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Why Economic Inequality Undermines Political Trust: An Analysis of Mechanisms

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Shuai Jin, Yue Hu, Tianguang Meng, Why Economic Inequality Undermines Political Trust: An Analysis of Mechanisms, Public Opinion Quarterly , Volume 88, Issue 2, Summer 2024, Pages 337–358, https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfae013

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Research suggests that economic inequality reduces political trust after the public recognizes the inequality and perceives it as a failure of the political system in Western democracies. This study challenges this presumed “output evaluation model” (OEM) both theoretically and empirically. We provide an alternative mediator evaluation model (MEM) contending that objective inequality affects political trust through government-performance mediators, without requiring accurate public perception of inequality or specific regime types. With nationwide economic inequality and public opinion data from China, we examined both the OEM implication and four MEM mechanisms through impartial governance, responsiveness, judicial fairness, and anti-corruption efforts. Findings indicate that the mediating mechanisms, rather than direct inequality, shape political trust, with robust evidence even after addressing endogeneity. This study broadens the understanding of the intricate relationship between systemic conditions and individual perceptions, offering significant insights into the dynamics of trust in political institutions in a general sense.

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The Effect of Inequality on Redistribution: An Econometric Analysis

Using data on U.S. state and federal taxes and transfers over a quarter century, we estimate a regression model that yields the marginal effect of any shift of market income share from one quintile to another on the entire post tax, post-transfer income distribution. We identify exogenous income distribution changes and account for reverse causality using instruments based on exposure to international trade shocks, international commodity price shocks and national industry demand shocks, as well as lagged endogenous variables, with controls for the level of income, the business cycle and demographics. We find the degree of attenuation of market income shifts initially increases in quintile rank, peaks at the middle quintile and then falls for higher income quintiles, consistent with median voter political economy theory and what Stigler called Director’s Law. We also provide evidence of considerable and systematic spillover effects on quintiles neither gaining nor losing in the “experiments,” also favoring the middle quintile, what we label the greedy median voter. “Voting” and “income insurance” coalition analyses are presented. We find a strong negative relationship between average real income and redistribution and a modest effect of two year led inequality.

We are grateful to Tom MaCurdy, Han Hong, and especially Frank Wolak for helpful econometric suggestions. We thank Daron Acemoglu, Mordecai Kurz and Roger Myerson for providing helpful game theory insights and encouragement at an early stage. We also thank Jesse Davis, Kenneth Kletzer, Erik Loualiche, and participants in the Hoover Economic Policy Seminar for valuable feedback. This research was supported by the Bradley Graduate and Post Graduate Fellowship Program through a grant to the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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Inequality and Globalization: A Review Essay

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How to Save Humanity in 17 Goals: reduce inequality within and among countries (SDG 10)

Francisco Ferreira’s first exposure to inequality of opportunity was during his daily ride to school in São Paulo, Brazil, and seeing children his age selling chewing gum on the streets. Ferreira, a former World Bank economist who now researches inequality at the London School of Economics, speculates on the wasted human talent caused by such hardships, and how many more scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and writers there would be if inequalities could be tackled at an early stage in children’s lives. “I think it deserves even more attention than it already gets,” he says, before going on to describe progress towards delivering Sustainable Development Goal 10: to reduce inequality in and among countries, and how best to measure it. Ferreira outlines how machine learning tools are helping to identify the most powerful predictors of societal divisions and how income is distributed.

How to Save Humanity in 17 Goals is a podcast series that profiles scientists whose work addresses one or more of the SDGs. Episodes 7–12 are produced in partnership with Nature Water , and introduced by Fabio Pulizzi, its chief editor.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01534-2

Fabio Pulizzi: 00:09

Hello, this is How to Save Humanity in 17 Goals , a podcast brought to you by Nature Careers in partnership with Nature Water .

I’m Fabio Pulizzi, chief editor at Nature Water . This is a series where we meet the scientists working towards the Sustainable Development Goals agreed by the United Nations and world leaders in 2015.

Since then, in a huge global effort, thousands of researchers have been using those targets to tackle the biggest problems that the planet faces today.

In episode 10, we look at Sustainable Development Goal number 10: to reduce inequality in and among countries. And meet an academic works to improve opportunity to level the playing field.

Francisco Ferreira 01:03

So I’m Francisco Ferreira, and I’m the Amartya Sen Professor of Inequality Studies at the London School of Economics, where I also direct the International Inequalities Institute.

Sustainable development goal number 10 is about reducing inequalities, both within and among countries. And it’s got, you know, like all the Sustainable Development Goals, it’s got different targets and indicators and so on.

As to how aware I am of it when I’m conducting my research, you know, I’ve been studying inequality and working on inequality since before the Sustainable Development Goals. But obviously, when they came up, you know, they’re a huge sort of unifying force, a kind of a rallying cry for policymakers around the world.

And so that did become important to those of us working on it. And in fact, I was a little bit involved in the, in the design of some of the targets, because I was working at the World Bank at the time.

And this concept that target 10.1 has, which is about sustaining income growth for the bottom 40% of the population at a rate higher than the national average, is something that we came up with at the World Bank under the heading of “shared prosperity.”

Yeah, inequality can mean different things to different people. But I think there are two main definitions that I like to think about.

One, which is perhaps the primary definition, it’s just a measure of dispersion in a distribution of something among some group. So the distribution of income amongst people, or the distribution of years of schooling amongst countries, or the distribution of wealth amongst households.

So we just measure how far apart those incomes or wealth are from one another, or from the average. And that’s really what most inequality is. Now the secondary definition is that people say, individuals or countries that have other characteristics as well.

So if we’re thinking of individuals they have races or genders or ethnicities. And so we can take the same measures of inequality, but among groups, rather than between people. And whereas the between people is often called vertical inequality, the measures amongst groups are often called horizontal inequality.

And one is not better than the other. They’re just different. And they inform us about different things. But often when people think about inequality between men and women, for example That’s an example of horizontal inequality.

So as I was saying, inequality is, is about how things are distributed, right? So in a sense it’s important to understand the causes of that. Because nobody lives on the average, right? If you think of yourself, you're not exactly on the average, whoever you are listening to this, you’re not exactly on the average, or maybe close to the average, and maybe richer than the average and maybe poorer than the average.

So averages don’t matter on their own. When a country produces a certain amount of output or generates a certain amount of income, what really matters in the end is who gets to benefit from it, to what extent.

And there’s quite a lot of evidence, scientific evidence based on experiments, on experiments with people and experiments with monkeys. And there are surveys. There’s all kinds of different evidence that on the whole people prefer equality to inequality. Even monkeys get uncomfortable if they see an uneven distribution of food in their group.

And human beings tend to have a preference for fairness, if not exactly equality, at least for fairness. And so because of those preferences, and because also inequality can offset how an economy functions. You know, if a lot of people are very poor, they can’t get their children into good schools, or they can’t invest in their own learning or in owning their own business ideas, and the economy ends up being less vital and less vibrant than it might otherwise have been.

So both for intrinsic reasons that we care about fairness, and also instrumental reasons that, you know, more equality tends to be associated with better functioning outcomes for everyone, it’s important to understand where that inequality comes from, and whether we can or should do anything about it.

Francisco Ferreira 05:48

I was born in São Paulo, Brazil. São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in South America. And Brazil is a incredibly unequal country.

And I grew up in a middle class to upper middle class household in São Paulo, and I was exposed very early on to the huge gaps, right. So I would drive around or drive to school, for example, and, and see people my age selling chewing gum on the streets.

And it occurred to me that there was something odd about that. And I had a sense straightaway that it wasn’t only about how different we were then, but that our whole lives would be different.

So I guess I was interested from very early on in ideas of justice, and, and ideas of what determine the distribution of life chances and outcomes in Brazil. And from there I ended up going to the London School of Economics where I did my PhD, which was very fortunate because at the time, inequality wasn't a central question in economics, so much as it had been in the classical days.

But in the 1980s and early 90s. It wasn’t yet but. But at LSE it was. And we had some really important thinkers and professors who had been there like Amartya Sen or Tony Atkinson. So I learned a lot from these these guys. And it was hugely important. Then I spent a lot of my career at the World Bank where we in the research department worked a lot on the measurement of global poverty and global inequality.

And so I worked there for many years before eventually returning to my alma mater, to the LSE, now as a professor on this topic.

Inequality of opportunity is basically differences in in people's life chances for reasons that they don't control.

So for example, when the COVID pandemic hit the UK, and, you know, 17% of all workers in April 2020, lost their jobs, there was a almost five percentage point difference in terms of women having lost their jobs, five percentage points more than than men. You know, another example is in South Africa, in 2017, the average income for a white household was 5.6 times larger than an African household.

So these are examples of, these are examples of huge differences that are determined by factors that people don’t control themselves like race, or gender, or parental background, or where you come from.

So inequality of opportunity is about differences that we observe in society, which are not due to, say, “Ah this person worked harder than the other one, or was more responsible than the other one.” But really have to do with things we inherit, and cannot control race, ethnicity, family background, where we were born, our earliest experiences, and so.

There are a number of people out there who are really interested in an opportunity. But the reason I think it deserves more attention than it gets is that in a sense, I like to think of inequality a little bit like cholesterol, you know, there’s two kinds. And one is worse than the other.

You could think of inequality of effort or inequality that rewards responsibility in some senses, the good cholesterol. The really bad cholesterol, the really bad inequality is the one that we inherit, that we’re not responsible for.

And of course, it shapes also how much effort we put in and how much responsibility we have. I'm not suggesting and at least that they’re, they’re separable in that easy way.

Of course, we are shaped by the circumstances we inherit. So quite a lot of the inequality that we see really is inherited and is inequality of opportunity.

And it’s the bad cholesterol in two senses. It’s the bad cholesterol in the sense that it is the one that people find most objectionable. And again, without getting into the details, there are experiments out there. There’s a lot of work done by people in Norway, for example, in Bergen, at the Fair Institute, they’re looking at, you know, how do people in games, how do players in games with real money. What do they really object to, when are they prepared to pay to have a more equal outcome in their game?

And it’s typically when the inequality arises from something the players do not control, like, they will randomize, they were randomly given a lower wage rate and a game or something like that.

So there’s a lot of evidence that people object to that kind of inherited or, or or, you know, arbitrary inequality that we cannot control. It’s also the bad cholesterol in the instrumental sense, how inequality can harm the economy as a whole.

Because, you know, the example I like to think of this as a Brazilian is, if you think of all the kids growing up in the Brazilian slums, in the hills in Rio, or in various areas in São Paulo, or other cities, you know, how many engineers and scientists and great writers and so on, that could have been there, and some of them will make it, but many, many fewer than would otherwise make it. Just because of the quality of the schools they are confined to, and other hardships and having to get out of school early to help their parents, all sorts of other other things that happen to them. Crime, violence.

