had a full-time job position waiting upon graduation, reflecting the diverse opportunities available in the field.

Potential for High Earnings and Job Satisfaction

Investing in a PhD in neuropsychology can lead to significant financial and personal rewards. Those with advanced degrees in the field often command higher salaries and have a greater range of job opportunities compared to those with just a bachelor’s or master’s degree. Moreover, the profound impact neuropsychologists can have on their patients’ lives, from diagnosing conditions to providing treatments, offers a level of job satisfaction that is both meaningful and fulfilling.

• Bachelor’s Degree : Typically in neuroscience, psychology or a related field, though some programs may accept applicants from other disciplines if they’ve completed prerequisite courses.
• Master’s Degree : Some programs prefer or require a  master’s degree  in psychology or a related field, while others will accept students directly from a  bachelor’s program .
• Grade Point Average (GPA) : Many programs have a minimum GPA requirement of 3.0.
• Letters of Recommendation : Typically from professors, researchers, or professionals familiar with the applicant’s academic and/or clinical work.
• Background Check : Given the nature of clinical work, some programs might require a background check before final admission.

A Neuropsychology PhD program provides students with an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the brain and behavior. Here are some areas that are typically covered:

• Foundations of Neuropsychology:  This offers an introduction to the field, covering historical developments, key concepts, and the primary challenges and questions driving current research.
• Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology:  Detailed exploration of the structure and function of the nervous system, with an emphasis on regions of the brain associated with specific cognitive and behavioral functions.
• Cognitive Neuropsychology:  Examines the cognitive consequences of brain injuries or diseases, covering topics like memory, attention, language, and executive functions.
• Clinical Neuropsychology:  Introduces students to the practices and methods used to assess and treat individuals with brain injuries or disorders.
• Developmental Neuropsychology:  Study of how cognitive functions and the brain develop over a lifespan, from infancy to old age.
• Neuropsychological Assessment:  Covers the tools, tests, and techniques used to evaluate cognitive and behavioral functions, and how these assessments inform diagnosis and treatment.
• Neuropsychological Rehabilitation:  Explores methods and interventions to help individuals recover or adapt to cognitive deficits.
• Research Methods and Statistics in Neuropsychology:  Provides training in experimental design, data collection, and statistical analysis specifically tailored to neuropsychological research.
• Neuroimaging and Neurodiagnostics:  An introduction to the tools and methods, like fMRI or PET scans, used to visualize and measure brain structure and activity.
• Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders:  Focuses on conditions like ADHD, autism, and Down syndrome, examining their neurological underpinnings and manifestations.
• Neuropathology:  Study of diseases that affect brain tissue, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.
• Psychopharmacology:  Understanding of how various drugs affect the brain and behavior, and how they can be used in treatment.
• Ethics in Neuropsychological Research and Practice:  Addresses the ethical considerations in conducting research and in clinical practice.
• Specialized Seminars and Electives:  Topics can vary widely but may include areas like sports-related brain injuries, advanced neuroimaging techniques, or the neuropsychology of emotion.
• Clinical Practicum and Internships:  Real-world experience in clinical settings, offering students hands-on practice in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment under supervision.
• Dissertation Research:  Students typically conduct original research, culminating in a written dissertation that they defend before a committee.

Here’s a sample curriculum for a PhD program in neuropsychology:

Semester 1:

• Introduction to Neuropsychology
• Neuroanatomy and Basic Neurophysiology
• Research Methods in Neuropsychology I
• Cognitive Psychology Foundations
• Clinical Practicum I

Semester 2:

• Cognitive Neuropsychology
• Advanced Neurophysiology
• Statistics in Neuropsychological Research I
• Developmental Neuropsychology
• Clinical Practicum II

Second Year

• Clinical Neuropsychology I
• Neuropsychological Assessment I
• Psychopharmacology
• Neuroimaging Techniques
• Research Seminar I
• Clinical Neuropsychology II
• Neuropsychological Assessment II
• Ethics in Neuropsychological Research and Practice
• Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders
• Research Seminar II
• Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
• Advanced Topics in Cognitive Neuropsychology
• Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neuropathology
• Clinical Practicum III
• Dissertation Research I
• Advanced Neuroimaging and Diagnostics
• Clinical Neuropsychology Case Studies
• Neuropsychology of Emotion
• Clinical Practicum IV
• Dissertation Research II

Fourth Year

• Neuropsychology in Legal Settings (Forensic Neuropsychology)
• Specialized Seminar (e.g., Sports-related Brain Injuries)
• Advanced Psychopharmacology
• Clinical Internship I
• Dissertation Research III
• Pediatric Neuropsychology
• Advanced Seminar on Genetics and Neuropsychology
• Research Methods in Neuropsychology II
• Clinical Internship II
• Dissertation Research IV

Fifth Year (and possibly beyond)

Throughout the Year:

• Clinical Internship III (Advanced)
• Dissertation Writing and Defense
• Optional: Specialized electives or additional seminars based on research focus.

The cost of a PhD in Neuropsychology varies based on several factors, including the type of institution, location, and program duration. Public universities typically have lower tuition for in-state students, with costs ranging from $10,000 to $30,000 annually, while out-of-state students may pay more. In contrast, private institutions might charge between $25,000 to $50,000 or even higher per year in tuition and fees.

Another significant consideration is the availability of funding packages. Many PhD programs offer financial packages that can include tuition waivers, stipends, and health benefits in exchange for teaching or research assistantships. The extent and type of funding can differ substantially among institutions, with many students in neuropsychology programs often having a large portion, if not all, of their tuition covered.

Apart from tuition, prospective students should also account for other expenses such as books, supplies, fees, and living costs. It’s crucial to research individual programs, ascertain available funding opportunities, and evaluate the overall financial commitment before enrolling.

What to look for in a PhD program

It can be overwhelming with so many PhD programs out there and so many factors to consider. Choosing a program in neuropsychology is a significant decision that will impact the trajectory of your career. Here are a few key ways to compare programs/institutions:

Fully funded programs, which include tuition waivers and stipends, can drastically reduce student debt and allow students to focus on their studies. The National Science Foundation’s Survey of Earned Doctorates found that over 75% of research doctorate recipients in psychology reported no education-related debt, largely due to funding availability in their programs.

The length of a program and its ability to accommodate part-time students or offer flexible schedules can be vital, especially for those balancing work, family, or other commitments.

According to the APA, the median time to complete a doctorate in psychology has been around 7 years. However, some programs, especially those designed for working professionals, might offer accelerated tracks or part-time options, which can affect this duration.

