essay on natural vegetation of haryana

Vegetation of Haryana | HPSC Preparation: All subjects - HPSC (Haryana) PDF Download

Natural resources: forests.

• A forest is a complicated environment primarily consisting of trees and shrubs, and is typically densely covered.
• Forests are home to various life forms like plants, mammals, birds, insects, and reptiles, as well as a significant number of microorganisms and fungi that break down dead organic material to enhance the soil.
• Forests cover about  30% of the earth's total land area,  which is almost 4 billion hectares.
• The forest ecosystem is made up of two parts: the non-living (abiotic) and the living (biotic) components.
• The non-living component of the forest includes factors such  as climate and soil type, while the living component encompasses  plants, animals, and other life forms.
• Within the forest, plants can be categorized into  trees, shrubs, climbers, grasses, and herbs.
• Different types of forests exist based on physical, geographical, climatic, and ecological factors, such as evergreen forests (composed mostly of evergreen tree species) and deciduous forests (composed mostly of deciduous tree species that shed their leaves during specific months).
• Each type of forest provides a specific habitat for a community of animals that have adapted to living there.
• The term "forest"  refers to the natural vegetation of an area that has existed for thousands of years and supports diverse biodiversity, forming a complex ecosystem.
• Plantations are distinct from natural forests in that they typically consist of a single type of planted species and do not support the same level of natural biodiversity.
• Forests offer several natural services and products.
• A  wide range of forest products  are utilized in daily life. Furthermore, forests play a crucial role in preserving ecological balance and have a significant economic impact.

Forest Statics of Haryana

• The forest cover in the  Haryana Sub-Region has been consistently increasing since 2001.
• In 2011, the total forest cover in the sub-region expanded to 456 sq. km compared to 454 sq. km in 2009, 440 sq. km in 2005, and 354 sq. km in 2001.
• Based on the distribution of forest types in 2011, Gurgaon district had the most substantial forest cover (231 sq. km), trailed by Faridabad (93 sq. km) and Rohtak (53 sq. km).
• In terms of percentage, Gurgaon district has the highest forest cover in the Haryana sub-region, which has progressively grown from 7% in 2001 to 8.4% in 2011.

Forest Types in Haryana

The forest types found in Haryana are categorized into three groups:  Tropical Dry Deciduous in the north-eastern region, Tropical Moist Deciduous in the Shiwalik region, and Tropical Thorn Forests in the western region.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

• These forests are among the  most extensive in India.
• They are commonly referred to as  monsoon forests.
• These forests are found in areas that receive between 70-200 cm of rainfall.
• Based on water availability, these forests can be further divided into moist and dry deciduous forests.

Moist Deciduous Forests

• Moist deciduous forests  are more prevalent in regions that receive rainfall between 100-200 cm.
• These forests are located in the northeastern states , particularly in the foothills of the Himalayas in the Shiwalik region.
• The primary species of these forests include  teak, sal, shisham, hurra, mahua, amla, semul, kusum, and sandalwood,  among others.

Dry Deciduous Forest

• Dry deciduous forests are widespread in India and are found in areas that receive rainfall between 70-100 cm.
• These forests have a transition to moist deciduous forests on the wetter margins and thorn forests on the drier margins.
• In Haryana, these forests are found in the rainier areas of the northeastern region.
• During the dry season , the trees in these forests shed their leaves completely, and the forest takes on the appearance of a vast grassland with naked trees.
• The common trees in these forests include tendu, palas, amaltas, bel, khair, and axlewood, among others.

Tropical Thorn Forests

• The tropical thorn forests are located in areas with rainfall below 50 cm, and they mainly have grasses and shrubs.
• These forests are found in the semi-arid areas of the western region of Haryana.
• In these forests, plants usually do not have leaves for most of the year, and they appear like scrub vegetation.
• The key species found in these forests are babool, ber, wild date palm, khair, neem, khejri, and palas. Tussocky grass, which grows up to 2 meters, is the undergrowth.

Haryana State’s Emblems

State tree: pipal, peepul or bo tree (ficus religiosa).

