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Understanding Globalization Effects in the Philippines

Globalization has undoubtedly reshaped the economies, cultures, and societies of countries around the world. But what about its impacts on the Philippines ? How has this nation navigated the tide of globalization and what consequences has it brought? As we delve into the effects of globalization in the Philippines , we will uncover a captivating journey of economic growth , cultural exchange , technological advancement , social transformation , and more. So, join us as we unravel the complexities of globalization and its profound influence on the Philippines.

Key Takeaways:

• Globalization has brought both positive and negative impacts on the Philippines, encompassing various aspects such as economics, culture, and social cohesion .
• The Philippines has experienced significant economic growth and employment opportunities due to globalization, but challenges such as inequality persist.
• The country has embraced trade globalization, seeing an increase in foreign investments and global trade relations.
• Technological advancements and labor market changes have played a pivotal role in the effects of globalization .
• Efforts are needed to bridge the gap between winners and losers in the labor market and address the challenges of inequality and the provision of global public goods .

Globalization Trends in the Philippines

As the Philippines continues to embrace globalization, the country has witnessed notable trends in trade openness , finance openness , and economic integration . These trends reflect the nation’s growing integration with the global economy and its efforts to capitalize on the opportunities presented by globalization.

Trade Openness

Trade openness has been a key component of the Philippines’ global engagement strategy. Over the years, the country has made significant progress in improving its trade openness , as evidenced by the increasing share of trade in its GDP. This can be attributed to the Philippines’ commitment to promoting an open trade policy and the development of global value chains in strategic sectors such as electronics and electrical components industry. This sector has played a pivotal role in driving the country’s export growth and enhancing its competitiveness in the global market.

Finance Openness

The Philippines has also experienced moderate financial openness, signaling its growing integration with international financial markets. The country has witnessed an increase in capital flows and the liberalization of its foreign exchange regulatory system. This has boosted investor confidence and attracted both portfolio and direct investments, leading to an expanding exposure to external liabilities. The Philippines’ growing financial openness reflects its strong macroeconomic fundamentals, making it an attractive destination for global investors.

Economic Integration

At the heart of globalization lies economic integration , and the Philippines has been actively engaging in this process. The country’s efforts to integrate with the global economy have resulted in a deeper integration into regional and global supply chains. This has facilitated the development of industries and sectors that are well-positioned to thrive in the global market. The Philippines’ economic integration signifies its commitment to leveraging its strengths and resources to participate fully in the global economy.

As the Philippines embraces globalization, it is important to monitor and adapt to these trends in order to reap the full benefits of economic integration and global opportunities. By fostering trade and finance openness , as well as pursuing effective strategies for economic integration, the Philippines can position itself as a competitive player in the global arena.

Economic Restructuring

The new wave of globalization has brought about economic restructuring , reshaping global trade patterns and the development of global value chains . The Philippines has experienced changes in its trade dynamics, with a shift towards the export of intermediate goods and the import of capital goods. This has led to the development of global value chains , particularly in industries like electronics and electrical components.

The country has seen improvements in transport and communication technology, which have facilitated trade and allowed companies to manage their production more efficiently. The growth of the IT-BPO industry has also contributed to economic restructuring in the Philippines.

Worsening Inequality

Despite the positive impact of globalization on economic growth and employment , there are concerns about worsening inequality in the Philippines. Income inequality has been on the rise, with certain income groups capturing a larger share of global growth. The drivers of income inequality include technological advancements, changes in labor markets, and unequal access to education and opportunities. These factors have contributed to a widening income gap in the country. Addressing inequality is crucial in ensuring that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably among the population.

Trends in Inequality

The Philippines has experienced a concerning trend of worsening inequality in recent years. The income gap between the rich and the poor has been widening, leading to a more uneven distribution of wealth. This trend is evident in various sectors of society, from urban areas to rural communities. The poorest segments of the population often face limited access to resources, opportunities, and social services, exacerbating the inequality issue.

The drivers of income inequality in the Philippines are complex and multifaceted. A comprehensive approach is needed to address these issues and create a more inclusive society, where the benefits of globalization are shared by all.

“It is our collective responsibility to ensure that no one is left behind in the pursuit of progress. Addressing inequality is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic investment in building a fair and sustainable future.”

As the Philippines continues to navigate the challenges of globalization, it is essential to prioritize policies and initiatives that reduce inequality and promote inclusive growth. By investing in education, skills training, and social safety nets, the country can empower its citizens to thrive in an increasingly interconnected world economy.

Next, we will explore the threats to the provision of global public goods posed by the current state of globalization and the role of international cooperation in overcoming these challenges.

Threats to Provision of Global Public Goods

As globalization continues to shape our interconnected world, there are growing concerns about the provision of global public goods . These goods, such as addressing climate change, reducing poverty, and promoting equality, require international cooperation and collective action. However, various threats pose significant challenges to achieving these goals.

One of the major threats to the provision of global public goods is the rise of protectionism and inward-looking policies in certain countries. As nations become more focused on their own interests, international cooperation becomes strained, hindering efforts to tackle global issues. This poses a significant challenge in addressing problems that require global collaboration and collective solutions.

The global community also faces challenges in addressing pressing issues such as climate change, poverty, and inequality. These complex problems require coordinated global action and cooperation. However, differing priorities, interests, and approaches among nations can hinder progress and dilute efforts to find effective solutions.

Another threat to the provision of global public goods is the declining social cohesion and trust in society. As communities become more fragmented, it becomes increasingly difficult to mobilize collective action and foster the international cooperation needed to address global challenges. Declining social cohesion undermines the trust and cooperation necessary for countries to come together and make meaningful progress.

