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Browse 2 research paper writing jobs free, guru helps you connect with quality employers to find freelance jobs that match your skills..

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Posted Feb 12 | Send before Jun 4

UX Researcher [writer] & UI Designer

Hourly | $15 - $60

Looking for a skilled UX freelancer to assist my team with the following project..... I am looking..

• UX Research

Posted Nov 23 | Send before Jun 30

Makanytech AI Academy and Research BDM

Hourly | $5 - $10

Makanytech AI Research and Academy is looking for dynamic candidates to design and select the best..

• Technology Education

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Research Writing Jobs

Research Writing is a highly sought after skill in various fields. It is a type of writing that involves deep analysis and examination of the data and facts to get to a meaningful conclusion. A Research Writer, armed with the right professional skills, provides research support by collecting data from various sources, carefully selecting the content for their projects, and editing and proofreading their final drafts. They are experts at finding reliable sources of information and presenting it in an organized, concise, and clear manner.

Here's some projects that our expert Research Writers made real:

• Manufacturing detailed business plans for technology-based products
• Analyzing literary works with pinpoint accuracy
• Translating specialized concepts into written masterpieces
• Crafting captivating magazine articles
• Compiling comprehensive research papers on a variety of topics
• Editing medical documents to adhere to high standards
• Generating well informed essays on English drama
• Rewriting existing documents to fit the customer's need

Research Writing is an effective tool to bridge the information gap and bring forth ideas into paper. With Freelancer.com's experienced professionals from various fields and academic backgrounds, you can make sure your projects reaches its intended purpose effectively. Post your project now and find the perfect Research Writer for your requirements!

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I'm seeking a professional who can develop detailed project proposals, specifically geared towards adapting urban areas to the challenges of climate change. Key Responsibilities: - Designing innovative, practical, and cost-effective strategies to mitigate the impacts of global warming in urban environments. - Incorporating the latest research and best practices in climate change adaptation into your proposals. - Presenting your ideas in a clear and persuasive manner that will help secure funding and support for implementation. Ideal Candidate: - Previous experience in urban planning, environmental science, or a related field. - Demonstrated expertise in climate change adaptation, with a focus on urban areas. - Strong analytical and problem-solving skills. - Excellent written and ve...

I am seeking an informed and expert writer in the technology industry focused on software development. Specifically, my need revolves around creating a comprehensive, detailed, and engaging case study manuscript that would be geared towards industry professionals. The ideal freelancer would have: • Significant knowledge and experience in the technology industry • Expertise in software development • Proven track record in delivering well-researched and authentic case studies • Excellent writing and communication skills This project aims to provide vital insights and deepen understanding about the varied aspects of software development and provide my company products as solution. After completion, readers should have an advanced glimpse of the subject. Hence, only ...

I am seeking a personal assistant to meticulously manage every aspect of my move. This role involves a variety of tasks including: - Coordinating with various moving companies, responsible for setting up quotes and ensuring a smooth moving process. - Managing inventory, ensuring all my belongings are accounted for during the packing and unpacking process. - Handling overseas shipment coordination, should be experienced in dealing with international shipping policies and procedures. - Organizing my house for packing, separating items that need to be packed, which to be donated and sold. The perfect candidate should have prior experience as a personal assistant or in roles involving logistics and project management. Strong organizational skills, attention to detail, and the ability to hand...

I'm in need of a talented content writer who can craft compelling and engaging copy for 6-10 pages on my website. The pages range from landing pages to product descriptions, so versatility and the ability to adapt tone to different contexts is key. Key Responsibilities: - Writing high-quality, SEO-friendly content for 6-10 pages on the website - Ensuring the content is engaging, clear and on-brand - Conducting necessary research to understand the target audience and tailor the content to their needs Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in content writing, particularly for websites - Strong understanding of SEO and how to incorporate keywords effectively - Ability to adapt writing styles for different purposes and audiences - Creative thinking and problem-solving skills t...

I need an assignment maker who can craft high-quality content on a range of topics. This is a radio assignment. While specific information on the subject, deadline, and word count are currently unavailable, I need a professional who can handle various assignment types with ease. Ideal candidates for this job should: - Be highly skilled in crafting assignments in various subjects such as Science, History, and Mathematics - Have a thorough understanding of how to structure and format assignments appropriately - Be able to work efficiently and meet deadlines, even if they're tight - Demonstrate the ability to create engaging and informative content at different word lengths If you're a seasoned assignment maker who can work on a broad spectrum of topics and deliver top-quality w...

I'm in need of task contributors who can assist with both Data Entry and Content Writing. Requirements: - Completion of 10-20 tasks: Your scope of work would involve finishing 10-20 tasks in total. - Utilization of an existing platform: While I'm looking for contributors to assist with the tasks, I already have an existing platform for task distribution and management. You will be given access to this platform to complete your assignments. Please ensure: - Accurate data entry: For the data entry tasks, I expect a high level of accuracy. Attention to detail is a must. - Quality content writing: Your content should be well-written and error-free. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Previous experience in data entry and content writing is a plus. - Time-management and ability to m...

I'm seeking a Customer Service professional with a strong command of English to handle email support for my E-Commerce business. Key Responsibilities: - Responding to customer inquiries and issues via email in a timely and professional manner. - Providing product information, handling returns and exchanges, resolving complaints, and ensuring customer satisfaction. Requirements: - Proficiency in English and excellent writing skills. - Previous experience in customer service, particularly in an E-Commerce setting, is highly preferred. - Strong time management skills and ability to work 1-4 hours per day. - Familiarity with E-Commerce platforms and understanding of customer service best practices. - Understand and able to use Google Workspace Ideal Candidate: - A proactive, customer-...

I'm looking for a professional to help drive innovation and continuous improvement in my organization. Key Responsibilities: - Provide strategic guidance on innovation and improvement in my organization - Propose and implement best practices in innovation and continuous improvement - Help develop and implement processes for ongoing innovation and improvement Skills Required: - Strong background in innovation management - Proven track record of continuous improvement in organizations - Excellent strategic thinking and problem-solving skills - Knowledge of best practices in innovation and improvement - Strong communication and collaboration skills This role requires someone who will bring fresh, creative ideas to the table and drive measurable improvements in our organization. Your ...

I am searching for a research expert to compose a high-quality paper on the long-term impact that experiencing parental gambling addiction has on adults. The focus of this paper will be comprehensive, Aim: To examine the long-term impact of parental gambling addiction on adults. Objectives: To evaluate mental health outcomes in adult children exposed to parental gambling addiction during childhood. Literature Review It will review the literature on the impact of parental addiction and specifically gambling addiction on children, looking at how this has been studied in psychological, familial and social-economic terms. It will summarise key theories and findings relating to this issue.

I'm in need of an experienced editor for my research paper. I'm looking for someone with expertise in editing academic papers related to ports, maritime, transportation, sustainability. The paper is more than 7000 words including references. The ideal candidate should have a strong command of writing research paper and publication in SCOPUS or ABDC journals.

I require an experienced individual who can help me in formatting my academic journal paper according to the Chicago referencing style. Here's what the project entails: - Formatting the paper in Microsoft Word - Implementing the Chicago referencing style throughout the document - Proofreading the paper for grammar and spelling - Ensuring proper formatting of figures and tables - Running a plagiarism check Ideal candidates for this job should have: - Proficiency in Microsoft Word - Experience with academic writing and formatting - In-depth understanding of the Chicago referencing style - Strong proofreading skills - Ability to format figures and tables in a professional manner - Familiarity with plagiarism detection tools Please provide your relevant experience and a quote for this...

I'm seeking an individual well-versed in Business Studies and proficient in English to meticulously review a 1000-2000 word assignment. Key Details: - Word Count: The assignment falls within the range of 1000-2000 words. - Editing Level: I require in-depth editing, focusing on refining the assignment's style, voice, and argumentation. - Objective: The main purpose of the assignment is to analyze, so it's crucial that the editor has a strong understanding of analytical writing. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in editing academic or business-related content. - Expertise in Business Studies to ensure accurate and insightful review of the assignment's content. - An advanced command of the English language to enhance the document's style and clarity....

Translators needed to do translate English file to European languages. We need help translating some documents from English to Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Turkish, Finnish, French, Georgian, German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, etc

I'm looking for a talented writer who can create a high-quality document that educates financial professionals about e-money. Key details: - Aim: The main purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive understanding of e-money. - Target Audience: Financial professionals. It is essential that the writer can effectively communicate complex concepts to an audience already familiar with financial systems. - Level of Detail: While I have not specified a level of detail, I am aiming for a thorough understanding of e-money concepts within the document. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Prior writing experience in the financial sector is a plus. - Strong research skills. - Ability to explain complex concepts in an easy-to-understand manner. Please include a brief overview of your re...

General research Services required Looking for a proficient researcher to provide comprehensive research services e.g., market trends, competitive analysis, industry insights. The ideal candidate will have a knack for gathering and analyzing data, attention to detail, and the ability to deliver accurate and timely reports. Strong communication skills and the capability to present findings in a clear and concise manner are essential. If you have a proven track record in delivering high-quality research, we'd love to hear from you! Requirement; 1. Filled Verification form with Sign and Stamp along with verifier details. 2. 5-6 geotagged photos in which name board of Issuing Authority is visible. 3. In-case of refusal, I need written refusal statement with Sign and Stamp along with det...

I need a proficient writer to craft a methodology section for my thesis in social sciences. The section is to be focused on a quantitative research methodology. Requirements: - Expertise in social sciences and academic writing - Proven experience in writing methodology sections, particularly for thesis or dissertation in quantitative research - Strong understanding and experience in quantitative research methodology - Familiarity with the specific requirements of thesis writing in the social sciences The ideal candidate should have a solid background in social sciences, be able to work with quantitative research data, and have a proven track record in producing high-quality, academic writing. A good understanding of the specific requirements of thesis writing will be a plus. Please pro...

We are currently seeking an experienced and highly skilled Junior Advocate to join our team, specializing in criminal cases. This role requires a minimum of 4 years of experience in criminal law practice, as well as a strong passion for advocating for justice. Key Responsibilities: Handle all aspects of criminal cases, from client intake to trial sessions. Conduct extensive legal research and prepare compelling legal arguments and briefs. Represent clients in criminal proceedings, including court appearances and negotiations. Work closely with senior advocates to develop effective defense strategies. Provide legal advice and guidance to clients, ensuring their rights are protected. Maintain accurate case records and stay updated with developments in criminal law. Required Skills and Qua...

I need a seasoned professional who can help in enhancing our existing Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) framework, integrating it with blockchain technology. Key Tasks: - Policy Development and Implementation: Expertise in developing and implementing comprehensive GRC policies is crucial. - Security Vulnerability Assessments and Testing: The ability to conduct thorough security vulnerability assessments and testing is necessary. - Incident Response Planning and Management: Experience in incident response planning and management is a must. - Enhancing GRC Framework with Blockchain: Expertise in integrating the GRC framework with blockchain to strengthen data integrity and security, improve transparency and immutability, and enable decentralized and automated compliance monitoring. T...

My organization is actively seeking a talented and experienced grant researcher and writer. I am aiming to secure Government, Foundation and Corporate grants with a focus particularly in the Education and Mentoring sectors. • KEY TASKS - Thorough grant research to pinpoint opportunities that align with my organization's mission and context. - Drafting compelling grant proposals for the identified opportunities. - Previous experience in writing successful grant proposals is desirable. The grants, once obtained, will be instrumental in facilitating funding for a specific program that my organization is venturing into. Candidates with a robust understanding of navigating the grant landscape, particularly for both the education and mentoring sectors, are encouraged to apply. A t...

I require a detailed, strategic plan to secure funding to expand my operations, specifically concerning physical facility enhancements. This will involve building a strong case that will effectively capture potential investors. The focus is on conveying the potential of my operational growth and how investing will lead to considerable business profitability. Essential Skills and Experience: - Expertise in creating compelling investment proposals - Extensive experience in financial planning and strategy - Deep understanding of operational scaling and expansion tactics - Strong knowledge of the current market and its investment patterns - Previous exposure to work relating to physical facility expansion is plus. Tasks included: - Analyze current operations and potential for expansion - De...