Being in a location that provides access to diverse clinical populations or specific groups that align with a student’s research interests can be invaluable for hands-on training and research.

A report from the APA emphasized the importance of diversity in clinical training. Programs located in urban settings or areas with diverse communities can offer broader exposure and experience in multicultural clinical practice, which is essential if you intend to practice clinically after your neuropsychology degree.

The curriculum and available specializations should align with a student’s career and research interests.

In a survey by the APA, PhD recipients emphasized the importance of finding a program that matched their specific interests, as this played a crucial role in their eventual job satisfaction and career trajectory.

High-quality internship placements and positive post-graduation outcomes can significantly influence a graduate’s early career.

The Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) provides data on internship match rates. Programs with high match rates to APA-accredited internships often signal strong training and preparation.

• Clinical Neuropsychologist:  This is one of the most direct career paths. Clinical neuropsychologists assess and treat individuals with brain injuries, neurodegenerative diseases, and other neurological disorders. They often work in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and private practices.
• Academic Researcher:  PhD holders can pursue positions in universities or research institutes where they conduct studies on brain-behavior relationships, cognitive functions, or neurological disorders.
• Professor/Lecturer:  With a PhD, individuals can teach neuropsychology and related courses at undergraduate and graduate levels in colleges and universities.
• Forensic psychologist:  These professionals use their expertise in legal settings, assessing cognitive and psychological functions in criminal cases, personal injury lawsuits, or competency evaluations.
• Pediatric Neuropsychologist:  Specializing in assessing and treating cognitive and behavioral issues in children and adolescents, they might work in children’s hospitals, schools, or private practices.
• Rehabilitation Specialist:  These individuals design and implement strategies to help patients recover cognitive functions after traumatic brain injuries, strokes, or other neurological incidents.
• Pharmaceutical or Biotech Researcher:  With a background in brain function and behavior, neuropsychologists can work with companies developing drugs or interventions for neurological disorders.
• Neuroimaging Specialist:  Using techniques like fMRI, PET, or EEG, these professionals analyze brain activity and structure, often collaborating with researchers or clinicians.
• Consultant:  Some neuropsychologists work in industries such as marketing, where knowledge of cognition and behavior can help shape consumer research and strategies.
• Healthcare Administrator:  For those interested in the organizational side of healthcare, a background in neuropsychology can be beneficial in roles overseeing clinical services or developing treatment programs in hospitals or clinics.
• Science Writer or Communicator:  Combining expertise in neuropsychology with strong communication skills, individuals can write articles, books, or produce media content for general audiences, educational institutions, or scientific communities.
• Policy Advisor:  Governments and nonprofits might seek the expertise of neuropsychologists when crafting health policies, guidelines, or public health campaigns related to brain health.

Below you will find the average annual salary for job roles commonly held by those with a PhD in Neuropsychology. The overall average salary for a holder of this degree is $82,333 per year.

• Clinical Neuropsychologist:  $90,000
• Academic Researcher:  $75,000
• Professor/Lecturer:  $80,000 (This varies greatly based on rank, institution, and tenure.)
• Forensic Neuropsychologist:  $95,000
• Pediatric Neuropsychologist:  $92,000
• Rehabilitation Specialist:  $78,000
• Pharmaceutical or Biotech Researcher:  $85,000
• Neuroimaging Specialist:  $82,000
• Consultant:  $87,000 (This varies greatly based on industry and expertise.)
• Healthcare Administrator:  $98,000
• Science Writer or Communicator:  $60,000
• Policy Advisor:  $70,000

Neuropsychology PhD Programs

Exploring the Field of Neuropsychology: Education, Careers, and Opportunities

Neuropsychology is a fascinating field that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior. It is a discipline that is concerned with understanding how the nervous system affects human behavior, emotions, and cognition.

• Neuropsychologists work in clinical and research settings to diagnose and treat neurological disorders, conduct research on the brain and behavior, and develop new treatments and therapies.

For those interested in pursuing a career in neuropsychology, this guide provides an overview of the educational and training requirements needed to become a neuropsychologist.

It covers topics such as degrees in neuropsychology, online psychology master’s programs, frequently asked questions about neuropsychology, and what a neuropsychologist does.

Whether you are just starting out or looking to advance your career, this guide will help you understand what it takes to become a neuropsychologist.

Key Takeaways

• Neuropsychology is a field that examines the relationship between the brain and behavior.
• Pursuing a career in neuropsychology requires a degree in neuropsychology, completing an online psychology master’s program, and understanding what a neuropsychologist does.

Degrees in Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology is a specialized field that requires a doctorate to practice. However, before pursuing a doctorate, students must complete their undergraduate degree.

Some students may opt to pursue a master’s degree before entering a doctoral program. Here are the three main degrees in Neuropsychology.

Bachelor’s Degree in Neuropsychology

To pursue a career in Neuropsychology, students typically begin by obtaining a bachelor’s degree in psychology, biology, or neuroscience.

Undergraduate programs that focus solely on Neuropsychology are rare. However, students can obtain a strong foundation in Neuropsychology by taking neuroscience, neuroanatomy, and psychological research courses.

Completing an internship can also prepare students for graduate programs.

If students are looking for a more flexible alternative to a campus-based undergraduate program, they can pursue an online bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field.

Master’s Degree in Neuropsychology

Most aspiring Neuropsychologists go straight from their bachelor’s degree to a doctoral program in Neuropsychology. However, some students earn a master’s degree in Neuropsychology, clinical psychology, or a related field as a next step.

A master’s degree can help students decide if Neuropsychology is the right career for them. This degree can also help students boost their competitive edge when applying to selective doctoral programs.

Students take courses in areas such as learning and cognition, memory and the brain, and neuroscience, along with required clinical hours, internships, and research experiences, which can help prepare them for the demands of rigorous doctoral study.

If students decide to pursue a master’s degree in psychology but need to maintain work or personal commitments, they can find several programs available in convenient online or hybrid formats.

Doctorate in Neuropsychology

To practice Neuropsychology, individuals must hold a doctor of psychology (Psy.D.) or a doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.). The Psy.D. focuses on clinical training, while the Ph.D. emphasizes scientific research.

During doctoral studies, students complete advanced coursework in neuroanatomy, biopsychology, neuropsychological assessment, and research methods.

They also have to complete an internship and a dissertation based on independent research.

In addition to clinical hours and internships completed during their Neuropsychological degree, students should expect to spend 1-2 years in a postdoctoral fellowship to qualify for licensure and certification.

To qualify for a state license, they need to pass the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).

Neuropsychologists often earn board certification through the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) or the American Board of Professional Neuropsychology (ABPN).