• The Pipal tree,  a tree native to India, has been declared the state tree of Haryana.
• All parts of the Pipal tree, including its roots, bark, leaves, and fruit, have useful applications.
• The Pipal tree is classified as a large tree with red flowers that bloom in February, and its fruits ripen in May/June. It is widely found in uplands and plain areas.
• Various parts of the plant, including the roots, bark, leaves, and fruit, are used for medicinal purposes . The bark is useful in treating inflammations and glandular swelling of the neck, while the root bark is used for stomatitis, ulcers, and promoting granulations. The roots are also helpful for gout, and can even be chewed to prevent gum disease. The fruit acts as a laxative, promotes digestion, and checks vomiting, while ripe fruits are effective for foul taste, thirst, and heart disease. Powdered fruit is used for asthma, while the seeds have been found useful for urinary problems. The leaves are used to treat constipation.

State Flower: Lotus

• The  Lotus or Water Lily is an aquatic plant with large floating green leaves and fragrant flowers that grow in shallow waters.
• There are two types of lotus  based on the color of their flowers, the red lotus and the white lotus.
• The flowers of the lotus are attractive and float on the surface of the water with several petals that overlap in a symmetrical arrangement.
• Lotuses are valued for their peaceful beauty and are a pleasure to observe when their blossoms open up on the surface of a pond.

State Animal: Black Buck (Antelope)

• The Black Buck is an antelope species that is mainly found in India, with smaller populations in Pakistan and Nepal.
• Its horns are ringed and moderately spiral with three to four turns, and can grow up to 70 cm (28 inches) long.
• The term Black Buck has also been used to refer to the sable antelope species in Africa.
• Adult male Black Bucks are about 80 cm (32 inches) tall at the shoulder and weigh between 32 to 43 kg (71 to 95 lb). They have black upper parts, while their underparts and a ring around their eyes are white. Females are light brown and usually do not have horns, while males are dark brown.

State Bird: Black Francolin

• The Black Francolin is a game bird  that breeds in most of north and central India, and is sometimes called the Black Partridge or Kala Teetar in Hindi. It lives near cultivated areas and scrub, often near wetlands.
• The bird prefers tall crops, grasses and bushes for shelter,  and open spaces below for easy escape. It is more closely associated with water than the Grey Francolin.
• The  male Black Francolin is black  with a white patch on the cheek, a chestnut collar, and white spots on the flanks. The back and wings have scalloped patterns of golden brown, with tawny-buff bands and pale edges. The tail is black with narrow white bars, and the legs are reddish-brown to red.
• The female Black Francolin  looks similar to the male, but is paler in color, has wider brown bars on the lower back, and lacks the white cheek patch. The chestnut collar is replaced by a nuchal patch.
• The bird's diet consists mainly of grain, grass seeds, berries, shoots, tubers, termites, ants, and insects.

Herbal Parks and Herbal Gyan Kendras in Haryana

• In each district, there are  Herbal Parks and Herbal Gyan Kendras established to create awareness about the traditional Indian medicine system, preserve the gene pool, and produce high-quality seeds and seedlings for farmers.
• Farmers are being encouraged to cultivate and propagate medicinal plants outside  their natural habitat to conserve biodiversity and generate income.
• The herbal parks will help in the conservation of species and serve as gene-pools for both indigenous and exotic species.
• The  Haryana Forest Department's efforts have received appreciation from the public, practitioners, and policy-makers.

The State Medicinal Plants Board

• The State Medicinal Plants Board is responsible for advancing the medicinal plants sector in the state by carrying out Promotional Projects/Schemes and Contractual Farming Projects, which are sanctioned and funded by the National Medicinal Plants Board.
• The Promotional projects are intended to survey and identify medicinal plants , conserve/cultivate medicinal plants in their natural habitat or designated areas such as Herbal Parks, produce high-quality planting material in nurseries, conduct extension activities to raise awareness through Audio Visual Aids, Seminars, Training/Workshops, research the supply and demand of medicinal plants, research and develop the sector, add value and semi-process medicinal plant products, promote cooperation among growers and collectors of medicinal plants, and cultivate medicinal plants on a contractual basis on farmland. The National Medicinal Plants Board provides a 30% subsidy on the total project cost.

