thesis calculator online

Free Thesis Statement Generator - Create Your Thesis Online

1. State your topic*

Your topic is the main idea of your paper. It is usually a phrase or a few words that summarize the subject of your paper.

2. State the main idea about this topic*

Explicitly state what the main point of your thesis will be early in your paper.

3. Add evidence that supports your main idea*

What evidence could you use to drive home your thesis’ point? What facts or reasons support your argument?

4. Give another evidence that supports your main point

5. Include a counterargument if possible

Every topic has alternative schools of thought. Think of someone who would disagree with your arguments and/or evidence. What would they say? The more you understand the counterargument, the better you can defend your thesis and its arguments with evidence.

Read the options and choose the one you like:

How to use thesis generator by papersowl.

• Enter all the information we need in brief, do not use full sentences.
• Everything you need is to insert your text and its title into the box.
• Do not use capital letters, periods, or full stops in your answer.
• Hit the “Generate Thesis” button and get samples of your thesis statement.
• Choose the one that suits you from the five presented.

What should you have before using Thesis Generator?

• The topic of your paper. Get creative topic with our topic generator .
• Main conclusion. Use conclusion generator to compose a summary for any type of paper!
• Arguments for your conclusion
• Argument against

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Thesis Statement Generator Review

Other platforms charge for the use of their thesis statement generator that are not always reliable or unique; you get the opposite with Papersowl’s simplistic and reliable thesis statement generator.

How Does Thesis Statement Generator Work?

• The task is to formulate the key concept of your paper; in other words, this is your topic. A statement or a few phrases summarize your paper's main theme. Fill in the requested topic of your paper. First, you should enter all the relevant information. Use clear and concise phrases. You do not need to use complete sentences.
• Explain your major point regarding this subject by inserting the title and the text into the box. Write what you need to say or prove about your subject. When expressing your viewpoint, explain one main thought, define the subject, and declare something particular about it. Avoid using capital characters, periods, or full stops.
• Fields marked with an asterisk are mandatory. Once you have filled them in, hit the generate thesis button. You will see the results below in a separate window. Key phrases will be highlighted in different colors. You can rephrase the thesis or click the button to get a new one. In addition to generating a thesis, you can request the design of examples. Several possible theses will be displayed in the same window.
• The last step is optional. The program offers you sample essays. Click on the corresponding button to get acquainted with examples of related works. The search will return essays or excerpts as close as possible to your topic. You can read them for free or, if necessary, order the full version.
• Reliable Editors
• Any Field of Study
• Fair Prices

Free Thesis Statement Generator is rated 4.9 /5 based on 688 user reviews.

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Advantages Of Thesis Statement Generator By PapersOwl

A thesis statement may appear the most complicated task in the process of writing an academic assignment. We’ve covered you here by developing a game-changing tool. Generating perfect thesis statements, it fills the gaps for you and provides some other tasty benefits:

Our service formulates a powerful thesis statement that informs readers about the scope, objectives, and subject of the paper. The thesis statements derived from our tool are catchy, unique, and relevant, so you don't have to worry about their intelligibility.

We understand your pains arising in the process of creating an efficient research paper and we don't want to further increase them. That's why we made our tool free for you to use.

Students may spend hours trying to come up with a relevant thesis statement they can defend in the course of the research. We offer a simple and time-saving algorithm for a great outcome.

We developed our tool with experts so that you could receive the best service. The brand-new software analyzes your inputs and produces a 100% unique statement that guides the reader and backs up your research.

Thesis Statement Generator Online

The most difficult and main part of each writing work is to form a thesis statement. The assignments of different topics are not so easy to create it perfectly at the beginning of writing. But to solve this problem and to help people all around the world who have been puzzled for hours over this issue, an online thesis statement generator was developed and that’s why you can try now to make your ideal one with filling the gaps. Sounds too complicated?

Don’t be scared of wasting lots of time or payments because it will take you less than 2 minutes to get your wish from the free thesis generator. There is nothing sophisticated, just start your research by stating your topic and then write down the main idea of the text, your position. After that you have to fill in a few more gaps, press submit and Bob’s your uncle.

By the way, our website involved lots of professionals to create such a wise thesis maker. And you may not be informed that this service is mostly chargeable on different websites. But we offer you is entirely free of payment. And if you are interested in such an experiment for your writing skills you can try a thesis for a research paper .

If You Pay For Research Paper You Get Many Advantages

Main types of thesis statement.

There are some kinds of essay papers that have ideas and purposes. Therefore, it is logical that for each particular type of essay you should use your own corresponding thesis creator. Each of them has specific skills to find an appropriate one analyzing all information you brought in and producing a well-directed idea in accordance with the essay type.  Also, each of them has its own system of calculation.

• Informative speech statement  generator

The main idea is to form no argument or expressing but a general goal of your essay. Here it is very important since this expository thesis statement provides the reader with a clear and accessible view of your paper and keeps reading curious.

• Compare and contrast the thesis statement generator.

This calculator works with comparison two or more things depending on your writing task. Instead of wasting lots of time to find an appropriate one to contrast it is very wise to work out the best statement. And having already all the points to work with it would be much easier to finish your work.

• Argumentative thesis statement generator

The problem of this writing helper is to get your opinion and to find out perfect arguments towards it. This one is based on examining your counter position, suggesting different reasons for the subject. Also, get your short summarize on exploring the issue.

