literature review on waste management in india

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Waste Management Practices: Literature Review

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Meghna Malhotra , Urban Management Centre -UMC , Manvita Baradi

Urban areas in India generate more than 1,00,000 MT of waste per day (CPHEEO, 2000). A large metropolis such as Mumbai generates about 7000 MT of waste per day (MCGM, 2014), Bangalore generates about 5000 MT (BBMP, 2014) and other large cities such as Pune and Ahmedabad generate waste in the range of 1600-3500 MT per day (PMC, 2014). Collecting, processing, transporting and disposing this municipal solid waste (MSW) is the responsibility of urban local bodies (ULBs) in India. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules notified in 2000 by the Ministry of Environment and Forest require ULBs to collect waste in a segregated manner with categories including organic/food waste, domestic hazardous waste, recyclable waste and undertake safe and scientific transportation management, processing and disposal of municipal waste. However, most ULBs in India are finding it difficult to comply with these rules, implement and sustain door-to-door collection, waste segregation, management, processing and safe disposal of MSW. The National and State Governments have provided an impetus to improve the solid waste management in urban areas under various programs and schemes. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) funded 49 SWM projects in various cities between 2006 and 2009 (MoUD, 2014). Several cities in India have taken positive steps towards implementing sustainable waste management practices by involving the community in segregation, by enforcing better PPP contracts and by investing in modern technology for transportation, processing and disposal. The role of waste pickers/ informal sector in SWM is also increasingly being recognized. These interventions have great potential for wider replication in other cities in the country. This compendium documents eleven such leading practices from cities across India and highlights key aspects of the waste management programs including operational models, ULB- NGO partnerships, and innovative outreach and awareness campaigns to engage communities and private sector. The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is the National Coordinator for the PEARL initiative (Peer Experience and Reflective Learning). It is a program that enables effective sharing of knowledge (related to planning; implementation; governance and; sustainability of urban reforms and other infrastructure projects) among the cities that are being supported by JnNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission). A number of tasks have been planned to achieve the objectives of the program. One of the key tasks encompassed by this program is Documentation of Good Practices in various thematic areas related to planning; governance and service delivery.

Urban Management Centre -UMC , Manvita Baradi , Meghna Malhotra

The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) is the National Coordinator for the PEARL initiative (‘Peer Experience and Reflective Learning’). It is a program that enables effective sharing of knowledge (related to planning; implementation; governance and; sustainability of urban reforms and other infrastructure projects) among the cities that are being supported by JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission). The PEARL initiative provides a platform for deliberation and knowledge exchange to Indian cities and towns as well as professionals working in the urban domain. Sharing of good practices is one of the most important means of Knowledge-Exchange and numerous innovative projects are available for reference on the PEARL portal/website. The ‘Knowledge Support for PEARL’ is a program supported by Cities Alliance that aims to qualitatively further this initiative. One of its components is to carry out a thematic and detailed documentation of good practices in various thematic areas related to planning; governance and service delivery. Urban Management Consulting Pvt. Ltd. in consortium with Centre for Environment Education (CEE) has been selected (through a competitive process) for the said task. The document focuses on the theme of ‘Urban Solid Waste Management’ (SWM), which includes planning; practices; projects and innovations in improving the quality and efficiency of solid waste management in Indian cities. The documentation includes good initiatives adopted and practiced by ULBs in collection and treatment of solid waste as well as the overall management of waste as a resource including aspects of recycling; environmental issues; disposal etc. of municipal waste. It also strives to study examples of people’s participation in these projects for overall enhancement of services and quality of life.

Frank Palkovits

The mining operations conducted in Northern Ontario are generally considered to be among the richest deposits in the world. This extensive area includes multiple active mines, smelters, and refineries. A number of active waste dumps for tailings, slag, and waste rock also exist. It has been recognised that if current market conditions continue, and if the new reserve estimations are accurate, mining in this area could potentially continue for an additional 50 years. Operational difficulties for the organisations operating in this area arise from the fact that the mining operations are situated in some cases within the city limits and, in fact, also dominate a number of small communities around the mine sites. These organisations face a number of increasing regulatory and social demands which are a driving force behind many of the operational changes taking place within the mining community today. Rapidly, an environmentally conscious mining operation is becoming the norm. A solution...