Efforts to overcome these threats and ensure the provision of global public goods require promoting international cooperation and strengthening collaboration among public and private organizations. It is crucial to foster a sense of shared responsibility and common purpose among nations. By working together, we can overcome the challenges posed by globalization and address pressing global issues in a meaningful and impactful way.

Globalization has brought about various threats to the provision of global public goods, including the rise of protectionism, the challenges of addressing complex global issues, and declining social cohesion . Overcoming these threats requires a renewed commitment to international cooperation and collaboration, as well as efforts to build trust and strengthen social cohesion . By working together, we can ensure the provision of global public goods and create a more sustainable and prosperous world for all.

Cultural Impacts of Globalization in the Philippines

Globalization has had a profound impact on the culture of the Philippines, influencing both the education system and the labor market. One significant cultural impact of globalization is the increased diversity within the higher education institutions in the country. As a result of migration and globalization, there is now a more diverse student population, promoting equity, inclusiveness, and enriching the learning environment.

However, it is crucial to address the instances of discrimination that international students may still encounter. Discrimination can hinder the full realization of the benefits of a diverse student body. As the Philippines continues to embrace globalization, it is important to cultivate an environment of understanding, respect, and acceptance among students from different backgrounds.

Globalization also places a greater emphasis on critical thinking skills within the education system. As the demand for skilled human capital grows, students need to develop critical thinking abilities to navigate the complexities of a globalized world. The ability to critically analyze information and think independently becomes increasingly valuable as the world becomes more interconnected.

Furthermore, the Philippines’ reliance on labor export has had a significant influence on its education system. With a focus on producing globally competitive individuals, the training of students is centered around skills that align with the demands of the international labor market. This includes preparing students for work abroad, where they can contribute to the economic growth of both the Philippines and the countries they migrate to.

To balance the cultural impacts of globalization, the Philippines needs to foster a culture of understanding, sensitivity, and openness to different beliefs and values. This can be achieved through promoting cultural exchange programs, encouraging dialogue, and providing opportunities for students to engage with diverse perspectives.

The Cultural Impacts of Globalization in the Philippines:

By embracing the cultural impacts of globalization while promoting understanding and inclusivity, the Philippines can harness the benefits of a diverse society and prepare its students for success in a globalized world.

Globalization and the Philippine Economy

Globalization has had a significant impact on the Philippine economy . The expanding exports and continuous capital accumulation have been key contributors to the country’s economic growth. The Philippines has witnessed positive effects on employment and industry performance , particularly in sectors associated with global value chains. The integration into global markets has created opportunities for job creation and enhanced productivity in various industries.

One of the driving forces behind the positive impact of globalization on the Philippine economy is the implementation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). These agreements have resulted in industry growth and improved labor productivity. However, it is important to note that the network effects of FTA trade shocks have not been statistically significant.

International trade plays a crucial role in shaping the economy of the Philippines. The country’s engagement in global trade has contributed to its overall growth, employment opportunities, and industry performance . By participating in global value chains, the Philippines has been able to tap into international markets and leverage its competitive advantages.

Below is a table highlighting the impact of globalization on the Philippine economy:

Overall, globalization has played a significant role in shaping the Philippine economy. The country’s participation in global trade has resulted in economic growth, employment opportunities, and enhanced industry performance. However, policymakers and stakeholders must continue to address the challenges and potential risks associated with globalization to ensure sustainable and inclusive development.

Globalization and the Education System in the Philippines

Globalization has had a significant impact on the education system in the Philippines. The country recognizes the need for internationalization in education to foster global competencies and enhance competitiveness.

However, there are challenges and obstacles that need to be addressed. Inadequate e-library and ICT services, institutional challenges , and faculty motivation towards advanced education are some of the issues that hinder the effective integration of global perspectives in the curriculum.

The integration of international and global dimensions into the curriculum, faculty composition , research, and global linkages is crucial for the internationalization of education in the Philippines. By embracing the diverse perspectives and knowledge from around the world, students can develop the necessary skills and understanding to thrive in a globalized society.

“Education is the passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to those who prepare for it today.” – Malcolm X

To address the challenges posed by globalization, the Philippines must invest in the development of modern e-library and ICT infrastructure to facilitate access to global knowledge resources. Additionally, institutions should prioritize faculty development programs that promote continuous learning and research collaborations with international partners.

The integration of international components and global perspectives into the curriculum should be an ongoing process. This can be achieved by incorporating cross-cultural learning experiences, promoting critical thinking skills, and fostering a global mindset among students.

Faculty Composition and Global Expertise

Creating a faculty composition that reflects global expertise is essential for a truly internationalized education system. By recruiting faculty members with diverse cultural backgrounds and experiences, institutions can provide students with a broader understanding of global issues and perspectives. Furthermore, faculty members with international experience can serve as role models, inspiring students to pursue global opportunities and expand their horizons.

Enhancing Global Linkages

Establishing global linkages with educational institutions and organizations worldwide is crucial for the internationalization of education in the Philippines. Collaborative research projects, student exchange programs, and joint academic initiatives create opportunities for knowledge sharing, cultural exchange , and the development of global competencies.

“Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself.” – John Dewey

By actively engaging with global partners, the Philippine education system can create a vibrant and inclusive learning environment that prepares students to navigate the challenges and opportunities of a globalized world.

Globalization and Social Cohesion in the Philippines

Globalization has had far-reaching implications for social cohesion in the Philippines. One of its notable effects has been the increase in migration , which has resulted in a more diverse society, fostering equity and inclusiveness. The Philippines, known for its warm hospitality, has been successful in embracing cultural diversity.