• Cause and effect thesis statement generator

Using this one you will get a variety of reasons that refer to the text main idea, which is always hard to produce much. Moreover, you will receive effects that are related to just-ready causes. After that, it is no problem to get over with the rest of the analytical writing information to have your essay one of the best.

• Expository thesis statement generator

Helping students with explaining the sense of an issue to the audience is how it works. What does it imply? Working out evidence evaluating and investigating the problem of the text you will get the very one you needed. The hardest difficulties of such kind of essay leave for its solving.

Choose the appropriate thesis statement maker to enjoy its results on research paper writing service.

The Structure Of Thesis Statement

Its structure is a strong argument you should prove through the whole text. To build it you need to a generalization in one or two sentences. It should include a comment on your position, central message, be something clear and useful for readers. Shape it to show the reader that all information and main you mean there is in your narrative work, nothing extra. Every sentence should be informative or has a reason to think about it.

Samples Of Thesis Statement Created By Our Users

People who visited our website tried to create their own samples and here is what they got:

• After graduating high school, students need a gap year because this leads to socialization and students become aware of what do they want from life.

Considering high schools and people it is a fact as that is the true and the second part of the sentence is a reason because that could be the answer to the previous part of the sentence.

Sample Of Thesis Statement On Gender Roles.

Using a thesis statement creator makes it possible to receive such a sentence:

• There are some expectations that we grow familiar as the times passes and they are regarded to be the gender roles. Basically, the gender role is what is convenient for a man or woman to do in society.
• You get it when explaining that, for example, what I believe on this matter is that it affects children and teenagers negatively because it puts pressure on them and creates a superiority relation between the genders in our society.

Sample Of Statement On Advertising

How to make one? To express your opinion even on advertising it is available with thesis statement generator free. Just look at the problem from different sides. Here we have:

• Advertising can be incredibly effective and powerful in promoting causes and beneficial products, while at the same time be negative for forcing ideas upon its audience. Advertising, despite its causes, is beneficial and necessary towards creating a stable and free-flowing society and economy.

Thus here we have a strong one and already positive and negative sides. They are significant in developing good text and picking up all the audience. By the way, if it is difficult to continue with the writing and thesis generator for the research paper didn’t give you a strong new one, because you can always choose buy a research paper at our website.

Sample Of Statement On Fake News

To form such kind of them also needs some efforts but if you are already little experience in this area it wouldn’t be quite difficult. Everything is about practice.

• We present new evidence on the role of false stories circulated on social media prior to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Drawing on audience data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: social media was an important but not dominant source of news in the run-up to the election.

This is a phrase we should work with. Having studied that we can claim that:

Exploring many reliable sources it turned out that presidential elections weren’t clear and even social media were accused of it.

Now you are acquainted much closer with statement generators of different kinds. We believe your life will become easier with its help and good grades expect for you soon. Thus, don’t give up on your writing, use smart technologies and make progress. You can much more than you are expected to do.

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Thesis Generator

Empire state university thesis generator.

This resource is designed to help you begin drafting a thesis statement for your essay. A thesis statement is sometimes called a "claim statement" or "main idea" of an essay.

Click the NEXT button to learn more about different types of thesis statements and how to use the Thesis Generator.

What is a Thesis Statement?

• A specific claim or main idea that your essay argues, supports or explains
• Usually 1 to 2 sentences long
• Stated somewhere in your introduction

A strong thesis statement tells your audience 3 things:

• The main idea of your essay
• The specific reasons in support of this idea
• The order you'll be discussing these reasons

What Type of Thesis Statement Do You Need?

Click the title of the thesis statement type you need to create.

If you're not sure which type of thesis statement you need, or which type of essay you're writing, please see Types of Thesis Statements for more information. If you're still not sure, contact your instructor.

Related Resource: Key Terms in Academic Writing

Persuasive Thesis Statement Generator

What is the topic you want to write about? *

What is your main opinion on this topic? *

What is the strongest reason supporting your opinion? *

What is another strong reason supporting your opinion? *

What is one more strong reason supporting your opinion? *

What is the main argument against your opinion? *

What is a possible title for your persuasive essay? *

Possible Thesis Statements

DISCLAIMER: It is your responsibility to revise and refine the thesis statement(s) produced by the Thesis Generator to ensure that they address your assignment. Drafts should not simply be copied and pasted into documents. If you are unsure about the assignment requirements, or if you have any questions about if/how a thesis statement addresses your assignment contact your instructor.

The following are samples of potential thesis statement structures to consider for your paper.

Sample 1: Basic Thesis Statement

• Format: [Claim].

Sample 2: Thesis Statement with Reasons - This model states your claim and the reasons that support your claim (which you will discuss in your essay).

• Format: [Claim] because [reason], [reason] and [reason].

2. because , , and .

Sample 3: Thesis Statement with Cause and Effects - This model states the reasons causing the circumstances of your claim.

• Format: Since [reason], [reason] and [reason], [claim].

3. Since , , and , .

Sample 4: Thesis Statement with Concessions and Reasons - This model states a major opposing viewpoint, as well as your claim and reasons.

• Format: Although some might argue that [opposing claim], the reason [claim] is because [reason], [reason] , and [reason].