I'm in need of a professional who can help me set up a comprehensive task tracker in Microsoft Project. The tracker will be instrumental in monitoring and evaluating the progress of my project. - Track Tasks: The professional should be able to categorize tasks into the Planning, Execution, Monitoring, and Evaluation stages. - Manage Resources: As I have between 5-10 resources assigned to the project, the tracker should be able to assign and manage these resources efficiently. - Reporting: I'd prefer the use of Microsoft Project Professional to generate detailed reports. These reports should include the start and end dates of tasks, actual start and end dates, and any delays encountered. It should also highlight the implications these delays may have on the project. Ideal Skill...

Overview The project aims to create a comprehensive study resource for students preparing for the IQN Theoretical exam. This includes the development of a workbook containing all extracted questions and 15 quizzes with specific formats and auto-grading features. Components Workbook Quizzes Workbook Details Purpose: Allow students to practice questions anytime without time constraints. Content: All extracted questions from the provided question bank. Format: No time limit. Questions are accessible at any time. Shuffle mode enabled to randomize question order. Quiz Details Total Quizzes: 15 Structure: Part A: 8 drug calculation questions. Part B: 112 other questions. Total Questions per Quiz: 120 Time Limit: 120 minutes per quiz (1 minute per question). Feature: Auto-grading at the end of t...

I'm currently working on my PhD thesis focused on advancing innovation in Nephrology through Science and Technology. I'm looking forward to collaborating with individuals who are deeply knowledgeable in: • Nephrology: A thorough understanding of kidney-related illnesses, treatments, and medical technologies is vital. • Medical research: Since this is a PhD thesis, research experience, particularly in the medical field, is critical. • Scientific writing: Your writing should be logical, precise, yet loaded with insights. Experience in writing or editing academic papers is highly preferred. The goal is to create a rigorous and impactful PhD thesis. If you're as excited about this project as I am, I can't wait to hear from you.

I'm seeking a proficient biostatistician with a specialization in Epidemiology to help me with my project. The tasks required include: - Providing statistical consulting - Conducting statistical research - Assistance in the analysis of retrospective cohort data and finally, - Interpretation and writing of methods and results. Experience in clinical trial data analysis will also be advantageous. Your insightful input and expertise will be pivotal to the success of my project. Looking forward to collaborating with you.

As an organisation within the engineering sector, we are in need of the following expertise: - QA and Compliance: We're looking for professionals with experience in quality control. Your role will be to develop a quality control system for the documentation of enginnering to the ISO9001 Standard. - Policy and Procedure Writing: We need skilled writers to prepare comprehensive quality control procedures and policies manual. The ideal candidate should have: - Proven experience in quality control, preferably within the engineering industry - A keen understanding of the compliance requirements in this field - Strong writing skills and the ability to communicate complex information simply and clearly The project will involve close collaboration with our engineering team ...

I am in need of a detailed analysis of data related to 100 Chinese state-owned enterprises. Key components of the analysis should underline: 1. Scope of Business: - Business sectors covered - Global market share within each sector 2. CEO Profiles: - Detailed background information on each CEO In order to comprehend and present the findings efficiently, I am favoring three mediums: - Excel spreadsheet for better data representation and identification - PowerPoint presentation to clearly illustrate and portray all findings - A written report to provide a detailed, comprehensive overview of the data analysis findings - Interviews with selected CEOs I strongly recommend that freelancers interested in taking up this project should possess formidable research and analytical skill...

I am in need of a well-researched and compelling Ph.D. thesis in the field of music education, with a specific focus on curriculum development. I'm looking for a seasoned academic writer with experience in literature and a deep understanding of music education. The ideal freelancer for this project should have: - A strong academic writing background, preferably with extensive experience in Ph.D. thesis writing. - Detailed knowledge or experience in the field of music education. - A good grasp of curriculum development in music education. - Ability to deliver original, high-quality, and plagiarism-free content. Your primary task will be to professionally discuss and argue about curriculum development in music education, making sure to incorporate substantial literature and theories....

I'm in urgent need for a PowerPoint expert to create a comprehensive training material on Google Cloud platform. The material will cover key topics including Cloud Computing Basics, Google Cloud Services, and Data Storage and Management in Google Cloud. The estimated duration of the training material is 16 hours, so you will need to prepare a substantial and engaging presentation. Key requirements: - Develop a detailed, engaging training material in PowerPoint - Must cover Cloud Computing Basics, Google Cloud Services, and Data Storage and Management in Google Cloud - Ensure content is suitable for a 16-hour training course - Deliver the material as soon as possible Ideal skills and experience for this job include: - Professional experience in cloud computing and Google Cloud platfo...

I am in dire need of a freelancer who excels in economic research. Your task mainly involves conducting extensive and thorough research in the economic field, enabling the production of content driven by rich, well-researched information. - Expectation: A detailed project proposal that outlines how you will approach this task, your method of research, and what form of outputs we can look forward to. - Ideal Skills and Expertise: Your expertise and skills in economic research should be top-notch, well-proven with past work or projects. Let's delve into the realms of economics and create insightful and meaningful content together. Please be prepared to discuss your previous work and demonstrate your research skills. I thank you in advance for your detailed project proposals.

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I need a skilled Wikipedia editor to create a comprehensive biography page for a well-known, currently active politician. Besides their political work, this individual is also noteworthy for founding numerous educational institutions in India. Key Sections Needed: - Early life and education - Political achievements and milestones (including elected positions held, major policy initiatives, legislative achievements) - Contributions to education This project needs immediate attention, and therefore, I am seeking someone who can get started ASAP. Ideal Candidate Qualities: - Previous experience in Wikipedia editing - Proficient in researching political figures - Familiarity with Indian politics and academic institutions.

I am in need of comprehensive research focused on the advanced topic of clear aligners in restorative dentistry. The chosen freelancer will ideally possess a deep understanding and experience in dental healthcare and research, especially in restorative dentistry. Key Research Topics: - The effectiveness of clear aligners. - Advantages of using clear aligners. - Different types of clear aligners used in the field. Material Focus: - Primary focus on Composite Resins, Heated Conventional Composites, and Flowable Composites used for the attachment of clear aligners. This research should be well-detailed and accurately presented, showing a clear understanding of the subject matter. The research will be pivotal in improving patient care and enhancing our dental restoration practices. Medical...

I'm in need of a skilled auditor, one who is practiced in crafting and revising audit reports in compliance with government auditing standards. Taking a draft I have already prepared, the task encompasses enhancing the report in three specific areas: • Report Efficiency: Streamlining the report’s flow to ensure it communicates the required information without redundancies. • Report Accuracy: Verifying the precision of the information presented within the report, assuring its reliability. • Report Readability: Fine-tuning the draft so it is easily understood by all readers. The audit report's primary purpose is to evaluate internal controls, identify improvements areas and provide effective recommendations for a performance audit. The assessment of the inter...

I'm seeking a versatile and skilled writer to compose a 1,000-1,500 word article. Since the topic and audience were not specifically identified, the ideal candidate should be experienced and comfortable to write across multiple subjects, and for varying audiences, be it students, parents, or professionals. The written piece should evoke interest, be insightful, and cater to a broad readership. Desired Skills: - Outstanding research capabilities - Adaptable writing style - Familiarity with various subjects, such as technology, health, or travel. - Experience writing for diverse audiences - Excellent command of English language - Ability to write comprehensive, engaging content within given word limit.

I'm new to Kali Linux and am seeking a professional tutor to guide me through the basics and beyond. Key Points: - A solid understanding of Kali Linux is a must. - Experience as an educator, especially in remote teaching, is a plus. - Profound communication skills are necessary to explain complex technical concepts in a simple, understandable way. - Patience and the ability to adapt teaching methods to the student's pace and style are crucial. - The tutor should ideally be able to provide learning resources and exercises to reinforce my knowledge. The goal of this project is to help me gain a foundational understanding of Kali Linux, ultimately becoming proficient in this operating system.

I am seeking an expert to develop an e-learning platform tailored towards professionals. This platform should contain: - Video tutorials - Written guides - Interactive quizzes The chief goal of the platform is to facilitate knowledge sharing. Freelancers with experience in creating engaging and interactive learning materials will be preferred. You should possess a strong understanding of professionals' learning needs and style. Proficiency in creating diverse content formats (videos, written content, and quizzes) is also essential for this project. The ability to integrate these various formats seamlessly into a comprehensible learning path would be a significant advantage. The ideal outcome is a platform that effectively cultivates professional skills and knowledge through engaging...

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I was in a car accident and have been under medication and have not been doing well. I have the proof of the accident claim.

I require the services of a UK-based solicitor with experience in professional negligence to draft a letter before taking legal action. Key Responsibilities: - Draft a legally sound and persuasive letter outlining the case of professional negligence. - The letter should effectively communicate the intention to proceed with legal action if the matter is not resolved amicably. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Qualified solicitor with a specialization in professional negligence. - Demonstrated experience in drafting legal letters for similar cases. - Profound understanding of UK law and regulations pertaining to professional negligence. - Strong communication and negotiation skills. Your expertise and attention to detail are crucial in crafting a compelling legal argument that puts the recip...

I'm looking for a talented writer to help me create a unique and engaging blog centered around microorganisms. The blog will primarily focus on bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Key Requirements: - In-depth knowledge and understanding of various microorganisms, their characteristics, and differences. - Proven experience in creating educational content, ideally related to science or biology. - Ability to transform complex scientific information into engaging and easily understandable content for the general public. - Strong attention to detail and accuracy in presenting scientific facts. Please note that while the blog's primary focus is educational, it should also aim to pique the curiosity of the general audience and make the topic of microorganisms interesting and acces...

As a growing business with under 50 team members, we require an intermediate-level HR professional to comprehensively handle our HR functions. Our project involves: 1. Recruitment and Hiring: You will be in charge of sourcing and vetting potential candidates to build our expanding team. 2. Employee Training and Development: You must be adept at identifying areas for staff improvement, developing training programs or workshops, and assisting our team in their professional development. 3. Policy and Procedure Development: The perfect candidate would assist in the formulation and implementation of comprehensive HR policies and procedures to streamline our operations. Previous experience in all these areas is preferred, as is the ability to effectively communicate and negotiate. A ...

I am looking for a specialist in temporal reasoning to guide me in understanding intermediate theories and models of temporal logic. Key Requirements: - Comprehensive Knowledge: I need someone with a deep understanding of temporal logic, particularly at an intermediate level. - Teaching Skills: The ability to explain complex concepts in a clear and understandable manner is crucial. - Supportive: I need someone who is patient and willing to answer all my questions as I learn. The ideal candidate should have experience with tutoring or teaching in the field of temporal logic. A background in computer science, mathematics, or a related field would be beneficial.

I'm currently seeking a competent and experienced Singapore lawyer to represent my mother in legal proceedings following the rejection of her Employment Pass (EP) application. Key Tasks: - Review the rejection and advise on potential appeal - Develop a strong case on my mom's behalf - Represent her in legal proceedings Ideal Skills: - Proven track record in employment law, specifically EP cases - Excellent communication and negotiation skills - Strong understanding of Singapore's legal system and employment pass regulations - Ability to work remotely and communicate effectively via email Your support would be greatly valued as we aim to resolve this issue promptly and efficiently. Please provide any relevant experience or case studies when bidding.

I need help to complete some questions. These need to be answered using the Tempura formula.

Hey there skilled Wikipedia editors! I am in need of your expertise to perfect the page related to a psychological theory. Key tasks you need to complete: - Focus mainly on adjusting the 'Key Concepts and Principles' section. I want to ensure that all the information laid out here is accurate, clear and engaging to the readers. - I am not looking for sweeping changes. However, a thorough brushing-up of the text and integrating relevant citations where needed will be helpful. Skills and experience ideal for the job are: - Excellent Wikipedia editing abilities. - Considerable understanding of psychological theory. - Proven experience in academic writing or similar. - Ability to reference accurately following Wikipedia guidelines. - High attention to detail. Shepharding the sub...