So there’s a lot of wasted human talent, a lot of human potential that goes to waste, because it is not given those opportunities that other that other people have. So inequality of opportunities is, you know, the bad cholesterol in both of the senses. And so I think it deserves even more attention than it already gets.

Francisco Ferreira 11:58

Another reason, perhaps why people talk less about inequality of opportunity than, than I think we should, is because there isn’t yet full agreement on on how we should measure it, and on the idea of data that, that we need to observe it. You know, in a sense, inequality of opportunities quite close as a concept to the inverse of intergenerational mobility.

So there is a lot of work out there on on measuring the association between parents and children, say the incomes of fathers and sons or mothers and daughters.

And that association measured in different ways and elasticity, or a correlation, or a rank correlation, those measures are popular and are, are often widely available.

They’re very close to what inequality of opportunity seeks to measure because it is about the influence of inherited circumstances on life today. I find that by looking only at income, we’re ignoring some of the other factors that are important in shaping opportunities.

Parental income is hugely important. There is evidence, there are a few studies that suggest that in many countries race, or parental wealth, are important independently of income, in addition to income. Economists say even when you control for income, these other things are still important. And so you’d like if you’d like in some sense, to get a measure of the overall extent to which inequality that we observe today is inherited these past circumstances, you’d like to observe things beyond income and to go beyond the studies just mobility, which are very important and informative in their own right. But you'd like to go beyond that.

But then we get into this question of, in some sense, where do we stop? Does any dataset contain all of the information that we need? And how do we put that together? And there are some statistical issues, but they pose some challenges. And that’s some of the areas in which my group at LSE has been working.

Francisco Ferreira 14:26

In the end, we’ve come I think, to accept that these measures of the extent to which inequality that we observe is inherited, are never going to be perfect, because you’re never going to observe all of the data on circumstances.

So we need to think of them as flaws, as indications of at least how much of the inequality that we see today, is inherited. And now we have some different techniques and approaches to just select the circumstances that are most important.

And these use machine learning tools. These techniques are not magic, that they're just designed to look at a data set and extract the most powerful predictors, the most salient divisions in society in some sense.

These are machine learning techniques, I mean, in some very basic sense, they are artificial intelligence in the sense that they are supervised learning, you know, the computer is learning from, from the data that it’s, that it’s looking at. What it does is fundamentally, look at the way income, say is distributed and how it’s related, how it’s associated with different characteristics.

So when it looks at South Africa, for example, just looking at the sample, it finds, it’s very heavily associated with race.

So it’ll use race as a first splitting point. And then it it keeps going. And so then it will find that, you know, mother’s education is actually the thing that’s most associated in that area. Father’s education in their other area. Maybe occupation, maybe place of birth, and it keeps looking for the most salient variable that is inherited, that is beyond people’s control, that seems to predict income differences.

And it tells us then, how to partition the population in a way that is most predictive of income, most salient. And from that division, we can we can obtain thesei measures of inequality. And that’s what they're designed to do.

And when we apply those to, to this problem, we tend to find much larger numbers. In a recent paper we did for Latin America, we find an average about 50%. And some countries in the 60% range. And for South Africa, we find a number nearer 70%, suggesting that, you know, even with the imperfect, imperfect information that we have, in a country like Brazil, or Guatemala, about two thirds of the inequality that we observe, is fully inherited.

And that’s likely to be just a base. And in South Africa, the two thirds really are inherited. In richer countries, in Europe, in the United States, the numbers are a bit lower. In some of the more egalitarian European countries, they are in the 20 to 30% range. In the United States, they are under sort of 40% range.

And then so again, is just an indication of, at a minimum, how much of the inequality that we observe is deeply unfair.

The second one is really about whether there's a relationship between these kinds of inequality and the aggregate performance of the economy.

For example, economic growth. And there are a number of studies of that, some of which have found quite a substantial impact, actually. There’s a very nice study in the Journal of Development Economics by by two Spanish economista, Mateo and Rodrigues. who find that if they look across states in the US, and the US Census data for the states over a 30 year period, and they look at growth in in GDP per capita of each state.

And they find that if you look at the association between just aggregate overall inequality, income inequality, and, and growth in the States, they don’t find much.

But when they separate out between these two components, right, the bad cholesterol, inequality of opportunity, and the residual, some of which is an equality of effort, and some of which is just things we don’t observe, and in terms of circumstances. But anyway, when they split it between those two, they find it as something of a positive association between inequality of effort and growth, and a very negative association between inequality of opportunity and growth.

That is to say, those states, where more of the distribution seems to reflect inherited factors like race, like differences in family background, and so on, and so forth, grow more slowly than those states, which have less of that kind of inequality.

And this has been replicated in Brazil and a number of other countries And then there are other kinds of studies that don’t use this kind of cross country regression method.

But there have also found, for example, that the opening up of opportunity in the medical and legal professions in the United States, to women, and then to African Americans, over the course of the 20th century, contributed a great deal to growth in the output of those professions. That also has model-based simulations in it and so on.

But it’s a, you know, it’s an influential paper that also reflects this idea that that more opportunity means more talent can be used, and out of that comes more production and more efficiency.

There are at least two basic ways in which we can use that information on measurement that we have created. To reduce the rate, right, to help generate policies that will make a difference and improve the lives of those of the bottom.

One is simply targeting if you like, I mean, what is simply getting a map, a social map of society. So these, these trees, they generate, effectively a map of social groups. And we can see what their average income is and what their distribution is.

And we can see which groups, again determined purely by circumstances they inherited, which groups do systematically worse than others and persistently so.

And then presumably, if you wanted to target a program with early childhood development, or a program of improving teacher practices in certain schools, you might want to do it in the, in the areas where a majority of these people live first. And you may want to put most, most resources into those groups.

Because the other thing about inequality of opportunity is that we know that people who have the least advantage, you know, whose circumstances hold them back the most, in a sense, those are the people for whom it will be hardest to advance.

So in some sense, they should get not just equal treatment, but better treatment, because the intervention needs to compensate for the drag of the background, if you understand so.

So this is one way. And in fact, some of our funders and foundations that we work with are very interested exactly in that aspect of this kind of social map of societies in Latin America in particular, that we're working on. That’s one way, there’s another way, which is actually through, in some sense, through the political process, which is, we feel that by highlighting the extent to which inequality is unjust and reflects things that have nothing to do with people’s responsibilities that people cannot control, that people simply inherit, we may contribute to an understanding of just how unfair inequality is, and therefore enhance political support for redistribution more broadly.

And there are many places in the world. Nowadays, in Europe and the United States, there’s already a great deal of understanding of the costs of inequality, which was not necessarily true in the US 30 years ago. But it is more so now after the, you know, the 1% Movement and the global financial crisis and Tomhas Piketty’s work and so on. But in many places, you know, I remember talking to an African president once when I was at the World Bank.

And he wanted to reduce poverty, he wanted to understand what more he could do in policy terms to accelerate poverty reduction in his country. And, and when we talked about inequality, his eyes glazed out a little bit. And he said, “Well, you know, inequality is not something we can worry about in Africa, because, you know, we have so little. We have to, we have to work our way from the bottom up for everyone. Handouts won’t work.”

And then when you sort of get across to him, the idea that actually by giving more opportunities to some of these poorest people, their contribution to the economy, their own output, their own incomes, what they do for themselves, will improve. It’s not about handouts, it’s about chances to produce, chances to lift yourself up.

You know, he changed his whole outlook. And in fact, I don’t want to give too many details. But in fact, I’m told by my former World Bank colleagues that they were policy changes and programs created, in part as a result of his being convinced that that there was something and I’m reducing inequality that went beyond handouts and had efficiency consequences.

Francisco Ferreira 23:58

So the thing about sustainable goal number 10 is it doesn’t have a specific numerical target like goal one has, right. So goal one says, well, this this the pure UN version of goal one says completely eradicate extreme poverty by 2030.

The slightly more realistic World Bank version of that says, let’s reduce it to 3% or below. And that goal will almost certainly not be met by 2030, in part, because of COVID, which represented a regression and a slowdown in poverty reduction. But in part, actually, because of inequality, interestingly enough. Because in some sense, the poverty that remains is the poverty that is hardest to reach, is the poverty in the poorest countries in the poorest people of the poorest countries.

And it’s harder to reach those parts of the poverty map if you like. But I think if we look at inequality between countries and inequality within countries, it will be difficult to conclude that it has been very satisfactory match.

Because there are many countries where inequality has grown over the last years, there’s a sense sometimes that inequality has grown everywhere. And this is actually not true. There are many countries where inequality has fallen. Pretty much however you measure it, a number of those are actually in Latin America.

But there are also many, many countries where it has grown, no matter how you measure it. And so the inequality within countries, and this is true in the US, and it is true in a number of other countries that, you know, we won’t be able to say that we met that.

In terms of inequality. between countries, there was actually a long trend of convergence and inequality, between countries driven primarily by the growth of places like China and India, which for the last half century or so has been much faster than than in the West. COVID produced a little bit of a setback to that, particularly because of India.

But by 2030, the process may have resumed. The issue there looking forward is a different worry. And that worry is now that China is around the middle of the global distribution, and its growth in the future will no longer contribute to a reduction in inequality, but in fact, possibly to an increase in between country inequality, then these trends may change considerably but that’ll be likely after 2030.

Fabil Pulizzi: 26:53

Thanks for listening to this series How to Save Humanity in 17 Goals.

Join us again next time when we look at Sustainable Development Goal number 11: how to improve our cities. See you then.

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Student essay contest winner: an analysis of the impact of technology on income inequality.

September 30, 2015

This spring the Minneapolis Fed held its 27th Annual Student Essay Contest, which is open to all high school students in the Ninth Federal Reserve District. The contest drew 269 essays from schools throughout the district. The winning essay is published here. Other top essays can be found at minneapolisfed.org under the Student Resources section of the Community & Education tab.

Thirty finalists each received $100. The third-place winner received an additional $200, and the second-place winner an additional $300. The first-place winner, Solomon Polansky of the Blake School in Minneapolis, received an additional $400 and was offered a paid summer internship at the Minneapolis Fed.

Solomon Polansky The Blake School Minneapolis, Minn.