However, there are challenges that need to be addressed to ensure and strengthen social cohesion and trust among its population. One significant concern is job security , as globalization brings changes to industries and labor markets. The inherent uncertainties in a rapidly changing global economy can cause anxiety and erode trust between employers and employees.

Another challenge is the potential commodification of local culture in the tourism industry. While globalization has provided opportunities for tourism growth, it is essential to strike a balance between showcasing the country’s heritage and preserving its authenticity. The Philippines should maintain cultural integrity while capitalizing on the economic benefits that tourism brings.

The key to building trust and social cohesion lies in promoting understanding, respect, and inclusiveness among the population. This can be achieved through dialogue, education, and community engagement. By encouraging intercultural interactions and providing platforms for open discussions, the Philippines can foster greater cohesion within its society.

Fostering Social Cohesion:

• Promote cultural education and awareness programs within schools and communities.
• Encourage intercultural dialogue and understanding through community events and initiatives.
• Invest in programs that enhance job security and provide opportunities for upskilling and retraining.
• Develop sustainable tourism practices that respect and preserve local culture and traditions.
• Support community-led initiatives that promote social inclusiveness and equality.

By prioritizing these steps, the Philippines can navigate the challenges of globalization while preserving its social fabric. Embracing the benefits of globalization while safeguarding social cohesion will ensure a more inclusive and harmonious society for all.

Policy Recommendations for Navigating Globalization in the Philippines

Navigating the challenges of globalization in the Philippines requires a comprehensive approach. In order to address economic restructuring and promote inclusive growth, policymakers and stakeholders should consider the following policy recommendations :

• Promoting Inclusive Growth: Efforts should be made to ensure that the benefits of globalization are shared more equitably among all segments of society. This can be achieved by implementing policies that provide equal access to education, healthcare, and opportunities for economic advancement.
• Reducing Inequality: Measures should be taken to reduce income inequality and bridge the gap between different income groups. This can be accomplished through progressive taxation, social welfare programs, and policies that promote equal access to quality education and employment opportunities.
• Addressing Global Public Goods: Strengthening cooperation at the global level is crucial for addressing global issues and providing public goods that benefit all nations. The Philippines should actively participate in international efforts to combat climate change, poverty, and other pressing challenges.
• Fostering Social Cohesion: Building trust and social cohesion within the country is essential for creating an inclusive and resilient society. This can be achieved by promoting understanding, respect, and inclusiveness among different cultural, ethnic, and socio-economic groups.

By implementing these policy recommendations , the Philippines can navigate the challenges of globalization and create a more equitable and prosperous future for all its citizens.

Globalization has had a profound impact on the Philippines, touching various aspects of its economy, education system, culture, and social fabric. The effects of globalization have been mixed, presenting opportunities for growth and development, while also posing challenges and concerns.

The Philippines has experienced positive economic growth and employment as a result of globalization. The country has embraced trade openness and seen an increase in foreign investments , fostering economic integration and global trade relations. However, there are concerns about increasing inequality and the uneven distribution of benefits. Policymakers should focus on inclusive policies that ensure the benefits of globalization are shared equitably among all segments of society.

Addressing the challenges brought on by globalization requires a proactive response from the Philippines. The country should prioritize the development of inclusive policies that promote social cohesion and trust. Additionally, international cooperation is crucial for addressing global issues and providing global public goods. By navigating the new wave of globalization with inclusivity and cooperation in mind, the Philippines can harness its potential and thrive in a rapidly changing world.

In conclusion , the Philippines’ response to the effects of globalization should involve adopting inclusive policies, promoting international cooperation, and fostering social cohesion. By doing so, the country can minimize the challenges posed by globalization and maximize its opportunities for growth, development, and a brighter future.

What is globalization and how does it impact the Philippines?

What are the trends of globalization in the philippines, how has globalization led to economic restructuring in the philippines, what impact has globalization had on inequality in the philippines, what are the threats to the provision of global public goods due to globalization, how has globalization influenced the culture and education system in the philippines, what impact has globalization had on the philippine economy, how has globalization affected the education system in the philippines, how has globalization impacted social cohesion in the philippines, what policy recommendations are there for navigating globalization in the philippines, source links.

• https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap100_q.pdf
• https://typeset.io/questions/how-has-globalization-impacted-the-philippine-economy-47abdl1qvc
• https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/211082/1/1676789774.pdf

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Economic and Cultural Transformation as a Result of Globalization in the Philippines

This essay will focus on the effects of globalization in the Philippines, examining its impact on the economy, culture, and social dynamics, and how the country has adapted to and been shaped by global influences. At PapersOwl, you’ll also come across free essay samples that pertain to Agriculture.

How it works

Globalization is associated with not only advancements in communication and ever-expanding trade routes but also transformation in political systems and the enhancement or destruction of cultural heritage (Block, 2004; Lieber & Weisberg, 2002). Indeed, it is apparent that globalization in developing countries has a significant impact on political, economic, and cultural aspects. Globalization arises from several factors which may include colonialism (Korobeynikova, 2016). The expansion in power and territory that is characteristic of colonialism may promote communication and technological advancements, leading to globalization. A prominent example of a nation undergoing significant changes as a result of globalization in the Philippines.

Historical records show that the Philippines has been colonized by Western nations as well as its northern neighbors, China and Malaysia. The Philippines has experienced significant cultural and economic changes arising as a result of globalization from the 1980s up till the present ( Guinigundo, 2018 ). While globalization leads to positive changes in political systems and a shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy, negative impacts such as financial imbalance between the rich and the poor and environmental damage are ever-present.