As a business, I'm in urgent need of a highly skilled and experienced business coach who can provide me with guidance and support across multiple areas of my company. Key responsibilities would include: - Providing me with expert guidance in marketing, sales and leadership strategies - Regularly reviewing my business performance and providing constructive feedback on areas that need improvement - Assisting me in developing a solid business plan that aligns with company goals and market trends - Ensuring that I remain up-to-date with the latest industry trends and best practices in marketing, sales and leadership The ideal candidate for this role should have: - A proven track record of success in coaching businesses, particularly in marketing, sales, and leadership - Excellent commun...

I'm looking for a Human Resource Consultant who can assist in Talent Acquisition and HR Operations. Key Responsibilities: - Assisting in the recruitment process by understanding the business needs and sourcing the right candidates. - Managing day-to-day HR operations including but not limited to employee relations, policies, and compliance. Ideal Skills & Experience: - Proven experience in Talent Acquisition and HR Operations. - Excellent communication and interpersonal skills. - Previous experience in organizational development is a plus. Communication: I prefer to communicate with the freelancer through video calls for better understanding and clarity. Please include your past work in your application. Looking forward to seeing how your expertise and experience ali...

I am in need of a highly skilled OSINT expert to assist me in a specific investigative project. Key Deliverables: - Carry out social media monitoring, background checks, and online investigations to gather intelligence on a specific individual or group. - Deliver an interactive report with links and multimedia evidence. Ideal Candidate: - Proven experience in conducting OSINT investigations, with a strong background in social media monitoring, background checks, and online research. - Capable of delivering high-quality, detailed, and interactive reports that present findings clearly and comprehensively. - Strong analytical skills and the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from the data gathered. - Image Research - All Information about the target - Delivered as a pdf Report This p...

As I navigate through a family court case focusing on child custody and property issues, I'm in need of a professional who can prepare a comprehensive responding paper for the hearing. The ideal candidate should have: - Extensive experience working on family court cases related to child custody and property division - An understanding of shared parenting arrangements which is my preference for child custody - The ability to articulate my preferred outcomes effectively in written legal documents - A proven track record in crafting well-structured, persuasive legal documents A thorough understanding and prior experience in family law is a must; prowess in presenting behaviors supporting shared parenting is also essential. Your expertise will play a crucial role in helping the court un...

I'm looking for a dedicated and capable business supporter to join my tech-related project. The ideal candidate should be an EU citizen between 29 and 35 years old. Responsibilities: - Client Communication: You will be responsible for handling communication with clients, ensuring their queries are addressed promptly and professionally. - Project Coordination: You will need to manage the coordination of tasks within the project, ensuring timelines are met and that the project stays on track. Key Requirements: - Must be a fluent English speaker as this will be the primary language of communication. - Previous experience in client communication and project coordination is highly desirable. - Having a background or understanding of the technology sector will be a plus. If you poss...

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Freelance Writing Jobs: Make Money Writing Academic Papers!

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• 21 May 2024

Pay researchers to spot errors in published papers

• Malte Elson 0

Malte Elson is an associate professor of the psychology of digitalization at the University of Bern, Switzerland.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

You have full access to this article via your institution.

In 2023, Google awarded a total of US$10 million to researchers who found vulnerabilities in its products. Why? Because allowing errors to go undetected could be much costlier. Data breaches could lead to refund claims, reduced customer trust or legal liability.

It’s not just private technology companies that invest in such ‘bug bounty’ programmes. Between 2016 and 2021, the US Department of Defense awarded more than US$650,000 to people who found weaknesses in its networks .

Just as many industries devote hefty funding to incentivizing people to find and report bugs and glitches, so the science community should reward the detection and correction of errors in the scientific literature. In our industry, too, the costs of undetected errors are staggering.

Retractions are increasing, but not enough

That’s why I have joined with meta-scientist Ian Hussey at the University of Bern and psychologist Ruben Arslan at Leipzig University in Germany to pilot a bug-bounty programme for science, funded by the University of Bern. Our project, Estimating the Reliability and Robustness of Research (ERROR), pays specialists to check highly cited published papers, starting with the social and behavioural sciences (see go.nature.com/4bmlvkj ). Our reviewers are paid a base rate of up to 1,000 Swiss francs (around US$1,100) for each paper they check, and a bonus for any errors they find. The bigger the error, the greater the reward — up to a maximum of 2,500 francs.

Authors who let us scrutinize their papers are compensated, too: 250 francs to cover the work needed to prepare files or answer reviewer queries, and a bonus 250 francs if no errors (or only minor ones) are found in their work.

ERROR launched in February and will run for at least four years. So far, we have sent out almost 60 invitations, and 13 sets of authors have agreed to have their papers assessed. One review has been completed , revealing minor errors.

I hope that the project will demonstrate the value of systematic processes to detect errors in published research. I am convinced that such systems are needed, because current checks are insufficient.

Structure peer review to make it more robust

Unpaid peer reviewers are overburdened , and have little incentive to painstakingly examine survey responses, comb through lists of DNA sequences or cell lines, or go through computer code line by line. Mistakes frequently slip through. And researchers have little to gain personally from sifting through published papers looking for errors. There is no financial compensation for highlighting errors , and doing so can see people marked out as troublemakers.

Yet failing to keep abreast of this issue comes at a huge cost. Imagine a single PhD student building their work on an erroneous finding. In Switzerland, their cumulative salary alone will run to six figures. Flawed research that is translated into health care, policymaking or engineering can harm people. And there are opportunity costs — for every grant awarded to a project unknowingly building on errors, another project is not pursued.

Like technology companies, stakeholders in science must realize that making error detection and correction part of the scientific landscape is a sound investment.

Funders, for instance, have a vested interest in ensuring that the money that they distribute as grants is not wasted. Publishers stand to improve their reputations by ensuring that some of their resources are spent on quality management. And, by supporting these endeavours, scientific associations could help to foster a culture in which acknowledgement of errors is considered normal — or even commendable — and not a mark of shame.

How ‘research impact bonds’ could transform science funding

I know that ERROR is a bold experiment. Some researchers might have qualms. I’ve been asked whether reviewers might exaggerate the gravity of errors in pursuit of a large bug bounty, or attempt to smear a colleague they dislike. It’s possible, but hyperbole would be a gamble, given that all reviewer reports are published on our website and are not anonymized. And we guard against exaggeration. A ‘recommender’ from among ERROR’s staff and advisory board members — none of whom receive a bounty — acts as an intermediary, weighing up reviewer findings and author responses before deciding on the payout.

Another fair criticism is that ERROR’s paper selection will be biased. The ERROR team picks papers that are highly cited and checks them only if the authors agree to it. Authors who suspect their work might not withstand scrutiny could be less likely to opt in. But selecting papers at random would introduce a different bias, because we would be able to assess only those for which some minimal amount of data and code was freely available. And we’d spend precious resources checking some low-impact papers that only a few people build research on.

My goal is not to prove that a bug-bounty programme is the best mechanism for correcting errors, or that it is applicable to all science. Rather, I want to start a conversation about the need for dedicated investment in error detection and correction. There are alternatives to bug bounties — for instance, making error detection its own viable career path and hiring full-time scientific staff to check each institute’s papers. Of course, care would be needed to ensure that such schemes benefited researchers around the world equally.

Scholars can’t expect errors to go away by themselves. Science can be self-correcting — but only if we invest in making it so.

Nature 629 , 730 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01465-y

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The author declares no competing interests.

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How to Write a Conclusion for Research Paper | Examples

The conclusion of a research paper plays a crucial role in determining the overall impact and effectiveness of your work.

Despite its significance, it is often given less attention compared to the introduction and body sections of the paper.

The conclusion serves as a brief recapitulation of the main discoveries, their importance, implications, and provides a sense of completion to the study.

It is particularly valuable to explore how these discoveries can be applied in practical situations or inform policies, practices, or decision-making processes, benefiting practitioners and policymakers alike.

Moreover, the conclusion provides researchers with clear insights and valuable data for their own research, allowing them to build upon these findings and contribute to the progress of knowledge in the field.

Writing a unique research paper conclusion involves highlighting the importance of your findings within the wider context of your field.

This section should reaffirm how your results add to the existing knowledge base and whether they support or question established theories or hypotheses.

By pinpointing unresolved issues or areas that warrant deeper exploration, you showcase your understanding of the broader research environment.

It’s crucial to customize the research paper conclusion to suit the specific preferences and concerns of your target audience, be it researchers, practitioners, policymakers, or a blend of these stakeholders.

This tailored approach ensures that your conclusion resonates effectively and delivers meaningful insights to your intended readership.

Table of Contents

A conclusion in a research paper is the final section that encapsulates and summarizes your study, highlighting the main findings and insights.

It is essential to avoid introducing new information or data that wasn’t covered in the main body of the paper.

When writing the conclusion, focus on summarizing and interpreting the content discussed earlier.

Purpose of the Research Paper Conclusion

The purpose of the research paper conclusion includes:

• Alerting readers to the potential consequences of ignoring the problem.
• Suggesting specific actions to address the issue.
• Reiterating key points to reinforce the main arguments of your research.
• Delivering a memorable takeaway message for readers to remember your study.

The conclusion of a research paper is the section where you consolidate your ideas and leave the reader with a lasting final impression.

It aims to achieve several key objectives:

• Restate the problem statement addressed in the paper.
• Summarize your overall arguments or findings.
• Highlight the key takeaways from your paper.

The content of the conclusion may vary based on whether your paper presents original empirical research results or constructs an argument through engagement with various sources.

Types of Research Paper Conclusions

1. editorial conclusion.

An editorial conclusion presents your own concluding ideas or commentary. This type of conclusion connects your thoughts to the research, allowing you to express how you feel about the outcomes, results, or topic in general.

It adds a personal touch and can provide a reflective insight into the significance of your research findings.

2. Summarizing Conclusion

A summarizing conclusion provides a clear summary of the main points and thesis. This is the most common form and is ideal for giving a concise recap of your topic. It ensures that the reader leaves with a solid understanding of the essential findings and arguments presented in your paper.

3. Externalizing Conclusion

An externalizing conclusion introduces points or ideas that may not have been directly stated or relevant to the main presentation of your research.

This type of conclusion can be effective for presenting new ideas that build off your initial research topic. It offers a broader perspective, suggesting further implications or areas for additional study.

Examples of Types of Research Paper Conclusions

Here are examples of different types of research paper conclusions:

1. Example: Summarizing Conclusion

Research Topic: Impact of social media on adolescents’ mental health

Conclusion Example: In conclusion, our study has shown that increased usage of social media is significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression among adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex relationship between social media and mental health to develop effective interventions and support systems for this vulnerable population.

2. Example: Editorial Conclusion

Research Topic: Environmental impact of plastic waste

Conclusion Example: In light of our research findings, it is clear that we are facing a plastic pollution crisis. To mitigate this issue, we strongly recommend a comprehensive ban on single-use plastics, increased recycling initiatives, and public awareness campaigns to change consumer behavior. The responsibility falls on governments, businesses, and individuals to take immediate actions to protect our planet and future generations.

3. Example: Externalizing Conclusion

Research Topic: Exploring applications of AI in healthcare

Conclusion Example: While our study has provided insights into the current applications of AI in healthcare, the field is rapidly evolving. Future research should delve deeper into the ethical, legal, and social implications of AI in healthcare, as well as the long-term outcomes of AI-driven diagnostics and treatments. Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaboration between computer scientists, medical professionals, and policymakers is essential to harness the full potential of AI while addressing its challenges.

The Significance of a Strong Research Paper Conclusion

Provides implications and suggestions.

The conclusion of a research paper is a valuable moment to discuss the broader impacts of your research and propose potential areas for further investigation. It also allows you to present practical suggestions based on your findings, offering a roadmap for future research or real-world application.

Delivers a Sense of Completion

A well-crafted conclusion provides a feeling of completion to your paper. It ensures that the reader feels they have reached the end of a coherent and insightful research project, enhancing the overall effectiveness of your work.

Creates a Lasting Impact

Writing an impactful conclusion ensures that you leave a memorable impression on your readers. It’s your final chance to leave them with a new perspective, a call to action, or a noteworthy quote. An effective conclusion can solidify the importance of your research and make sure your main points stay with the reader long after they’ve finished reading.