Luddite (n.): “broadly, one who is opposed to especially technological change.” 1 Luddite finds its origin from a certain Ned Ludd, who smashed two knitting machines in early 19th century England to protest the developing frontier of technology and its effect on the workforce. 2 The Luddites’ concerns are not without merit and remain relevant today in the United States. Over the past 30 years, U.S. productive output has soared while the number of labor hours has remained constant. 3 During this same time period, the top 1 percent of income earners doubled their percentage of income, while the bottom 90 percent fell from 70 percent to 60 percent. 4 Ongoing technological advances enable these productive strides, but also drive increasing income inequality by spawning two very distinct groups of winners and losers: those who benefit from technology, such as inventors of technology and workers whose productivity is enhanced by technological advance, and those who are negatively impacted through substitution of labor by technology. 5

Inventors of new technology are the first to benefit from that new technology. In a free market, individuals are compensated based on the economic output of their factors of production. These factors of production include physical holdings (land, money) as well as intangibles (labor time, creativity). If an entrepreneur or inventor can successfully develop and market a desirable invention, the market will reward him/her by offering tremendous profits. Note that this unequal distribution of income is not necessarily a bad thing for the economy—in fact, the U.S. government openly supports new innovation by offering patents through the Patent and Trademark Office, thereby granting a (time-limited) legal monopoly (and the monopoly profits that follow). 6 But once an inventor earns these large incomes, the wealth inequality over others is unlikely to dissolve easily. There is a “snowballing effect on wealth distribution: top incomes are being saved at high rates, pushing wealth concentration [further] up,” perpetuating the cycle of inequality. 7 While by no means will every inventor “strike gold” with his/her invention (in fact, most do not succeed), a skilled and lucky few will reap tremendous income; thus, propelling them into the highest echelon of income. 8 In short, “the people who benefit most are those with the expertise and creativity to use these advances.” 9 And that drives both the incentive to invent and income inequality.

Skilled employees who use technology as a “tool” to increase their productivity also benefit. Consider highly skilled hedge-fund managers: These managers are already making a good income and would not be replaced with a computer (as of current technology) because they use human judgment to select investments. However, they become much more productive (and profitable for the firm) with the addition of computerized data and the skill to use it. Thus, their marginal revenue has increased, and the price the firm will be willing to pay, in salary, will also increase. These traders’ incomes therefore increase with the addition of technology. 10 As technology is applied to skilled jobs (which are already high paying), the productivity of those workers increases and their income increases too, further extending the income inequality between skilled and unskilled laborers. 11

However, not everyone benefits from advances in technology; laborers whose jobs can be substituted by technology are negatively affected. Businesses, by investing in capital such as new technology, will increase outputs while decreasing labor inputs (e.g., automation where purchasing a robot will replace a human worker). The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that manufacturing employees’ real output per hour increased from 51.2 units (which is proportional to dollars) per hour in 1990 to 110.3 in 2013; businesses produced 42 percent more output in 2013 than 1998. 12 However, the total number of manufacturing workers actually decreased from 17.4 million in 1990 to 12.1 million in 2013. 13 A few skilled, knowledgeable employees are required to operate these advanced, high producing machines—in contrast to the hordes of unskilled laborers they replace. 14 In the early phases of technological development, it was largely simple manufacturing work being replaced by technology, as manufacturing firms sought to cut costs. 15 But now, with the advent of “big data” and analytical tools, even clerical work and professional services (both traditionally secure, white collar jobs) are being rendered obsolete by technology. 16 Technology leads companies to, inevitably, eliminate the workers whose labor has been replaced by a more efficient process in order to remain competitive in their markets. Thus, these workers’ income has dropped to zero, forcing them into other lower-skill industries, such as food and restaurant services, that already have an ample supply of workers and thus driving wages downward. 17 Additionally, rapid globalization, enabled by advances in technology in transportation and communication, has opened up cheaper foreign labor markets for U.S. companies, further eroding the domestic manufacturing base. 18

Applying technology to the economy thus creates both “winners” and “losers.” It enables entrepreneurs and inventors, people with natural creativity and determination, to have the chance for great profits. It also increases the productivity (and therefore, income) of those whose “jobs are enhanced by machines”; these groups are the “winners.” 19 However, technology eliminates the jobs of less-skilled (already lower-paid) workers by providing a more productive, albeit less “human,” alternative and forcing workers into lower-paying service jobs; these workers are the “losers.” 20 There is a clear schism widening between those benefiting and those being harmed by technology, and it is reflected in increasing income inequality. Ned Ludd was right to be concerned, and there is no easy answer to closing the gap.

1 Merriam-Webster.com. Accessed Nov. 23, 2014. merriamwebster.com/dictionary/luddite

2 Porter, Eduardo. 2014. “Tech Leaps, Job Losses and Rising Inequality.” New York Times, April 15. nytimes.com/2014/04/16/business/economy/tech-leaps-job-losses-and-rising-inequality.html?_r=0

3 Sprague, Shawn. 2014. “What Can Labor Productivity Tell Us About the U.S. Economy?” Beyond the Numbers 3 (12). Bureau of Labor Statistics. bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/what-can-labor-productivity-tell-us-about-the-us-economy.htm

Workers in U.S. businesses worked the same number of labor hours (194 billion) in 2013 as in 1998, yet productive output increased 42 percent over that same time frame.

4 Saez, Emmanuel, and Gabriel Zucman. 2014. “Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data.” Working Paper 20625. National Bureau of Economic Research. gabriel-zucman.eu/files/SaezZucman2014.pdf

5 This paper will address income inequality primarily. However, income inequality goes hand in hand with wealth inequality, as excess income allows one to invest in other capital, such as stocks and bonds, leading to the accumulation of wealth.

6 U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Accessed Nov. 21, 2014. uspto.gov/about/index.jsp

7 Rotman, David. 2014. “Technology and Inequality.” MIT Technology Review. Oct. 21. technologyreview.com/featuredstory/531726/technology-and-inequality/

8 For a real world example of the potential for inventors, consider Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft. Rotman refers to these individuals as technology “superstars” who invent new technologies or generate new ideas for creative uses of technology.

9 See Saez and Zucman.

10 The Economist. 2012. “Who Exactly Are the 1%?” Jan. 21. economist.com/node/21543178

11 Acemoglu, Daron. 2003. “Technology and Inequality.” NBER Reporter. National Bureau of Economic Research. nber.org/reporter/winter03/technologyandinequality.html

12 See Sprague.

13 See Sprague.

14 See Acemoglu.

15 Katz, Richard, Robert Z. Lawrence and Michael Spence. 2011. “Manufacturing Globalization: The Real Sources of U.S. Inequality and Unemployment.” Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. November/December. foreignaffairs.org/articles/north-america/2011-11-01/manufacturing-globalization

16 See Rotman.

17 See Sprague. While the number of manufacturing jobs has decreased from 1990 to 2013, the number of food and restaurant service workers has increased from 6545.3 to 10487.1 (in thousands) during that same time period.

18 Reich, Robert B. “How to Shrink Inequality.” The Nation. May 26. thenation.com/article/179715/how-shrink-inequality

19 See Porter.

20 See Porter.

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Analytical Essay: Gender Gap in Higher Education

There is a problem that is developing around the world that not all people know about. In terms of higher education, more men than women are enrolling in post-secondary programs and maintaining their schooling long enough to obtain a degree. This gender gap in higher education could have societal and economic implications that have not yet been considered.

The entry rate to higher education for men is lower than for women in countries such as Canada, America, Austria, Iceland, and Norway, as well as the U.K. But even if 100% of men applying to post-secondary programs were accepted, more women would still be attending colleges and universities. Statistics state that women are 1/3 more likely to attend post-secondary institutions. By the year 2020, the gender gap is said to increase even further, with 59% of students in higher educational studies expected to be female.

Before the 1990’s, more men were enrolled in post-secondary programs – and now that trend is reversed. The enrolment growth rate for men is at 8%, while the growth rate for women is at 16%. So why is that? Many people blame cultural trends, such as programs aimed at reversing previous gender inequality by enticing female students. Science and mathematics departments are trying to attract females, and new fields, such as women’s studies, are being introduced.

Another reason why more women are enrolling in higher education could be based on wage inequality. Despite many gains in pay equality, American women are still (on average) being paid less than men. Since men can earn a good salary without a post-secondary degree, they do not feel a need to seek higher education. Women, on the other hand, understand that college and university programs mean higher wages and increased opportunity for them in the job market.

There are a few other theories about why fewer men are seeking higher education. Men are more likely than women to see the appeal of the military and enrol in the army or navy. Also, there are more women in the general population, which could explain why there are more women in university. Finally, men are more likely to enter into general programs, and may therefore be more likely to lose focus and fail to obtain a degree.

So what can be done about this unequal gender representation in higher education? Community outreach needs to be done, as well as better advertisement of post-secondary programs. Equal pay for women needs to be established in the workplace and the drop-out rate of males before college needs to be addressed. Also, stereotyping certain fields as purely feminine, such as teaching and nursing, needs to be stopped so that men have more vocational opportunities.

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Coverture is the legal personhood of a married woman. This doctrine has negatively affected women’s legal and social roles and altered the scope of the Equal Protection clause, both explicitly and implicitly. This Note explores the relationship between coverture and present-day equal protection jurisprudence moving forward and argues that the Supreme Court’s decisions have continued to preserve coverture in today’s legal framework. Historical beliefs about coverture are discussed, as well as their implications on the legal framework today. The claim of this Note is that the Supreme Court has continued to bolster coverture with its legal opinions, and to truly rid America of coverture, the Court must change its equal protection jurisprudence. This Note is divided into four parts. Parts I and II outline the history of coverture and related jurisprudence. Part III summarizes the current equal protection jurisprudence pertaining to gender. Part IV explains what the Court could have done differently to avoid the present-day equal protection doctrine that does not fully protect gender.

GENDER INEQUALITY, Coverture, Equal Protection Clause

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5 Essays to Learn More About Equality

“Equality” is one of those words that seems simple, but is more complicated upon closer inspection. At its core, equality can be defined as “the state of being equal.” When societies value equality, their goals include racial, economic, and gender equality . Do we really know what equality looks like in practice? Does it mean equal opportunities, equal outcomes, or both? To learn more about this concept, here are five essays focusing on equality:

“The Equality Effect” (2017) – Danny Dorling

In this essay, professor Danny Dorling lays out why equality is so beneficial to the world. What is equality? It’s living in a society where everyone gets the same freedoms, dignity, and rights. When equality is realized, a flood of benefits follows. Dorling describes the effect of equality as “magical.” Benefits include happier and healthier citizens, less crime, more productivity, and so on. Dorling believes the benefits of “economically equitable” living are so clear, change around the world is inevitable. Despite the obvious conclusion that equality creates a better world, progress has been slow. We’ve become numb to inequality. Raising awareness of equality’s benefits is essential.

Danny Dorling is the Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography at the University of Oxford. He has co-authored and authored a handful of books, including Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration—and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives . “The Equality Effect” is excerpted from this book. Dorling’s work focuses on issues like health, education, wealth, poverty, and employment.