Haryana Community Forestry Project (HCFP)

• The Haryana Community Forestry Project (HCFP) was launched with the aim of conserving and revitalizing natural resources in 338 villages across 11 districts of Haryana, primarily through the development of forests, with the active involvement of communities, particularly women. The project was jointly funded by the Government of Haryana and the European Commission.
• This website has been created to enable the HCFP to share its experience with interested parties through various documents such as manuals, study reports, publications, and videos. Anyone who is engaged in similar work is welcome to download these materials, and hopefully, they will find useful insights to apply in their own projects.

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Haryana State Biodiversity Board

Latest Updates

• International Day for Biological Diversity - 2024 (22nd May 2024) New
• Celebration of International Day for Biological Diversity - 2024 (22nd May 2024) New
• Message from the Chairman New
• Proceedings of Central Level PBR Monitoring Committee New
• Preparation of Haryana State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (HR-SBSAP)2021 New
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• UNDP-NBA Biodiversity Samrakshan Internship Programme 2021-2022
• IDB-IBA-2023
• India Biodiversity Awards-2023
• Firms registered with AYUSH Department may get themselves registered with HSBB
• Proceedings of State Level PBR Quality Monitoring Committee

Welcome to Haryana State Biodiversity Board

Welcome to Haryana State Biodiversity Board Biodiversity encompasses the variety & diversity of all life forms on earth such as plants, animals and microbes living in a wide range of ecosystems on earth. Biodiversity & its interlink forms the very basis of life on this planet. According to estimations, there are about 13 to 14 […]

Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC)

Under Section 41(1) of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, every local body in the State shall constitute a Biodiversity Management Committee within its area of…

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As per Biological Diversity Act, 2002, one of the main functions of the Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC) is to prepare People’s Biodiversity Register in which…

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Office Address Haryana State Biodiversity Board

Email: sbbhry18[at]gmail[dot]com, info[at]sbb[dot]haryanaforest[dot]gov[dot]in

Telephone: 0172 4046984, 0172 2930434

The Kalesar forest is full of Sal trees. The Ritha tree can be found in the Morni Hills as well as the Kalesar forest. Another relatively bigger forest is the Saraswati Plantation near Pehowa. An important shrub species of the state is the leafless Kair or Teat (Capparis decidua). Another important plant that has religious and medicinal values, is the Tulsi. A beautiful flowering tree is the Kachnar, whose flowers are used for many purposes. Other trees that are found in Haryana are Tun (Red Cedar), Baheda and Bel.

The graymusk shrew or chachunder (Suncus murinus) and two species of bats, the common yellow bat and the Tickell's bat are usually seen. The Gilheri or five stripped palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum), Seh or Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica), the Indian gerbil, the common house rat (Rattus rattus) and the common house mouse are the common rodents found. Sassa, the Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis) is also found in the bushes.

The common colorful birds such as Indian Roller (Neelkanth), Northern Green Barbet, Coppersmith Barbet, Northern Golden backed Woodpecker, Eurasian Golden Oriole, Alexandrine Parakeet, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Pied Crested Cuckoo, Koel, Kingfishers such as Common Kingfisher, White breasted Kingfisher, Indian Pied Kingfisher, Red vented Bulbul, Lal munia (Red Avadat), Purple sunbird, Indian Spotted Munia and Crested Bunting etc., along with National Bird of India, the Blue Peafowl, add beauty to the varied wildlife of the state. Besides, some other birds like White Storks, storks, cranes, White Ibis and egrets and Yellow wattled lapwings are also found in the state.

Lizards : The common lizards can be seen in the houses. Kirla or girgit is found in the lawns and hedges and attracts the attention by changing its colors. Sanda is found in sandy areas. Besides, a few other types of lizards are found in bushes and areas of thick vegetation.