4. Although some might argue that , the reason is because , , and .

Please remember to review and refine your thesis statement to work for your paper. This tool is only meant to act as a guide and the above output is intended only to help you craft your own thesis statement.

Research Thesis Statement Generator

What topic are you writing about? *

What is your research question? ( Note: This is the question your essay will answer. ) *

What is your claim about this topic based on the research you've done? *

What is the strongest summary of research findings that supports your claim? *

What is another strong summary of research findings that supports your claim? *

What is the strongest summary of research findings against your claim? *

What is a possible title for your research paper? *

• Format: Although [Finding Against] , the majority of research suggests [Claim].

2. Although some studies have indicated that , the majority of research suggests .

• Format: [Claim] because [Finding in Support] and [Finding in Support].

3. because and .

• Format: While [Finding Against] , [Finding in Support] and [Finding in Support] indicating that [Claim].

4. While some studies have found that , and indicating that .

Compare and Contrast Thesis Statement Generator

What TWO things are you comparing? Be specific. First Item * Second Item *

(Compare) What is the strongest way they are similar ? Be specific. *

(Compare) What is the second strongest way they are similar ? Be specific. *

(Contrast) What is the strongest way they are different ? Be specific. *

(Contrast) What is the second strongest way they are different ? Be specific. *

What is a possible title for your essay? *

Potential Thesis Statement

The following is a sample of what your thesis statement might look like for this topic.

DISCLAIMER: It is your responsibility to revise and refine the thesis statement(s) produced by the Thesis Generator to ensure that they address your assignment. We strongly encourage that you not simply Copy & Paste the drafts created here. If you are unsure about the assignment requirements, or if you have any questions about if/how a thesis statement addresses your assignment contact your instructor.

Format: Although [Topic 1] and [Topic 2] are comparable in that [Similarity 1] and [Similarity 2] , they differ in that [Difference 1] , while [Difference 2].

Although and are comparable in that and , they differ in that , while .

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Free Thesis Statement Checker for Students

Suites argumentative essays

e.g. Keto diet might be beneficial for one’s health

e.g. it encourages weight loss

e.g. Some scholars argue that it can cause nutrient deficiencies

e.g. it encourages weight losss

e.g. Keto diet

e.g. Mediterranean diet

e.g. are low-carb diets

e.g. Keto diet is higher in fat

e.g. Mediterranean diet is not that fatty

Result for argumentative thesis statement

If you need to create a thesis statement from scratch or to check an existing one, consider using our free thesis-generating tool. It will test if your thesis is strong. All you need to do is:

🎓 Thesis Statement Checker: Why Using It?

🏋 formulating a strong thesis, ✅ how do i check my thesis statement, 🔗 references.

A thesis statement is only one sentence in your paper, but its significance can hardly be overestimated. Your thesis outlines the whole text’s essence and communicates your main idea in a reader-friendly manner. Use our free thesis statement generator to nail this task and avoid wasting the essential homework time.

What Is the Purpose of a Thesis Statement?

It is an important part of your college essay or research paper structure, informing the readers about your subject matter and your position on it.

The thesis statement also tells them:

• What will be next in your paper,
• What you will argue,
• What stand you will defend.

What Makes a Good Thesis Statement?

A good thesis statement should:

• Be correctly positioned in the text (coming at the end of your introduction),
• Clearly communicate your central idea,
• Contain the main arguments you will use to prove that central idea.

How to Check if Your Thesis Is Good?

A thesis checker for your statement’s quality should inquire:

• Whether a thesis answers your central research question,
• Whether it communicates your stand on the subject matter,
• Whether it passes the 'so what' test,
• Whether it is fully relevant to the essay content.

How to Make the ‘So What’ Test for a Thesis?

Once you’ve produced a thesis statement, imagine that your readers ask, “ so what? ” This concern relates to your topic's significance and broader implications, so make sure to cover those issues in the text.

A thesis statement is an essential part of your paper, whether an essay or a dissertation, so you need to work hard to make it strong. You can formulate a solid thesis statement by focusing on the following functions it should perform:

• Communicate the main idea you’re planning to examine in the assignment.
• Set the stage for further discussion by familiarizing the readers with your subject matter.
• Include the central research question of your interest asked in the form of an assumption that you'll prove in the body of your paper.
• Make a disputable claim that you will prove with evidence.
• Give readers a roadmap about your main arguments and the focus of your text.

Check your thesis statement for all these components to see whether it will perform its function efficiently. Many readers decide whether to continue with your text or not after studying the thesis statement. So, don’t take the risks of losing your target audience – dedicate enough time to hone the thesis statement to perfection.

Informative Thesis Statement

An informative essay is written to deliver information about a specific person, place, or phenomenon. It doesn't argue any claim and doesn't mean to convince people of anything.

Therefore, the process of informative thesis statement development follows a simple formula:

• The main idea of your essay
• The main argument you have about that subject matter

Let’s consider a simple example to illustrate how this formula works. For instance, you’ve been assigned to write an essay about the economic impact of COVID-19 . Then your thesis statement may include the following idea and argument:

• The COVID-19 pandemic had a disastrous effect on the global economy
• Business bankruptcy, job losses

Using these components, you can formulate a thesis statement as follows:

The impact of COVID-19 on the global economy was disastrous, causing millions of businesses to close because of lockdown and leaving millions of people without jobs.