“The Equality Conundrum” (2020) – Joshua Rothman

Originally published as “Same Difference” in the New Yorker’s print edition, this essay opens with a story. A couple plans on dividing their money equally among their children. However, they realize that to ensure equal success for their children, they might need to start with unequal amounts. This essay digs into the complexity of “equality.” While inequality is a major concern for people, most struggle to truly define it. Citing lectures, studies, philosophy, religion, and more, Rothman sheds light on the fact that equality is not a simple – or easy – concept.

Joshua Rothman has worked as a writer and editor of The New Yorker since 2012. He is the ideas editor of newyorker.com.

“Why Understanding Equity vs Equality in Schools Can Help You Create an Inclusive Classroom” (2019) – Waterford.org

Equality in education is critical to society. Students that receive excellent education are more likely to succeed than students who don’t. This essay focuses on the importance of equity, which means giving support to students dealing with issues like poverty, discrimination and economic injustice. What is the difference between equality and equity? What are some strategies that can address barriers? This essay is a great introduction to the equity issues teachers face and why equity is so important.

Waterford.org is a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving equity and education in the United States. It believes that the educational experiences children receive are crucial for their future. Waterford.org was founded by Dr. Dustin Heuston.

“What does equality mean to me?” (2020) – Gabriela Vivacqua and Saddal Diab

While it seems simple, the concept of equality is complex. In this piece posted by WFP_Africa on the WFP’s Insight page, the authors ask women from South Sudan what equality means to them. Half of South Sudan’s population consists of women and girls. Unequal access to essentials like healthcare, education, and work opportunities hold them back. Complete with photographs, this short text gives readers a glimpse into interpretations of equality and what organizations like the World Food Programme are doing to tackle gender inequality.

As part of the UN, the World Food Programme is the world’s largest humanitarian organization focusing on hunger and food security . It provides food assistance to over 80 countries each year.

“Here’s How Gender Equality is Measured” (2020) – Catherine Caruso

Gender inequality is one of the most discussed areas of inequality. Sobering stats reveal that while progress has been made, the world is still far from realizing true gender equality. How is gender equality measured? This essay refers to the Global Gender Gap report ’s factors. This report is released each year by the World Economic Forum. The four factors are political empowerment, health and survival, economic participation and opportunity, and education. The author provides a brief explanation of each factor.

Catherine Caruso is the Editorial Intern at Global Citizen, a movement committed to ending extreme poverty by 2030. Previously, Caruso worked as a writer for Inquisitr. Her English degree is from Syracuse University. She writes stories on health, the environment, and citizenship.

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About the author, emmaline soken-huberty.

Emmaline Soken-Huberty is a freelance writer based in Portland, Oregon. She started to become interested in human rights while attending college, eventually getting a concentration in human rights and humanitarianism. LGBTQ+ rights, women’s rights, and climate change are of special concern to her. In her spare time, she can be found reading or enjoying Oregon’s natural beauty with her husband and dog.

Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace Analytical Essay

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Introduction to Gender Inequalities in the Workplace

Organizational theory: a summary, sources of gender inequality, a structural frame, people frame, a political frame, a symbolic frame, gender inequality in the workplace: the way forward, works cited.

According to Massey (34), many people confuse gender with sex, which involves biological differences between a male and a female. Many societies and cultures in the world create distinctions between individuals based on gender. In many societies, men are superior to women (Burstein 342).

The distinction is displayed through the aggressiveness of men in the society. The fact that men are more aggressive than women has brought about gender inequalities in the society. As a result, inequalities have led to disparities with regard to social roles allocated to either gender.

In this analytical paper, the author briefly looks at organizational theory and how it affects employees. The author critically examines some of the factors associated with gender inequalities in the society. Special attention is given to gender inequalities in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East.

In addition, the author highlights some of the changes proposed to deal with the situation. The paper takes the form of a ‘ personal case analysis ’, which is based on the findings made in the case study conducted earlier. The events in the case study are interpreted and analyzed using a comprehensive ‘four- frame’ structure.

In this personal case analysis, the author critically reviews the events in the case study, and how the events are related to organizational theory. To this end, the author interprets the events in the case study from the perspective of the organizational theory.

The theory complements the four- frame analysis carried out in the paper. As a result of this, it is important to provide a brief summary of this theory. The summary will give the reader an idea with regard to how the theory is tied to the events in the case study.

According to Burstein, “organization theory is (the) study (of) the benefits of identifying common themes (……) for the purpose of solving problems, maximizing efficiency and productivity…….(and) meeting the needs of stakeholders” (p. 45).

Organizational theory is subdivided into three categories. The three are individual, group, and organizational processes.

One of the issues addressed in the theory’s individual concept is motivation among individuals. To this end, the theory seeks to identify how and why individuals are motivated. It identifies the differences between the personality traits of different employees.

In addition, the theory’s individual concept seeks to define the roles that one is capable of effectively executing in the organization without creating ambiguities.

The second category of the theory touches on group processes. According to the provisions of the group processes category, the organization should create working groups for the employees. The employees will effectively communicate with each other within such groups.

In addition, the employees will effectively synchronize their actions with those of other employees for the benefit of the organization. Under group processes, the organization should come up with a leadership structure, where the leader has power over the subordinates.

In addition to this, the leader should have the ability and capacity to influence the subordinates, helping them to effectively execute the tasks assigned to them.

Under organization processes, the entity is expected to come up with a unique model. The model will differentiate the organization from the other entities operating in the market or in the same industry (Rania 15). To this end, the model defines the structure of the organization with respect to that of other organizations.

In addition, the model defines the division and flow of power in the organization. In most cases, organizations create their own culture, which is specific to its working environment.

As a result, employees co-exist peacefully with the management team. The two groups combine their efforts and work towards the achievement of the set goals.

The three concepts analyzed above impact significantly on the operations of the organization. To this end, the three concepts determine how gender is perceived in the organization. They are used in interpreting the events analyzed in the case study provided earlier.

The notion of superiority of one gender over the other has locked women out of leadership positions. The women are believed to perform better as assistants than as leaders. The belief is evident in Ms Haneen’s case.

Patriarchy, which is defined as the dominance of men in the society, is evident in many societies in the Middle East. It has negatively affected the participation of women in development processes. For example, very few women participate in such sectors as paid labor, education, and leadership compared to men.

Cultural and religious diversities have significantly altered the structural frame of many societies in the world today. The roles and responsibilities of women in the society find their meanings in culture and religion. Gender roles are inspired by cultural values, norms, and various cultural practices.

In most cases, the role of the woman in the society is limited to housework. As a result, the women who manage to secure formal employment are considered as lucky (Hurst 176). The women themselves consider this as double work, struggling to strike a balance between office work and domestic chores.

Religion has traditionally favored men over women. Men are regarded as the sole breadwinners in the family. As a result, women are discouraged from participating in labor related activities.

According to the teachings of Islam, women are supposed to conduct themselves as competent housewives. They are tasked with the responsibility of raising their children according to the teachings of the Quran (Wood 213).

Patriarchy has found its way into the work place. It is a fact that most women are highly qualified compared to men. In addition, some of them have vast experience in their field of expertise. In most cases, their performance is outstanding. An example of such a woman is Ms. Haneen.

In spite of this experience and qualifications, the women are not given the opportunity to work in managerial positions. The failure to promote women to higher leadership positions is associated with the structure of the society. In addition, the failure is associated with the views, beliefs, and opinions held by people in the society.

Political structures and opinions regarding what women symbolize in a society are also to blame for this failure. It has led to low self- esteem among women in the work place.

In addition, it has reduced the morale of women in the work place. The performance of women in the workplace declines as soon as they learn the ‘hard truth’ (Wood 129).

As a result of weakened economic growth in the 1990s, most employers preferred to hire men as opposed to women. The preference was buttressed by the notion that “men’s income is more important to their families” (World Bank 34).

On realizing this, women dropped out of the labor market. They dropped out of the market on realizing that their likelihood of getting hired was significantly reduced.

The United Nations Development Program (herein referred to as UNDP) has termed the ongoing gender inequalities in the Arab nations as a ‘significant obstacle to human development’ in that region (Rania 3).

Gender inequality negatively affects human development given that a significant number of women in the region are illiterate. In addition, very few women are engaged in formal employment. Illiteracy among women has negatively impacted on living conditions, leading to high rates of diseases and death in the country.

Just like any other organization, the KPMG’s major goal is to make profits from its operations. Another objective of the organization is to expand its market share.

In addition, the organization needs to subdue the competitors and emerge as the leader in the market in terms of tax consultancy, auditing, and ‘executive search and selection’ of employees.

The objectives of this organization will be achieved by getting the right people to work for the organization. For a very long time, female employees have shown their determination in achieving the set goals and objectives.

The female employees have proven this by effectively communicating with the managers and other stakeholders. In addition, the employees have proven their efficiency in using the available resources to meet the objectives of the organization. They relate well with their fellow employees.

As a result, they enhance the experiences of other people in the organization. The ability of women to achieve this in the workplace is vividly illustrated by Ms Haneen in the case study.

The women are capable of maintaining a formal relationship with their superiors and fellow workmates. They have proved their ability to diligently execute the tasks assigned to them by the managers. In most cases, they perform better than their male colleagues.

There are various reasons why KPMG have encouraged female employees to participate in the running of the organization. For example, the organization is an ‘equal employer’, treating men and women equally. 60% of employees in the organization are male, while 40% are female.

However, there are various aspects of gender discrimination evident in the organization. For example, the policies of the organization discourage women from holding top positions in the entity. The women can only rise to the level of assistant manager. It is a discriminatory policy by all measures.

In addition, the policy contradicts the reality considering that women are the most hardworking employees in the organization compared to men. The discrimination extends beyond the confines of KPMG. For example, only 10% of political leadership positions in Saudi Arabia are held by women (Rania 7).

The main reason for this is that women are regarded as ‘non-able leaders’ (Rania 7). In addition, it is feared that women cannot effectively command the respect and loyalty of their male counterparts due to the entrenched inequalities in the society.

Women are sexually harassed in the workplace. KPMG has failed to put in place effective channels to help these women in dealing with this form of abuse.

Cases of sexual harassment have increased in the recent past. However, only 40 percent of these cases are reported in Saudi Arabia (ILO 19). The lack of a proper reporting system has significantly led to an increase in the number of sexual harassment cases.

Disparity in salaries and remunerations is another significant issue in the organization. In spite of the fact that the laws provide for ‘equal pay for equal job’ to both men and women, the organization continues to pay men more than women.

According to Rania (12), the gap in salaries ranges from 54 to 90 percent in most Arabic countries. KPMG is one of the organizations in the country affected by this discrepancy.