Tortoise : Two species of tortoises are also found in the state.

Frogs : The common frogs found in Haryana are Indian Bull Frog, Indian Cricket Frog, Indian Burrowing Frog and common Toad.

Fish : The different water courses of the state abound with many species of fish. The species important point of view of food and game are the feather back fish parri, katla, mrigal, chunni, bata, siriha, ghally, mallee, and the snake-head fish, dolla and curd.

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Haryana PCS Exam Notes

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Forests – Natural Vegetation of India

Table of Contents

• 1Forests – Natural Vegetation of India
• 2Classification of Natural Vegetation of India
• 1Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests or Rain Forests
• 2Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests
• 3Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
• 4Littoral and Swamp Forests
• 1.1Casuarina plantation
• 2Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests
• 3Tropical Thorn Forests
• 1Sub-tropical Broad-leaved Hill Forests
• 2Sub-tropical Moist Pine Forests
• 3Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests
• 1Montane Wet Temperate Forests
• 2Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests
• 3Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests
• 7Alpine Forests

Forests – Natural Vegetation of India:Types and distribution

• Climate, soil and topography are the major factors that influence Natural Vegetation of a place.
• The main climatic factors are rainfall and temperature . The amount of annual rainfall has a great bearing on the type of vegetation.
• Temperature is the major factor in Himalayas and other hilly regions with an elevation of more than 900 metres.
• As the temperature falls with altitude in the Himalayan region the vegetal cover changes with altitude from tropical to sub-tropical, temperate and finally alpine.
• Soil is an equally determining factor in few regions. Mangrove forests, swamp forests  are some of the examples where soil is the major factor.
• Topography is responsible for certain minor types e.g. alpine flora, tidal forests, etc..

Classification of Natural Vegetation of India

• Classification of Natural Vegetation of India is primarily based on spatial and annual variations in rainfall. Temperature, soil and topography are also considered.
• India’s vegetation can be divided into 5 main types and 16 sub-types as given below.

A. Moist Tropical Forests

• Tropical Wet Evergreen
• Tropical Semi-Evergreen
• Tropical Moist Deciduous
• Littoral and Swamp

B. Dry Tropical Forests

• Tropical Dry Evergreen
• Tropical Dry Deciduous
• Tropical Thorn

C. Montane Sub-tropical Forests

• Sub-tropical broad leaved hill
• Sub-tropical moist hill (pine)
• Sub-tropical dry evergreen

D. Montane Temperate Forests

• Montane Wet Temperate
• Himalayan Moist Temperate
• Himalayan Dry Temperate

E. Alpine Forests

• Moist Alpine scrub
• Dry Alpine scrub

Moist Tropical Forests

Tropical wet evergreen forests or rain forests, climatic conditions.

• Annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm
• The annual temperature is about 25°-27°C
• The average annual humidity exceeds 77 per cent and
• The dry season is distinctly short.

Characteristics

• Evergreen: Due to high heat and high humidity, the trees of these forests do not shed their leaves together.
• Mesosphytic : Plants adopted to neither too dry nor too wet type climate.
• Lofty: The trees often reach 45 – 60 metres in height.
• Thick Canopy: From the air, the tropical rain forest appears like a thick canopy of foliage, broken only where it is crossed by large rivers or cleared for cultivation.
• All plants struggle upwards (most ephiphytes ) for sunlight resulting in a peculiar layer arrangement. The entire morphology looks like a green carpet when viewed from above.
• Less undergrowth: The sun light cannot reach the ground due to thick canopy. The undergrowth is formed mainly of bamboos, ferns, climbers, orchids, etc.