• 1 Political Institutions and Industrialization
• 2 Financial Aid
• 4.1 References

Political Institutions and Industrialization

In a historical context where power has exchanged several hands, the Philippines has, over many years, transformed its political systems. However, it may be asserted that the political governance of the Philippines needs significant improvement in terms of administrative aspects. Moreover, another factor that disrupts political governance in the Philippines is corruption. Indeed, several developing countries experience disruptions in governance arising from corruption when no stable government is established in place (Naher et al., 2020). The current state of the government of the Philippines profoundly affects trade, finance, and the environment.

Since joining the World Trade Organization better known as the ‘WTO’ in 1995, the Philippines has experienced a shift in its economy from an agrarian economy transitioning towards industry and export (Bajpai, 2021). This is due in part to new trade agreements and an increase of open markets after the Marcos Administration. In addition, the Philippines receives foreign aid since it is regarded as a developing country. A major way this aid makes its way into the country is through foreign direct investments with its main partner, the US. This aid has been used to fund developmental projects such as infrastructure, roads, and buildings (USAID, 2021).

In an attempt to compete with its Asian competitors, over the last decade, the Philippines has been making a commendable effort to promote industrialization (de Dios & Williamson, 2015). With astounding pressure to industrialize, the land traditionally allotted for agriculture is starting to be used for industrialization over all the nation. However, while the economy and culture are rapidly transforming for the better, the environment is taking a toll (Magdalena, 2016).

Globalization has been a significant contributive factor in the way the Philippines has been shaped over the last decade and although industrialization has had positive impacts in terms of stimulating the economy, certain negative effects are also observable throughout the island.

In most third-world and developing countries, the postcolonial period witnessed a rise in state-centric approaches to governance. This was primarily due to an absence of private capital and a lack of an advanced market. “More importantly, the scope and role of the state expanded considerably as a result of the government’s nation-building developmental agenda in these countries irrespective of their ideological identities based on capitalist or socialist inclinations” (Haque, 2002). From the late 1990s onwards to the present, the government of the Philippines has been upgraded to a sophisticated system rivaling that of the US. The Philippines has a three-part judiciary system in which there is a legislative, executive, and judicial branch with the president being the head of state and government. This benefits the average Filipino because they can vote and effectively voice their opinions. However, like most developing countries, corruption in the Philippines has created distrust between the government and its people. Furthermore, the government has set three main functional aims namely, minimal, intermediate, and activist. The government aims to employ these concepts when structuring its economy (Patalinghug, 2003). Considering the long list of responsibilities that their government has taken on, Patalinghug (2003) critiques, “that although the government has moved on from basic services to things such as the regulation of markets, it has yet to provide programs that alleviate the conditions of the economically poor.” He notes that despite the many capabilities of their government thus far, those economically poor were not accounted for.

Only those in high positions of power such as governmental officials, military personnel, figureheads, and high-income benefit and are protected within the present system of government. Unfortunately, the poor in the country continues to witness their financial conditions worsen while the government develops industrialized areas of the Philippines such as Manila and Cavite, in an attempt to promote industrialization. Much of the Philippine islands are provinces that are neglected due to a lack of administrative efficiency. The poor such as those coming from these provinces are neglected since they do not receive the same educational opportunities as compared to the rich from industrialized areas. Indeed, people from provinces were reported to often halt all educational inclinations and opportunities at the age of 16 to engage in agricultural practices. Patalinghug (2003) states, “These inadequacies seem to indicate that the Philippines is a state with weak capability due to its inability to adequately provide functions that are characteristics of a state with minimal capacity.” 

In response to his analysis, it is argued that overall globalization initiated by the Filipino government has had a tremendous negative impact, which outshines productive industrial efforts. Their government is yet to establish programs and initiatives in place to help the poor and regulate funding for projects in the provinces. Specifically, during the Marcos Administration in the years of 1980 to 1985, financial openness and accountability were at an all-time low because of the existence of rigid monopolies in the market which reduced investment and led to extensive borrowing (Deluna & Chelly, 2014). This exemplifies how the instability of the government in the past has severely harmed the Filipino economy in the present.

Financial Aid

The Philippines has been upfront about receiving foreign aid, with the US being one of its biggest benefactors. In the year 2010 alone, trade between the US and the Philippines was estimated to be roughly as much as $15.4 billion (Deluna & Chelly, 2014). The amount of aid received is a direct result of the increasing external debt that the Philippines has accumulated over the past years. In addition to the increasing debt, the GDP of the country has continued to decline. The government of the Philippines and its beneficiaries have mutually agreed to utilize the financial aid to enhance rice production, inland fish farming, and industrial crops. In recent years, a significant proportion of this aid has been used to improve rice technology such as purchasing machinery used for harvesting and water irrigation systems. Experimenting with rice production in the Philippines is beneficial for its Asian neighbors, countries such as Brunei since the Philippines offers its neighbors its own form of aid by sharing knowledge of agricultural techniques (Jennings, 2018). Moreover, in 2014, in light of Papua New Guinea’s depleting economy, a large number of Filipinos migrated to the region to compensate for the labor shortage. In turn, the supply of Filipino workers was reimbursed by Papua New Guinea in the form of remittances sent back to the Philippines. Therefore, although the Philippines could not offer financial aid, it demonstrated its worth in terms of offering aid in the form of an invaluable labor force.