Women are regarded as the pillars of the society. They are responsible for nurturing and socializing children in the society. They lay the foundation of the society through the family units.

Their responsibilities are anchored on the belief that women are homemakers. As a result, they are denied the opportunity to participate in any economic activity that will take them outside their homes.

Women who are bold enough to venture into formal employment are discouraged by the disparities in payment. The disparity has seen many women drop out of formal employment (Norton & Hoffman 272).

The failure to get promotions in the work place has significantly affected their morale. Measures should be put in place to encourage more women to join paid labor.

Some women lack the skills required to carry out certain tasks. The lack of skills is brought about by discriminations in the education sector.

Most communities in the Middle East believe that the role of the woman is to safeguard the wealth of her husband. As a result, many women do not attend school. As a result of this, men have ended up filling the gaps left by women in the labor market.

In the Middle East, most politicians are men. Participation of women in politics is discouraged by the constitution. The main reason why women are discouraged from participating in politics is that they are regarded as inferior to men.

As a result, many people believe that women cannot lead or command men. The number of women in leadership positions is shrinking at a very high rate. The trend is evident in both public and private organizations in Saudi Arabia.

Women are unable to fight for their rights. It is one of the reasons why they are denied participation in leadership.

The World Bank notes that women are “barred from taking part in most of the social and economic events” (World Bank 13). The disparity has brought about social conflicts, especially when women stand up to fight for their rights.

Activists have piled pressure on the organization to include women in the management team. As a result, KPMG formulated policies to encourage the participation of women in the workplace. In most cases, there are very few managerial posts available in the organization.

The scarcity is one of the reasons given by the organization to justify their discriminatory policies. To appease the critics, women were offered assistant managerial posts in the organization.

Some corporations use women symbolically. For example, Emirates Airways employs female cabin crews to enhance the image of the organization (Hekman et al. 291).

However, other entities have failed to embrace the practice of altering their organizational structure to accommodate more female employees.

Female employees symbolize high quality services likely to meet the needs of the clients. As a result of this realization, many organizations have adopted a new formula in recruiting their staff.

In most cases, new recruits in organizations are composed of 40% females and 60% males. The policy was adopted by KPMG.

The restructuring in the organization is motivated by external pressure, including provisions in the labor laws. As a result of their likeable nature, women employees are engaged in the customer care departments, where they are expected to improve the relationship between the organization and the customers.

Currently, gender inequality in the Middle East stands at 10 per cent compared to 18 per cent in the world (OECED 34). The statistics are low because women engage in unpaid labor. The observation calls for reforms in various sectors of the economy. The reforms should be geared towards exploiting this untapped labor force.

The Arab nations are regarded as fairly rich compared to other nations in the world as a result of their unexploited female labor force (World Bank 14).

Analysts argue that if this labor force is fully exploited, labor productivity in the region will significantly increase due to competition. In addition, the participation of women in paid labor will increase tax revenues for the government.

The organization, as well as the government, should review existing policies to address gender inequalities in the work place. Discriminative policies barring women from ascending to senior managerial positions should be repealed.

The aim is to boost the morale of female employees in the workplace. As a result, the organization will appoint managers based on their qualifications as opposed to gender. By combining experience and relevant qualifications, the performance of the organization will improve.

The observation is evident in the events that took place in the reported case study. Ms. Haneen should be given a managerial position considering that she has an unmatched experience in the Executive Search and Selection department. Her knowledge of the department’s operations will catapult it to greater heights.

Promoting Ms. Haneen is a milestone in the fight for gender equality in the organization. It will motivate other female employees, encouraging them to work hard in their respective departments.

It is possible to address gender inequality by introducing reforms in the education sector. The reforms are evident in the case study, as well as in the attending benefits.

The number of young females in the labor market has increased as a result of reforms introduced in the education sector. It is possible to achieve gender equality in the labor market if the government succeeds in sustaining this trend (Barzilai 3).

In addition, the government and the organization should address the conditions under which women operate. Some women work under deplorable conditions, something that has forced many of them to give up.

Adjusting the environment and providing other work related benefits will boost their morale. The benefits include, among others, maternity leave and medical cover.

Gender inequality is a major concern for many organizations in the society. It is evident when women are left out of the decision making process. It is a big problem in the Middle East. Various factors are associated with this phenomenon. They include beliefs in male dominance, as well as cultural and religious values.

Measures should be put in place to encourage women to take up leadership positions in the public and private sectors. Women should be encouraged to fight for their rights and support each other.

They should shift from their usual unpaid labor and venture into the paid labor market. As a result of this, the economy will expand and patriarchy will be effectively controlled.

Barzilai, Kirk 2011, Organizational Theory . Web.

Burstein, Paul. Equal Employment Opportunity: Labor Market Discrimination and Public Policy, Edison, NJ: Aldine Transaction, 2010. Print.

Hekman, David, et al. “An Examination of Whether and How Racial and Gender Biases Influence Customer Satisfaction.” Academy of Management Journal 28.4 (2009): 46. Print.

Hurst, Charles. Social Inequality, Boston: Pearson Education Inc., 2007. Print.

ILO. Women in Labor Market: Measuring Progress and Identifying Challenge, Geneva: ILO, 2010. Print.

Massey, Douglas. Categorically Unequal: The Stratification System, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007. Print.

Norton, Ahmad, and A. Hoffman. A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship, Paris: OECD, 2008. Print.

OECED 2008, Report on the Gender Initiative: Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship . PDF file. Web.

Rania, Mainn 2011, Gender Inequality is a Regional Issue . Web.

Wood, Julia. Gendered Lives, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2009. Print.

World Bank, 2011, Gender and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women in the Public Sphere . Web.

• Symbolic Frame & Organizations as Theatre-Symbolic Frame Grid
• The Light Steel Frame Villa Project
• Issues Surrounding Gender Inequality in the Workplace
• Do You Think There Is Gender War
• Gender Inequality in Workplace
• Global Inequalities: Are they Gendered?
• Gender Equality: Male Dominance
• Gender Inequalities in the UK's Higher Education
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2019, June 26). Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace. https://ivypanda.com/essays/analysis-of-gender-inequalities-in-the-workplace/

"Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace." IvyPanda , 26 June 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/analysis-of-gender-inequalities-in-the-workplace/.

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IvyPanda . 2019. "Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace." June 26, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/analysis-of-gender-inequalities-in-the-workplace/.

1. IvyPanda . "Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace." June 26, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/analysis-of-gender-inequalities-in-the-workplace/.

Bibliography

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Guide to writing an analytical essay, carla johnson.

• June 13, 2023
• How to Guides

An analytical essay is a type of academic writing in which a complicated topic or idea is broken down into smaller parts, analyzed and looked at, and a well-structured argument or evaluation is given. The main purpose of an analytical essay is to show that the writer has a deep understanding of the topic and can also think critically about it. Analytical essays are important in many fields, such as literature, history, science, and sociology. They require a deep knowledge of the topic and the ability to think critically and objectively about the information given. Analytical essays include things like a literary analysis, a research paper , or an analysis of a piece of rhetoric. Writing an analytical essay is useful because it helps the writer improve their analytical and critical thinking skills. In analytical essays, students must look at and evaluate different sources, find patterns and relationships, and come to meaningful conclusions. When students write analytical essays, they also improve their research skills because they have to find relevant information from multiple sources and put it all together in a logical argument.

Also, analytical essays are important in academic writing because they help students understand ideas, theories, and concepts that are hard to understand. By breaking a topic down into smaller parts, students can better understand it and figure out what the main ideas and themes are. Analytical essays help students get better at writing by making them present their arguments in a way that is clear, concise, and well-organized. Writing an analytical essay is a skill that students need to learn if they want to do well in school and in their careers. For analytical essays, you need to be able to think critically , do research, and write well, all of which are important for success in many fields. By getting better at these skills, students can become better writers and thinkers, which will help them reach their academic and career goals.

What You'll Learn

Understanding the Basics of Analytical Essays

There are a few main things that set an analytical essay apart from other types of essays. One of the most important things about it is that it requires a thorough look at the subject. An analytical essay isn’t just a description of a topic or a point of view. Instead, it calls for a thorough look at the subject, breaking it down into its different parts and evaluating each one carefully.

Argumentative essays try to convince the reader to agree with a certain point of view. Descriptive essays, on the other hand, try to give a detailed description of a topic. Analytical essays, on the other hand, require the writer to look at the topic objectively and judge it, as well as use evidence from different sources to back up their claims. In an analytical essay, you can’t say enough about how important analysis is. Analysis is the process of breaking down big ideas or thoughts into smaller, more manageable pieces. By analyzing the topic, the writer can find the main ideas, patterns, and connections, which can then be used to back up their arguments.

Also, analysis lets the author draw conclusions that make sense based on the evidence given. If there wasn’t any analysis in an analytical essay, it would just be a list of facts and opinions. Analysis is what gives depth and substance to an analytical essay and lets the writer make a well-reasoned, evidence-based argument.

Analytical essays are different from other types of essays because they focus on analysis and evaluation. They require a thorough look at a subject, breaking it down into its different parts and judging each one objectively. Students can get the skills they need to do well in school and in the workplace by learning what makes an analytical essay unique and what role analysis plays in this type of writing.

Choosing a Topic for Your Analytical Essay

It can be hard to decide what to write about in an analytical essay, but there are several ways to come up with ideas. One way to do this is to make a list of possible topics based on your interests, your schoolwork, or what’s going on in the world right now. You can also find possible topics by reading articles, books, or other materials in your field of study. When choosing a topic for your analytical essay, you should think about a few things. First and foremost, the topic must fit with the needs of the course or assignment. It should also be narrow enough to allow for a detailed analysis while still having enough information for research . Also, the topic should be something you’re interested in as a writer. This will make the writing process more interesting and fun.

To help you get started, here are some examples of potential analytical essay topics:

1. The impact of social media on mental health

2. Analyzing the themes of race and identity in Toni Morrison’s “Beloved”

3. The role of technology in modern education

4. An analysis of the effectiveness of the Affordable Care Act

5. Examining the causes and consequences of income inequality in the United States

6. The portrayal of gender roles in Shakespeare’s plays

7. Analyzing the impact of climate change on global food production

8. A critical analysis of the role of the media in shaping public opinion

9. A comparison of different political ideologies and their impact on society

10. An analysis of the ethical implications of gene editing technology.

A topic for an analytical essay must be chosen with care, taking into account several factors such as relevance, scope, and personal interest. By brainstorming ideas, researching different sources, and applying these criteria, you can choose a topic that is both interesting and informative, allowing you to write a well-researched and well-argued analytical essay.