Distribution

• Western side of the Western Ghats (500 to 1370 metres above sea level).
• Some regions in the Purvanchal hills.
• In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Hardwood: The timber of these forests is fine-grained, hard and durable.
• It has high commercial value but it is highly challenging to exploit due to dense undergrowth, absence of pure stands and lack of transport facilities   [Read previous posts on Climatic regions to understand how lumbering industry works in Equatorial Rainforests (hardwood) and Taiga Climatic (softwood) conditions].
• The important species of these forests are mahogany, mesua, white cedar, jamun, canes, bamboo  

Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests

• They are transitional forests between tropical wet evergreen forests and tropical deciduous forests.
• They are comparatively drier areas compared to tropical wet evergreen forests.
• Annual rainfall is 200-250 cm
• Mean annual temperature varies from 24°C to 27°C
• The relative humidity is about 75 per cent
• The dry season is not short like in tropical evergreen forests.
• Western coast
• Lower slopes of the Eastern Himalayas
• The semi-evergreen forests are less dense.
• They are more gregarious [living in flocks or colonies – more pure stands]  than the wet evergreen forests.
• These forests are characterized by many species.
• Trees usually have buttressed trunks with abundant epiphytes.

Buttressed Trunks

• The important species are laurel, rosewood, mesua, thorny bamboo – Western Ghats, white cedar, Indian chestnut, champa, mango, etc. – Himalayan region.
• Hardwood: Similar to that in tropical evergreen forests except that these forests are less dense with more pure stands  (timber industry here is better than in evergreen forests).

Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

• Annual rainfall 100 to 200 cm.
• Mean annual temperature of about 27°C
• The average annual relative humidity of 60 to 75 per cent.
• Spring (between winter and summer) and summer are dry.
• The trees drop their leaves during the spring and early summer when sufficient moisture is not available.
• The general appearance is bare in extreme summers (April-May).
• Tropical moist deciduous forests present irregular top storey [25 to 60 m].
• Heavily buttressed trees and fairly complete undergrowth.
• These forests occupy a much larger area than the evergreen forests but large tracts under these forests have been cleared for cultivation.
• Belt running along the Western Ghats surrounding the belt of evergreen forests.
• A strip along the Shiwalik range including terai and bhabar from 77° E to 88° E.
• Manipur and Mizoram.
• Hills of eastern Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
• Chota Nagpur Plateau.
• Most of Odisha.
• Parts of West Bengal and
• Andaman and Nicobar islands.
• These provide valuable timer like
• The main species found in these forests are teak, sal, laurel, rosewood, amla, jamun, bamboo, etc.
• It is comparatively easy to exploit these forests due to their high degree of gregariousness (more pure stands).

Littoral and Swamp Forests

• They can survive and grow both in fresh as well as brackish water (The mixture of seawater and fresh water in estuaries is called brackish water and its salinity can range from 0.5 to 35 ppt).
• Occur in and around the deltas, estuaries and creeks prone to tidal influences (delta or tidal forests).
• Littoral (relating to or on the shore of the sea or a lake) forests occur at several places along the coast.
• Swamp forests are confined to the deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauvery.
• Dense mangroves occur all along the coastline in sheltered estuaries, tidal creeks, backwaters, salt marshes and mudflats. It provides useful fuel wood.
• The most pronounced and the densest is the Sunderban in the Ganga delta  where the predominant species is Sundri (Heriteera).
• It provides hard and durable timber which is used for construction, building purposes and making boats.
• The important species found in these forests are Sundri, agar, rhizophora, screw pines, canes and palms, etc.

Dry Tropical Forests

Tropical dry evergreen forests.

• Along the coasts of Tamil Nadu.
• Annual rainfall of 100 cm [mostly from the north-east monsoon winds in October – December].
• Mean annual temperature is about 28°C.
• The mean humidity is about 75 per cent.
• The growth of evergreen forests in areas of such low rainfall is a bit strange.
• Short statured trees, up to 12 m high, with complete canopy.
• Bamboos and grasses not conspicuous.
• The important species are jamun, tamarind, neem, etc.
• Most of the land under these forests has been cleared for agriculture or casuarina plantations.