Online Psychology Master’s Programs

Several accredited schools offer online psychology master’s programs. Consider one of these top programs to discover their value today.

• Programs focus on various areas such as clinical psychology, neuropsychology, and mental health counseling.
• Coursework includes topics like assessment, research methods, and evidence-based psychotherapy.
• Tuition ranges from $10,000 to $60,000 per academic year depending on the program and the university.
• Public universities in the U.S. typically charge in-state residents $5,000 to $25,000 per academic year and out-of-state residents $10,000 to $50,000.
• Private universities generally charge higher tuition fees.

Frequently Asked Questions About Neuropsychology

What is the difference between a psychologist and a neuropsychologist.

Psychologists and neuropsychologists both study human behavior and mental processes. However, neuropsychologists specialize in how the brain and nervous system influence cognitive processes, emotions, and behavior.

They use a combination of psychological and neurological assessments to diagnose and treat neurological conditions that affect behavior, cognition, and emotion.

Do Neuropsychologists Deal with Mental Disorders?

Neuropsychologists have the training to diagnose and treat behavioral and mental disorders associated with cognitive impairment, including conditions such as dementia, memory loss, and attention disorders.

They work closely with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists and neurologists, to develop comprehensive treatment plans that address the patient’s specific needs.

Do Neuropsychologists Go to Med School?

Licensed neuropsychologists have either a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree. They do not hold medical degrees and cannot administer medications.

However, they receive extensive training in neuroanatomy, neuropathology, and neurophysiology as part of their education and clinical internship.

How Much Do Neuropsychologists Earn?

According to Payscale, neuropsychologists earn an average base salary of $105,240 as of March 2024.

Several factors impact salaries, including work experience, specializations, and employment setting.

Neuropsychologists who work in research or public policy may earn less than those who work in private practice or clinical settings. However, with experience and advanced training, neuropsychologists may earn higher salaries.

What Does a Neuropsychologist Do?

Neuropsychologists assess and treat a variety of disorders related to changes in cognitive functioning, such as traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, stroke, ADHD, or Alzheimer’s disease. They work with people of all ages, from infancy to adulthood, and collaborate with other healthcare providers, including neurologists, neurosurgeons, and psychiatrists, to administer language assessments, personality tests, mental exams, and other diagnostic tools.

Based on these evaluations, they prepare a detailed report for patients and their healthcare team to guide treatment decisions.

Clinical Work

Clinical neuropsychologists work with patients in hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and private practice.

They conduct neuropsychological assessments to evaluate cognitive functions, such as memory, language, attention, concentration, reasoning, and thinking.

They also assess brain-behavior relationships and neurological functioning to diagnose and treat disorders affecting the central nervous system.

Neuropsychologists use a variety of techniques to assess cognitive functions, including standardized tests, interviews, observations, and medical records.

Cognitive neuropsychologists mainly work as researchers with no direct patient interaction.

They typically work in academic and research institutions, conducting studies and developing new evaluation tools to advance the field.

Neuropsychologists with research interests may study a wide range of topics, including autism, epilepsy, stroke, cognitive aging, genetics, and brain and behavior.

What Else Can I Do With a Neuropsychology Degree?

A doctorate in neuropsychology can expand professional career options beyond clinical practice into other areas, including teaching, research, and consulting. A doctorate is generally required for teaching positions at the postsecondary level.

Neuropsychologists may find research positions at universities, academic medical centers, or government agencies.

They may also move into private practice or start their own consulting and research firms.

Neuropsychologists with clinical experiences often advance into supervisory positions as directors or department heads in hospitals and clinics.

Voluntary certifications like those offered through the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN) and the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) can advance career opportunities.

Neuropsychologists who want to specialize in the care of children may pursue board certification in pediatric neuropsychology, available through the ABCN or the American Board of Pediatric Neuropsychology (AAPdN).

Frequently Asked Questions

Admission requirements for neuropsychology phd programs.

To be admitted to a neuropsychology PhD program, applicants typically need to have a bachelor’s degree in psychology or a related field. Some programs may also require a master’s degree.

Additionally, applicants are usually required to have a minimum GPA of 3.0, GRE scores, letters of recommendation, and a personal statement outlining their research interests and career goals.

Duration of Neuropsychology PhD Programs

The typical duration of a neuropsychology PhD program is 5-7 years. This can vary depending on the program and the student’s research interests and progress.

Some programs may offer accelerated tracks or part-time options, but these are less common.

Career Paths After Completing a PhD in Neuropsychology

Graduates of neuropsychology PhD programs can pursue a variety of career paths.

Many become academic researchers or professors, while others work in clinical settings as neuropsychologists or in related fields such as neurology, psychiatry, or rehabilitation.

Some graduates may also work in industry or government positions.

Difference Between Clinical Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuropsychology PhD Programs

Clinical neuropsychology PhD programs focus on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disorders and injuries.

Cognitive neuropsychology PhD programs, on the other hand, focus on the cognitive and neural processes underlying behavior, with an emphasis on understanding how brain damage affects these processes.

While there is some overlap between these two fields, they have distinct research and clinical focuses.

Funding Opportunities for Students in Neuropsychology PhD Programs

Many neuropsychology PhD programs offer funding opportunities for students, such as research assistantships, teaching assistantships, and fellowships.

These opportunities may provide a stipend, tuition remission, and health insurance.

Additionally, students may be eligible for external funding opportunities, such as grants from the National Institutes of Health or private foundations.

Difference Between a PhD in Neuroscience and a PhD in Neuropsychology in Terms of Career Prospects

Both neuroscience and neuropsychology PhD programs focus on the brain and behavior. However, they have different research and career focuses.

Neuropsychology PhD programs typically focus on the assessment and treatment of neurological disorders and injuries. Meanwhile, neuroscience PhD programs focus on understanding the basic mechanisms underlying brain function.

Graduates of both programs can pursue careers in academia, industry, or government. But, the specific career paths may differ.

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Graduate School

Neuropsychology (ph.d.) program details, degree requirements.

    ❱   Required coursework     ❱   Qualifying or comprehensive examination     ❱   Graduate School writing proficiency requirement     ❱   Graduate School Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) requirement     ❱   Dissertation       ❱   Final oral examination/Dissertation defense 

Breadth and Minor Areas 

   ❱  Developmental Psychology    ❱  Social Psychology    ❱  Personality Psychology

Research Areas & Interests 

Faculty research interests.