How to Write a Conclusion for Your Research Paper

Restate the research statement.

Begin your conclusion by briefly restating your research statement. This helps remind the reader of the primary objective you aim to achieve throughout your paper. Keep this restatement concise and to the point.

Water pollution has increased since 2010, leading to a decrease in aquatic wildlife and an increase in unsafe drinking water. Avoid using phrases like “in conclusion” as they can be too obvious in written essays, though they may be suitable for oral presentations. Ensure that the purpose of your conclusion is clear from its placement within the essay.

Summarize Key Points

Next, provide a summary of the main arguments and key points discussed in your paper. This should be a concise overview, avoiding the introduction of any new information. The goal is to reinforce the significant findings and insights from your research.

You can summarize the key findings of your research paper by reviewing it again and selecting the most relevant facts and arguments. Focus on summarizing without adding new information beyond what’s already presented. This recap aims to remind the reader of the research topic’s importance.

For example:

“The rise in sugar farming has led to higher pollutant levels in freshwater, causing significant declines in marine life, fish mortality, increased respiratory illnesses in local populations, and contributed to clean drinking water shortages.”

Address Research Questions

If your paper is structured around specific research questions or hypotheses, briefly address whether you’ve answered them or met your research goals. Discuss the importance of your findings in relation to these questions.

Highlight the Significance

Emphasize the importance and relevance of your research in the broader context. Explain why your findings matter and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge in your field.

Explore Implications

Discuss the practical or theoretical implications of your research. Consider how your findings might impact future research, policy-making, or real-world applications. Address the “so what?” question to demonstrate the significance of your work.

Suggest Future Research

Offer suggestions for future research based on your findings. Identify any questions or areas that remain unanswered or require further investigation. This indicates that your work paves the way for continued exploration.

Conclude with a Closing Thought

End your conclusion with a thought-provoking or memorable statement. This final sentence should leave a lasting impression on your readers and effectively wrap up your paper. Avoid introducing any new information or arguments in this section.

Here’s an example of a concluding sentence that addresses unanswered questions and encourages further thought or action:

“In light of these findings, it is imperative that we continue to explore sustainable alternatives to commercial farming practices. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to safeguard our environment and ensure food security for future generations.”

Proofread and Revise

Finally, carefully proofread your conclusion for any grammatical or spelling errors and ensure clarity. Make sure that your ideas flow smoothly and that your conclusion is coherent and well-structured.

Guidelines for Writing a Research Paper Conclusion

Here are some general rules and helpful tips for writing the conclusion of a research paper:

• Clarity and Conciseness: Keep your thesis statement, main points, and summarizing facts clear and concise in the conclusion. Avoid introducing new information or arguments that were not previously discussed in the paper.
• Summarizing Format: If you’re unsure where to start, stick to a basic summarizing format for your conclusion. This format typically includes restating the thesis, summarizing the main points, and stating the significance of the findings.
• Synthesize Information: Synthesize the information presented in your paper by providing answers to questions posed in the introduction, summarizing key results, offering suggestions for future research, or proposing resolutions to arguments presented in the paper.
• Relevance: Include only the most relevant points and arguments from your paper in the conclusion. Focus on highlighting the key takeaways that support your thesis and main points.
• Experimentation: While the summarizing format is a good starting point, feel free to experiment with other conclusion styles that suit your paper’s content and objectives. However, ensure that each element you include relates directly to the purpose and content of your paper.

Example of a conclusion for a research paper

A well-crafted conclusion should summarize your research paper effectively by addressing these five key elements:

• Restate the research topic.
• Repeat the thesis statement.
• Summarize the main points.
• State the significance of the findings.
• Conclude with final thoughts.

Misbah Rashid, an expert in Technology Management, holds an MBA and an MS in Information Systems and Technology Management. She has experience teaching marketing and technology in business at the university level.

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• Essay Writing Guides

100+ Marketing Research Paper Topics to Explore in 2024

Marketing is an interesting sphere to study and work in. However, as a student, you might face many writing assignments that require you to explore new marketing topics and concepts. How do you find exciting marketing topics to examine? Which marketing research topics are trending today? 

We have answered all your questions in this guide to winning marketing research paper topics . But let’s start from the basics – what are marketing research topics ? In fact, marketing topics can be about anything related to promoting a product, brand, or service via a variety of channels. 

By choosing research-worthy and fresh marketing research topics , you guarantee yourself a high grade for the critical insight and in-depth understanding of the course’s material. Therefore, it’s vitally important to know how to spot good marketing research paper topics that offer a wide area for critical investigation and research inquiry. 

How to Choose Interesting Marketing Research Topics ? 

When you’re in search of interesting marketing research topics , you may use the following tips to land on great marketing research ideas without fail. 

• Scan the list of marketing research paper topics suggested by your professor. There should be many variants of marketing topics to explore. 
• Google recent and fresh marketing topics to ensure your study is relevant to the present-day industry trends. 
• Explore evergreen marketing research paper topics that always attract attention. 
• Consider marketing research topics that link theory and practice. Look for marketing topics in your niche and explore them by using an example of a concrete company or business. 
• Don’t stick to one opinion when exploring marketing research paper topics . There are always multiple approaches and perspectives on marketing topics , and you can compare and contrast them by applying your critical thinking and analytical skills. 

Your Ultimate List of Marketing Research Topics  

To help you with marketing topics to write about , we’ve scanned the web and hand-picked a list of marketing topics for all occasions. Use these interesting marketing topics to speed up the writing process and get a high grade for creativity and thought-provoking content. 

Digital Marketing Research Topics  

Do you need research-worthy marketing research paper topics in the digital domain? Here are some fresh digital marketing research topics that will impress your professor. 

• Inbound marketing. 
• The 4 Ps of marketing. 
• Digital strategy. 
• Segmentation. 
• Customer lifetime value. 
• Porter’s Five Forces. 
• The digital ecosystem. 
• The halo effect. 
• Brand and proposition effects. 
• Display advertising. 

Marketing Research Topics for College Students  

Looking for college-level marketing research ideas ? Here are some marketing topics for your consideration. 

• Role of KPIs in marketing. 
• Profile of modern digital consumer. 
• Data protection in modern marketing. 
• Budget and resources. 
• A phased approach to marketing. 
• Budgeting and forecasting. 
• The SEO triangle. 
• Setting up a marketing campaign. 
• Programmatic advertising. 
• Campaign measurement metrics. 

Tourism Marketing Research Topics 

We’ve also found exciting marketing topics to write about the unexplored dimension of tourism. Here are the marketing topics your professor is sure to like.  

• Third-world tourism. 
• Consumer behavior.
• Demand forecasting in tourism. 
• Communications mix. 
• International tourism marketing. 
• Sustainable tourism. 
• Tourism marketing challenges in the 21 st century. 
• E-marketing in tourism. 
• Role of changing demographics in tourism marketing. 
• Market research in tourism.  

Retail Marketing Research Topics 

Retail marketing topics for research are really hard to find. But we’ve nailed this task, and here we share our carefully crafted list of research topics in marketing in the retail sector. 

• Relationship marketing. 
• Retailer adoption of the Internet. 
• Strategic planning in retail marketing. 
• Retailing strategy. 
• The retail marketing mix. 
• Customer analysis. 
• Market segmentation in retail. 
• Financial appraisal of decisions. 
• Creating the retail environment. 
• Role of research in retail marketing. 

B2B Marketing Research Topics 

Look through this list of B2B market research ideas to find a prompt that suits your assignment the best. We propose the following marketing research paper topics for your attention. 

• Role of social media in B2B marketing. 
• Account-based marketing. 
• Touchpoint sensitivity analysis. 
• Chatbots in B2B marketing. 
• Marketing automation. 
• Predictive intelligence. 
• Misinformation in the B2B sector. 
• Corporate communications on social media. 
• Marketing 3.0. 
• The B2B marketing maturity model. 

Social Media Marketing Research Topics 

Looking for some great social media research paper topics ? We’ve found very interesting research paper topics about social media that will spice up any assignment. 

• ROI of social media marketing efforts. 
• The social feedback cycle. 
• What is a social business? 
• The new role of the customer. 
• Social CRM and business support. 
• The customer’s POV. 
• Web analytics in SMM.
• Role of influencers in SMM. 
• Factors of customer engagement. 
• What are social objects?  

Sports Marketing Research Topics 

Need market research ideas for a sports niche? Here are some research-worthy marketing topics you may enjoy writing about. 

• E-sports advertising. 
• Sports promotion in social media. 
• Sports apparel branding. 
• Athlete influencers. 
• Top sports marketing trends. 
• AR/VR use in sports marketing. 
• Sports event sponsorship as a marketing tactic. 
• Digital engagement strategies for sports fans. 
• Emotions in sports marketing. 
• Sports tourism. 

Green Marketing Research Topics 

Marketing topics for research in the green niche are also a rare catch. We’ve simplified things for you – have a look at this list of marketing research topics worth exploring. 

• IKEA as a green brand. 
• Creating an eco-friendly brand image. 
• Is print media green? 
• CSR tactics for business. 
• Profile of a green consumer. 
• Emerging customer values in the 2020s. 
• Concept of “green fatigue.” 
• Green e-marketing. 
• Greenbacks. 
• A “going green” blueprint for businesses. 

Influencer Marketing Research Topics 

Studying influencers and searching for a worthy list of marketing topics on this subject? We’ve done the legwork for you and propose the following marketing research paper topics about influencers. 

• Blogging and microblogging. 
• Influencer content strategies. 
• How do influencers build their following? 
• Principles of media sharing. 
• Social news and influencing. 
• Ethics in influencer blogging. 
• Should influencers report their remuneration? 
• Account takeovers. 
• Are giveaways legal? 
• Challenges of influencer marketing in the 2020s. 

Fashion Marketing Research Topics 

Fashion branding and promotion are exciting study areas with many marketing topics to explore. Here is our set of research topics in marketing of fashionable brands. 

• PR in fashion marketing. 
• Visual merchandising in fashion retail. 
• Contributors to brand loyalty in the fashion industry. 
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A new future of work: The race to deploy AI and raise skills in Europe and beyond

At a glance.

Amid tightening labor markets and a slowdown in productivity growth, Europe and the United States face shifts in labor demand, spurred by AI and automation. Our updated modeling of the future of work finds that demand for workers in STEM-related, healthcare, and other high-skill professions would rise, while demand for occupations such as office workers, production workers, and customer service representatives would decline. By 2030, in a midpoint adoption scenario, up to 30 percent of current hours worked could be automated, accelerated by generative AI (gen AI). Efforts to achieve net-zero emissions, an aging workforce, and growth in e-commerce, as well as infrastructure and technology spending and overall economic growth, could also shift employment demand.

By 2030, Europe could require up to 12 million occupational transitions, double the prepandemic pace. In the United States, required transitions could reach almost 12 million, in line with the prepandemic norm. Both regions navigated even higher levels of labor market shifts at the height of the COVID-19 period, suggesting that they can handle this scale of future job transitions. The pace of occupational change is broadly similar among countries in Europe, although the specific mix reflects their economic variations.

Businesses will need a major skills upgrade. Demand for technological and social and emotional skills could rise as demand for physical and manual and higher cognitive skills stabilizes. Surveyed executives in Europe and the United States expressed a need not only for advanced IT and data analytics but also for critical thinking, creativity, and teaching and training—skills they report as currently being in short supply. Companies plan to focus on retraining workers, more than hiring or subcontracting, to meet skill needs.

Workers with lower wages face challenges of redeployment as demand reweights toward occupations with higher wages in both Europe and the United States. Occupations with lower wages are likely to see reductions in demand, and workers will need to acquire new skills to transition to better-paying work. If that doesn’t happen, there is a risk of a more polarized labor market, with more higher-wage jobs than workers and too many workers for existing lower-wage jobs.

Choices made today could revive productivity growth while creating better societal outcomes. Embracing the path of accelerated technology adoption with proactive worker redeployment could help Europe achieve an annual productivity growth rate of up to 3 percent through 2030. However, slow adoption would limit that to 0.3 percent, closer to today’s level of productivity growth in Western Europe. Slow worker redeployment would leave millions unable to participate productively in the future of work.