Moreover, the People’s Republic of China is considered an important investor and provider of aid to the Philippines. According to recent collaborative agreements, China has awarded the Philippines $169 billion in aid to be invested towards the building of railways and infrastructure by 2022 (Jennings, 2018). This holds the promise of substantially improving the economy since more powerful and influential countries such as China are beginning to invest in the Philippines. This demonstrates that there is a strong belief in regaining spend revenue. It is asserted that the financial aid provided to the Philippines by several countries is very positive since it has the strong potential of stimulating the economy of the Philippines. In particular, people living in industrialized regions are reasoned to significantly improve their living conditions because of newly created employment opportunities arising from the development of new industries. Such constructive endeavors motivate people to engage in employment opportunities that would both benefit the country and themselves as opposed to working on private projects from home. However, employment opportunities created as a result of the construction of new industries may not benefit individuals who are not able to travel abroad to conduct business propositions with international clients as well as those who do not possess skills used in the industrialized age. Nevertheless, it is reasoned that the overall benefits of receiving financial aid may gradually become thoroughly observable in terms of improved economic conditions and long-term stability.

In the past decade, the Philippines has also profoundly revolutionized its trade market. By signing the Articles of Agreement (AOA) of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the Philippines has demonstrated its commitment towards the increased import of goods. Although the import of goods is generally considered to be a positive and collaborative endeavor, it also means that the Philippines is increasingly reliant on goods production by other countries such as China, Malaysia, and Indonesia as its top trading partners. In the 1980s, the Philippines strongly supported trade openness in order to boost foreign markets and free trade agreements. The desired outcome was to obtain funds while creating potential opportunities to invest (Deluna & Chelly, 2014). While the trade market is flourishing, it has had a negative impact on the labor force. Orbeta (2013) has extensively discussed the concept of “de-industrialization” in his paper titled “Enhancing labour mobility in ASEAN: Focus on lower-skilled workers”. Orbeta (2013) asserts that while the trade market is observably flourishing, “the cheap imports from low wage economies flood highly developed economic markets”. In other words, people in the Philippines who are engaged in low-skill labor suffer from excessive imports.

Globalization in trade has had both positive and negative implications for the economy of the Philippines. Trade openness has created security, alliance, and collaboration with powerful and influential counties around the globe. This collaboration has also secured the influx of foreign aid into the Philippines towards the development of infrastructural projects. However, the majority of the Philippines’ local workforce is negatively affected by industrialization since trade openness has resulted in unemployment and job displacement for low-skilled workers. Important cultural knowledge of farming and sustainable living is threatened to be lost forever.

After an evaluation of the Philippines’ engagement in the trade market, it is concluded that the overall effects of trade openness have been detrimental to the Philippines’ economy. It is true that trade openness significantly benefits those who work in multinational corporations (MNCs), possess high skill jobs, and reside in more industrialized parts of the islands, these people represent only a small population of the Philippines. A much larger population constitutes those with low-skill jobs such as workers of the agrarian sector. Not only is land allotted for rice fields and other agricultural resources diminishing at an accelerated rate, culture and tools of trade are also being lost. Even these workers with a low skill set still possess the invaluable knowledge of sustaining their natural resources. When knowledge such as time of harvest and agricultural techniques associated with increased efficiency is lost, it creates a debilitating dependency on other countries for goods that would otherwise be locally produced.

Environment

The Philippine islands comprise a rich collection of tropical forests and islands abundant in exotic fruit and rice fields. However, over the last few years, efforts to promote industrialization to push the Philippines into the 21 st century have resulted in the agricultural economy and environment taking a severe toll. The signing of the AOA resulted in an observable reduction of agricultural subsidies to the north which would improve market access to countries that export agricultural products ( Aquino et al., 2013). In theory, the AOA agreement would have benefited the economy of the Philippines. However, it has a negative impact on the agricultural sector since developing countries like the Philippines have little or no domestic product to export due to industrialization. The conversion of agricultural land to exporting zones, industrial centers, and real estate has resulted in a rapid loss of agricultural resources and topsoil. Industrialization has also caused desertification and soil erosion in several regions. In fact, five million hectares of land that was once used for rice farming have now been reduced to 1.9 million hectares.

With arable land gradually becoming more and more scarce, the government has set initiatives in place to promote the import of goods that could have been produced locally. This has resulted in a profound increase in unemployment ( Aquino et al., 2013). The reduction in land area for traditional agricultural resources has led to the Philippine farming sector shifting its production from resources such as rice and corn to more appealable goods such as mangoes, cassava, asparagus, etc. that can be sold in the market. However, this has come with significant consequences. More farmers in the provinces and commercialized farming sectors have begun using pesticides and fertilizers with chemical formulations unknown to locals. Although using such products produces better and high-quality goods, it also greatly endangers the health of workers who come into contact with these goods. Indeed, Aquino et al. (2013) reports that in areas of Mindanao, ambulances are on kept on standby when pesticides are sprayed due to the imminent and debilitating harm that pesticides pose to human health.

For example, the pesticide called MOCAP commonly used in banana production is MOCAP is reported to be harmful to the land since it causes soil erosion and desertification. This also indicates that the use of such a harsh chemical to be used on products that are to be consumed and distributed is not appropriate (Pérez et al., 2015). Therefore, it may be said that while intentions of the AOA and the government of the Philippines may not have been blatantly destructive, certain initiatives such as changes in land use and the use of harsh pesticides have ultimately been harmful to the health and wellbeing of Filipinos. Since the Philippines’ economy and its revenue stems from agriculture, it was perhaps not the most feasible or lucrative endeavor to commercialize large hectares of land in a short period of time. The commercialization and industrialization of farmland negatively affect farmers and those with low skill sets in the agricultural sector. It also creates an economy heavily reliant on imports to sustain itself since goods can no longer be produced locally, resulting in excessive debt and poverty. Therefore, the negative impact of globalization on the poverty and wellbeing of Filipinos far outweighs the benefits in terms of industrialization.