Conducting Research for Your Analytical Essay

In order to write an analytical essay, you need to do research. It lets the writer gather relevant information, find patterns and relationships, and come to conclusions that make sense. If you didn’t do research for your analytical essay, it wouldn’t have much substance or credibility, and the arguments you made would be weak and not backed up. You can gather information for your analytical essay from a number of different places. There are many examples, such as books, academic journals, online databases, government reports, and reputable news sources. When choosing sources, think about how relevant, reliable, and trustworthy they are. Academic sources like peer-reviewed journals and scholarly books are more reliable and credible than popular sources like blogs and social media posts.

To conduct effective research for your analytical essay, here are some tips to keep in mind:

1. Start early: Give yourself plenty of time to conduct research, as it can be a time-consuming process.

2. Use multiple sources: Gather information from a variety of sources to ensure you have a well-rounded understanding of the topic.

3. Take notes: Keep detailed notes on the information you gather, including the source and page number, to make it easier to cite your sources later.

4. Evaluate your sources: Assess the reliability and credibility of your sources, looking for biases or conflicts of interest that may affect the information presented.

5. Organize your research: Create a system for organizing your research, such as using annotated bibliographies or note-taking apps, to keep track of your sources and ideas.

You can conduct effective research for your analytical essay by following these tips, gathering reliable and credible information that supports your arguments and improves the overall quality of your writing.

Developing a Thesis Statement for Your Analytical Essay

A thesis statement is a short sentence that sums up the main argument or point of an essay. It gives the reader a clear idea of where the author stands on the subject and acts as a road map. In an analytical essay, the thesis statement is very important because it sets the tone for the whole essay and shows the writer how to analyze and evaluate the subject . In an analytical essay, you can’t say enough about how important a strong thesis statement is. A well-written thesis statement states the writer’s main point in a clear and concise way, making it easier for the reader to follow the writer’s thought process and understand the purpose of the essay. A strong thesis statement also helps the writer focus their analysis and evaluation, making sure that each paragraph supports the main point and builds on it.

To develop a strong thesis statement for your analytical essay, here are some tips to consider:

1. Start with a question: Ask yourself a question related to your topic and use the answer to develop your thesis statement.

2. Be specific: Your thesis statement should be specific and focused on the main argument of your essay .

3. Use evidence: Support your thesis statement with evidence from your research, such as quotes or statistics, to give it more credibility and strength.

4. Be original: Your thesis statement should be unique and original, providing a fresh perspective on the topic.

5. Revise as needed: As you write your essay , revisit your thesis statement and revise it if necessary to ensure it remains relevant and accurate.

By following these tips, you can develop a strong thesis statement for your analytical essay, providing a clear and concise statement of your main argument and guiding the reader through your analysis and evaluation of the topic.

Analytical Essay Structure

An analytical essay is made up of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, just like a regular essay. The purpose of the introduction is to give background on the topic, introduce the thesis statement, and get the reader interested. Through analysis and evaluation of the topic, the body paragraphs should support the thesis statement with evidence and examples . The conclusion should sum up the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement in a new way that makes sense.

Here is a more detailed breakdown of the structure of an analytical essay:

1. Introduction: The introduction should set the tone for the essay by providing background information on the subject as well as a clear thesis statement. It should also engage the reader and convey the writer’s point of view on the subject.

2. Body paragraphs: The body of the essay should be divided into several paragraphs, each focusing on a different aspect of the topic. Each paragraph should start with a clear topic sentence that supports the thesis statement and then proceed to an analysis and evaluation of the subject matter, using evidence and examples to support the writer’s argument.

3. Conclusion: The conclusion should summarize the essay’s main points and restate the thesis statement in a new and meaningful way. It should also provide the reader with a sense of closure, leaving them with a clear understanding of the writer’s point of view on the subject.

To organize your ideas in an analytical essay, here are some tips to consider:

1. Create an outline: Before you start writing your essay , create an outline that organizes your ideas and supports your thesis statement. This will help you to organize your thoughts and ensure that each paragraph supports the main argument.

2. Use topic sentences: Each paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that supports the thesis statement and provides a roadmap for the reader.

3. Use evidence: Use evidence and examples to support each point you make in your essay , ensuring that each paragraph reinforces the main argument.

4. Use transitions: Use transitional phrases and sentences to connect your ideas and ensure that your essay flows smoothly from one paragraph to the next.

By following these tips, you can organize your ideas effectively in an analytical essay, producing a well-structured and well-supported piece of writing.

Writing the Introduction Paragraph

An analytical essay’s introduction paragraph serves as a road map for the reader, providing background information on the topic, introducing the thesis statement, and engaging the reader. The introduction’s purpose is to set the tone for the essay , grab the reader’s attention, and provide a clear understanding of the writer’s viewpoint on the topic.

To write an engaging introduction paragraph for your analytical essay, here are some tips to consider:

1. Start with a hook: Begin your introduction with a hook that captures the reader’s attention and makes them want to keep reading. This could be a surprising statistic, a provocative question, or a striking image.

2. Provide background information: Provide some context for the topic by providing background information and explaining why it is important.

3. Introduce the thesis statement: Clearly state your thesis statement in the introduction, providing a roadmap for the reader and guiding the rest of your essay.

4. Be concise: Keep your introduction concise and to the point, avoiding unnecessary information or tangents.

5. Revise as needed: As you write your essay, revisit your introduction and revise it as needed to ensure that it remains relevant and engaging.

Here are some examples of effective introduction paragraphs for an analytical essay:

1. “Throughout history, the concept of justice has been a subject of debate and controversy. From the ancient Greeks to modern-day philosophers, the definition and application of justice have been explored in depth. In this essay, I will examine the concept of justice in the context of criminal justice reform and argue that a more restorative approach is needed to address the root causes of crime and reduce recidivism.

2. The rise of social media has had a profound impact on our society, transforming the way we communicate, share information, and interact with the world around us. However, this transformation has not been without its challenges. In this essay, I will explore the impact of social media on mental health and argue that we need to take a more proactive approach to addressing the negative effects of social media on our well-being.

3. “Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time, affecting everything from the environment to the economy. Despite the overwhelming scientific evidence, there are still those who deny the reality of climate change or refuse to take action. In this essay, I will analyze the reasons for this denial and argue that we need to take urgent action to address the threat of climate change before it’s too late.”

Writing the Body Paragraphs

An analytical essay’s body paragraphs are where the writer presents their analysis and evaluation of the topic. The purpose of the body paragraphs is to provide evidence and examples to support the thesis statement, while using clear and concise language to make the argument as persuasive as possible.

To write clear and concise body paragraphs for your analytical essay, here are some tips to consider:

1. Use topic sentences: Each body paragraph should begin with a clear topic sentence that supports the thesis statement and provides a roadmap for the reader.

2. Provide evidence: Use evidence and examples to support each point you make in your essay , ensuring that each paragraph reinforces the main argument. The evidence should be relevant, reliable, and credible.

3. Use analysis and evaluation: Analyze and evaluate the evidence you present to demonstrate how it supports your argument. This shows the reader that you have thought deeply about the topic and considered multiple perspectives.

4. Be clear and concise: Use clear and concise language to make your argument as persuasive as possible. Avoid using jargon, complex sentences, or overly technical language that may confuse the reader.

5. Use transitions: Use transitional phrases and sentences to connect your ideas smoothly and ensure that your essay flows from one paragraph to the next.

Here are some examples of effective body paragraphs for an analytical essay:

1. The first reason why a restorative approach to criminal justice reform is necessary is that it addresses the root causes of crime. Rather than simply punishing offenders, restorative justice encourages dialogue between the offender and the victim, allowing both parties to understand the harm that has been caused and work together to find a solution. This approach has been shown to reduce recidivism rates and promote healing within communities.”

2. One of the most significant negative effects of social media on mental health is the increase in anxiety and depression. Studies have shown that social media use is associated with feelings of isolation, comparison, and low self-esteem, all of which contribute to poor mental health . In order to address this issue, we need to take a more proactive approach to promoting mental health and well-being, such as limiting social media use, encouraging face-to-face interactions, and providing mental health resources for those in need.

3. One of the main reasons why climate change denial persists is due to the influence of special interest groups and political ideology . These groups use their resources to spread misinformation and discredit the overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change. In order to combat this, we need to prioritize education and awareness, promote scientific literacy, and hold those who spread misinformation accountable for their actions.”

Writing the Conclusion Paragraph

The conclusion paragraph of an analytical essay summarizes the author’s main points and emphasizes the significance of the thesis statement. The conclusion’s goal is to leave a lasting impression on the reader by bringing the essay to a close and reinforcing the main argument .

To write a strong conclusion for your analytical essay, here are some tips to consider:

1. Restate the thesis statement: The conclusion should restate the thesis statement in a new and meaningful way, emphasizing its importance and relevance to the topic.

2. Summarize the main points: Summarize the main points of the essay, highlighting the evidence and examples that support the thesis statement .

3. Provide a final thought: End the essay with a final thought or reflection on the topic, leaving the reader with something to think about or consider.

4. Be concise: Keep the conclusion concise and to the point, avoiding any new information or arguments.

5. Make it memorable: Use language and phrasing that is memorable and impactful, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.

Here are some examples of effective conclusion paragraphs for an analytical essay:

1. “In conclusion, a restorative approach to criminal justice reform is not only necessary but essential. By addressing the root causes of crime, promoting dialogue and understanding, and fostering healing within communities, we can create a more just and equitable society for all.”

2. In order to address the negative effects of social media on mental health , we need to take a more proactive approach to promoting well-being. By limiting social media use, encouraging face-to-face interactions, and providing mental health resources, we can create a healthier and more connected society.

3. “Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time, and we must take urgent action to address it. By promoting education and awareness, prioritizing scientific literacy, and holding those who spread misinformation accountable, we can create a more sustainable and equitable future for generations to come.”

Editing and Proofreading Your Analytical Essay

The editing and proofreading stages of the essay writing process are critical. It ensures that the essay is clear, concise, and error-free, improving overall writing quality and the credibility of the arguments presented.

To edit and proofread your analytical essay, here are some tips to consider:

1. Take a break: After completing your essay, take a break before editing and proofreading it. This will allow you to approach the essay with fresh eyes and a clear mind.

2. Read it out loud: Reading the essay out loud can help you to identify awkward phrasing, grammatical errors, and other issues.

3. Be consistent: Ensure that you are consistent in your use of language, formatting, and citation styles throughout the essay.

4. Use a checklist: Use a checklist to ensure that you have addressed all the necessary components of the essay, such as the thesis statement, evidence, and analysis.