Demand will change for a range of occupations through 2030, including growth in STEM- and healthcare-related occupations, among others

This report focuses on labor markets in nine major economies in the European Union along with the United Kingdom, in comparison with the United States. Technology, including most recently the rise of gen AI, along with other factors, will spur changes in the pattern of labor demand through 2030. Our study, which uses an updated version of the McKinsey Global Institute future of work model, seeks to quantify the occupational transitions that will be required and the changing nature of demand for different types of jobs and skills.

Our methodology

We used methodology consistent with other McKinsey Global Institute reports on the future of work to model trends of job changes at the level of occupations, activities, and skills. For this report, we focused our analysis on the 2022–30 period.

Our model estimates net changes in employment demand by sector and occupation; we also estimate occupational transitions, or the net number of workers that need to change in each type of occupation, based on which occupations face declining demand by 2030 relative to current employment in 2022. We included ten countries in Europe: nine EU members—the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and Sweden—and the United Kingdom. For the United States, we build on estimates published in our 2023 report Generative AI and the future of work in America.

We included multiple drivers in our modeling: automation potential, net-zero transition, e-commerce growth, remote work adoption, increases in income, aging populations, technology investments, and infrastructure investments.

Two scenarios are used to bookend the work-automation model: “late” and “early.” For Europe, we modeled a “faster” scenario and a “slower” one. For the faster scenario, we use the midpoint—the arithmetical average between our late and early scenarios. For the slower scenario, we use a “mid late” trajectory, an arithmetical average between a late adoption scenario and the midpoint scenario. For the United States, we use the midpoint scenario, based on our earlier research.

We also estimate the productivity effects of automation, using GDP per full-time-equivalent (FTE) employee as the measure of productivity. We assumed that workers displaced by automation rejoin the workforce at 2022 productivity levels, net of automation, and in line with the expected 2030 occupational mix.

Amid tightening labor markets and a slowdown in productivity growth, Europe and the United States face shifts in labor demand, spurred not only by AI and automation but also by other trends, including efforts to achieve net-zero emissions, an aging population, infrastructure spending, technology investments, and growth in e-commerce, among others (see sidebar, “Our methodology”).

Our analysis finds that demand for occupations such as health professionals and other STEM-related professionals would grow by 17 to 30 percent between 2022 and 2030, (Exhibit 1).

By contrast, demand for workers in food services, production work, customer services, sales, and office support—all of which declined over the 2012–22 period—would continue to decline until 2030. These jobs involve a high share of repetitive tasks, data collection, and elementary data processing—all activities that automated systems can handle efficiently.

Up to 30 percent of hours worked could be automated by 2030, boosted by gen AI, leading to millions of required occupational transitions

By 2030, our analysis finds that about 27 percent of current hours worked in Europe and 30 percent of hours worked in the United States could be automated, accelerated by gen AI. Our model suggests that roughly 20 percent of hours worked could still be automated even without gen AI, implying a significant acceleration.

These trends will play out in labor markets in the form of workers needing to change occupations. By 2030, under the faster adoption scenario we modeled, Europe could require up to 12.0 million occupational transitions, affecting 6.5 percent of current employment. That is double the prepandemic pace (Exhibit 2). Under a slower scenario we modeled for Europe, the number of occupational transitions needed would amount to 8.5 million, affecting 4.6 percent of current employment. In the United States, required transitions could reach almost 12.0 million, affecting 7.5 percent of current employment. Unlike Europe, this magnitude of transitions is broadly in line with the prepandemic norm.

Both regions navigated even higher levels of labor market shifts at the height of the COVID-19 period. While these were abrupt and painful to many, given the forced nature of the shifts, the experience suggests that both regions have the ability to handle this scale of future job transitions.

Businesses will need a major skills upgrade

The occupational transitions noted above herald substantial shifts in workforce skills in a future in which automation and AI are integrated into the workplace (Exhibit 3). Workers use multiple skills to perform a given task, but for the purposes of our quantification, we identified the predominant skill used.

Demand for technological skills could see substantial growth in Europe and in the United States (increases of 25 percent and 29 percent, respectively, in hours worked by 2030 compared to 2022) under our midpoint scenario of automation adoption (which is the faster scenario for Europe).

Demand for social and emotional skills could rise by 11 percent in Europe and by 14 percent in the United States. Underlying this increase is higher demand for roles requiring interpersonal empathy and leadership skills. These skills are crucial in healthcare and managerial roles in an evolving economy that demands greater adaptability and flexibility.

Conversely, demand for work in which basic cognitive skills predominate is expected to decline by 14 percent. Basic cognitive skills are required primarily in office support or customer service roles, which are highly susceptible to being automated by AI. Among work characterized by these basic cognitive skills experiencing significant drops in demand are basic data processing and literacy, numeracy, and communication.

Demand for work in which higher cognitive skills predominate could also decline slightly, according to our analysis. While creativity is expected to remain highly sought after, with a potential increase of 12 percent by 2030, work activities characterized by other advanced cognitive skills such as advanced literacy and writing, along with quantitative and statistical skills, could decline by 19 percent.

Demand for physical and manual skills, on the other hand, could remain roughly level with the present. These skills remain the largest share of workforce skills, representing about 30 percent of total hours worked in 2022. Growth in demand for these skills between 2022 and 2030 could come from the build-out of infrastructure and higher investment in low-emissions sectors, while declines would be in line with continued automation in production work.

Business executives report skills shortages today and expect them to worsen

A survey we conducted of C-suite executives in five countries shows that companies are already grappling with skills challenges, including a skills mismatch, particularly in technological, higher cognitive, and social and emotional skills: about one-third of the more than 1,100 respondents report a shortfall in these critical areas. At the same time, a notable number of executives say they have enough employees with basic cognitive skills and, to a lesser extent, physical and manual skills.

Within technological skills, companies in our survey reported that their most significant shortages are in advanced IT skills and programming, advanced data analysis, and mathematical skills. Among higher cognitive skills, significant shortfalls are seen in critical thinking and problem structuring and in complex information processing. About 40 percent of the executives surveyed pointed to a shortage of workers with these skills, which are needed for working alongside new technologies (Exhibit 4).

Companies see retraining as key to acquiring needed skills and adapting to the new work landscape

Surveyed executives expect significant changes to their workforce skill levels and worry about not finding the right skills by 2030. More than one in four survey respondents said that failing to capture the needed skills could directly harm financial performance and indirectly impede their efforts to leverage the value from AI.

To acquire the skills they need, companies have three main options: retraining, hiring, and contracting workers. Our survey suggests that executives are looking at all three options, with retraining the most widely reported tactic planned to address the skills mismatch: on average, out of companies that mentioned retraining as one of their tactics to address skills mismatch, executives said they would retrain 32 percent of their workforce. The scale of retraining needs varies in degree. For example, respondents in the automotive industry expect 36 percent of their workforce to be retrained, compared with 28 percent in the financial services industry. Out of those who have mentioned hiring or contracting as their tactics to address the skills mismatch, executives surveyed said they would hire an average of 23 percent of their workforce and contract an average of 18 percent.

Occupational transitions will affect high-, medium-, and low-wage workers differently

All ten European countries we examined for this report may see increasing demand for top-earning occupations. By contrast, workers in the two lowest-wage-bracket occupations could be three to five times more likely to have to change occupations compared to the top wage earners, our analysis finds. The disparity is much higher in the United States, where workers in the two lowest-wage-bracket occupations are up to 14 times more likely to face occupational shifts than the highest earners. In Europe, the middle-wage population could be twice as affected by occupational transitions as the same population in United States, representing 7.3 percent of the working population who might face occupational transitions.

Enhancing human capital at the same time as deploying the technology rapidly could boost annual productivity growth

About quantumblack, ai by mckinsey.

QuantumBlack, McKinsey’s AI arm, helps companies transform using the power of technology, technical expertise, and industry experts. With thousands of practitioners at QuantumBlack (data engineers, data scientists, product managers, designers, and software engineers) and McKinsey (industry and domain experts), we are working to solve the world’s most important AI challenges. QuantumBlack Labs is our center of technology development and client innovation, which has been driving cutting-edge advancements and developments in AI through locations across the globe.

Organizations and policy makers have choices to make; the way they approach AI and automation, along with human capital augmentation, will affect economic and societal outcomes.

We have attempted to quantify at a high level the potential effects of different stances to AI deployment on productivity in Europe. Our analysis considers two dimensions. The first is the adoption rate of AI and automation technologies. We consider the faster scenario and the late scenario for technology adoption. Faster adoption would unlock greater productivity growth potential but also, potentially, more short-term labor disruption than the late scenario.

The second dimension we consider is the level of automated worker time that is redeployed into the economy. This represents the ability to redeploy the time gained by automation and productivity gains (for example, new tasks and job creation). This could vary depending on the success of worker training programs and strategies to match demand and supply in labor markets.

We based our analysis on two potential scenarios: either all displaced workers would be able to fully rejoin the economy at a similar productivity level as in 2022 or only some 80 percent of the automated workers’ time will be redeployed into the economy.

Exhibit 5 illustrates the various outcomes in terms of annual productivity growth rate. The top-right quadrant illustrates the highest economy-wide productivity, with an annual productivity growth rate of up to 3.1 percent. It requires fast adoption of technologies as well as full redeployment of displaced workers. The top-left quadrant also demonstrates technology adoption on a fast trajectory and shows a relatively high productivity growth rate (up to 2.5 percent). However, about 6.0 percent of total hours worked (equivalent to 10.2 million people not working) would not be redeployed in the economy. Finally, the two bottom quadrants depict the failure to adopt AI and automation, leading to limited productivity gains and translating into limited labor market disruptions.

Four priorities for companies

The adoption of automation technologies will be decisive in protecting businesses’ competitive advantage in an automation and AI era. To ensure successful deployment at a company level, business leaders can embrace four priorities.

Understand the potential. Leaders need to understand the potential of these technologies, notably including how AI and gen AI can augment and automate work. This includes estimating both the total capacity that these technologies could free up and their impact on role composition and skills requirements. Understanding this allows business leaders to frame their end-to-end strategy and adoption goals with regard to these technologies.

Plan a strategic workforce shift. Once they understand the potential of automation technologies, leaders need to plan the company’s shift toward readiness for the automation and AI era. This requires sizing the workforce and skill needs, based on strategically identified use cases, to assess the potential future talent gap. From this analysis will flow details about the extent of recruitment of new talent, upskilling, or reskilling of the current workforce that is needed, as well as where to redeploy freed capacity to more value-added tasks.

Prioritize people development. To ensure that the right talent is on hand to sustain the company strategy during all transformation phases, leaders could consider strengthening their capabilities to identify, attract, and recruit future AI and gen AI leaders in a tight market. They will also likely need to accelerate the building of AI and gen AI capabilities in the workforce. Nontechnical talent will also need training to adapt to the changing skills environment. Finally, leaders could deploy an HR strategy and operating model to fit the post–gen AI workforce.

Pursue the executive-education journey on automation technologies. Leaders also need to undertake their own education journey on automation technologies to maximize their contributions to their companies during the coming transformation. This includes empowering senior managers to explore automation technologies implications and subsequently role model to others, as well as bringing all company leaders together to create a dedicated road map to drive business and employee value.

AI and the toolbox of advanced new technologies are evolving at a breathtaking pace. For companies and policy makers, these technologies are highly compelling because they promise a range of benefits, including higher productivity, which could lift growth and prosperity. Yet, as this report has sought to illustrate, making full use of the advantages on offer will also require paying attention to the critical element of human capital. In the best-case scenario, workers’ skills will develop and adapt to new technological challenges. Achieving this goal in our new technological age will be highly challenging—but the benefits will be great.

Eric Hazan is a McKinsey senior partner based in Paris; Anu Madgavkar and Michael Chui are McKinsey Global Institute partners based in New Jersey and San Francisco, respectively; Sven Smit is chair of the McKinsey Global Institute and a McKinsey senior partner based in Amsterdam; Dana Maor is a McKinsey senior partner based in Tel Aviv; Gurneet Singh Dandona is an associate partner and a senior expert based in New York; and Roland Huyghues-Despointes is a consultant based in Paris.