Compare & Contrast Thesis Statement

The essence of a compare and contrast essay is to compare two or more things and find their differences or similarities. You can write a thesis statement easily if you single out the following components:

• Comparison or contrast
• Similarity/difference 1
• Similarity/difference 2

Following this template, you may write a thesis statement about two things. For example, if you need to compare freelance and full-time work, you can make a thesis statement as follows:

• Full-time work
• Are different
• Work-life balance
• Control over work schedule
• Flexibility

The resulting thesis would look as follows:

Freelance and full-time work are different in the degree of support for work-life balance, employee flexibility, and control over the work schedule.

Analytical Thesis Statement

When assigned an analytical essay, you need to present an in-depth analysis of a particular issue with supporting evidence. You make an argument or claim and then validate it with supporting facts from credible external sources to show why the readers should adopt your viewpoint.

The formula for constructing an analytic thesis is also simple:

• Your topic: Wealth tax
• Your main conclusion about the topic: Won’t improve people’s economic conditions
• Your argument in favor of that conclusion: It causes a greater gap between rich and poor states

The resulting thesis statement would look as follows:

The introduction of wealth tax in the USA won't improve people's economic conditions because it only broadens the gap between rich and poor states.

Argumentative Thesis Statement

Argumentative essays are written to argue a specific point , so they need to be structured to ensure a good persuasive effect. An argumentative thesis statement can strengthen your rhetoric effect and solidify the arguments if it's properly written. So, how to write a powerful thesis for this essay type? Again, you can use the formula from our automatic thesis creator:

• Topic : death penalty
• Conclusion about the topic : should be abolished
• An argument supporting that conclusion : a large number of wrongful accusations
• An argument against that conclusion : adequate means for punishing cruel crimes

The resulting thesis statement will look like this:

Although the death penalty is a reasonable means of punishing cruel crimes, too many cases of wrongful accusations prove that it should be abolished globally.

Now let's consider a simple checklist that you can use to measure the quality of your formulated thesis statement. It's better to double-check everything in advance instead of risking your grades. You can either contact our pros and ask them, "check my thesis statement, please," or follow the step-by-step guide on your own.

Good luck with your writing assignments! Even if you get stuck in the middle of thesis statement work, don't fall into despair. Use our thesis statement checker to validate your direction and apply the suggestions of our automatic algorithms to speed up your writing.

We hope that this thesis checker will be useful for you. Please try other free tools we offer: summarizer , essay rephraser , and paragraph reworder .

• Thesis Statements - UNC Writing Center
• Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement - Purdue OWL
• Thesis Statement Examples
• Developing A Thesis | - Harvard College Writing Center
• How to Write a Thesis Statement | Grammarly Blog

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The Thesis Calculator

The thesis calculator maps out the stages and steps to graduate degree completion. The thesis calculator includes embedded links to UBC resources and supports available to graduate students.

What the Thesis Calculator provides

The thesis calculator consists of three columns: Academic, Professional, and Self-Care. The Academic column focuses on research and writing processes: searching and reviewing relevant literature; writing a viable research question; designing the study methodology; collecting, describing, and analyzing data, and so on. The Professional column focuses on developing a professional portfolio, networks, and identity. The Self-Care column focuses on maintaining financial, physical, and mental wellbeing.

Select your degree

Enter the expected date of candidacy below: consider candidacy as the date the thesis committee approves the thesis topic., enter the actual date of candidacy below. if you have not yet advanced to candidacy, enter the expected date of candidacy., about the assignment calculator.

Brought to you by the Centre for Writing and Scholarly Communication , Chapman Learning Commons and UBC Library

Based on the original Assignment Calculator from the University of Minnesota Libraries .

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Thesis Checker: Free Online Editor

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Why should you use an online thesis checker?

You’ve already done countless hours of research to write your thesis. You don’t want to spend countless hours correcting it, too.

You’ll sound professional

Wow your supervisors with how grammatically sound your writing is, how clear it is, and how well it flows.

You’ll save time

ProWritingAid’s thesis checker saves you hassle by acting as the first line of defense against pesky grammar issues.

You’ll become a better writer

Every time you run your thesis through ProWritingAid, you’ll see what your common mistakes are and how to fix them.

Professors and students love using ProWritingAid

Great tool for academic work. Easy to use and the reports and summary evaluation of your documents in several categories is very useful. So much more than spelling and grammar!

Debra Callender

If you’re an English teacher, you need to take a look at this tool—it reinforces what you’re teaching, highlights strengths and weaknesses, and makes it easier to personalize instruction.

Jennifer Gonzales

Only reason I managed to get an A in all my freshmen composition classes.

Chris Layton

Your first line of defense before submission

Save time on editing so you can focus on your research. ProWritingAid’s thesis checker helps you quickly and easily improve your grammar and style.

Academic writing made easier

Stop stressing over your first draft. Now you can improve any sentence in just a few clicks. Shorten sentences , correct informal language, expand your sentence variety, and add transitions.

Catch every easy-to-miss mistake

Typos and grammar errors can slip into anyone’s work. ProWritingAid’s AI-powered thesis checker can catch and fix even the trickiest issues so your ideas can shine.