Nevertheless, globalization does offer the promise of the Philippines developing into a thriving economy. Development of new ties, trade relations, employment opportunities, and promoting opportunities to allow low-skilled workers to learn new and more useful skills is key to overcoming the negative consequences of globalization. While globalization has drastically affected the culture of the Philippines as well as its people, it has also paved the way for the development of new opportunities for the growth of the individual and state. It is reasoned that in terms of the development of a lucrative and successful economy, the government of the Philippines still needs to improve governance and ensure that political systems in place are strong and in accordance with the goals of the public. The next thirty years are crucial and it is argued that with appropriate governance, aid, and support, the Philippines will successfully compete with its neighboring countries. Indeed, overcoming adversities through will and constructive initiatives may be the key to the development of a successful and strong nation.

In conclusion, the Philippines has witnessed considerable changes in its economy and culture as a result of globalization. The government is engaged in navigating and assessing the impact of the programs and initiatives that have been put in place to determine if they are feasible for its citizens. Reports regarding public opinion about the government suggest that people are generally dissatisfied with the lack of active programs and initiatives in place to alleviate poverty. Indeed, trade openness has resulted in increased unemployment arising from the shift from an agrarian towards the industrial sector. Although the commercialization of agriculture has some benefits in terms of allowing the Philippines to compete with its Asian neighbors, trade openness has created a debilitating reliance on imported goods. However, there are also some positive effects of globalization. Trade openness has prompted alliance and collaboration with powerful and influential global nations which has also demonstrated their interest in the promising potential of the economy of the Philippines. The Philippines can offer is cheap yet labor, land open to commercialization, and some exports. Nevertheless, the health and well-being of Filipinos, especially those who work in commercial sectors, is at risk from the use of harsh pesticides which also soil erosion, desertification, and a further decrease in exports.

Aquino, A. P., Lim. V. A. A., & Ani , P. A. B. (2013). Republic Act 7607: Empowering smallhold farmers in their economic endeavors. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform

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Block, D. (2004). Globalization, transnational communication and the internet. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS).

Deluna, R., & Chelly, A. (2014). Economic Growth, Financial and Trade Globalization in the Philippines: A Vector Autoregressive Analysis . https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:60206

de Dios, E. S., & Williamson, J. G. (2015). Chapter 21 – Deviant Behavior: A Century of Philippine Industrialization. In A. M. Balisacan, U. Chakravorty, & M.-L. V. Ravago (Eds.), Sustainable Economic Development (pp. 371-400). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800347-3.00021-2 

Guinigundo, D. C. (2018). The Globalisation Experience and Its Challenges for the Philippine Economy. BIS Paper No. 100q, Available at SSRN:  https://ssrn.com/abstract=3332089

Haque, M. S. (2002). Globalization, New Political Economy, and Governance: A Third World Viewpoint. Administrative Theory & Praxis , 24 (1), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2002.11029352 

Jennings, R. (2018). The Philippines, usually a receiver of foreign aid, offers some. Received from https://www.voanews.com/a/philippines-foreign-aid-papua-new-guinea/4399517.html

Korobeynikova, L. (2016). Globalization in the post – colonial world. SHS Web of Conferences , 28 , 01058. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20162801058 

Lieber, R. J., & Weisberg, R. E. (2002). Globalization, Culture, and Identities in Crisis. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society , 16 (2), 273-296. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020581114701 

Magdalena, F.V. (2016). Globalization and environmental decay: Mindanao during the 20th century. Progressio Journal on Human Development, 10 (1). Retrieved from http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=12941

Naher, N., Hoque, R., Hassan, M. S., Balabanova, D., Adams, A. M., & Ahmed, S. M. (2020). The influence of corruption and governance in the delivery of frontline health care services in the public sector: a scoping review of current and future prospects in low and middle-income countries of south and south-east Asia.  BMC Public Health ,  20 (1), 880. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08975-0

Orbeta, A. C. (2013). Enhancing labour mobility in ASEAN: Focus on lower-skilled workers. Philippine Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper Series No. 2013-17 .

Patalinghug, E.E. (2003). Globalization and State Capacity: The Philippines . Philippine Institute for Development Studies . Discussion Paper Series No. 2003-20

Pérez, I. C., Gooc, C. M., Cabili, J. R., Rico, M. J. I., Ebasan, M. S., Zaragoza, M. J. G., Redondo, A. F. S., Orbita, R. R., & Lacuna, M. L. D. G. (2015). Pesticide use among farmers in Mindanao, Southern Philippines. AES Bioflux , 7 , 90-108. 

USAID. (2021). United States COVID-19 Assistance to the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/philippines/covid-19-assistance#:~:text=Over%20the%20past%2020%20years,advance%20the%20country’s%20development%20goals.

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Effects of Economic Globalization

Globalization has led to increases in standards of living around the world, but not all of its effects are positive for everyone.

Social Studies, Economics, World History

Bangladesh Garment Workers

The garment industry in Bangladesh makes clothes that are then shipped out across the world. It employs as many as four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day.