GLORIA T . ANGURUWA

Waste generation is inevitable in every human society, although methods of disposal may differ from region to region especially developing and developed nations, yet waste disposal is generally necessary. This study therefore investigated waste disposal practices amongst residents of Oluyole local government area of Ibadan, Oyo State. It was observed that (44.4%) and (32.4%) of the residents dumped their household refuse with government and private waste collectors respectively, but majority utilized improper waste disposal methods such as dumping in rivers (10.3%), roadsides(14.8%), open dumpsites (20.4%), gutter (9.3%), and open-air burning(33.3%). Larger proportion (97.5%) of the respondents strongly agreed that indiscriminate waste dumping has inimical environmental implications such as flooding, disruption of aesthetic beauty, disease, river pollution amongst others. In order to bring the situation under control, the respondents prefer the full involvement of the government waste collection agency instead of private waste collectors. It is therefore recommended that government waste collector should be empowered to penetrate more traditional core areas for more effective waste collection.

Farhan Fendi

Academia Letters

Amer Hamad Issa Abukhalaf

Citation: Abukhalaf, A. H. I. (2021). Bridging the Gap: U.S Waste Management System. Academia Letters. https://doi.org/10.20935/AL1680

Ruth Jaynann Del Rosario

proposal for waste management

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Navigating Challenges in Biomedical Waste Management in India: A Narrative Review

Komal s dhole.

1 Pathology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND

Sweta Bahadure

2 Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND

Gulshan R Bandre

3 Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND

Obaid Noman

Biomedical waste management (BMWM) in India poses significant challenges that demand thorough examination and strategic interventions. As the country's healthcare sector expands rapidly, proper management of biomedical waste becomes increasingly critical to safeguarding public health and environmental integrity. Biomedical waste, encompassing industrial waste, hospital waste, and waste from other healthcare facilities, poses a heightened risk of infection and injury compared to any other form of waste. A lack of understanding regarding safe medical waste disposal practices can be hazardous to one's health as well as the environment. To improve waste management practices in the country, we can suggest effective strategies and recommendations by developing a deeper understanding of the current situation. To manage medical waste effectively, healthcare professionals must be knowledgeable about and have experience with this process. This evaluation study provides a comprehensive overview of current BMWM methods in India, shedding light on the benefits, drawbacks, challenges, and areas for improvement in the healthcare waste management system. Several important facets of BMWM were highlighted by the literature research, including waste segregation, treatment techniques, and disposal options, as well as compliance and regulatory frameworks.

Introduction and background

In global healthcare frameworks, effective management of waste from medical establishments, educational institutions, and laboratories is paramount. Proper biomedical waste management (BMWM) is essential to preventing environmental contamination and ensuring safety for both the public and medical personnel [ 1 ]. India faces significant challenges in managing biomedical waste due to its rapid development and expanding healthcare sector [ 2 ]. The production of biomedical waste has increased significantly across the country due to the exponential growth of medical facilities, the growing population, and improvements in healthcare technology [ 3 ]. As a result, improper waste management techniques are now a source of concern because they pose significant risks to both the environment and human health [ 4 ]. Environmental and healthcare experts have directed their attention toward advocating for the establishment of comprehensive and enduring BMWM frameworks within India [ 5 ]. In order to reduce the potential risk of infectious diseases, management of hazardous and non-hazardous biological waste is necessary [ 6 ]. The regulatory framework governing BMWM in India assesses its effectiveness in ensuring compliance and accountability among healthcare facilities and explores the adoption of advanced technologies and innovative practices in waste treatment and disposal to reduce the environmental impact of biomedical waste [ 7 , 8 ]. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of current waste management techniques will lay the foundations for recommending evidence-based interventions and changes in policies that adhere to global best practices [ 9 ]. 