In-depth analysis whenever you need it

Sure, that email might only need a cursory check. But a 100-page thesis needs more comprehensive reviews. Use our structure analysis , complex paragraph alerts , and transitions report to improve your work.

Write clearly, concisely, and accurately

Strike the right balance between clarity and academic rigor with analytical language goals and power verb suggestions . You can ensure your work is professional without sacrificing readability.

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With ProWritingAid, you get more than just an app—you get the tools to become a better writer. Our in-app learning tool comes packed with helpful explanations for every suggestion.

Want more? Join our community or read our blog for advice from our resident experts on how to become a better writer.

ProWritingAid’s Thesis Checker FAQs

1. how do i use the online thesis checker.

Sign up for free, upload your thesis, and run any of ProWritingAid’s 20+ reports. You’ll see a number of suggestions that you can either accept or reject.

2. Does the essay checker work with British English and American English?

The thesis checker works with British English, American English, Australian English, and Canadian English. Just choose the one you’d like to use, and ProWritingAid will tailor its suggestions to match.

3. Is using a thesis checker cheating?

Not at all. The thesis checker won’t ever write the thesis for you. It will only point out possible edits and advise you on changes you need to make. You have full autonomy and can decide which changes to accept.

4. Is there a student discount?

Students who have an eligible student email address can get 20% off ProWritingAid Premium. Email [email protected] from your student email address to access your discount.

5. Can ProWritingAid check my thesis for free?

Absolutely. ProWritingAid offers a free membership to everyone, always, and you can edit up to 500 words at a time. If you need to edit more work, you can upgrade to Premium at any time.

6. Does ProWritingAid have a plagiarism checker?

Yes! ProWritingAid’s plagiarism checker will check your work against over a billion web-pages, published works, and academic papers, so you can be sure of its originality. Find out more about pricing for plagiarism checks here .

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RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT CALCULATOR

How to Use the Research Calculator

This tool will help you stay on track and lead you to resources from libraries and writing centers to help you master the skills of planning, researching, drafting, and writing a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. This method of reverse scheduling is based on best practices for writing papers and theses developed by college and university faculty and librarians.

Fill in the due date of your assignment, then click on the Calculate Assignment Schedule button to see what steps you should follow and when you should have them completed. You can modify the due date at any time.

On the Timeline page you will be able to:

• print the schedule and
• set up email reminders for the due dates.

Or go directly to the Research Paper Planner: Guide and view the resources listed there without setting up a timeline.

• Deadlines provided by your instructor will supersede any provided by the Research Planning Timeline.
• If you are using this tool to plan an Honor's or Master's thesis your due date should be one month before the thesis (or chapter - if you are breaking it down) is due to your advisor.
• This timeline is a suggestion for efficient planning.
• WARNING: This timeline includes due dates on weekends and University holidays; depending on your plans you may need to make some adjustments.

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Sample Size Calculator

Find out the sample size.

This calculator computes the minimum number of necessary samples to meet the desired statistical constraints.

Find Out the Margin of Error

This calculator gives out the margin of error or confidence interval of observation or survey.

Related Standard Deviation Calculator | Probability Calculator

In statistics, information is often inferred about a population by studying a finite number of individuals from that population, i.e. the population is sampled, and it is assumed that characteristics of the sample are representative of the overall population. For the following, it is assumed that there is a population of individuals where some proportion, p , of the population is distinguishable from the other 1-p in some way; e.g., p may be the proportion of individuals who have brown hair, while the remaining 1-p have black, blond, red, etc. Thus, to estimate p in the population, a sample of n individuals could be taken from the population, and the sample proportion, p̂ , calculated for sampled individuals who have brown hair. Unfortunately, unless the full population is sampled, the estimate p̂ most likely won't equal the true value p , since p̂ suffers from sampling noise, i.e. it depends on the particular individuals that were sampled. However, sampling statistics can be used to calculate what are called confidence intervals, which are an indication of how close the estimate p̂ is to the true value p .

Statistics of a Random Sample

The uncertainty in a given random sample (namely that is expected that the proportion estimate, p̂ , is a good, but not perfect, approximation for the true proportion p ) can be summarized by saying that the estimate p̂ is normally distributed with mean p and variance p(1-p)/n . For an explanation of why the sample estimate is normally distributed, study the Central Limit Theorem . As defined below, confidence level, confidence intervals, and sample sizes are all calculated with respect to this sampling distribution. In short, the confidence interval gives an interval around p in which an estimate p̂ is "likely" to be. The confidence level gives just how "likely" this is – e.g., a 95% confidence level indicates that it is expected that an estimate p̂ lies in the confidence interval for 95% of the random samples that could be taken. The confidence interval depends on the sample size, n (the variance of the sample distribution is inversely proportional to n , meaning that the estimate gets closer to the true proportion as n increases); thus, an acceptable error rate in the estimate can also be set, called the margin of error, ε , and solved for the sample size required for the chosen confidence interval to be smaller than e ; a calculation known as "sample size calculation."

Confidence Level

The confidence level is a measure of certainty regarding how accurately a sample reflects the population being studied within a chosen confidence interval. The most commonly used confidence levels are 90%, 95%, and 99%, which each have their own corresponding z-scores (which can be found using an equation or widely available tables like the one provided below) based on the chosen confidence level. Note that using z-scores assumes that the sampling distribution is normally distributed, as described above in "Statistics of a Random Sample." Given that an experiment or survey is repeated many times, the confidence level essentially indicates the percentage of the time that the resulting interval found from repeated tests will contain the true result.