Photograph by Mushfiqul Alam

Put simply, globalization is the connection of different parts of the world. In economics, globalization can be defined as the process in which businesses, organizations, and countries begin operating on an international scale. Globalization is most often used in an economic context, but it also affects and is affected by politics and culture. In general, globalization has been shown to increase the standard of living in developing countries, but some analysts warn that globalization can have a negative effect on local or emerging economies and individual workers. A Historical View Globalization is not new. Since the start of civilization, people have traded goods with their neighbors. As cultures advanced, they were able to travel farther afield to trade their own goods for desirable products found elsewhere. The Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes used between Europe, North Africa, East Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, and the Far East, is an example of early globalization. For more than 1,500 years, Europeans traded glass and manufactured goods for Chinese silk and spices, contributing to a global economy in which both Europe and Asia became accustomed to goods from far away. Following the European exploration of the New World, globalization occurred on a grand scale; the widespread transfer of plants, animals, foods, cultures, and ideas became known as the Columbian Exchange. The Triangular Trade network in which ships carried manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, enslaved Africans to the Americas, and raw materials back to Europe is another example of globalization. The resulting spread of slavery demonstrates that globalization can hurt people just as easily as it can connect people. The rate of globalization has increased in recent years, a result of rapid advancements in communication and transportation. Advances in communication enable businesses to identify opportunities for investment. At the same time, innovations in information technology enable immediate communication and the rapid transfer of financial assets across national borders. Improved fiscal policies within countries and international trade agreements between them also facilitate globalization. Political and economic stability facilitate globalization as well. The relative instability of many African nations is cited by experts as one of the reasons why Africa has not benefited from globalization as much as countries in Asia and Latin America. Benefits of Globalization Globalization provides businesses with a competitive advantage by allowing them to source raw materials where they are inexpensive. Globalization also gives organizations the opportunity to take advantage of lower labor costs in developing countries, while leveraging the technical expertise and experience of more developed economies. With globalization, different parts of a product may be made in different regions of the world. Globalization has long been used by the automotive industry , for instance, where different parts of a car may be manufactured in different countries. Businesses in several different countries may be involved in producing even seemingly simple products such as cotton T-shirts. Globalization affects services, too. Many businesses located in the United States have outsourced their call centers or information technology services to companies in India. As part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), U.S. automobile companies relocated their operations to Mexico, where labor costs are lower. The result is more jobs in countries where jobs are needed, which can have a positive effect on the national economy and result in a higher standard of living. China is a prime example of a country that has benefited immensely from globalization. Another example is Vietnam, where globalization has contributed to an increase in the prices for rice, lifting many poor rice farmers out of poverty. As the standard of living increased, more children of poor families left work and attended school. Consumers benefit also. In general, globalization decreases the cost of manufacturing . This means that companies can offer goods at a lower price to consumers. The average cost of goods is a key aspect that contributes to increases in the standard of living. Consumers also have access to a wider variety of goods. In some cases, this may contribute to improved health by enabling a more varied and healthier diet; in others, it is blamed for increases in unhealthy food consumption and diabetes. Downsides Not everything about globalization is beneficial. Any change has winners and losers, and the people living in communities that had been dependent on jobs outsourced elsewhere often suffer. Effectively, this means that workers in the developed world must compete with lower-cost markets for jobs; unions and workers may be unable to defend against the threat of corporations that offer the alternative between lower pay or losing jobs to a supplier in a less expensive labor market. The situation is more complex in the developing world, where economies are undergoing rapid change. Indeed, the working conditions of people at some points in the supply chain are deplorable. The garment industry in Bangladesh, for instance, employs an estimated four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. In 2013, a textile factory building collapsed, killing more than 1,100 workers. Critics also suggest that employment opportunities for children in poor countries may increase negative impacts of child labor and lure children of poor families away from school. In general, critics blame the pressures of globalization for encouraging an environment that exploits workers in countries that do not offer sufficient protections. Studies also suggest that globalization may contribute to income disparity and inequality between the more educated and less educated members of a society. This means that unskilled workers may be affected by declining wages, which are under constant pressure from globalization. Into the Future Regardless of the downsides, globalization is here to stay. The result is a smaller, more connected world. Socially, globalization has facilitated the exchange of ideas and cultures, contributing to a world view in which people are more open and tolerant of one another.

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Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Globalization — Reflection About Globalization in the Philippines

Reflection About Globalization in The Philippines

• Categories: Globalization Philippines

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Published: Jan 5, 2023

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Philippines may benefit from new globalization

By Beatrice M. Laforga, Reporter

THE PHILIPPINES could benefit substantially from the ongoing massive shift in global trade, with the services sector likely to see the most gains, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) said.

While the coronavirus pandemic and lockdowns disrupted global economy and trade, the ADB said Asia should adopt stronger trade liberalization and facilitation efforts so it can benefit from economies realigning their supply chain networks.

“I do believe that the Philippines has a strong potential given that its post-pandemic trade landscape will give more weight on the digital and services trade,” ADB Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department Director for Regional Cooperation and Integration Cyn-Young Park said during the launch of the Asian Economic Integration Report (AEIR) 2021 on Wednesday.

The Philippines’ services sector will likely be among the gainers in the new round of globalization where digital transformation plays a key role, Ms. Park said. She noted Filipino workers may take on services-related jobs abroad, while the local business process outsourcing (BPO) sector remains intact.

The ADB noted cross-border migration took a huge blow last year, while the impact on remittance inflows especially to countries that rely on these remained “acute.”

“Despite the large drop, remittances to Asia will likely remain a relatively stable source of external financing compared with other types of financial flows,” it said.

Cash remittances to the Philippines inched down by 0.8% to $27.013 billion in the first 11 months of 2020, data from the central bank showed.

In the report, the ADB said Southeast Asia remained the most integrated subregion across Asia-Pacific, driven by trade, investments and migration of people.