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Edexcel GCSE French (2024, first exams 2026) | Paper 4: Writing Format - Foundation

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General election guidance 2024: guidance for civil servants (HTML)

Updated 23 May 2024

© Crown copyright 2024

This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] .

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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/election-guidance-for-civil-servants/general-election-guidance-2024-guidance-for-civil-servants-html

1. General elections have a number of implications for the work of departments and civil servants. These arise from the special character of government business during an election campaign, and from the need to maintain, and be seen to maintain, the impartiality of the Civil Service, and to avoid any criticism of an inappropriate use of official resources. This guidance takes effect from 00:01 on 25 May 2024 at which point the ‘election period’ begins. The Prime Minister will write separately to Ministers advising them of the need to adhere to this guidance and to uphold the impartiality of the Civil Service. 

2. This guidance applies to all UK civil servants, and the board members and staff of Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPBs) and other arms’ length bodies.  

General Principles 

3. During the election period, the Government retains its responsibility to govern, and Ministers remain in charge of their departments. Essential business (which includes routine business necessary to ensure the continued smooth functioning of government and public services) must be allowed to continue. However, it is customary for Ministers to observe discretion in initiating any new action of a continuing or long term character. Decisions on matters of policy on which a new government might be expected to want the opportunity to take a different view from the present government should be postponed until after the election, provided that such postponement would not be detrimental to the national interest or wasteful of public money.   

4. Advice on handling such issues is set out in this guidance. This guidance will not cover every eventuality, but the principles should be applied to the particular circumstances.  

5. The principles underlying the conduct of civil servants in a general election are an extension of those that apply at all times, as set out in the Civil Service Code

• The basic principle for civil servants is not to undertake any activity that could call into question their political impartiality or that could give rise to criticism that public resources are being used for party political purposes. This principle applies to all staff working in departments.  
• Departmental and NDPB activity should not be seen to compete with the election campaign for public attention. The principles and conventions set out in this guidance also apply to public bodies.  
• It is also a requirement of the Ministerial Code that Ministers must not use government resources for party political purposes and must uphold the political impartiality of the Civil Service.  

Election queries 

6. For any detailed queries on this guidance, or other questions, officials should in the first instance seek guidance from their line management chain, and, where necessary, escalate to their Permanent Secretary who may consult the Cabinet Secretary, or the Propriety and Ethics Team in the Cabinet Office. 

7. The Propriety and Ethics Team handle general queries relating to conduct during the election period, provide advice on the handling of enquiries and any necessary co-ordination where enquiries raise issues that affect a number of departments (through their Permanent Secretary). 

8. In dealing with queries, the Propriety and Ethics Team will function most effectively if it is in touch with relevant developments in departments. 

Departments should therefore: 

• draw to their attention, for advice or information, any approach or exchange that raises issues that are likely to be of interest to other departments; and 
• seek advice before a Minister makes a significant Ministerial statement during the election period. 

Section A: Enquiries, Briefing, Requests for Information and attending events 

1. This note gives guidance on: 

• the handling by departments and agencies of requests for information and other enquiries during a general election campaign; 
• briefing of Ministers during the election period;  
• the handling of constituency letters received from Members of Parliament before dissolution, and of similar letters from parliamentary candidates during the campaign; and 
• the handling of FOI requests. 

2. At a general election, the government of the day is expected to defend its policies to the electorate. By convention, the governing party is entitled to check with departments that statements made on its behalf are factually correct and consistent with government policy. As at all times, however, government departments and their staff must not engage in, or appear to engage in, party politics or be used for party ends. They should provide consistent factual information on request to candidates of all parties, as well as to organisations and members of the public, and should in all instances avoid becoming involved or appearing to become involved, in a partisan way, in election issues. 

Requests for Factual Information 

3. Departments and agencies should provide any parliamentary candidate, organisation or member of the public with information in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Local and regional offices should deal similarly with straightforward enquiries, referring doubtful cases through their line management chain and, where necessary to their Permanent Secretary for decision. 

4. Other requests for information will range from enquiries about existing government policy that are essentially factual in nature, to requests for justification and comment on existing government policy. All requests for information held by departments must be dealt with in accordance with the requirements of the Freedom of Information Act 2000. The handling of press enquiries is covered in Section I.  

5. Where the enquiry concerns the day-to-day management of a non-ministerial department or executive agency and the chief executive would normally reply, he or she should do so in the usual way, taking special care to avoid becoming involved in any matters of political controversy. 

6. Enquiries concerning policies newly announced in a party manifesto or for a comparison of the policies of different parties are for the political party concerned. Civil servants should not provide any assistance on these matters. See also paragraph 14.  

7. Officials should draft replies, whether for official or Ministerial signature, with particular care to avoid party political controversy, especially criticism of the policies of other parties. Ministers may decide to amend draft replies to include a party political context. Where this is the case, Ministers should be advised to issue the letter on party notepaper. The guiding principle is whether the use of departmental resources, including headed paper, would be a proper use of public funds for governmental as opposed to party political purposes, and could be defended as such. 

Speed of Response 

8. The circumstances of a general election demand the greatest speed in dealing with enquiries. In particular, the aim should be to answer enquiries from parliamentary candidates or from any of the political parties’ headquarters within 24 hours. All candidates should be treated equally. 

9. Where a request will take longer to deal with, the requester should be advised of this as he/she may wish to submit a refined request. 

FOI requests 

10. Requests that would normally be covered by the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) must be handled in accordance with the requirements of the Act and the deadlines set therein. Where the application of the public interest balance requires more time, that is permitted under the Act but there is no general power to defer a decision.   

11. Where a request needs to be considered under FOIA it will not normally be possible to get back to the parliamentary candidate, or others, within 24 hours and he or she should be advised of this as they may wish to submit a request more in line with paragraph 8 above. 

Role of Ministers in FOIA decisions 

12. Ministers have a number of statutory functions in relation to requests for information. They are the qualified person for the purpose of using section 36 of the FOI Act for their departments. During the general election period, Ministers will be expected to carry out these functions.  

13. Where there is any doubt, requests should be referred to the FOI Policy team in the Cabinet Office. 

Briefing and Support for Ministers 

14. Ministers continue to be in charge of departments. It is reasonable for departments to continue to provide support for any necessary governmental functions, and receive any policy advice or factual briefing necessary to resolve issues that cannot be deferred until after the election. 

15. Departments can check statements for factual accuracy and consistency with established government policy. Officials should not, however, be asked to devise new arguments or cost policies for use in the election campaign. Departments should not undertake costings or analysis of Opposition policies during the election period.  

Officials attending public or stakeholder events 

16. Officials should decline invitations to events where they may be asked to respond on questions about future government policy or on matters of public controversy. 

Constituency Correspondence 

17. During the election period, replies to constituency letters received from Members of Parliament before the dissolution, or to similar letters from parliamentary candidates, should take into account the fact that if they become public knowledge they will do so in the more politically-charged atmosphere of an election and are more likely to become the subject of political comment. Outstanding correspondence should be cleared quickly. Letters may be sent to former MPs at the House of Commons after dissolution, to be picked up or forwarded. Departments and agencies whose staff routinely deal directly with MPs’ enquiries should ensure that their regional and local offices get early guidance on dealing with questions from parliamentary candidates. Such guidance should reflect the following points: 

a. Once Parliament is dissolved, a Member of Parliament’s constitutional right to represent his or her constituents’ grievances to government disappears, and all candidates for the election are on an equal footing. This doctrine should be applied in a reasonable way. In general, replies should be sent by Ministers to constituency letters that were written by MPs before dissolution. Where there is a pressing need for Ministers to reply to letters on constituency matters written after the dissolution by former Members, this should be handled in a way that avoids any preferential treatment or the appearance of preferential treatment between letters from the governing party and those from other candidates. It will normally be appropriate to send a Private Secretary reply to letters on constituency matters from prospective parliamentary candidates who were not Members before the dissolution. 

b. The main consideration must be to ensure that the citizen’s interests are not prejudiced. But it is possible that a personal case may become politically controversial during the election period. Departments should therefore make particular efforts to ensure, so far as possible, that letters are factual, straightforward and give no room for misrepresentation. 

c. Replies to constituency correspondence to be sent after polling day should, where there has been a change of MP, normally be sent direct to the constituent concerned. It should be left to the constituent to decide whether or not to copy the letter to any new MP. Where there is no change in MP, correspondence should be returned to the MP in the normal way.

Section B: Special Advisers 

1. Special Advisers must agree with the Cabinet Office the termination of their contracts  on or before 30 May (except for a small number of Special Advisers who may remain in post, where the express agreement of their appointing Minister and the Prime Minister to continue in post has been given).     

2. An exception to this is where a Special Adviser has been publicly identified as a candidate or prospective candidate for election to the UK Parliament, in which case they must instead resign at the start of the short campaign period ahead of the election. 

3. Special Advisers who leave government for any reason will no longer have preferential access to papers and officials. Any request for advice from a former Special Adviser will be treated in the same way as requests from other members of the public.  

4. On leaving government, Special Advisers should return all departmental property e.g. mobile phones, remote access and other IT equipment. Special Advisers may leave a voicemail message or out of office reply on departmental IT with forwarding contact details.  

5. Special Advisers receive severance pay when their appointment is terminated, but not where they resign. Severance pay for Special Advisers is taxable as normal income and will be paid as a lump sum. The amount an individual is entitled to will be determined by their length of service as set out in the Model Contract for Special Advisers. Special Advisers are required to agree that if they are reappointed, they will repay any amount above that which they would have been paid in salary had they remained in post. Any excess severance will be reclaimed automatically through payroll on reappointment.  

6. If the Prime Minister agrees exceptionally that a Special Adviser should remain in post during the election period, their appointment will be automatically terminated the day after polling day. In those cases, Special Advisers may continue to give advice on government business to their Ministers as before. They must continue to adhere to the requirements of the Code of Conduct for Special Advisers and may not take any public part in the campaign. Section A is also relevant in relation to the commissioning of briefing. 

7. Different arrangements can be made for Special Advisers on, or about to begin, maternity leave when a UK general election is called. These arrangements are set out in the Maternity Policy for Special Advisers, and Special Adviser HR are best placed to advise on specific circumstances.

8. If there is no change of government following the election, a Special Adviser may be reappointed. The Prime Minister’s approval will be required before any commitments are made, and a new contract issued, including for any advisers who have stayed in post.

Section C: Contacts with the Opposition Party 

1. The Prime Minister has authorised pre-election contact between the main opposition parties and Permanent Secretaries from 11 January 2024. These contacts are strictly confidential and are designed to allow Opposition spokespeople to inform themselves of factual questions of departmental organisation and to inform civil servants of any organisational or policy changes likely in the event of a change of government.  

2. Separate guidance on handling such contacts is set out in the Cabinet Manual.

Section D: Contact with Select Committees 

1. House of Commons Select Committees set up by Standing Order continue in existence, technically, until that Standing Order is amended or rescinded. In practice, when Parliament is dissolved pending a general election, membership of committees lapses and work on their inquiries ceases.  

2. House of Lords Select Committees are not set up by Standing Orders and technically cease to exist at the end of each session. 

3. The point of contact for departments continues to be the Committee Clerk who remains in post to process the basic administrative work of the committee (and prepare for the re-establishment of the Committee in the next Parliament).  

4. Departments should continue to work, on a contingency basis, on any outstanding evidence requested by the outgoing committee and on any outstanding government responses to committee reports. It will be for any newly-appointed Ministers to approve the content of any response. It will be for the newly-appointed committee to decide whether to continue with its predecessor committee’s inquiries and for the incoming administration to review the terms of draft responses before submitting to the newly appointed committee. 

5. It is for the newly-appointed committee to decide whether to publish government responses to its predecessor reports. There may be some delay before the committee is reconstituted, and an incoming government may well wish to publish such responses itself by means of a Command Paper. In this event, the department should consult the Clerk of the Committee before publication of the report response.

Section E: Political Activities of Civil Servants 

1. Permanent Secretaries will wish to remind staff of the general rules governing national political activities. These are set out in the Civil Service Management Code and departmental staff handbooks. 