A sampling of research interests

• Relationship between neighborhood factors and neuropsychological functioning among adolescents living with perinatal HIV
• Psychoneuroimmunological correlates of health and disease
• Obesity-related in fl ammation and the brain’s functional integrity
• Health and well-being as a function of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors
• Effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors on the neurocognitive aging process in African American
• Psychoneuroimmunological factors that help explain CVD risk in African Americans
• Effects of obesity on neurocognitive functioning in African-American bariatric patients

Faculty Areas of Specialty

Alfonso Campbell, Jr., is primarily interested in the psychoneuroimmunological correlates of health and disease. Currently, his work focuses on the relationship between inflammation and the brain’s functional integrity. He is also developing a model of health and well-being that takes into account biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors.

Denée T. Mwendwa examines the effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors on the neurocognitive aging process in African Americans. She is also interested in the psychoneuroimmunological factors that help explain CVD risk in African Americans. Her current research project focuses on the effects of obesity on neurocognitive functioning in African-American bariatric patients.

Ezer Kang examines the relationship between neighborhood factors and neuropsychological functioning among adolescents living with perinatal HIV (PHIV). His PHIV research in Thailand focuses on the impact of neuropsychological delays on daily functioning and health-related quality of life.

Program of Study* 

Core courses.

PSYC 203 First Year Research I

PSYC 219 First Year Research II

PSYC 207 Statistics I

PSYC 208 Statistics II

PSYC 206 History & Systems

PSYC 205 Research Methods

PSYC 233 Neuropsychology

PSYC 271 Psychopharmacology

PSYC 259 Health Neuropsychology

PSYC 288  Adult Neuropsychological Assessment

BREADTH & MINOR COURSES (18 CR)

Select three breadth courses (9 credits).  One breadth area course should be taken in each of the other Psych tracks.

Select three minor area courses (9 credits). One minor area course should be taken in each of the other Psych tracks.

RESEARCH SEMINARS

PSYC 244 Seminar in Neuropsychology

PSYC 245 Seminar in Brain and Behavior

DISSERTATION

*Courses included in the sample program of study are subject to change. Students should consult with their programs regarding their required program of study. 

Admission to Candidacy 

Students are admitted to formal candidacy by the Graduate School when they have completed the required coursework, passed the qualifying or comprehensive examination, submitted an approved topic for research, and been recommended by the Department. Candidates must also have satisfied the Graduate School writing proficiency requirement and Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) requirement.

Graduate Funding 

Admitted students may be eligible to compete for  Graduate School competitive awards ,  which provide tuition remission and a stipend during the academic year. Additionally, graduate research or teaching assistantships may be available at the department level. Research assistants and teaching assistants work no more than 20 hours a week under the program's direction, usually in support of faculty research (research assistants) or in support of assigned courses (teaching assistants). Please see the  Funding website  for more detailed information.  

Ph.D. in Psychology and Neuroscience

General info.

• Faculty working with students: 40
• Students: 80
• Students receiving Financial Aid: 100%
• Part time study available: No
• Application terms: Fall
• Application deadline: November 30

Nancy Zucker Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University Box 90086 Durham, NC 27708-0086

Email:  [email protected]

Website:  http://psychandneuro.duke.edu

Program Description

Graduate training leading to a Ph.D. in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience is offered through a unique program that merges social sciences and natural sciences in the study of brain, behavior, and cognition in humans and animals. Program tracts are offered in Clinical Psychology, Cognition & the Brain, Developmental (DEV), Social Psychology, and Systems and Integrative Neuroscience (SINS).

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Application Information

Application Terms Available:  Fall

Application Deadline:  November 30

Graduate School Application Requirements See the Application Instructions page for important details about each Graduate School requirement.

• Transcripts: Unofficial transcripts required with application submission; official transcripts required upon admission
• Letters of Recommendation: 3 Required
• Statement of Purpose: Required
• Résumé: Required
• GRE General (Optional)
• For clinical applicants ONLY:  If you were not a psychology undergraduate major, it is recommended that you take the GRE subject test. For psychology majors, it is not necessary to take the subject test.  No other area within Psychology and Neuroscience requires the subject test.
• English Language Exam: TOEFL, IELTS, or Duolingo English Test required* for applicants whose first language is not English *test waiver may apply for some applicants
• GPA: Undergraduate GPA calculated on 4.0 scale required

Department-Specific Application Requirements (submitted through online application)

Writing Sample None required

Additional Components Applicants to the joint Ph.D. program in Public Policy and Allied Disciplines must submit an additional essay for admission to the program. Regardless of your selection of primary department, please respond to the following prompt:

In 500 words or less, please explain your interest in the joint Ph.D. program offered between Public Policy and an Allied Discipline. Highlight how your research interests and past experiences lie at the intersection between Public Policy and the Allied Discipline and how participation in the joint program will facilitate your professional goals after receiving your degree.

We strongly encourage you to review additional department-specific application guidance from the program to which you are applying: Departmental Application Guidance

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Neuropsychology Emphasis

Science-focused diagnosis & treatment.

Memory. Concentration. Reasoning. Logic. Language. Perception. Personality. The impact of brain function on human behavior is endlessly fascinating – and it’s a great career path for science-minded psychology students.

You will work with medical specialists, clinicians, and researchers to assess and analyze brain structures and symptoms to pinpoint potential causes and treatments.

In addition to clients with psychiatric disorders, you will treat patients diagnosed with autism, epilepsy, and dementia, as well as concussions and other traumatic brain injuries.

Neuropsychology Emphasis Objectives

According to guidelines adopted by the Division of Clinical Neuropsychology (Division 40) of the American Psychological Association (APA), the basic education and training of a clinical neuropsychologist includes:

• Successful completion of a doctoral level degree in psychology from a regionally accredited program
• Successful completion of systematic didactic education (course work in neuropsychology and neuroscience)
• Supervised experiential training (practica, internships) in clinical neuropsychology, including two or more years of supervised training (usually post-doctoral) applying neuropsychological services in a clinical setting >Please  click here  for a link to the Society for Clinical Neuropsychology's doctoral student worksheet, which provides students a framework for planning their doctoral training goals in preparation for internship and postdoctoral training in neuropsychology. >Students may also find it helpful to review this  recent survey  of the expectations of internships offering neuropsychology training, conducted by PAU's own Dr. Rayna Hirst and her graduate students, in preparation for their own internship applications.

The courses required as prerequisites and offered in the Area of Emphasis fulfill the didactic education criteria listed above as approved by Division 40.  Learn more about APA Division 40 guidelines. The required graduate-level courses in this area include prerequisites and specialized courses in neuropsychology.