Confidence Interval

In statistics, a confidence interval is an estimated range of likely values for a population parameter, for example, 40 ± 2 or 40 ± 5%. Taking the commonly used 95% confidence level as an example, if the same population were sampled multiple times, and interval estimates made on each occasion, in approximately 95% of the cases, the true population parameter would be contained within the interval. Note that the 95% probability refers to the reliability of the estimation procedure and not to a specific interval. Once an interval is calculated, it either contains or does not contain the population parameter of interest. Some factors that affect the width of a confidence interval include: size of the sample, confidence level, and variability within the sample.

There are different equations that can be used to calculate confidence intervals depending on factors such as whether the standard deviation is known or smaller samples (n<30) are involved, among others. The calculator provided on this page calculates the confidence interval for a proportion and uses the following equations:

Within statistics, a population is a set of events or elements that have some relevance regarding a given question or experiment. It can refer to an existing group of objects, systems, or even a hypothetical group of objects. Most commonly, however, population is used to refer to a group of people, whether they are the number of employees in a company, number of people within a certain age group of some geographic area, or number of students in a university's library at any given time.

It is important to note that the equation needs to be adjusted when considering a finite population, as shown above. The (N-n)/(N-1) term in the finite population equation is referred to as the finite population correction factor, and is necessary because it cannot be assumed that all individuals in a sample are independent. For example, if the study population involves 10 people in a room with ages ranging from 1 to 100, and one of those chosen has an age of 100, the next person chosen is more likely to have a lower age. The finite population correction factor accounts for factors such as these. Refer below for an example of calculating a confidence interval with an unlimited population.

EX: Given that 120 people work at Company Q, 85 of which drink coffee daily, find the 99% confidence interval of the true proportion of people who drink coffee at Company Q on a daily basis.

Sample Size Calculation

Sample size is a statistical concept that involves determining the number of observations or replicates (the repetition of an experimental condition used to estimate the variability of a phenomenon) that should be included in a statistical sample. It is an important aspect of any empirical study requiring that inferences be made about a population based on a sample. Essentially, sample sizes are used to represent parts of a population chosen for any given survey or experiment. To carry out this calculation, set the margin of error, ε , or the maximum distance desired for the sample estimate to deviate from the true value. To do this, use the confidence interval equation above, but set the term to the right of the ± sign equal to the margin of error, and solve for the resulting equation for sample size, n . The equation for calculating sample size is shown below.

EX: Determine the sample size necessary to estimate the proportion of people shopping at a supermarket in the U.S. that identify as vegan with 95% confidence, and a margin of error of 5%. Assume a population proportion of 0.5, and unlimited population size. Remember that z for a 95% confidence level is 1.96. Refer to the table provided in the confidence level section for z scores of a range of confidence levels.

Thus, for the case above, a sample size of at least 385 people would be necessary. In the above example, some studies estimate that approximately 6% of the U.S. population identify as vegan, so rather than assuming 0.5 for p̂ , 0.06 would be used. If it was known that 40 out of 500 people that entered a particular supermarket on a given day were vegan, p̂ would then be 0.08.

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Alternative to statistical software like SPSS and STATA

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Extensive tutorials

Descriptive statistics.

Here you can find out everything about location parameters and dispersion parameters and how you can describe and clearly present your data using characteristic values.

Hypothesis Test

Here you will find everything about hypothesis testing: One sample t-test , Unpaired t-test , Paired t-test and Chi-square test . You will also find tutorials for non-parametric statistical procedures such as the Mann-Whitney u-Test and Wilcoxon-Test . mann-whitney-u-test and the Wilcoxon test

The regression provides information about the influence of one or more independent variables on the dependent variable. Here are simple explanations of linear regression and logistic regression .

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Correlation analyses allow you to analyze the linear association between variables. Learn when to use Pearson correlation or Spearman rank correlation . With partial correlation , you can calculate the correlation between two variables to the exclusion of a third variable.

Partial Correlation

The partial correlation shows you the correlation between two variables to the exclusion of a third variable.

Levene Test

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Contingency table

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In an equivalence trial, the statistical test aims at showing that two treatments are not too different in characteristics and a non-inferiority trial wants to show that an experimental treatment is not worse than an established treatment.

If there is a clear cause-effect relationship between two variables, then we can speak of causality. Learn more about causality in our tutorial.

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Multicollinearity is when two or more independent variables have a high correlation.

Effect size for independent t-test

Learn how to calculate the effect size for the t-test for independent samples.

Reliability analysis calculator

On DATAtab, Cohen's Kappa can be easily calculated online in the Cohen’s Kappa Calculator . there is also the Fleiss Kappa Calculator . Of course, the Cronbach's alpha can also be calculated in the Cronbach's Alpha Calculator .

Analysis of variance with repeated measurement

Repeated measures ANOVA tests whether there are statistically significant differences in three or more dependent samples.