2. For this purpose, the Civil Service is divided into three groups: 

a. the “politically free” – industrial and non-office grades; 

b. the “politically restricted” – members of the Senior Civil Service, civil servants in Grades 6 and 7 (or equivalent) and members of the Fast Stream Development Programme; and

c. civil servants outside the “politically free” and “politically restricted” groups  

3. Civil servants on secondment to outside organisations (or who are on any form of paid or unpaid leave) remain civil servants and the rules relating to political activity continue to apply to them. Departments should seek to contact individuals on secondment outside the civil service to remind them of this. Individuals seconded into the Civil Service are also covered by these rules for the duration of their appointment. 

Civil Servants Standing for Parliament  

4. All civil servants are disqualified from election to Parliament (House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975) and must resign from the Civil Service before standing for election. Individuals must resign from the Civil Service on their formal adoption as a prospective parliamentary candidate, and must complete their last day of service before their adoption papers are completed. If the adoption process does not reasonably allow for the individual to give full notice, departments and agencies may at their discretion pay an amount equivalent to the period of notice that would normally be given. 

Other Political Activity 

5. “Politically restricted” civil servants are prohibited from any participation in national political activities.  

6. All other civil servants may engage in national political activities with the permission of the department, which may be subject to certain conditions.  

7. Where, on a case by case basis, permission is given by departments, civil servants must still act in accordance with the requirements of the Civil Service Code, including ensuring that they meet the Code’s values and standards of behaviour about impartiality and political impartiality. Notwithstanding any permission to engage in national political activities, they must ensure that their actions (and the perception of those actions) are compatible with the requirements to: 

• serve the government, whatever its political persuasion, to the best of their ability in a way which maintains political impartiality and is in line with the requirements of the Code, no matter what their own political beliefs are; and 
• act in a way which deserves and retains the confidence of ministers, while at the same time ensuring that they will be able to establish the same relationship with those whom they may be required to serve in some future government. 

Reinstatement 

8. Departments and agencies must reinstate former civil servants who have resigned from “politically free” posts to stand for election and whose candidature has proved unsuccessful, provided they apply within a week of declaration day.  

9. Departments and agencies have discretion to reinstate all other former civil servants who have resigned to stand for election and whose candidature has proved unsuccessful. Former civil servants in this category seeking reinstatement should apply within a week of declaration day if they are not elected. Departments are encouraged to consider all applications sympathetically and on their merits. For some individuals, it may not be possible to post them back to their former area of employment because, for instance, of the sensitivity of their work and/or because their previous job is no longer vacant. In these cases, every effort should be made to post these staff to other areas rather than reject their applications.

Section F: Cabinet and Official Documents 

1. In order to enable Ministers to fulfil their continuing responsibilities as members of the Government during the election period, departments should retain the Cabinet documents issued to them. Cabinet documents refers to all papers, minutes and supplementary materials relating to Cabinet and its committees. This is applicable to meetings of and correspondence to Cabinet and its committees. 

2. If there is no change of government after the election, Ministers who leave office or who move to another Ministerial position must surrender any Cabinet or Cabinet committee papers or minutes (including electronic copies) and they should be retained in the department in line with guidance issued by the Cabinet Office.  Ministers who leave office or move to another Ministerial position should also not remove or destroy papers that are the responsibility of their former department: that is, those papers that are not personal, party or constituency papers. 

3. If a new government is formed, all Cabinet and Cabinet committee documents issued to Ministers should be destroyed. Clearly no instructions can be given to this effect until the result of the election is known, but Permanent Secretaries may wish to alert the relevant Private Secretaries.  

4. The conventions regarding the access by Ministers and Special Advisers to papers of a previous Administration are explained in more detail in the Cabinet Manual. Further guidance to departments will be issued by the Cabinet Office once the outcome of the election is known.  

5. More detailed guidance on managing records in the event of a change of administration will be held by your Departmental Records Officer. The Head of Public Records and Archives in the Cabinet Office can also provide further advice and written guidance can be found here: 

Guidance management of private office information and records

Section G: Government Decisions 

1. During an election campaign the Government retains its responsibility to govern and Ministers remain in charge of their departments. Essential business (including routine business necessary to ensure the continued smooth functioning of government and public services) must be carried on. Cabinet committees are not expected to meet during the election period, nor are they expected to consider issues by correspondence. However there may be exceptional circumstances under which a collective decision of Ministers is required. If something requires collective agreement and cannot wait until after the General Election, the Cabinet Secretary should be consulted.  

2. However, it is customary for Ministers to observe discretion in initiating any action of a continuing or long term character. Decisions on matters of policy, and other issues such as large and/or contentious commercial contracts, on which a new government might be expected to want the opportunity to take a different view from the present government, should be postponed until after the election, provided that such postponement would not be detrimental to the national interest or wasteful of public money. 

Statutory Instruments 

3. The principles outlined above apply to making statutory instruments. 

Departmental lawyers can advise in more detail, in conjunction with the Statutory Instrument Hub.  

4. The general principle that Ministers should observe discretion in initiating any new action of a continuing or long-term character applies to the making of commencement orders, which during the election period should be exceptional.  As is usual practice, statutory instruments are required to go through the Parliamentary Business and Legislation Committee process before they can be laid.

Section H: Public and Senior Civil Service Appointments

1. All appointments requiring approval by the Prime Minister, and other Civil Service and public appointments likely to prove sensitive (including those where Ministers have delegated decisions to officials or other authorities) should be frozen until after the election, except in exceptional circumstances (further detail below). This includes appointments where a candidate has already accepted a written offer (and the appointment has been announced before the election period), but where the individual is not due to take up post until after the election. The individual concerned should be told that the appointment will be subject to confirmation by the new Administration after the election. 

2. It is recognised that this may result in the cancellation (or delay) of an appointment by the new Administration, and that the relevant department could be vulnerable to legal action by a disappointed candidate. To reduce the risk of this, departments might wish to: 

• recommend to their Secretary of State the advisability of bringing forward or delaying key stages in the process, where an appointment would otherwise likely take effect just before or after an election; 
• issue a conditional offer letter, making it clear that the formal offer of the appointment will need to be confirmed by a new Administration. 

3. In cases where an appointment is due to end between dissolution and election day, and no announcement has been made concerning the new appointment, it will normally be possible for the post to be left vacant or the current term extended until incoming Ministers have been able to take a decision either about reappointment of the existing appointee or the appointment of a new person. This situation is also likely to apply to any appointments made by Letters Patent, or otherwise requiring royal approval, since it would not be appropriate to invite His Majesty to make a conditional appointment. 

4. In exceptional cases where it is not possible to apply these temporary arrangements and there is an essential need to make an appointment during the election period, departments may wish to advise their Ministers about consulting the Opposition before a final decision is taken. Departments should consult the Public Appointments Policy Team in the Cabinet Office. 

5. In the case of public and Senior Civil Service appointments, departments should delay the launch of any open competition during an election period, to give any incoming Administration the option of deciding whether to follow the existing approach.  

6. In those cases where an appointment is required to be made, it is acceptable, in the case of sensitive Senior Civil Service positions, to allow temporary promotion.  

Section I: Communication Activities during a General Election

1. The general principle governing communication activities during a general election is to do everything possible to avoid competition with parliamentary candidates for the attention of the public, and not to undertake any activity that could call into question civil servants’ political impartiality or that could give rise to criticism that public resources are being used for party political purposes. Special care must be taken during the course of an election since material produced with complete impartiality, which would be accepted as objective in ordinary times, may generate criticism during an election period when feelings are running high. All communication activity should be conducted in line with Government Communication Service (GCS) guidance on propriety and propriety in digital and social media .  

2. Departmental communications staff may properly continue to discharge their normal function during the election period, to the extent of providing factual explanation of current government policy, statements and decisions. They must be particularly careful not to become involved in a partisan way in election issues.  

3. During the election period, access to departmental briefing systems will be restricted to permanent civil servants who will produce briefing, and answer requests for information, in line with the principles set out in Section A of the election guidance. Any updating of lines to take should be confined to matters of fact and explanations of existing government policy in order to avoid criticism of serving, or appearing to serve, a party political purpose.  

News Media  

4. In response to questions departments should, where possible, provide factual information by reference to published material, including that on websites. Specific requests for unpublished material should be handled in accordance with the requirements of the Freedom of Information Act. 

5. Routine factual press notices may continue to be issued – for example statistics that are issued on a regular basis or reports of publicly-owned bodies, independent committees etc., which a department is required to publish. 

6. There would normally be no objection to issuing routine factual publications, for example health and safety advice, but these should be decided on a case by case basis, in consultation with the Director or Head of Communications, who should take account of the subject matter and the intended audience. A similar approach should apply to blogs and social media. 

7. Press releases and other material normally sent to Members of Parliament should cease at the point at which this guidance comes into effect. 

8. Statements that refer to the future intentions of the Government should not be handled by a department and should be treated as party political statements. Where a Minister considers it necessary to hold a governmental press conference to make clear the Government’s existing policies on a particular subject prior to the election, then his or her department should provide facilities and give guidance. Ultimately, each case must be judged on its merits, including consideration of whether an announcement needs to be made, in consultation with the Director or Head of Communications.  

9. The Propriety and Ethics Team in the Cabinet Office must be consulted before a Minister makes an official Ministerial statement during the election period. 

10. Statements or comments referring to the policies, commitments or perceived intentions of Opposition parties should not be handled by departments. 

Press Articles, Interviews, and Broadcasts and Webcasts by Ministers  

11. During the election period, arrangements for newspaper articles, interviews and broadcasts by Ministers, including online, will normally be made on the political network. Care should be taken by communications staff in arranging any press interviews for Ministers during this period because of the possibility that such interviews would have a strong political content. They should not arrange broadcasts through official channels unless they are satisfied there is a need to do so and that the Minister is speaking in a government, not party, capacity. 

Paid Media 

12. Advertising, including partnership and influencer marketing. New campaigns will in general be postponed and live campaigns will be paused (across all advertising and marketing channels). A very small number of campaigns (for example, relating to essential recruitment, or public health, such as blood and organ donation or health and safety) may be approved by the Permanent Secretary, in consultation with GCS and the Propriety and Ethics Team.

a. International activity. Where marketing is delivered outside the UK and targeting non-UK citizens, the campaign can continue during the election period, subject to Permanent Secretary approval and as long as consideration has been given to the potential for the campaign to garner interest within the UK and to reach UK diaspora. If continuing the campaign is likely to generate domestic interest, it should be paused.

b. Official radio ‘fillers’ will be reviewed and withdrawn unless essential.

13. Films, videos and photographs from departmental libraries or sources should not be made available for use by political parties.  

14. Printed material should not normally be given any fresh distribution in the United Kingdom during the election period, in order to avoid any competition with the flow of election material. The effect on departments that distribute posters and leaflets to the public is as follows: 

a. Posters. The normal display of existing posters on official premises may continue but efforts should not be made to seek display elsewhere. Specific requests by employers, trade unions etc for particular posters may, however, be met in the ordinary way. 

b. Leaflets. Small numbers of copies of leaflets may be issued on request to members of the public and to parliamentary candidates, in consultation with the Director or Head of Communications, who should take account of the subject matter and the intended audience. Bulk supplies should not be issued to any individuals or organisations without appropriate approval. 

c. Export promotion stories and case studies for overseas use may continue to be sought  in the UK but it must be made clear on each occasion that this information is needed for use abroad, and permission must be sought from the Permanent Secretary before proceeding. 

d. The use of public buildings for communication purposes is covered in Section L. 

15. Exhibitions. Official exhibitions on a contentious policy or proposal should not be kept open or opened during the election period. Official exhibitions that form part of a privately sponsored exhibition do not have to be withdrawn unless they are contentious, in which case they should be withdrawn. 

Social Media and Digital Channels 

16. Official websites and social media channels will be scrutinised closely by news media and political parties during the election period. All content must be managed in accordance with GCS propriety guidance.

Publishing content online  

17. Content Design: planning, writing and managing content guidance   should be consulted when publishing any online content.

18. Material that has already been published in accordance with the rules on propriety and that is part of the public domain record can stand. It may also be updated for factual accuracy, for example a change of address. However, while it can be referred to in handling media enquiries and signposting in response to enquiries from the public, nothing should be done to draw further attention to it. 