Curriculum and Requirements

The courses required as prerequisites and offered in the Area of Emphasis fulfill the didactic education criteria listed above as approved by Division 40.  Successful completion of the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis at PAU is only one component in the education and clinical training necessary to become a clinical neuropsychologist. Further specialty preparation is expected at the pre-doctoral internship and post-doctoral level. Learn more about APA Division 40 guidelines .

Planning Your Schedule

Applications to the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis open each fall, with the curriculum beginning the following spring. You will need to plan your schedules carefully in order to take the complete sequence during your time on campus – including the two summers of study.

Prerequisites

You must complete the prerequisite course work at PAU (or equivalent course work from another institution) with no grade in any prerequisite course below an “A-”.

Required courses include:

• ASMT800 Psychopathology and Psychodiagnosis I
• ASMT818/819 Psychopathology and Psychodiagnosis II
• PSYS805 Psychological Science II: Biological Bases of Behavior I: Biological Psychology
• ASMT810 Psychometric Theory
• ASMT809 Intellectual Assessment
• ASMT826 Assessment of Psychopathology
• ASMT815 Assessment of Personality

You can take these courses after applying to the Area of Emphasis; however, low grades in these courses may be grounds for probation status and/or dismissal from the Area of Emphasis.

Course Requirements

The following courses must be taken in the order listed. You cannot register for these classes until you have been accepted into the Neuropsychology track (typically winter of your second year). All neuropsychology track classes are held on Tuesdays.

• ASMT 860 Neuropsychological Assessment I (3 units - Spring 2nd Year) - Required
• ASMT 861 Neuropsychological Assessment II (3 units - Summer 2nd Year) - Required
• ASMT 862 Clinical Neuropsychology I (3 units - Fall 3rd Year) - Required
• ASMT 863 Clinical Neuropsychology II (3 units - Winter 3rd Year) - Required
• ASMT 864 Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging (3 units - Spring 3rd Year) - Required
• ASMT 865 Cognitive Rehabilitation (3 units - Summer 3rd Year) - Optional w/substitution

The first five classes of the Neuropsychology sequence are required. The sixth class is optional, and may be substituted with a neuropsychology-related elective (e.g., a class in Forensic Psychology, Health Psychology, Child and Family Assessment, Trauma, etc.). The Director, Dr. Hirst, must approve the substituted elective class.

Please note: Given the heavy workload of the first class in the track, I strongly recommend that you schedule as few classes as possible during Spring quarter of your second year. Ideally, your only classes should be the required course ASMT 815 Assessment of Personality and ASMT 860 Neuropsychological Assessment I.

Progress Assessment

Once admitted to the program, you must complete the full sequence of courses to complete the Area of Emphasis. Progress is evaluated on an ongoing basis and any grade below a A- in a class within the Neuropsychology or Assessment curriculum will result in a placement on probation status.

A grade below a A- in a Neuropsychology or Assessment course while on probation status may be grounds for dismissal from the Area of Emphasis.

Neuropsychological Testing Class

You will be required to administer neuropsychological test batteries to one or two subjects per quarter for each of the Assessment “ASMT” courses.

It is often difficult for students to locate subjects on short notice if they attempt to do so on a quarter-by-quarter basis. This means you will need to plan ahead to secure volunteers or set up a placement site (or more than one site) where you can test subjects.

• If the subjects are volunteers, no clinical supervisor is needed since no report will be issued to a clinical agency or patient.
• If the subjects are actual clinical cases at an agency, you must arrange for supervision/co-signing of clinical assessment reports by a licensed psychologist other than the course instructor.

For more information, contact the Director of the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis.

Dr. Rayna Hirst's BRAIN lab (Behavioral Research and Assessment In Neuropsychology) conducts research in brain-behavior relationships and neuropsychological assessment.

Outside the Classroom

Students must complete an official practicum placement (one year of full or supplemental) in a setting that provides clinical neuropsychological experience in their 3rd or 4th year.  

PhD students who plan to take the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis need to plan their schedules carefully in order to be positioned to take the complete sequence during their time on campus; two summers of study are required.  A complete offering of this sequence begins every spring.

Dissertation

Neuropsychology Practicum Requirement

Students in the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis must complete a dissertation that makes a scientific contribution to the field of neuropsychology.

Completion of the Area of Emphasis

Completion of the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis will be granted following the completion of all coursework requirements, completion or securement of a neuropsychology practicum, and approval of the dissertation proposal by the dissertation committee.

Professional Development

In addition to these courses, students in the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis are expected to engage in other professional activities to advance their knowledge in the field.

This includes membership in the Association for Neuropsychology Students in Training as well as other professional organizations (e.g., APA Division 40) and attendance at PAU Neuropsychology Grand Rounds.

Application

Students can apply to the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis each fall to begin the curriculum the following spring. Applications are available here and are due on the last day of fall quarter. No late applications will be accepted. Grades (both overall and in the prerequisite courses), instructor evaluations, references, curriculum vitae, and overall fit with the program will be considerations in decisions to accept students.

If you are a graduate student at PAU, in at least your second year of the program, please complete your application to the Neuropsychology Area of Emphasis. Applications should be submitted to Dr. Hirst and are accepted starting in the middle of the Fall Quarter of your Second Year, with a Due Date of the Last Day of Fall Quarter.

Complete your Application

Mylea Charvat, PhD, became interested in the brain as a teenager, when her grandmother showed signs of memory loss. Her work recently became even more personal when she was involved in a bicycle accident that left her with a traumatic brain injury (TBI).

“The neuropsych program trained me to be comprehensive, precise, and to evaluate people in ways that others cannot. The rigors of training and highly competent and outstanding mentors also contributed to my current level of knowledge,” said Heitzmann.

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Clinical Neuropsychology Degree and Career Guide

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The American Psychological Association (APA) defines neuropsychology as a branch of psychology “that studies the physiological processes of the nervous system and relates them to behavior and cognition.” 1 In other words, neuropsychologists study how biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system are reflected in people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Clinical neuropsychology, which has been recognized as an APA specialty since 1996, involves the application of neuropsychological knowledge to clinical practice. 1 Individuals who practice clinical neuropsychology can also become Board-certified through the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) to show that they have developed expertise in this area.

One of the most common services provided by clinical neuropsychologists is the assessment of cognitive and psychological functioning in the context of medical, neurological, or psychiatric disorders. For this, clinical neuropsychologists administer batteries of tests and interpret the results, make diagnoses, and provide feedback to patients and their families. Clinical neuropsychologists may also consult with other providers or provide direct intervention services to help patients improve their cognitive functioning, mood, or behaviors. Some clinical neuropsychologists conduct research to inform and improve clinical practice.