Cite DATAtab: DATAtab Team (2024). DATAtab: Online Statistics Calculator. DATAtab e.U. Graz, Austria. URL https://datatab.net

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ANOVA Calculator: One-Way Analysis of Variance Calculator

This One-way ANOVA Test Calculator helps you to quickly and easily produce a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) table that includes all relevant information from the observation data set including sums of squares, mean squares, degrees of freedom, F- and P-values.

To use the One-way ANOVA Calculator, input the observation data, separating the numbers with a comma, line break, or space for every group and then click on the "Calculate" button to generate the results.

Group 1 5,1,11,2,8

Group 2 0,1,4,6,3

Group 3 13,9,8,15,7

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ANOVA Formulas

Between Groups Degrees of Freedom: DF = k − 1 , where k is the number of groups

Within Groups Degrees of Freedom: DF = N − k , where N is the total number of subjects

Total Degrees of Freedom: DF = N − 1

Sum of Squares Between Groups: SS B = S k i=1 n i ( x i − x ) 2 , where n i is the number of subjects in the i-th group

Sum of Squares Within Groups: SS W = S k i=1 (n i − 1) S i 2 , where S i is the standard deviation of the i-th group

Total Sum of Squares: SS T = SS B + SS W

Mean Square Between Groups: MS B = SS B / (k − 1)

Mean Square Within Groups: MS W = SS W / (N − k)

F-Statistic (or F-ratio): F = MS B / MS W

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The Morning

A new rent-versus-buy calculator.

Does it make sense for you to buy a home right now?

By David Leonhardt

It is the biggest financial decision for many younger adults: Should I rent a home or buy one? The decision is especially difficult these days, with both interest rates and rents having risen in the past few years.

To help people understand the trade-offs, The Times has just relaunched its popular rent-versus-buy calculator . Even if you already own your home — or are a committed renter — you may enjoy playing with the calculator and learning a few things about the real estate market. I did.

The calculator, which The Times’s Upshot section built, has been updated in several important ways, including to take into account the 2017 tax law that affected the mortgage-interest deduction.

Ultimately, the calculator can’t tell you whether you should rent or buy. That decision depends on the future paths of home prices and rents, which are unknowable. It also depends on your life stage — a factor that too many people fail to consider when making this decision. If you know you will move again a few years from now, for instance, buying is almost certainly a mistake.

Here are a few other points that the calculator helps highlight:

1. It’s OK to rent

I know that many people feel guilty about renting — as if it’s an inherently inferior decision that wastes money. That’s wrong (as I explained on a recent “Daily” episode ). When house prices are high, as they are in most parts of the U.S., buying often wastes more money because of broker’s fees, mortgage interest, house repairs and other costs of owning.

“At this time, in the majority of circumstances, renting likely makes more economic sense than buying,” said Mark Zandi, the chief economist at Moody’s Analytics, who has advised our work on the calculator over the years. He notes that the typical monthly mortgage is about $2,000 today, more than double what it was when the pandemic hit in early 2020.

Rents have risen, too, but not nearly as much. And many new rental units are coming on the market, which should hold down rents in the near future. The new units include higher-end, multifamily developments, like a 15-story, 1,111-unit complex on South Broad Street in Philadelphia.

2. An overrated deduction

The 2017 tax law reduced the advantages of owning a home in a way that many people have not fully recognized, said my colleague Francesca Paris, who helped build the new calculator. Francesca, who’s a renter, told me that she herself didn’t understand this dynamic until she worked on the calculator.

First, a bit of background: Taxpayers must choose between taking one large deduction, known as the standard deduction, and a series of individual deductions, known as itemized deductions, like the one for mortgage interest. If the standard deduction is more valuable to you, the itemized deductions become irrelevant.

The 2017 tax law, which was Donald Trump’s main domestic legislation, was mostly a tax cut, and it increased the value of the standard deduction. But the law also effectively reduced the value of itemized deductions in states with high taxes, like California, Illinois and New York. (Doing so created an incentive for states to cut their own taxes, a longtime goal of conservatives.)

This combination means that many homeowners now save more money by taking the standard deduction rather than itemized deductions. For them, the mortgage-interest deduction has become irrelevant.

3. The break-even rate

The calculator allows you to see the break-even mortgage rate that would make buying or renting more affordable (if the economy followed an expected path). In many situations, that break-even rate is between 4 percent and 5 percent, Francesca noted.

The average rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage is 7 percent today, up from less than 3 percent in early 2021 — which is a big reason that renting is often the smarter choice now.

4. When to buy

Buying will still make sense for some families. Home prices in large parts of the country — including New Orleans, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, upstate New York — are more reasonable. And even in expensive markets, families that are confident that they are going to remain in the same home for a decade or longer may prefer to own even if doing so costs extra.

For people tempted to buy, Zandi encourages looking at new construction. Prices of older homes haven’t fallen much as mortgage rates have risen, because owners can simply decide not to sell if they don’t get an offer they like. Developers are more likely to cut a deal. They lose money when homes sit empty, and many have cut the price of newly built homes, as the financial writer Wolf Richter has noted .

Use the calculator to explore these dynamics. As the housing market changes, you can check back to see how your calculations change.

Related: An “assumable mortgage,” which allows a buyer to take over a seller’s mortgage, is becoming more popular in this era of high interest rates.

THE LATEST NEWS

Election polls.

Trump leads President Biden in five battleground states, and Gaza and the economy have hurt Biden among young and nonwhite voters, polls found .