This is based on the Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation and Integration Index (ARCII) — which measures the regional integration of economies based on 26 indicators and in six dimensions.

The pandemic has also made digital transformation for countries crucial to boost the broader economic output, especially on trade and commerce and employment.

The ADB projected Southeast Asian economies could record an annual gain of 8.4% in regional output on average, if the digital sector expands by 20% in 2025%. Meanwhile, the region’s trade and employment could increase by an average of 8% and 6.2%, respectively.

“Digital connectivity in Asia has increased, with rising internet penetration, but large subregional gaps persist. Greater access to online resources through internet connectivity allows consumers, businesses, and governments to gain wider and better access to goods and services beyond geographic borders,” the report said.

Internet penetration in the Philippines was among the lowest in selected 20 Asian economies between 2006-2017. The rate of connectivity, however, increased significantly in 2014-2017, similar to all the other countries.

“Asia will continue its rise as a major player in the global digital platform market as wider access reaches more users and generates higher revenue growth,” the multilateral lender said.

However, countries should ensure that they are prepared to address the digital divide and prevent inequality from worsening.

The Philippines has a lot of catching up to do, as it scored 0.8221 in the Digital Platform Penetration (DPP) index in Network Readiness Subindexes which measured the country’s readiness on: technology, people, governance and impact. The country placed 13 th out of 34 Asia-Pacific economies tracked.

China topped the list with a DPP index score of 2.5847, Korea at 2.5283, Australia at 2.1010, Hong Kong at 2.0323, New Zealand at 1.8795, and Japan at 1.7794.

“This suggests that in order to sustainably develop the domestic digital platform economy, governments cannot slacken in upgrading the underlying infrastructure and regulatory foundations,” it added.

At the bottom of the list were Turkmenistan, Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Lao PDR and Mongolia.

“For countries in the lowest group, there is a great need to catch up in all four aspects of network readiness,” it added.

The ADB said broader use of digital platforms could help countries achieve economic inclusion given that proper policies are in place.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Essay

When discussing the drawbacks and benefits of globalization, essays tend to be on the longer side. The example below is a brief exploration of this complex subject. Learn more in this concise globalization pros and cons essay.

Introduction

• Benefits and Disadvantages of Globalization

Reducing Negative Effects

In today’s world, globalization is a process that affects all aspects of people’s lives. It also has a crucial impact on businesses and governments as it provides opportunities for development while causing significant challenges. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of globalization using evidence from academic sources. The report also suggests how governments and companies may implement to reduce the negative impact of the process.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Globalization

Globalization is a complex concept that can be defined by the process of interaction between organizations, businesses, and people on an international scale, which is driven by international trade. Some people may associate it with uniformity, while others can perceive it as the cause of diversification. The reason for such a difference in public opinion is that globalization has both advantages and disadvantages that should be analyzed.

The most significant positive aspects of globalization include global economic growth, the elimination of barriers between nations, and the establishment of competition between countries, which can potentially lead to a decrease in prices. Globalization supports free trade, creates jobs, and helps societies to become more tolerant towards each other. In addition, this process may increase the speed of financial and commercial operations, as well as reduce the isolation of poor populations (Burlacu, Gutu, & Matei, 2018; Amavilah, Asongu, & Andrés, 2017).

The disadvantages of globalization are that it causes the transfer of jobs from developed to lower-cost countries, a decrease in the national intellectual potential, the exploitation of labor, and a security deficit. Moreover, globalization leads to ecological deficiency (Ramsfield, Bentz, Faccoli, Jactel, & Brockerhoff, 2016). In addition, this process may result in multinational corporations influencing political decisions and offering unfair working conditions to their employees.

Firms and governments can work on eliminating the negative effects of globalization in the following ways. For example, countries should work on microeconomic policies, such as enhancing opportunities for education and career training and establishing less rigid labor markets. In addition, governments can build the necessary institutional infrastructure to initiate economic growth. To solve the problem of poor working conditions, it is vital to establish strict policies regarding minimum wages and the working environment for employees. A decrease in the national intellectual potential may be addressed by offering a broad range of career opportunities with competitive salaries, as well as educating future professionals on how their skills can solve problems on the local level.

Companies, in their turn, may invest in technologies that may lead to more flexible energy infrastructure, lower production costs, and decrease carbon emissions. They can also establish strong corporate cultures to support their workers and provide them with an opportunity to share their ideas and concerns. Such an approach may eliminate employees’ migration to foreign organizations and increase their loyalty to local organizations. It is vital for companies to develop policies aimed at reducing a negative impact on the environment as well by using less destructive manufacturing alternatives and educating their employees on ecology-related issues.

Globalization has a significant impact on companies, governments, and the population. It can be considered beneficial because it helps to eliminate barriers between nations, causes competition between countries, and initiates economic growth. At the same time, globalization may result in a decrease in the national intellectual potential, the exploitation of labor, and ecology deficiency. To address these problems, organizations and governments can develop policies to enhance the population’s education, improve working conditions, and reduce carbon emissions.

Amavilah, V., Asongu, S. A., & Andrés, A. R. (2017). Effects of globalization on peace and stability: Implications for governance and the knowledge economy of African countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change , 122 (C), 91-103.

Burlacu, S., Gutu, C., & Matei, F. O. (2018). Globalization – Pros and cons. Calitatea , 19 (S1), 122-125.

Ramsfield, T. D., Bentz, B. J., Faccoli, M., Jactel, H., & Brockerhoff, E. G. (2016). Forest health in a changing world: Effects of globalization and climate change on forest insect and pathogen impacts. Forestry , 89 (3), 245-252.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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