Clinical neuropsychologists work in a variety of settings, including hospitals and other medical settings, psychology clinics, and universities. To become a clinical neuropsychologist, you must earn a doctoral degree in psychology from a program that provides broad training in the professional practice of psychology as well as specialized coursework and practica (work-based experience) in neuropsychology. These programs offer either Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) or Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) degrees. Regardless of which doctoral degree type you choose, in order to earn a license to practice in most states, you will need to earn it degree from a program that is APA-accredited.

Table of Contents

Degree Requirements and Coursework

The Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (SCN) provides a database of doctoral programs that include training in clinical neuropsychology ; as of April 2019, all APA-accredited programs on this list offer degrees in clinical psychology. Most programs that include clinical neuropsychology training require a minimum undergraduate GPA of 3.0, but you will likely need a higher GPA to be offered admission. Some people opt to earn a stand-alone master’s degree before entering a doctoral program, but this is not required; most students in doctoral psychology programs earn a master’s degree after completing a thesis project about two years into the program. Because clinical neuropsychology is a highly-specialized area of psychology, there are typically no further specializations (concentrations, emphases, specialties) offered for clinical neuropsychology degrees.

Students usually take between four and seven years to complete doctoral programs in clinical psychology. This includes the required year-long internship that is generally completed during the final year of the program. Students complete coursework in psychological theory and the foundations of clinical practice, conduct research (including their own thesis and dissertation projects), and gain experience in clinical settings. In programs that include specialized training in clinical neuropsychology, students can also expect to complete coursework in neuroanatomy and biopsychology, become proficient in a variety of neuropsychological tests, and accumulate hands-on experience practicing clinical neuropsychology with patients. Below are examples of courses that may be required of students studying clinical neuropsychology:

• Biopsychology
• Clinical Practicum
• Cognitive Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Ethics in Psychology
• Introduction to Clinical Practice
• Neuroanatomy
• Neuropsychological Assessment
• Personality Assessment
• Predoctoral Internship
• Psychopathology
• Research Methods
• Theories of Psychotherapy

By the time they reach graduation, students can expect to have developed proficiency in the general practice of psychology as well as the more specialized assessment and intervention services provided by clinical neuropsychologists. They should also have developed skills that allow them to interpret research findings and incorporate them into clinical practice or pursue their own research studies in clinical neuropsychology.

Some aspiring clinical neuropsychologists will also need to complete a postdoctoral training program after earning a doctoral degree, as many states require a certain number of supervised postdoctoral hours to become licensed. Additionally, a two-year postdoctoral program is required for Board certification in clinical neuropsychology through ABPP. The SCN provides a helpful database of postdoctoral clinical neuropsychology programs for individuals seeking this training.

Best Value Schools with On-Campus Clinical Neuropsychology Programs

Below is a table of the best value schools offering doctoral programs that include training in clinical neuropsychology. All of the colleges and universities on the list have undergraduate net prices of $20,000 or lower, an undergraduate graduation rate of at least 50%, and are listed in the SCN database of doctoral programs as of April 2019. Higher graduation rates at the undergraduate level tend to be an indicator of a school’s success, and a low net price is important to prospective students as they consider the return on their investment. We’ve also included additional information you may be interested in, such as the applicable degree(s) offered at each school, the percentage of tenured faculty, and US News & World Report national and graduate clinical rankings.

Select Clinical Neuropsychology Programs

Traditional master’s programs, university of illinois.

The Master of Science in Psychological Science (MSPS) program at the University of Illinois is well-suited for aspiring clinical neuropsychologists. The program provides broad training in psychological science that can also be tailored to fit a student’s specific interests. The MSPS program offers a number of courses that are relevant to future study in clinical neuropsychology, including Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychopharmacology, Neuroscience of Eating and Drinking, and Cognitive Psychophysiology. Students also conduct research under faculty mentors, providing additional opportunities for training in neuropsychology that will be relevant to later doctoral-level work. The University of Illinois is well-known for its graduate training in psychology and has been ranked in US News & World Report’s Best Psychology Schools category.

University of Pittsburgh

The Neuroscience master’s degree program at the University of Pittsburgh is not technically a psychology program (it is offered through the Department of Neuroscience rather than the Department of Psychology), but it does provide excellent training for students planning to enter a doctoral program in clinical neuropsychology. Students in this program take multiple courses covering brain structures, functions, and processes, and are required to conduct research in a faculty member’s lab. Much of the research is conducted through the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Neuroscience , where multiple faculty members conduct research on neuroscientific factors relevant to psychological disorders.

Georgia State University

Georgia State University (GSU) offers a Clinical-Neuropsychology (CLN) concentration that is provided through joint training from their Clinical Psychology PhD and Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience PhD programs. Faculty advisors for students in this concentration hold appointments in both programs, so students are able to conduct clinical research in the area of neuropsychology. Students pursuing GSU’s Clinical-Neuropsychology concentration are required to complete all of the core coursework for the Clinical Psychology program as well as multiple courses specific to neuropsychology. The track is designed to prepare graduates for psychology licensure and eventual ABPP certification after additional postdoctoral training. GSU’s Clinical Psychology PhD program has been APA-accredited since 1973 and students are involved in multiple national clinical neuropsychology organizations. The program has been ranked in the US News & World Report Doctoral Clinical Psychology Programs category.

Kent State University

At Kent State University, a PhD is offered in Clinical Neuropsychology that trains the next generation of clinical scientists through research projects and hands-on clinical experiences in a variety of settings. Clinical experiences include hospital work with neuropsychology evaluations and memory screenings at community centers, where students may encounter patients dealing with Alzheimer’s, stroke, ADHD, or head injuries. Research is focused on a variety of medical conditions including obesity and recent graduates have worked to understand and treat heart disease, sleep problems, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurological conditions. Coursework is based on the guidelines for clinical neuropsychology set forth by the Houston Conference and APA Division 40 and includes courses such as Neuropsychological Assessment, Neuroanatomy, Psychopharmacology, Psychophysiological Psychology, Clinical Aspects of Health Psychology, and Psychobiological Aspects of Health.

University of Connecticut

The Clinical Psychology PhD program at the University of Connecticut has been APA-accredited since 1951 and has been ranked in US News & World Report’s Doctoral Clinical Psychology Programs category. Students in this program are able to complete an elective Neuropsychology concentration by taking additional courses and undergoing clinical training in neuroscience, neuroanatomy, neuropsychological testing, and other relevant topics. Some of the courses may be completed at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, and there are also multiple opportunities for neuropsychological research and clinical placements in the community. The program aims to prepare students in the Neuropsychology concentration for internships and postdoctoral fellowships in clinical neuropsychology as well as future ABPP certification.