To address the urgent problem of biomedical waste in India, stakeholders must cooperate and act together [ 10 ]. By fostering a culture characterized by accountability and sustainability, the capacity to enhance the safety and well-being of the environment for both current and forthcoming generations is possible [ 11 ]. The purpose of this study is to assess and analyze India's current BMWM methods. This study assesses the benefits, drawbacks, challenges, and areas for developing the healthcare waste management system. The outcomes of this study are anticipated to provide healthcare leaders, waste management authorities, and other stakeholders with enhanced insights into the prevailing status of BMWM within India.

A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted utilizing reputable databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase. The search encompassed articles released between 2005 and 2023, employing a specific set of search terms such as ("Biomedical waste") OR ("biomedical waste") AND ("Institution learning") OR ("institution learning") AND ("Institution teaching") OR ("biomedical teaching") OR ("Biomedical segregation") OR ("Biomedical handling") OR ("Biomedical technology-enhanced learning"). The final selection process adhered to a defined set of inclusion criteria: (1) origination as research articles, (2) peer-reviewed status, (3) availability of the complete text, (4) pertinence to the subject of biomedical waste, and (5) alignment with the specified timeframe for publication.

Article Screening

After conducting the initial search, we identified 1093 articles in the searched databases. We then excluded duplicates (n=19) and performed an initial screening of titles and abstracts, which excluded another 667 articles. After the full-text screening of the remaining 76 articles, we excluded 60 articles for not meeting the inclusion criteria; either they were unrelated or some were for patient care, leaving 16 articles for the final review (Figure 1 ) [ 12 ].

PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; n: number of studies.

Table ​ Table1 1 compiles various research investigations conducted on BMWM in healthcare environments across different regions of India. The focus of these inquiries is primarily on exploring the understanding, perspectives, and operational behaviors of healthcare professionals and auxiliary staff members in effectively managing biomedical waste. The studies identify gaps and areas for improvement in waste management practices. 

BMWM: biomedical waste management; PRHPs: private rural health providers; HCWM: healthcare waste management; HCWs: healthcare workers; BMW: biomedical waste.

The management of biomedical waste is important for safeguarding both public health and environmental integrity, owing to the inherent hazards tied to the inadequate management of waste originating from healthcare establishments. In India, a rapidly growing healthcare industry coupled with increasing public health concerns has necessitated the implementation of effective BMWM practices [ 28 ].

Compliance and regulatory framework

Effective BMWM is promoted by a strong compliance framework and regulatory measures. This critically examines the role of compliance and the regulatory framework in shaping BMWM practices [ 29 ]. By delving into existing regulations, their enforcement, and potential challenges, this analysis illuminates the significance of regulatory adherence in safeguarding public health and the environment. Compared to smaller clinics and nursing homes, larger hospitals and well-established institutions generally showed better compliance [ 30 ]. To prevent health risks and environmental contamination, it is essential to ensure that all healthcare facilities strictly adhere to waste management regulations [ 31 ]. Compliance with BMWM regulations is necessary to ensure secure and efficient procedures [ 32 ]. The BMWM rules of 2016 were created under the Environment Protection Act and provide guidelines for managing, categorizing, processing, and disposing of biomedical waste [ 33 ].

Waste segregation and handling

Waste segregation and proper handling constitute the fundamental pillars of an effective BMWM system. Smaller facilities often lacked proper waste segregation procedures, while many larger hospitals had clearly defined segregation protocols [ 34 ]. Inadequate biomedical waste segregation puts waste handlers and healthcare workers at risk and makes the waste treatment process more difficult. To improve waste management procedures, training, and awareness programs must strongly emphasize proper waste segregation [ 35 ]. Waste generated within healthcare facilities encompasses a wide range of materials, each carrying varying degrees of risk. Proper waste segregation is essential to categorize waste into distinct streams, such as infectious, hazardous, and general waste [ 36 ]. Trained personnel handled hazardous waste, including sharp objects and infectious materials, using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). BMWM helped reduce the risk of occupational exposure and the spread of infections among waste-handling and healthcare workers [ 37 ].