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests

• Annual rainfall is 100-150 cm.
• These are similar to moist deciduous forests and shed their leaves in dry season.
• The major difference is that they can grow in areas of comparatively less rainfall.
• They represent a transitional type – moist deciduous on the wetter side and thorn forests on the drier side.
• They have closed but uneven canopy.
• The forests are composed of a mixture of a few species of deciduous trees rising up to a height of 20 metres.
• Undergrowth: Enough light reaches the ground to permit the growth of grass and climbers.
• They occur in an irregular wide strip running from the foot of the Himalayas to Kanniyakumari except in Rajasthan, Western Ghats and West Bengal.
• The important species are teak, axlewood, rosewood, common bamboo, red sanders , laurel, satinwood, etc.
• Large tracts of this forest have been cleared for agricultural purposes.
• These forests have suffer from over grazing, fire, etc.

Tropical Thorn Forests

• Annual rainfall less than 75 cm.
• Humidity is less than 50 per cent.
• Mean temperature is 25°-30°C.
• The trees are low (6 to 10 metres maximum) and widely scattered.
• Acacias and Euphorbias are very prominent.
• The Indian wild date is common. Some grasses also grow in the rainy season.
• Rajasthan, south-western Punjab, western Haryana, Kachchh and neighbouring parts of Saurashtra.
• Here they degenerate into desert type in the Thar desert.
• Such forests also grow on the leeside of the Western Ghats covering large areas of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• The important species are neem, babul, cactii, etc.

Montane Sub-Tropical Forests

Sub-tropical broad-leaved hill forests, climatic conditions.

• Mean annual rainfall is 75 cm to 125 cm.
• Average annual temperature is 18°-21°C.
• Humidity is 80 per cent.
• Eastern Himalayas to the east of 88°E longitude at altitudes varying from 1000 to 2000 m.
• Forests of evergreen species.
• Commonly found species are evergreen oaks, chestnuts, ash, beech, sals and pines.
• Climbers and epiphytes [a plant that grows non-parasitically on a tree or other plant] are common.
• These forests are not so distinct in the southern parts of the country. They occur only in the Nilgiri and Palni hills at 1070-1525 metres above sea level.
• It is a “stunted rain-forest” and is not so luxuriant as the true tropical evergreen.
• The higher parts of the Western Ghats such as Mahabaleshwar, the summits of the Satpura and the Maikal Range, highlands of Bastar and Mt. Abu in the Aravali Range carry sub-types of these forests.

Sub-tropical Moist Pine Forests

• Western Himalayas between 73°E and 88°E longitudes at elevations between 1000 to 2000 metres above sea level.
• Some hilly regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Naga Hills and Khasi Hills.
• Chir or Chil is the most dominant tree which forms pure stands.
• It provides valuable timber  for furniture, boxes and buildings.
• It is also used for producing resin and turpentine.

Sub-tropical Dry Evergreen Forests

• Found in the Bhabar, the Shiwaliks and the western Himalayas up to about 1000 metres above sea level.
• Annual rainfall is 50-100 cm (15 to 25 cm in December-March).
• The summers are sufficiently hot and winters are very cold.
• Low scrub forest with small evergreen stunted trees and shrubs.
• Olive, acacia modesta and pistacia are the most predominant species.

Montane Temperate Forests

Montane wet temperate forests.

• Grows at a height of 1800 to 3000 m above sea level
• Mean annual rainfall is 150 cm to 300 cm
• Mean annual temperature is about 11°C to 14°C and the
• Average relative humidity is over 80 per cent.
• Higher hills of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in the Eastern Himalayan region.
• These are closed evergreen forests. Trunks have large girth.
• Branches are clothed with mosses, ferns and other epiphytes.
• The trees rarely achieve a height of more than 6 metres.
• Deodar, Chilauni, Indian chestnut, birch, plum, machilus, cinnamomum, litsea, magnolia, blue pine, oak, hemlock, etc. are important species.

Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests

• Annual rainfall varies from 150 cm to 250 cm
• Occurs in the temperate zone of the Himalayas between 1500 and 3300 metres.
• Cover the entire length of this mountain range in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Darjeeling and Sikkim.
• Mainly composed of coniferous species.
• Species occur in mostly pure strands.
• Trees are 30 to 50 m high.
• Pines, cedars, silver firs, spruce, etc. are most important trees.
• They form high but fairly open forest with shrubby undergrowth including oaks, rhododendrons and some bamboos.
• It provides fine wood which is of much use for construction, timber and railway sleepers.

Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests

• Precipitation is below 100 cm and is mostly in the form of snow.
• Coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which deodar, oak, ash, olive, etc are the main trees.
• Such forests are found in the inner dry ranges of the Himalayas where south-west monsoon is very feeble.
• Such areas are in Ladakh, Lahul, Chamba, Kinnaur, Garhwal and Sikkim.

Alpine Forests

• Altitudes ranging between 2,900 to 3,500.
• These forests can be divided into: (1) sub-alpine; (2) moist alpine scrub and (3) dry alpine scrub.
• The sub-alpine forests occur lower alpine scrub and grasslands.
• It is a mixture of coniferous and broad-leaved trees in which the coniferous trees attain a height of about 30 m while the broad leaved trees reach only 10 m.
• Fir, spruce, rhododendron, etc. are important species.
• The moist alpine scrub is a low evergreen dense growth of rhododendron, birch etc. which occurs from 3,000 metres and extends upto
• The dry alpine scrub is the uppermost limit of scrub xerophytic, dwarf shrubs, over 3,500 metres above sea level and found in dry zone. Juniper, honeysuckle, artemesia etc. are important species.
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An agricultural geography of haryana.

Author: Jasbir Singh

Keywords: Agriculture of Haryana, sustainable agriculture in Haryana

Publisher: Vishal Publications, Kurukshetra

Description: This book by Jasbir Singh is a work of research to investigate the changes being affected in agricultural patterns of Haryana. Such changes are determined by the development of natural resources, government policies, seed-fertilizer-water technology, and modern innovations in agricultural sector. This work also includes inter-regional comparisons and is a portrayal of regional imbalances in agriculture. The author has also provided an account of problems and prospects of Haryana's agriculture.

Source: Central Secretariat Library

Type: E-Book

Received From: Central Secretariat Library

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Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

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Natural Vegetation Analysis Essay Example

• Pages: 5 (1211 words)
• Published: November 17, 2016
• Type: Essay

Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is termed as virgin vegetation. Thus, cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation but not natural vegetation. Virgin vegetation -The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian are known as endemic or indigenous species but those which have come from outside India are termed as exotic plants. Flora- The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular region or period. Fauna- the species of animals are referred to as fauna. This huge diversity in flora and fauna kingdom is due to the following factors.

Land Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. The nature of land influences the type of vegetation. The fertile le

vel is generally devoted to agriculture. The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands develop and give shelter to a variety of wild life. Soil The soils also vary over space. Different types of soils provide basis for different types of vegetation. The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees.

Temperature The character and extent of vegetation are mainly determined by temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil. On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsula above the height of 915 metres, the fall in the temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth, and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperate an

alpine vegetation.

Temperature Characteristics of the Vegetation Zones Vegetation Zones Tropical Sub-tropical Temperate Alpine Mean Annual Average Temp.(in degree C) Above 24°C 17°C to 24°C 7°C to 17° C Below 7°C Mean Temp. In Jan. In degree C Above 18° 10°C to 18°C -1°C to (-10 ) °C Below–1°C Remarks No Frost Frost is rare Frost some snow Snow

Source: Environment Atlas of India, June 2001, Central Pollution Control Board Delhi Photoperiod (Sunlight) The variation in duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Due to longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summer. Precipitation In India almost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing southwest monsoon (June to September) and retreating northeast monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall.

The nature of the plants in an area, to a large extent, determines the animal life in that area. When the vegetation is altered, the animal life also changes. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus, forming an ecosystem. Human beings are also an integral part of the ecosystem. A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life is called a biome. The biomes are identified on the basis of plants. The following major types of vegetation may be identified in our country (i) Tropical Rain Forests (ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests (iii) Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs (iv) Montane Forests (v) Mangrove Forests

Tropical Rain Forests These forests are

restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and the island groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast. They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season. The trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above. Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure.