University of Utah

The Clinical Psychology PhD program at the University of Utah offers a Clinical Neuropsychology training program for students who are interested in specializing in this area. Students pursuing this concentration will take courses and seminars in neuropsychology, conduct relevant research, and participate in the program’s Neuropsychology Vertical Team meetings. They are also expected to complete multiple clinical neuropsychology practica placements, such as those offered through the department’s Cognitive Concerns Clinic . Students in the Clinical Neuropsychology program are required to pursue neuropsychology internships and postdoctoral fellowships. The Clinical Psychology PhD program at the University of Utah has been ranked in US News & World Report’s Doctoral Clinical Psychology Programs category and the program has been APA-accredited since 1954.

Clinical Neuropsychologist Career Information

How to become a clinical neuropsychologist.

To become a clinical neuropsychologist, you must have a doctoral-level degree in the field: a PsyD or a PhD in Psychology. All states require that applicants for licensure receive supervised postdoctoral training in their field, as well as pass the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP). The basic steps for becoming a neuropsychologist include:

• Earn a bachelor’s degree and (optionally) a master’s degree in psychology or a related field.
• Earn an accredited PsyD or PhD in Psychology with a specialization in neuropsychology.
• Complete the required supervised clinical experience in your state.
• Pass the required exam(s), including the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).
• Apply for and receive a psychology license from your state psychology board.
• Begin practicing as a neuropsychologist.
• Complete the required continuing educational requirements in order to keep your license current.

Job Description

Many clinical neuropsychologists work in medical hospitals, psychology clinics, rehabilitation centers, private practices, and other similar settings. Patients who are referred to clinical neuropsychologists may present with a variety of medical and psychological concerns, such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, neurological disorders, academic difficulties, abnormal development, acute personality changes, or general memory problems. Clinical neuropsychologists will administer and interpret neuropsychological test batteries to make diagnoses and offer recommendations to these patients. They may also provide some psychotherapy services, such as those designed to help improve memory or compensate for cognitive difficulties.

Some clinical neuropsychologists dedicate part or all of their time to research, usually at universities or academic medical centers. These psychologists conduct studies that help psychologists better understand how to diagnose and treat neuropsychological disorders. These studies may involve administering neuropsychological test batteries or using brain imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans.

Because clinical neuropsychology is a specialized area within the broader field of psychology, there is relatively little variability in the job titles for these types of psychologists. However, there are ample employment opportunities for clinical neuropsychologists, as they are in demand in many different medical and psychological settings. Possible job titles for clinical neuropsychologists include:

• Clinical neuropsychologist
• Clinical child neuropsychologist
• Clinical psychologist
• Research psychologist

Salary and Job Outlook

Clinical neuropsychologists fall under the broader Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) category of counseling, clinical, and school psychologists. BLS data from May 2019 showed that the average annual salary for this category of psychologists was $87,450. 6 Of the 113,270 counseling, clinical, and school psychologists, those working in child daycare services earned the highest average salary ($120,130), followed by those working in home health care services ($105,440). 6

It is expected that there will be a continued need for counseling, clinical, and school psychologists. The number of positions for these professionals is expected to increase by 14.7% between 2018 and 2028, which is equivalent to approximately 1,460 new jobs each year during this time period. 7 In addition, despite the increasing use of technology across many fields, counseling, clinical, and school psychology positions are considered to be particularly stable; they are estimated to have less than a 1% chance of becoming computerized. 8

Additional Resources

• American Psychological Association (APA) : National organization for psychology students and professionals. Oversees accreditation for doctoral programs and offers a variety of resources including an annual conference.
• Society for Clinical Neuropsychology (SCN) : Division of APA with resources for clinical neuropsychologists and trainees, such as scholarships, job listings, listservs, and a database of training programs providing clinical neuropsychology training.
• American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), Clinical Neuropsychology : Provides Board certification for practicing clinical neuropsychologists who have accrued a certain amount of work experience.

Frequently Asked Questions

Where do clinical neuropsychologists work.

Clinical neuropsychologists can work in almost any setting where patients are seen for psychological concerns, including outpatient and inpatient clinics as well as private practices. However, clinical neuropsychologists are particularly well-suited to work in medical settings such as neurology clinics or rehabilitation centers, as much of their work is focused on medical and biological issues that underlie cognitive and psychological problems. Clinical neuropsychologists may also work at universities if they conduct research.

What degree do I need to become a clinical neuropsychologist?

Clinical neuropsychologists must have earned a doctoral degree ( PhD or PsyD ) from a program that provides training in the professional practice of psychology as well as specialized training in neuropsychology. This degree should be earned from a program accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA), as this is required by most states for licensure as a psychologist.

How long does it take to become a clinical neuropsychologist?

A doctoral program that meets the criteria for training in clinical neuropsychology generally takes between four and seven years to complete. After this, you will likely need to complete a two-year postdoctoral fellowship in neuropsychology to be eligible for clinical neuropsychology positions. If you choose to earn a stand-alone master’s degree before entering a doctoral program, this will usually take an additional two years; however, this is an optional step. Therefore, the entire process of becoming a clinical neuropsychologist can take around 10 years.

Can I practice clinical neuropsychology with a master’s degree?

To practice as a clinical neuropsychologist, you must hold a doctoral degree from a program that offers training in clinical neuropsychology. Most states require that you earn this degree from an APA-accredited program to become licensed. Earning a stand-alone master’s degree in neuropsychology will not allow you to practice as a clinical neuropsychologist, but may be a good step for those seeking additional experience prior to doctoral programs.

Can I get a degree in clinical neuropsychology online?

Because the doctoral programs providing clinical neuropsychology training require you to complete multiple years of clinical experience as well as research projects, there are not currently any online programs that will fulfill the requirements necessary for a career as a clinical neuropsychologist.

Can I get a stand-alone master’s degree in clinical neuropsychology?

If you are interested in earning a stand-alone master’s degree prior to a doctoral degree in clinical neuropsychology, programs that provide foundational training in neuroscience will be particularly relevant. Some schools offer master’s programs in general psychology that include courses in neuroscience, while others offer specialized training in neuropsychology and related fields.