Treatment and disposal methods

A crucial part of the management of biomedical waste is its treatment and disposal, which ensures that the waste produced in healthcare institutions is safe for the environment and human health. The Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016, which offer recommendations for secure and environmentally friendly ways to handle biomedical waste, regulate this process in India [ 38 ].

Treatment Methods

Incineration: Biomedical waste is burned under controlled conditions at high temperatures during incineration. In India, it is one of the most popular strategies. The waste is subjected to temperatures between 800°C and 1,200°C during incineration, effectively reducing microorganisms and reducing the volume of waste [ 39 ].

Autoclaving: A steam-based treatment approach is autoclaving. During this procedure, the waste is placed in an autoclave, which employs high-pressure steam to sterilize the waste and eliminate microorganisms [ 40 ].

Microwaving: Biomedical waste is heated and sterilized by microwave radiation. The efficiency of this relatively new technique in inactivating pathogens is attracting attention [ 41 ].

Chemical disinfection: Biomedical waste is disinfected using chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide or chlorine. It may not significantly reduce waste volume, even if it efficiently kills microorganisms [ 42 ].

Non-burn technologies: Environmentally friendly alternatives to incineration are emerging, including non-burn technologies like plasma gasification and encapsulation. These techniques reduce emissions while converting garbage into non-hazardous products or energy through heat or chemical processes [ 43 ].

Disposal Methods

Landfilling: After treatment, the residual material can be dumped in landfills designated for biomedical waste. The design of these landfills prevents toxins from leaching into the soil and groundwater. Proper lining and covering of waste is critical in landfill disposal [ 44 ].

Deep burial: In rare cases, waste that has been appropriately processed may be buried deeply in a secured pit. This technique is often reserved for waste that cannot be conveniently disposed of in another way [ 45 ].

Inertization: To contain any residual dangerous components, treated biomedical waste is mixed with inert substances such as cement or fly ash. This produces solid bricks or blocks that can be disposed of in landfills without any risk [ 46 ].

Lack of infrastructure in remote areas

In remote and underserved regions, such as rural areas in developing countries, healthcare facilities frequently face challenges due to inadequate infrastructure and resource shortages for effective waste management. To address these disparities, targeted interventions and investments in waste management infrastructure are needed in these regions, which have difficulty accessing waste treatment facilities, resulting in improper waste disposal and potential health risks [ 47 ]. The evaluation of healthcare facilities in India for our study revealed a significant challenge: the need for adequate infrastructure to manage biomedical waste in remote areas. Due to their isolation from other sites, lack of resources, and difficult access to waste management facilities, remote areas often experience unique challenges when managing biomedical waste. Targeted interventions are needed to effectively address the problem that arises from this circumstance [ 48 ].

Awareness and training

The emphasis on the necessity of continuing education suggests that the frequency of the present training programs may not be sufficient. Frequent training sessions are necessary to handle changing waste management concerns and reinforce existing knowledge. Expanding the training scope beyond specific procedures such as waste segregation, handling, and infection control to include emerging technologies and best practices could enhance its overall effectiveness. Addressing disparities in BMWM understanding among healthcare professionals requires tailoring training programs to accommodate varying levels of awareness and expertise. Highlighting the importance of environmental impact, training should integrate eco-friendly waste treatment methods to address the current gap in comprehensive waste management practices. Incorporating practical scenarios, simulations, or on-site training sessions can provide healthcare professionals with the skills and confidence needed to implement waste management practices effectively. Addressing these lacunae could contribute to a more robust and comprehensive training program for healthcare professionals involved in BMWM [ 49 ].