5. Get feedback: Ask a friend or colleague to read your essay and provide feedback on areas that need improvement.

Common mistakes to avoid in analytical essays include:

1. Using overly complicated language or jargon that may confuse the reader.

2. Failing to provide evidence or examples to support the thesis statement.

3. Neglecting to address counterarguments or alternative perspectives on the topic.

4. Making unsupported claims or presenting opinions as facts.

5. Failing to proofread and edit the essay thoroughly, leading to grammatical errors and typos.

By following these tips and avoiding common mistakes, you can edit and proofread your analytical essay effectively, producing a well-written and error-free piece of writing.

Analytical Essay Examples

Here are some examples of successful analytical essays:

1. “The Symbolism of the Green Light in The Great Gatsby” by F. Scott Fitzgerald: This essay analyzes the symbolism of the green light in the novel, arguing that it represents Gatsby’s hopes and dreams and his ultimate failure to achieve them.

2. “The Rhetoric of Malcolm X” by Malcolm X: In this essay, Malcolm X analyzes his own rhetorical strategies, explaining how he uses language and persuasion to achieve his goals.

3. “The Role of Women in Shakespeare’s Macbeth” by William Shakespeare: This essay analyzes the role of women in the play, arguing that they are often marginalized and oppressed by the male characters.

Each of these essays follows a clear and well-structured format, with a strong thesis statement, supporting evidence, and a clear conclusion. The writers use analysis and evaluation to present their arguments, using evidence and examples to support their claims.

When using analytical essay examples to improve your writing, here are some tips to consider:

1. Choose examples that are relevant to your topic or subject matter.

2. Read the example essays carefully, paying attention to the structure, language, and evidence used.

3. Identify the thesis statement and main arguments of the essay.

4. Analyze the evidence used to support the arguments, evaluating its relevance and credibility.

5. Consider how the writer uses language and rhetoric to persuade the reader.

6. Use The examples as a guide for structuring your own essay, but be sure to use your own unique ideas and perspective.

7. Practice writing your own analytical essays and seek feedback from others to improve your writing skills.

8. Avoid copying or plagiarizing the example essays, as this can lead to serious academic consequences.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what is an analytical essay.

An analytical essay is a type of academic writing that requires the writer to analyze and evaluate a specific topic or subject matter. The writer presents an argument or thesis statement and supports it with evidence and examples, using analysis and evaluation to persuade the reader.

2. What are the main characteristics of an analytical essay?

The main characteristics of an analytical essay include:

– A clear and concise thesis statement that presents the writer’s argument

– Use of evidence and examples to support the argument

– Analysis and evaluation of the evidence presented

– Clear and logical structure, with well-developed paragraphs and transitions between them

– Use of formal and academic language

– Objective and impartial tone

3. What are some tips for writing an analytical essay?

Here are some tips for writing an analytical essay:

– Choose a topic that interests you and that you can analyze in depth

– Develop a clear and concise thesis statement that presents your argument

– Use evidence and examples to support your argument, ensuring that they are relevant, reliable, and credible

– Analyze and evaluate the evidence presented, demonstrating your critical thinking skills

– Use a clear and logical structure, with well-developed paragraphs and transitions between them

– Use formal and academic language, avoiding slang and colloquialisms

– Edit and proofread your essay thoroughly, ensuring that it is error-free and well-written.

To summarize, writing an effective analytical essay necessitates a thorough understanding of the subject matter, a well-developed thesis statement, strong evidence and analysis, and a clear and logical structure. To summarize the main points covered in this guide:

– The writer of an analytical essay must analyze and evaluate a specific topic or subject matter.

– A clear thesis statement, evidence and examples to support the argument, analysis and evaluation of the evidence, a clear and logical structure, formal and academic language, and an objective tone are the main characteristics of an analytical essay.

– Choosing a relevant topic, developing a clear thesis statement, using credible evidence and examples, analyzing and evaluating the evidence, using a clear and logical structure, using formal and academic language, and thoroughly editing and proofreading the essay are all tips for writing a successful analytical essay.

An effective analytical essay demonstrates critical thinking skills as well as the ability to analyze and evaluate complex issues. It is an important skill for both academic and professional success.

Finally, practicing writing on a regular basis, seeking feedback from others, and reading and analyzing examples of successful analytical essays can all help you improve your own writing skills.

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How To Write an Analytical Essay

If you enjoy exploring topics deeply and thinking creatively, analytical essays could be perfect for you. They involve thorough analysis and clever writing techniques to gain fresh perspectives and deepen your understanding of the subject. In this article, our expert research paper writer will explain what an analytical essay is, how to structure it effectively and provide practical examples. This guide covers all the essentials for your writing success!

What Is an Analytical Essay

An analytical essay involves analyzing something, such as a book, movie, or idea. It relies on evidence from the text to logically support arguments, avoiding emotional appeals or personal stories. Unlike persuasive essays, which argue for a specific viewpoint, a good analytical essay explores all aspects of the topic, considering different perspectives, dissecting arguments, and evaluating evidence carefully. Ultimately, you'll need to present your own stance based on your analysis, synthesize findings, and decide whether you agree with the conclusions or have your own interpretation.

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How to Structure an Analytical Essay

Crafting an excellent paper starts with clear organization and structuring of arguments. An analytical essay structure follows a simple outline: introduction, body, and conclusion.

Introduction: Begin by grabbing the reader's attention and stating the topic clearly. Provide background information, state the purpose of the paper, and hint at the arguments you'll make. The opening sentence should be engaging, such as a surprising fact or a thought-provoking question. Then, present your thesis, summarizing your stance in the essay.

Body Paragraphs: Each paragraph starts with a clear topic sentence guiding the reader and presents evidence supporting the thesis. Focus on one issue per paragraph and briefly restate the main point at the end to transition smoothly to the next one. This ensures clarity and coherence in your argument.

Conclusion: Restate the thesis, summarize key points from the body paragraphs, and offer insights on the significance of the analysis. Provide your thoughts on the topic's importance and how your analysis contributes to it, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.

Meanwhile, you might also be interested in how to write a reflection paper , so check out the article for more information!

How to Write an Analytical Essay in 6 Simple Steps

Once you've got a handle on the structure, you can make writing easier by following some steps. Preparing ahead of time can make the process smoother and improve your essay's flow. Here are some helpful tips from our experts. And if you need it, you can always request our experts to write my essay for me , and we'll handle it promptly.

Step 1: Decide on Your Stance

Before diving into writing, it's crucial to establish your stance on the topic. Let's say you're going to write an analytical essay example about the benefits and drawbacks of remote work. Before you start writing, you need to decide what your opinion or viewpoint is on this topic.

• Do you think remote work offers flexibility and improved work-life balance for employees?
• Or maybe you believe it can lead to feelings of isolation and decreased productivity?

Once you've determined your stance on remote work, it's essential to consider the evidence and arguments supporting your position. Are there statistics or studies that back up your viewpoint? For example, if you believe remote work improves productivity, you might cite research showing increased output among remote workers. On the other hand, if you think it leads to isolation, you could reference surveys or testimonials highlighting the challenges of remote collaboration. Your opinion will shape how you write your essay, so take some time to think about what you believe about remote work before you start writing.

Step 2: Write Your Thesis Statement

Once you've figured out what you think about the topic, it's time to write your thesis statement. This statement is like the main idea or argument of your essay.

If you believe that remote work offers significant benefits, your thesis statement might be: 'Remote work presents an opportunity for increased flexibility and work-life balance, benefiting employees and employers alike in today's interconnected world.'

Alternatively, if you believe that remote work has notable drawbacks, your thesis statement might be: 'While remote work offers flexibility, it can also lead to feelings of isolation and challenges in collaboration, necessitating a balanced approach to its implementation.'

Your thesis statement guides the rest of your analytical essay, so make sure it clearly expresses your viewpoint on the benefits and drawbacks of remote work.

Step 3: Write Topic Sentences

After you have your thesis statement about the benefits and drawbacks of remote work, you need to come up with topic sentences for each paragraph while writing an analytical essay. These sentences introduce the main point of each paragraph and help to structure your essay.

Let's say your first paragraph is about the benefits of remote work. Your topic sentence might be: 'Remote work offers employees increased flexibility and autonomy, enabling them to better manage their work-life balance.'

For the next paragraph discussing the drawbacks of remote work, your topic sentence could be: 'However, remote work can also lead to feelings of isolation and difficulties in communication and collaboration with colleagues.'

And for the paragraph about potential solutions to the challenges of remote work, your topic sentence might be: 'To mitigate the drawbacks of remote work, companies can implement strategies such as regular check-ins, virtual team-building activities, and flexible work arrangements.'

Each topic sentence should relate back to your thesis statement about the benefits and drawbacks of remote work and provide a clear focus for the paragraph that follows.

Step 4: Create an Outline

Now that you have your thesis statement and topic sentences, it's time to create an analytical essay outline to ensure your essay flows logically. Here's an outline prepared by our analytical essay writer based on the example of discussing the benefits and drawbacks of remote work:

Step 5: Write Your First Draft

Now that you have your outline, it's time to start writing your first draft. Begin by expanding upon each point in your outline, making sure to connect your ideas smoothly and logically. Don't worry too much about perfection at this stage; the goal is to get your ideas down on paper. You can always revise and polish your draft later.

As you write, keep referring back to your thesis statement to ensure that your arguments align with your main argument. Additionally, make sure each paragraph flows naturally into the next, maintaining coherence throughout your essay.

Once you've completed your first draft, take a break and then come back to review and revise it. Look for areas where you can strengthen your arguments, clarify your points, and improve the overall structure and flow of your essay.

Remember, writing is a process, and it's okay to go through multiple drafts before you're satisfied with the final result. Take your time and be patient with yourself as you work towards creating a well-crafted essay on the benefits and drawbacks of remote work.

Step 6: Revise and Proofread

Once you've completed your first draft, it's essential to revise and proofread your essay to ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness. Here's how to approach this step:

• Check if your ideas make sense and if they support your main point.
• Make sure your writing style stays the same and your format follows the rules.
• Double-check your facts and make sure you've covered everything important.
• Cut out any extra words and make your sentences clear and short.
• Look for mistakes in spelling and grammar.
• Ask someone to read your essay and give you feedback.

What is the Purpose of an Analytical Essay?

Analytical essays aim to analyze texts or topics, presenting a clear argument. They deepen understanding by evaluating evidence and uncovering underlying meanings. These essays promote critical thinking, challenging readers to consider different viewpoints.

They're also great for improving critical thinking skills. By breaking down complex ideas and presenting them clearly, they encourage readers to think for themselves and reach their own conclusions.

This type of essay also adds to academic discussions by offering fresh insights. By analyzing existing research and literature, they bring new perspectives or shine a light on overlooked parts of a topic. This keeps academic conversations lively and encourages more exploration in the field.