References: 1. APA Dictionary of Psychology, Neuropsychology: https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/neuropsychology 2. National Center for Education Statistics College Navigator: https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/ 3. US News & World Report National University Rankings: https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities 4. US News & World Report Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program Rankings: https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-health-schools/clinical-psychology-rankings 5. College Factual: https://www.collegefactual.com/ 6. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2019 Occupational Employment and Wages, Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes193033.htm 7. Projections Central, Long Term Occupational Projections: https://projectionscentral.org/Projections/LongTerm 8. Frey, Carl Benedikt, and Michael A. Osborne. “The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?” Technological Forecasting and Social Change , vol. 114, January 2017, pp. 254-280: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf

Welcome to Stanford Neurosciences

The Stanford Neurosciences Interdepartmental Program (IDP) offers interdisciplinary training leading to a Ph.D. in Neuroscience. The primary goal of the program is to train students to become leaders in neuroscience research, education and outreach. Graduates of the program will be innovators, investigators, and teachers whose programs and pursuits are founded on research. The signature feature of the Stanford Neurosciences IDP is the combination of outstanding faculty researchers and exceedingly bright, energetic students in a community that shares a firm and longstanding commitment to understanding the nervous system at all its levels of function.

Program News

Admissions Information Session

Join us virtually to learn more about the Stanford Neurosciences PhD program and the admissions process.

Monday, October 2, 2023

11:00 am - 12:00 pm PST

Registration:  https://stanford.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_pD6dbNZZTpyFF8mlFAxNYQ

Thank You, 2022-23 Student Reps and Committee Members!

2022-23 was a busy and engaging year in the program. Thank you to the Student Reps and Committee Members who led the way in bringing the community together!

Krishna Shenoy, engineer who reimagined how the brain makes the body move, dies at 54

Shenoy was a pioneer of neuroprosthetics, a field that paired chips implanted in the brain with algorithms able to decipher the chatter between neurons, allowing people with paralysis to control computers and mechanical limbs with their thoughts. Read more

Virtual Information Session - Monday, October 3, 2022

Virtual Information Session - Monday, October 4, 2021

Our Commitment to Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

Tirin Moore wins 2021 Pradel Research Award

Dr. Shah elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Dr. Jeffrey Goldberg elected to National Academy of Medicine

Incorporating Anti-Racism/Anti-Oppression Training for our incoming class

Thomas R. Clandinin elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Kevin Guttenplan recognized by Biosciences Excellence in Teaching Award

Karl Deisseroth wins 2020 Heineken Prize for Medicine 

Daniel Cardozo Pinto wins Gilliam Prize 

President Marc Tessier-Lavigne donates Gruber Neuroscience Prize money to support Neuro grads who are under-represented 

Cognitive Neuroscience

Information about the Cognitive Neuroscience Graduate Major

The Cognitive Neuroscience Ph.D. Program is intended for students who wish to study cognitive processes based on their underlying neural systems. It provides a strong background in both systems-level neuroscience and cognitive psychology and allows students to develop integrative research interests that cross domains. Students admitted in either the Behavioral Neuroscience or Cognitive Areas may complete this program. They will remain in their area of admission for administrative purposes. For a list of Required Courses please see the  Psychology Handbook .

What Happens to Your Brain When You Fall in Love, According to a Neuropsychologist & a Somatic Psychologist

M y whip-smart colleagues at PureWow have taught me  (a lot of chemicals are released in the brain) and  (you’re less likely to make rational decisions), but what about all the stuff that comes in between? To learn more about what happens to your brain when you fall in love—including how long-term love looks different from brand-new love—I reached out to Dr. Brian Tierney, PhD, a somatic psychologist, and Dr. Sanam Hafeez, Psy.D, a neuropsychoglogist.

Meet the Experts

What regions of the brain are involved in love .

Hafeez explains that the regions of the brain involved in love are the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex. Here’s how she tells me each of those regions plays a part:

For his part, Tierney likes to think about the brain’s connection to love in terms of two types of love—chocolate love and oatmeal love. (These aren’t scientific terms but can be useful for non-science people.) “Oatmeal love is the type of sustaining love that withstands the test of time and the ups and downs of relationships,” he tells me. “In brain biology, oatmeal love is driven by a powerful chemical cocktail that circulates through neural networks involved with the formation of long-term attachment bonds.” Chocolate love, on the other hand, tends to be less sustainable. Tierney says, “It is associated with short-term surges of chemicals in the brain that pair with the idealizing images we see in human narratives involving romantic and sexual love.”

What Happens to Your Brain When You Fall in Love?

Maskot/getty images

How Does Long-Term Love Differ in the Brain from New Love/Lust?

Let’s talk infatuation versus love . “Long-term attachment bonding involves oxytocin and brain opioids, as well as prolactin and other feel-good molecules such as dopamine,” Tierney says. “These molecules get stimulated when we are in love and are prime drivers in both caring feelings over time, and the formation of attachment-related neural networks.” Those feelings of new infatuation are different, he explains. “Lust is more about procreation, though it shares a common chemical with the attachment care system, oxytocin.”

Hafeez tells me that in the early stages of infatuation or new love, the brain experiences a surge of neurotransmitters associated with reward and pleasure, like dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to intense feelings of euphoria and heightened motivation to pursue the relationship. During this phase, she says, brain regions implicated in reward processing, like the nucleus accumbens, are highly active and contribute to the intense pleasure and desire associated with infatuation. “However, as the relationship progresses into long-term love, there is a shift towards activation of brain regions associated with attachment and bonding, such as the hypothalamus and parts of the prefrontal cortex,” she explains. “These regions support feelings of security, trust and emotional intimacy, fostering a deeper connection between partners.”

How Does Romantic Love Differ in the Brain from Other Types of Love (Platonic, Familial, etc.)?

“Romantic love differs from platonic and familial love because it fundamentally involves the lust system with its different feel-good molecules,” Tierney tells me, adding, “Non-romantic love has to do with the durable bonds sculpted by the care system of the brain.” Hafeez explains that romantic love differs from other types of love in terms of the neural pathways involved, the intensity of emotions and the behavioral manifestations. From a hormone standpoint, for example, romantic love is often characterized by fluctuations in hormones such as dopamine, oxytocin and vasopressin, which play key roles in arousal, bonding, and attachment. “While these hormones are also involved in other types of love, their levels and patterns of release may differ,” Hafeez says. Additionally, romantic love is characterized by intense feelings of passion, desire and romantic attraction towards a specific individual. “This type of love often involves idealization of the partner and a strong focus on physical and emotional intimacy,” per Hafeez. “In contrast, platonic or familial love may emphasize companionship, mutual respect and shared experiences without the same level of romantic attraction or sexual desire.”

Limerence Is All Over TikTok, but Therapists Say You’re Not Getting the Whole Story