Collaboration and stakeholder engagement

BMWM involves multiple parties with crucial roles to ensure effective and sustainable waste procedures. We need to involve stakeholders and work together to establish effective BMWM systems [ 50 ]. Effectively addressing the difficulties and impediments in BMWM can be achieved through an integrated strategy involving all interested parties. Better waste management practices can be implemented by encouraging healthcare professionals' participation in decision-making processes [ 51 ].

Environmental impact

The management of biomedical waste raises significant environmental concerns. Ineffective waste management techniques and poor disposal procedures can contaminate soil and water, posing severe ecological risks. The analysis delves into the multifaceted challenges posed by improper BMWM. Inadequate waste segregation, untreated waste disposal, and outdated incineration methods can lead to air and soil pollution, contaminating ecosystems and water sources [ 52 ]. This underscores the need for comprehensive waste management strategies that mitigate environmental harm. Some medical facilities have made great attempts to reduce their impact on the environment. Compared to conventional incineration, these facilities have adopted environmentally friendly waste treatment techniques such as autoclaving and microwaving. These techniques allow these facilities to significantly lower the emissions of dangerous gases and particles [ 53 ].

Conclusions

In the face of escalating biomedical waste challenges, there is no time for complacency. It is imperative that regulatory agencies, healthcare facilities, waste management authorities, and stakeholders unite to develop a comprehensive strategy to address India's BMWM issues. Through the implementation of evidence-based interventions and policy changes that are in line with international best practices, the study's insights are intended to assist healthcare leaders and legislators in improving the environment's safety and well-being. This approach may involve the development of comprehensive training programs to enhance the knowledge and skills of healthcare professionals in waste management practices. Additionally, strategic investments in infrastructure and technology can bolster waste treatment and disposal capabilities. Moreover, raising public awareness about the importance of proper BMWM through education campaigns and outreach initiatives can mobilize communities to actively participate in waste reduction and recycling efforts. By working together towards a shared vision of safe and sustainable waste management practices, we can safeguard the environment, protect public health, and secure a better future for generations to come.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Electric vehicle batteries waste management and recycling challenges: a comprehensive review of green technologies and future prospects

• Published: 21 May 2024

Cite this article

• Hussein K. Amusa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-0891 1 ,
• Muhammad Sadiq 2 ,
• Gohar Alam 3 ,
• Rahat Alam 3 ,
• Abdelfattah Siefan 3 ,
• Haider Ibrahim 3 ,
• Ali Raza 1 &
• Banu Yildiz 3  

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Electric vehicle (EV) batteries have lower environmental impacts than traditional internal combustion engines. However, their disposal poses significant environmental concerns due to the presence of toxic materials. Although safer than lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries still present risks to health and the environment. This study reviews the environmental and social concerns surrounding EV batteries and their waste. It explores the potential threats of these batteries to human health and the environment. It also discusses alternative methods to enhance EV-battery performance, safety, and sustainability, such as hybrid systems of green technologies and innovative recycling processes. Finding alternative materials for EV batteries is crucial to addressing current resource shortage risks and improving EV performance and sustainability. Therefore, the development of efficient and sustainable solutions for the safe handling of retired EV batteries is necessary to ensure carbon neutrality and mitigate environmental and health risks.

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Abbreviations.

Alternating current

Battery electric vehicle

Direct current

Deep eutectic solvent

Department of Energy

Department of Transportation

European Battery Recycling Organization

Eutrophication potential

Extended producer responsibilities

European Raw Materials Alliance

European Union

Electric vehicle

Greenhouse gas

Hydrogen bond acceptor

Hydrogen bond donor

Hazardous Materials Regulation

Human toxicity potential

Ionic liquid

Life cycle assessment

Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium-ion battery

Nickle metal hydride

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Polyvinylidene fluoride

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Supercritical CO 2

Strategy Energy Technology Plan

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Amusa, H.K., Sadiq, M., Alam, G. et al. Electric vehicle batteries waste management and recycling challenges: a comprehensive review of green technologies and future prospects. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-01982-y

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