Analytical Essay Examples

Check out our essay samples to see theory in action. Crafted by our dissertation services , they show how analytical thinking applies to real situations, helping you understand concepts better.

With our tips on how to write an analytical essay, you're ready to boost your writing skills and craft essays that captivate your audience. With practice, you'll become a pro at analytical writing, ready to tackle any topic with confidence. And, if you need help to buy essay online , just drop us a line saying ' do my homework for me ' and we'll jump right in!

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The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage: an In-Depth Analysis

This essay is about the arguments surrounding the increase of the minimum wage. It explores the benefits, such as ensuring a livable income for low-wage workers, reducing income inequality, and increasing worker productivity and satisfaction. However, it also addresses concerns from opponents, including potential job losses, higher costs for businesses, inflationary pressures, and the acceleration of automation and outsourcing.

How it works

Minimum ascent wage is the captious producing, that discussions sparks above all among officials, économismes, proprietors business, and worker tops. It covers a file potentiels payments and absences, considerable higgler every weight in borders économique and public vast landscape. This analysis investigates multifaceted arguments and despite a minimum increase wage, investigates importances for mediators and economy combine on freedom.

Defenders minimum ascent wage repulse, that, above all to assure a capable income for dwelling for low-wage worker. In much from areas, minimum flow wage no in the state to have with inflation and cost remains gradual.

In a result, worker, earn minimum wage often, battle, to cover necessities so as for example adjusting, healthcare, and food substantial parts. Minimum increase wage, supporters weigh, that had a worker accessible income, increases their quality life and abbreviates the stages necessity. Except that, high payments can lead increased a consumer expends, ask advancement for shop-windows and benefactions and so stimulating economic increase.

Complémentaire, highly minimum wage can help abbreviate inequality income, that increases in a numerous country. Blank growing between the highest and more subzero earners has social and économique deep importances, include public mobility brief and increased a public anxiety. Increase repairs unepayé a worker can play in favour of distribution just income, directs he despite these problems. Other argument ?? advantage minimum ascent wage is, that it can lead increased effectiveness and shortens motion worker. When the guided best worker indemnification, they in greater part anymore explained and satisfied their works, that can increase their implementation and loyalty despite them to hire. Refuge money businesses turnover storages on addition and school charges, and high payments can attract more competent and skilled worker, potentially lifts quality labour complete force.

However, opponents minimum ascent wage present contre-raisons insuperable. Primary a problem is, that businesses high charges were able to lead despite work losses, private for a subzero-skilled worker. Small business, that often operate with banks income délicats, at a case, find this most difficult, for absorb businesses charges megascopic and, at a case, answered abbreviates their labour force, hour high, or stops working even. It potential decline in possibilities employment able disproportionately to react a young worker and that with less experience, does this decision, for them set a market business.

Criticize repulse too, that, minimum ascent wage able to lead despite a cost high for shop-windows and benefactions. Businesses, edging, increased expend businesses, at a case, delegated these charges on consumers, conducts despite inflationary pressures. This smog to eat away purchasing inclination whole consumers, include every, who distinguished advantage from payment increase he, potentially denies one intend payments.

Other trouble is potential acceleration automation and outsourcing. Because labour force becomes expensive, businesses, at a case, invested in technologies automation despite a worker one moves a man, accelerates a tendency in setting automation and potentially conducted despite work displacement. So, companies, at a case, delegated works despite a country with businesses lower charges, to remain competitive, brings despite work losses around to an internal market.

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage: An In-Depth Analysis . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-an-in-depth-analysis/ [Accessed: 30 May. 2024]

"The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage: An In-Depth Analysis." PapersOwl.com, May 28, 2024. Accessed May 30, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/the-pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-an-in-depth-analysis/

"The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage: An In-Depth Analysis," PapersOwl.com , 28-May-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-an-in-depth-analysis/. [Accessed: 30-May-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage: An In-Depth Analysis . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-an-in-depth-analysis/ [Accessed: 30-May-2024]

It’s Time to End the Quiet Cruelty of Property Taxes

By Andrew W. Kahrl

Dr. Kahrl is a professor of history and African American studies at the University of Virginia and the author of “The Black Tax: 150 Years of Theft, Exploitation, and Dispossession in America.”

Property taxes, the lifeblood of local governments and school districts, are among the most powerful and stealthy engines of racism and wealth inequality our nation has ever produced. And while the Biden administration has offered many solutions for making the tax code fairer, it has yet to effectively tackle a problem that has resulted not only in the extraordinary overtaxation of Black and Latino homeowners but also in the worsening of disparities between wealthy and poorer communities. Fixing these problems requires nothing short of a fundamental re-examination of how taxes are distributed.

In theory, the property tax would seem to be an eminently fair one: The higher the value of your property, the more you pay. The problem with this system is that the tax is administered by local officials who enjoy a remarkable degree of autonomy and that tax rates are typically based on the collective wealth of a given community. This results in wealthy communities enjoying lower effective tax rates while generating more tax revenues; at the same time, poorer ones are forced to tax property at higher effective rates while generating less in return. As such, property assessments have been manipulated throughout our nation’s history to ensure that valuable property is taxed the least relative to its worth and that the wealthiest places will always have more resources than poorer ones.

Black people have paid the heaviest cost. Since they began acquiring property after emancipation, African Americans have been overtaxed by local governments. By the early 1900s, an acre of Black-owned land was valued, for tax purposes, higher than an acre of white-owned land in most of Virginia’s counties, according to my calculations, despite being worth about half as much. And for all the taxes Black people paid, they got little to nothing in return. Where Black neighborhoods began, paved streets, sidewalks and water and sewer lines often ended. Black taxpayers helped to pay for the better-resourced schools white children attended. Even as white supremacists treated “colored” schools as another of the white man’s burdens, the truth was that throughout the Jim Crow era, Black taxpayers subsidized white education.

Freedom from these kleptocratic regimes drove millions of African Americans to move to Northern and Midwestern states in the Great Migration from 1915 to 1970, but they were unable to escape racist assessments, which encompassed both the undervaluation of their property for sales purposes and the overvaluation of their property for taxation purposes. During those years, the nation’s real estate industry made white-owned property in white neighborhoods worth more because it was white. Since local tax revenue was tied to local real estate markets, newly formed suburbs had a fiscal incentive to exclude Black people, and cities had even more reason to keep Black people confined to urban ghettos.

As the postwar metropolis became a patchwork of local governments, each with its own tax base, the fiscal rationale for segregation intensified. Cities were fiscally incentivized to cater to the interests of white homeowners and provide better services for white neighborhoods, especially as middle-class white people began streaming into the suburbs, taking their tax dollars with them.

One way to cater to wealthy and white homeowners’ interests is to intentionally conduct property assessments less often. The city of Boston did not conduct a citywide property reassessment between 1946 and 1977. Over that time, the values of properties in Black neighborhoods increased slowly when compared with the values in white neighborhoods or even fell, which led to property owners’ paying relatively more in taxes than their homes were worth. At the same time, owners of properties in white neighborhoods got an increasingly good tax deal as their neighborhoods increased in value.

As was the case in other American cities, Boston’s decision most likely derived from the fear that any updates would hasten the exodus of white homeowners and businesses to the suburbs. By the 1960s, assessments on residential properties in Boston’s poor neighborhoods were up to one and a half times as great as their actual values, while assessments in the city’s more affluent neighborhoods were, on average, 40 percent of market value.

Jersey City, N.J., did not conduct a citywide real estate reassessment between 1988 and 2018 as part of a larger strategy for promoting high-end real estate development. During that time, real estate prices along the city’s waterfront soared but their owners’ tax bills remained relatively steady. By 2015, a home in one of the city’s Black and Latino neighborhoods worth $175,000 received the same tax bill as a home in the city’s downtown worth $530,000.

These are hardly exceptions. Numerous studies conducted during those years found that assessments in predominantly Black neighborhoods of U.S. cities were grossly higher relative to value than those in white areas.

These problems persist. A recent report by the University of Chicago’s Harris School of Public Policy found that property assessments were regressive (meaning lower-valued properties were assessed higher relative to value than higher-valued ones) in 97.7 percent of U.S. counties. Black-owned homes and properties in Black neighborhoods continue to be devalued on the open market, making this regressive tax, in effect, a racist tax.

The overtaxation of Black homes and neighborhoods is also a symptom of a much larger problem in America’s federated fiscal structure. By design, this system produces winners and losers: localities with ample resources to provide the goods and services that we as a nation have entrusted to local governments and others that struggle to keep the lights on, the streets paved, the schools open and drinking water safe . Worse yet, it compels any fiscally disadvantaged locality seeking to improve its fortunes to do so by showering businesses and corporations with tax breaks and subsidies while cutting services and shifting tax burdens onto the poor and disadvantaged. A local tax on local real estate places Black people and cities with large Black populations at a permanent disadvantage. More than that, it gives middle-class white people strong incentives to preserve their relative advantages, fueling the zero-sum politics that keep Americans divided, accelerates the upward redistribution of wealth and impoverishes us all.

There are technical solutions. One, which requires local governments to adopt more accurate assessment models and regularly update assessment rolls, can help make property taxes fairer. But none of the proposed reforms being discussed can be applied nationally because local tax policies are the prerogative of the states and, often, local governments themselves. Given the variety and complexity of state and local property tax laws and procedures and how much local governments continue to rely on tax reductions and tax shifting to attract and retain certain people and businesses, we cannot expect them to fix these problems on their own.

The best way to make local property taxes fairer and more equitable is to make them less important. The federal government can do this by reinvesting in our cities, counties and school districts through a federal fiscal equity program, like those found in other advanced federated nations. Canada, Germany and Australia, among others, direct federal funds to lower units of government with lower capacities to raise revenue.

And what better way to pay for the program than to tap our wealthiest, who have benefited from our unjust taxation scheme for so long? President Biden is calling for a 25 percent tax on the incomes and annual increases in the values of the holdings of people claiming more than $100 million in assets, but we could accomplish far more by enacting a wealth tax on the 1 percent. Even a modest 4 percent wealth tax on people whose total assets exceed $50 million could generate upward of $400 billion in additional annual revenue, which should be more than enough to ensure that the needs of every city, county and public school system in America are met. By ensuring that localities have the resources they need, we can counteract the unequal outcomes and rank injustices that our current system generates.

Andrew W. Kahrl is a professor of history and African American studies at the University of Virginia and the author of “ The Black Tax : 150 Years of Theft, Exploitation, and Dispossession in America.”

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Marx on Exploitation and Inequality: An Essay in Marxian Analytical Economics

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Antonio Callari; Marx on Exploitation and Inequality: An Essay in Marxian Analytical Economics . History of Political Economy 1 March 1982; 14 (1): 128–130. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00182702-14-1-128

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