19. Updating the public with essential factual information may continue (e.g. transport delays) but social media and blogs that comment on government policies and proposals should not be updated for the duration of the election period.  

20. Ministers’ biographies and details of their responsibilities can remain on sites, no additions should be made. Social media profiles should not be updated during this period. 

21. Site maintenance and planned functional and technical development for existing sites can continue, but this should not involve new campaigns or extending existing campaigns.  

22. News sections of websites and blogs must comply with the advice on press releases. News tickers and other mechanisms should be discontinued for the election period. 

23. In the event of an emergency, digital channels can be used as part of Crisis Communication  activity in the normal way. 

Further Guidance 

24. In any case of doubt about the application of this guidance in a particular case, communications staff should consult their Director or Head of Communications in the first instance, then, if necessary, the Chief Executive, Government Communication Service, Chief Operating Officer, Government Communication Service, or the departmental Permanent Secretary who will liaise with the Propriety and Ethics Team in the Cabinet Office.

Section J: Guidance on Consultations during an election period 

1. In general, new public consultations should not be launched during the election period. If there are exceptional circumstances where launching a consultation is considered essential (for example, safeguarding public health), permission should be sought from the Propriety and Ethics Team in the Cabinet Office. 

2. If a consultation is on-going at the time this guidance comes into effect, it should continue as normal. However, departments should not take any steps during an election period that will compete with parliamentary candidates for the public’s attention. This effectively means a ban on publicity for those consultations that are still in process. 

3. As these restrictions may be detrimental to a consultation, departments are advised to decide on steps to make up for that deficiency while strictly observing the guidance. That can be done, for example, by: 

a. prolonging the consultation period; and 

b. putting out extra publicity for the consultation after the election in order to revive interest (following consultation with any new Minister). 

4. Some consultations, for instance those aimed solely at professional groups, and that carry no publicity, will not have the impact of those where a very public and wide-ranging consultation is required. Departments need, therefore, to take into account the circumstances of each consultation. Some may need no remedial action – but this is a practical rather than propriety question so long as departments observe the broader guidance here. 

5. During the election period, departments may continue to receive and analyse responses with a view to putting proposals to the incoming government but they should not make any statement or generate publicity during this period.   

Section K: Statistical Activities during a General Election 

1. This note gives guidance on the conduct of statistical activities across government during a general election period.  [footnote 1]

2. The same principles apply to social research and other government analytical services.  

3. Under the terms of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007, the UK Statistics Authority, headed by the National Statistician, is responsible for promoting and safeguarding the integrity of official statistics. It should be consulted in any cases of doubt about the application of this guidance.  

Key Principles 

4. Statistical activities should continue to be conducted in accordance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics and the UK Government’s Prerelease Access to Official Statistics Order 2008, taking great care, in each case, to avoid competition with parliamentary candidates for the attention of the public. 

Statistical publications, releases, etc. 

5. The greatest care must continue to be taken to ensure that information is presented impartially and objectively. 

6. Regular pre-announced statistical releases (e.g. press notices, bulletins, publications or electronic releases) will continue to be issued and published. Any other ad hoc statistical releases should be released only in exceptional circumstances and with the approval of the National Statistician, consulting with the Propriety and Ethics Team in the Cabinet Office where appropriate. Where a pre-announcement has specified that the information would be released during a specified period (e.g. a week, or longer time period), but did not specify a precise day, releases should not be published within the election period. The same applies to social research publications

Requests for information 

7. Any requests for unpublished statistics, including from election candidates, should be handled in an even-handed manner, in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act. Guidance on handling FOI requests can be found in Section A.  

Commentary and Briefing 

8. Special care must be taken in producing commentary for inclusion in announcements of statistical publications issued during the election period. Commentary that would be accepted as impartial and objective analysis or interpretation at ordinary times, may attract criticism during an election. Commentary by civil servants should be restricted to the most basic factual clarification during this period. Ultimately the content of the announcement is left to the discretion of the departmental Head of Profession, seeking advice from the National Statistician as appropriate. 

9. Pre-election arrangements for statistics, whereby pre-release access for briefing purposes is given to Ministers or chief executives (and their appropriate briefing officials) who have policy responsibility for a subject area covered by a particular release, should continue, in accordance with the principles embodied in the UK Government’s Pre-release Access to Official Statistics Order 2008.  

10. In general, during this period, civil servants involved in the production of official statistics will not provide face to face briefing to Ministers. Only if there is a vital operational need for information, (e.g. an out of the ordinary occurrence of market-sensitive results with significant implications for the economy, or some new management figures with major implications for the running of public services), should such briefing be provided. Any such briefing should be approved by the National Statistician.  

11. Requests for advice on the interpretation or analysis of statistics should be handled with care, and in accordance with the guidance in paragraphs 6 and 7.  

12. Requests for factual guidance on methodology should continue to be met. 

13. Requests for small numbers of copies of leaflets, background papers or free publications that were available before the election period may continue to be met but no bulk issues to individuals or organisations should be made without appropriate approval. Regular mailings of statistical bulletins to customers on existing mailing lists may continue. 

Censuses, Surveys and other forms of quantitative or qualitative research enquiry  

14. Regular, continuous and on-going censuses and surveys of individuals, households, businesses or other organisations may continue. Ad hoc surveys and other forms of research that are directly related to and in support of a continuing statistical series may also continue. Ad hoc surveys and other forms of research that may give rise to controversy or be related to an election issue should be postponed or abandoned. 

Consultations 

15. Statistical consultations that are on-going at the point at which Parliament dissolves should continue as normal, but any publicity for such consultations should cease. New public consultations, even if preannounced, should not be launched but should be delayed until after the result of the election is officially declared.  

Further Advice 

16. If officials working on statistics in any area across government are unsure about any matters relating to their work during the election period, they should seek the advice of their Head of Profession in the first instance. Heads of Profession should consult the National Statistician in any cases of doubt. Queries relating to social research, or other analytical services should similarly be referred to the relevant Head of Profession or departmental lead and Permanent Secretary’s office in the first instance. Further advice can be sought from the Propriety and Ethics Team in the Cabinet Office.

Section L: Use of Government Property 

1. Neither Ministers, nor any other parliamentary candidates, should involve government establishments in the general election campaign by visiting them for electioneering purposes. 

2. In the case of NHS property, decisions are for the relevant NHS Trust but should visits be permitted to, for example, hospitals, the Department of Health and Social Care advise that there should be no disruption to services and the same facilities should be offered to other candidates. In any case, it is advised that election meetings should not be permitted on NHS premises. NHS England publishes its own information to NHS organisations about the pre-election period.

3. Decisions on the use of other public sector and related property must be taken by those legally responsible for the premises concerned – for example, for schools, the Governors or the Local Education Authority or Trust Board, and so on. If those concerned consult departments, they should be told that the decision is left to them but that they will be expected to treat the candidates of all parties in an even-handed way, and that there should be no disruption to services. The Department for Education will provide advice to schools on the use of school premises and resources.  

4. It is important that those legally responsible for spending public funds or the use of public property ensure that there is no misuse, or the perception of misuse, for party political purposes. Decision-makers must respect the Seven Principles of Public Life when considering the use of public funds or property during the election period. The principles include an expectation that public office holders take decisions impartially, fairly and on merit and maintain their accountability to the public for their decisions and actions.

Section M: International Business 

1. This guidance specifically addresses the principles that will apply to international business.  

2. International business will continue as normal during the period of the general election.  

International meetings 

3. Decisions on Ministerial attendance and representation at international meetings will continue to be taken on a case by case basis by the lead UK Minister. For example, Ministers will be entitled to attend international summits (such as meetings of the G20).  

4. When Ministers speak at international  meetings, they are fully entitled to pursue existing UK Government policies. All Ministers, whether from the UK Government or the Devolved Administrations, should avoid exploiting international engagements for electoral purposes. Ministers should observe discretion on new initiatives and before stating new positions or making new commitments (see Section G for further advice on Government decision-making).

5. Where a Minister is unable to attend an international meeting that has been assessed as of significant interest to the UK, the UK may be represented by a senior official. In this case, where an item is likely to be pressed to a decision (a legislative decision, or some other form of commitment, e.g. a resolution, conclusions), officials should engage in negotiations and vote in line with the cleared UK position and in line with a detailed brief cleared by the lead UK Minister. Officials should engage actively where there will be a general discussion or orientation debate, but should seek to avoid taking high profile decisions on issues of domestic political sensitivity. If decisions fall to be taken at an international summit that risk being controversial between the UK political parties, departments should consult their Permanent Secretary about the line to follow who may in turn wish to consult the Cabinet Secretary. 

Changes to International Negotiating Positions

6. There may be an unavoidable need for changes to a cleared UK position that require the collective agreement of Ministers. This may arise, for example, through the need for officials to have sufficiently clear negotiating instructions or as a result of the agreed UK position coming under pressure in the closing stages of negotiation. If collective agreement is required, the Cabinet Secretary should be consulted (see Section G). The Cabinet Secretariat can advise departments where they are unsure whether an issue requires further collective agreement. 

7. Departments should note that the reduced availability of Ministers during the election period means that it will be necessary to allow as much time as possible for Ministers to consider an issue. 

Relations with the Press 

8. Departmental Communication staff may properly continue to discharge, during the election period, their normal function only to the extent of providing factual explanation of current government policy, statements and decisions. They must be particularly careful not to become involved in a partisan way in election issues. 

9. Ministers attending international meetings will no doubt wish to brief the press afterwards in the normal manner. But where officials attend meetings in place of Ministers, they should be particularly circumspect in responding to the press on any decision or discussion in the meeting that could be regarded as touching on matters of domestic political sensitivity. If departments wish to issue press notices following international meetings on the discussions or decisions that took place, they should be essentially factual. Any comment, especially on items of domestic sensitivity, should be made by Ministers. In doing so, consideration will need to be given as to whether such comment should be handled by the department or the party. This must be agreed in advance with the Permanent Secretary.  

International Appointments 

10. The UK should not normally make nominations or put forward candidates for senior international appointments until after the election. It remains possible to make nominations or put forward candidates for other positions. Departments should consult their Permanent Secretary and the Propriety and Ethics Team in Cabinet Office on appointments that risk being controversial between the UK political parties.

Section N: The Devolved Administrations

1. The general election does not affect the devolved administrations in the same way. The devolved legislatures are elected separately to the House of Commons. Devolved Ministers in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland will continue to carry out their devolved functions in those countries as usual.

2. Under the Civil Service Code, which also applies to all civil servants, civil servants in the devolved administrations serve Ministers elected through elections in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and do not report to the UK Government. Accordingly, this guidance does not apply to them. They will continue to support their Ministers in their work. 

3. However, the devolved administrations acknowledge that their activities could have a bearing on the general election campaign. While the devolved administrations will continue largely as normal, they are aware of the need to avoid any action that is, or could be construed as being, party political or likely to have a direct bearing on the general election. Staff in the devolved administrations will continue to refer requests for information about reserved issues from MPs, parliamentary candidates and political parties to the relevant UK department. Requests for information about devolved issues will be handled in accordance with relevant FOI legislation, taking account of the need for prompt responses in the context of an election period. 

4. Officials in the devolved administrations are subject to the rules in Section E as regards their personal political activities, in the same way as UK Government officials. 

5. Discussions with the devolved administrations during the election period should be conducted in this context. For more general details on how best to work with the devolved administrations see the Cabinet Office guidance: Devolution guidance for civil servants

Section O: Public Bodies 

1. The general principles and conventions set out in this guidance apply to the board members and staff of all NDPBs and similar public bodies. Some NDPBs and ALBs employ civil servants.  

2. NDPBs and other public sector bodies must be, and be seen to be, politically impartial. They should avoid becoming involved in party political controversy. Decisions on individual matters are for the bodies concerned in consultation with their sponsor department who will wish to consider whether proposed activities could reflect adversely on the work or reputation of the NDPB or public body in question.

This includes departments and their agencies and other relevant public bodies including all public bodies deemed to be producers of official statistics by dint of an Order in Parliament.  ↩

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