These forests appear green all the year round. Some of the commercially important trees of this forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona. The common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkey, lemur and deer. The one horned rhinoceros are found in the jungles of Assam and West Bengal. Besides these animals plenty of birds, bats, sloth, scorpions and snails are also found in these jungles. Tropical Deciduous Forests These are the most widespread forests of India. They are also called the monsoon forests and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm.

Trees of this forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and dry deciduous. The former is found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. These forests exist, therefore, mostly in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. Teak is the most dominant species of

this forest. Bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair, kusum, arjun, mulberry are other commercially important species. The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm.

These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In these forests, the common animals found are lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant. A huge variety of birds, lizards, snakes, and tortoises are also found here. The Thorn Forests and Scrubs In regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall, the natural vegetation consists of thorny trees and bushes.

This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of the country including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti are the main plant species. Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into the soil in order to get moisture. The stems are succulent to conserve water. Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimize evaporation. These forests give way to thorn forests and scrubs in arid areas. In these forests, the common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, tiger, lion, wild ass, horses and camels.

Montane Forests In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the corresponding change in natural vegetation. The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres. Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts predominate. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar, are found. These forests cover mostly the southern

slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitude in southern and north-east India. Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the common trees of these forests.

The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, jack rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, Shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats with thick hair. Mangrove Forests The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. Mud and silt get accumutated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged under water. The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishana, the Godavari and the Kaveri are covered by such vegetation. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are also found in these forests.

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Essay on Haryana For Kids & Students

Situated adjacent to the National Capital New Delhi, Haryana is one of the most culturally rich states in North India. Haryana is one of the most agriculturally and industrially advanced states in India. With a maximum of its population indulged in agriculture, Haryana is even advancing in several other sectors such as industry and automobile. To look at a few of its advances continue reading:

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It is a surprising fact about Haryana that it is India’s largest automobile hub which manufactures 75% of cars and SUVs, 50% tractors and 60% of total two-wheelers in the country.

Besides being an automobile hub Haryana is an advancing IT center of the country. It is the third-ranked software exporter in India. Not just an outsourcer, being a readily developing state Haryana is one of the most preferred IT destination of the country.

Haryana’s share in GDP

Haryana covers a total of 1.3% India’s total land which surprisingly contributes 3.58% of India’s GDP.

Agricultural Advancement

In the recent days, Haryana is emerging to accept organic farming, vermicompost and several other farming methods to prevent environmental pollution.

Textile Industry

The readily available raw material makes Haryana a rising textile industry. The otherwise agricultural state is now an uprising textile industry star.

Places to visit in Haryana

Unlike many other states in India where wealth is a measure of real estate and luxury cars, in Haryana cattle and farms is the judgment of a person’s wealth. While you may think of Haryana as a place with farms spread all across the land, it has more to look at than just golden fields and sunshine hitting the sunflowers.

The land of Kurukshetra where the most historic battle of Mahabharata was fought

Situated on the banks of River Sarasvati and the Godavari the Kurukshetra district is considered as a divine place where the divine Lord Krishna was once present. A trip to this majestic district will give you the vibes of being at a historic place which once was a battleground to maintain the righteousness of our world.

The Badkhal Lake

This lake which adorns natural beauty all around itself which offers an unimaginable sight is a must visit. It is an artificial lake which was built back in 1947. This makes up to be one of the most enjoyable picnic spots for citizens of Haryana.

Gurugram is undoubtedly the leading towns in the country with most rapid and speedy advancement. Its infrastructure is a sight to die for. It will be unbelievable to look at the skyscrapers and the superior architecturally designed industrial area. Not just industry and infrastructure, the food hub of Gurugram is a must visit.

The Kingdom of Dreams

Spread across 6 acres of land, Kingdom of Dreams is indeed a dream to be at. It hosts majestic acts in its gigantic auditorium with all sorts of technology. Not just shows but it also has small pavilions representing all 29 states of India with their cuisines. It is a one of a kind experience unmatched elsewhere in India.

Santosh Kumar

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