Democrats lead their Republican rivals for the Senate in Arizona, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin — races that could decide control of the chamber.

The polls show a pattern of people splitting tickets. That might be good news for Biden: Voters haven’t abandoned him in full , Nate Cohn writes.

Israel-Hamas War

Israel has not offered a plan to govern Gaza after the war. Secretary of State Antony Blinken warned yesterday that without such a plan, it’s likely Hamas would eventually regain power .

For years, a secret police force overseen by Hamas has spied on Palestinians , according to a Times investigation.

U.S. officials said that Yahya Sinwar, the top Hamas leader, was not hiding in Rafah , in southern Gaza. The intelligence could undercut Israel’s rationale for a major operation there.

In the past week, the flow of aid into Gaza has almost entirely stopped, according to the U.N.

Israel is observing Memorial Day , an annual commemoration that has taken on greater significance after the Hamas-led attacks.

Campus Protests

Dozens of graduates walked out of Duke University’s commencement ceremony before a speech by Jerry Seinfeld, who has vocally supported Israel.

Many students, distrustful of major U.S. outlets, are reading the Arab news network Al Jazeera .

War in Ukraine

Russian forces have poured across Ukraine’s northeastern border , capturing villages and settlements.

Vladimir Putin replaced the defense minister who had led Russia’s military since the start of the war. The new defense chief is an economist.

More International News

About 130 children had a sleepover at Rome’s opera house , part of a campaign to make theater more accessible.

Spain’s governing Socialists won the most votes in Catalonia’s elections , a result that might lead to the first anti-independence government there in over a decade.

Ahead of elections in Mexico, cartels and criminals have killed more than two dozen candidates , The Washington Post reports.

Other Big Stories

On Instagram, a children’s jewelry ad drew solicitations for sex with a 5-year-old, a Times report found . The investigation suggests that the app’s algorithms play an important role in directing men to photos of children.

The former Trump lawyer Michael Cohen once called himself Trump’s “designated thug.” Today, he is set to testify against the former president. Read what to expect .

A man died two months after he became the first person to receive a kidney from a genetically modified pig. The hospital said it had “no indication” his death was related to the transplant.

Minnesota and parts of Wisconsin are under an air quality alert because of wildfire smoke from Canada.

Federal law today discriminates against disabled people who marry or work , Pepper Stetler writes. Congress can fix the problem.

Gail Collins and Bret Stephens discuss commencement season and Trump’s hush-money trial .

Here are columns by David French on becoming a grandfather , and Maureen Dowd on Stormy Daniels and Trump .

MORNING READS

Small cars, small drivers: Go inside the intense competition to represent New York City at the international soapbox derby championship.

Ask Vanessa: “Should I get rid of my clothes after a divorce?”

Punctuation: A town in England dropped apostrophes from its street signs. Some residents aren’t happy .

McHaters: “Super Size Me,” a documentary released 20 years ago, led to a backlash against McDonald’s. It didn’t stick .

Metropolitan Diary: St. Patrick’s Day, ’78 .

Lives Lived: Roger Corman was a prolific director and producer of low-budget cinema who helped start the careers of Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola. He died at 98 .

N.B.A.: The Denver Nuggets defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves , 115-107, to even their series at 2-2. Indiana and New York are also tied at 2-2 after the Pacers blew out the Knicks, 121-89.

N.H.L.: The Florida Panthers outlasted the Boston Bruins , 3-2, to take a 3-1 series lead. The Carolina Hurricanes defeated the New York Rangers , 4-3, but the Rangers are ahead in the series, 3-1. And the Dallas Stars held off the Colorado Avalanche to win 4-1, moving 2-1 ahead in the series.

College softball: For the first time in years, the Oklahoma Sooners are not the No. 1 seed in the N.C.A.A. softball tournament — their longtime rival, Texas, claimed the top spot .

ARTS AND IDEAS

As psychedelics show promise in the treatment of depression and addiction, a number of organizations that describe themselves as churches are offering the compounds to followers. It’s a wide field: Some organizations merely sell psychoactive drugs online, while others are congregations that hold regular worship services .

More on culture

The actress Anya Taylor-Joy is in “Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga.” She said, “I’ve never been more alone than making that movie.”

The Cannes Film Festival begins tomorrow. Read five things to watch for , including Sebastian Stan as a young Trump in “The Apprentice.”

People are buying 18th-century re-enactment clothing online.

Prom dresses today are more refined than shimmering taffeta. Social media has made style among age groups more fluid, Hilary George-Parkin writes in The Atlantic .

THE MORNING RECOMMENDS …

Bake a delicious meatloaf with a tangy tomato glaze.

Solve your mouse problem .

Pick the best frozen pizza .

Take our news quiz .

Here is today’s Spelling Bee . Yesterday’s pangrams were clementine and inclement .

And here are today’s Mini Crossword , Wordle , Sudoku , Connections and Strands .

Thanks for spending part of your morning with The Times. See you tomorrow. — David

Sign up here to get this newsletter in your inbox . Reach our team at [email protected] .

David Leonhardt runs The Morning , The Times’s flagship daily newsletter. Since joining The Times in 1999, he has been an economics columnist, opinion columnist, head of the Washington bureau and founding editor of the Upshot section, among other roles. More about David Leonhardt