immune system ppt presentation

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Cells of the immune system – slideshow.

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Find out about our cells and how they might function in response to harmful microorganisms entering the body.

Use the Slideshow menu for further options, including view full screen, and go here for the download option.

This slideshow is designed to present the immune system to younger students in a simple way. It describes some of the cells and how they might function in response to harmful microorganisms entering the body. It is part of the The wars within activity.

The wars within

In this activity, students are introduced to the immune system. By the end of this activity, students should be able to: explain in simple terms what the immune system is list some of the names ...

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20.2: Introduction to the Immune System

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• Page ID 16845

• Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal
• Butte College

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Worm Attack!

Does this organism look like a space alien? A scary creature from a nightmare? In fact, it’s a 1-cm long worm in the genus Schistosoma. It may invade and take up residence in the human body, causing a very serious illness known as schistosomiasis. The worm gains access to the human body while it is in a microscopic life stage. It enters through a hair follicle when the skin comes into contact with contaminated water. The worm then grows and matures inside the human organism, causing disease.

Host vs. Pathogen

The Schistosoma worm has a parasitic relationship with humans. In this type of relationship, one organism, called the parasite, lives on or in another organism, called the host. The parasite always benefits from the relationship and the host is always harmed. The human host of the Schistosoma worm is clearly harmed by the parasite when it invades the host’s tissues. The urinary tract or intestines may be infected, and signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Those who have been infected a long time may experience liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. In children, Schistosoma infection may cause poor growth and difficulty learning. Table \(\PageIndex{1}\) lists some of the microscopic pathogens, their images, description, and the diseases that they cause.

Like the Schistosoma worm, many other organisms can make us sick if they manage to enter our body. Any such agent that can cause disease is called a pathogen . Most pathogens are microorganisms, although some, such as the Schistosoma worm, are much larger. In addition to worms, common types of pathogens of human hosts include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and single-celled organisms called protists. You can see examples of each of these types of pathogens in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). Fortunately for us, our immune system is able to keep most potential pathogens out of the body or to quickly destroy them if they do manage to get in. When you read this chapter, you’ll learn how your immune system usually keeps you safe from harm — including from scary creatures like the Schistosoma worm!

What is the Immune System?

The immune system is a host defense system. It comprises many biological structures —ranging from individual white blood cells to entire organs — as well as many complex biological processes. The function of the immune system is to protect the host from pathogens and other causes of disease such as tumor cells. To function properly, the immune system must be able to detect a wide variety of pathogens. It also must be able to distinguish the cells of pathogens from the host’s own cells and also to distinguish cancerous or damaged host cells from healthy cells. In humans and most other vertebrates, the immune system consists of layered defenses that have increased specificity for particular pathogens or tumor cells. The layered defenses of the human immune system are usually classified into two subsystems called the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.

Innate Immune System

Any discussion of the innate immune response usually begins with the physical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body, destroy them after they enter, or flush them out before they can establish themselves in the hospitable environment of the body’s soft tissues. Barrier defenses are part of the body’s most basic defense mechanisms. The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens.

The phagocytes are the body’s fast acting first line of immunological defense against organisms that have breached barrier defenses and have entered the vulnerable tissues of the body. For example, certain leukocytes (white blood cells) engulf and destroy pathogens they encounter in the process called phagocytosis. The body's response again a pathogen's breach is also called Inflammation . Phagocytosis and Inflammation will be discussed in detail in concept Innate Immune System .

Adaptive Immune System

The adaptive immune system is activated if pathogens successfully enter the body and manage to evade the general defenses of the innate immune system. An adaptive response is specific to the particular type of pathogen that has invaded the body or to cancerous cells. It takes longer to launch a specific attack, but once it is underway, its specificity makes it very effective. An adaptive response also usually leads to immunity. This is a state of resistance to a specific pathogen due to the ability of the adaptive immune system to “remember” the pathogen and immediately mount a strong attack tailored to that particular pathogen if it invades again in the future.

Self vs. Non-Self

Both innate and adaptive immune responses depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. Self molecules are those components of an organism’s body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Virtually all body cells have surface proteins that are part of a complex called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) . These proteins are one way the immune system recognizes body cells as self. Non-self proteins, in contrast, are recognized as foreign because they are different from self-proteins.

Antigens and Antibodies

Many non-self molecules comprise a class of compounds called antigens. Antigens, which are usually proteins, bind to specific receptors on immune system cells and elicit an adaptive immune response. Some adaptive immune system cells (B cells) respond to foreign antigens by producing antibodies. An antibody is a molecule that precisely matches and binds to a specific antigen. This may target the antigen (and the pathogen displaying it) for destruction by other immune cells.

Antigens on the surface of pathogens are how the adaptive immune system recognizes specific pathogens. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses tailored to the specific pathogen. It is also how the adaptive immune system ”remembers” the same pathogen in the future.

Immune Surveillance

Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumor cells. This is called immune surveillance. The transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal body cells. The main response of the immune system to tumor cells is to destroy them. This is carried out primarily by aptly named killer T cells of the adaptive immune system.

Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is a human organ system that is a vital part of the adaptive immune system. It is also part of the cardiovascular system and plays a major role in the digestive system (see the concept Lymphatic System ).

Feature: Human Biology in the News

“They’ll have to rewrite the textbooks!”

That sort of response to scientific discovery is sure to attract media attention, and it did. It’s what Kevin Lee, a neuroscientist at the University of Virginia, said in 2016 when his colleagues told him they had discovered human anatomical structures that had never before been detected. The structures were tiny lymphatic vessels in the meningeal layers surrounding the brain.

How these lymphatic vessels could have gone unnoticed when all human body systems have been studied so completely is amazing in its own right. The suggested implications of the discovery are equally amazing:

• The presence of these lymphatic vessels means that the brain is directly connected to the peripheral immune system, presumably allowing a close association between the human brain and human pathogens. This suggests an entirely new avenue by which humans and their pathogens may have influenced each other’s evolution. The researchers speculate that our pathogens may have even influenced the evolution of our social behaviors.
• The researchers think there will also be many medical applications of their discovery. For example, the newly discovered lymphatic vessels may play a major role in neurological diseases that have an immune component, such as multiple sclerosis. The discovery might also affect how conditions such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia are treated.
• What is a pathogen?
• State the purpose of the immune system.
• Compare and contrast the innate and adaptive immune systems.
• Explain how the immune system distinguishes self molecules from non-self molecules.
• What are antigens?
• Define tumor surveillance.
• Briefly describe the lymphatic system and its role in immune function.
• Identify the neuroimmune system.
• Protecting the body against fungi
• Protecting the body against bacteria
• Protecting the body against cancerous cells
• None of the above
• What does it mean that the immune system is not just composed of organs?
• What are the general relationships between the terms lymphocytes, leukocytes, and white blood cells ?
• True or False. Phagocytosis occurs in the innate immune system.
• True or False. Major histocompatibility complex proteins are antibodies.
• True or False. Only the adaptive immune response requires the ability to distinguish between self and non-self.
• Why is the immune system considered to be “layered?”

Explore More

Scientists predict we may be facing an antibiotic apocalypse, learn more here:

Attributions

• Schistosome Parasite by Bruce Wetzel and Harry Schaefer, public domain via NCI NIH
• Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli by NIAID, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
• Electron micrograph of Herpes virus by George W. Beran, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
• Trichophyton rubrum by CDC/Dr. Libero Ajello, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
• Giardia by schmidty4112, CC BY 2.0 via Flickr
• Text adapted from Human Biology by CK-12 licensed CC BY-NC 3.0
• Some text is adapted from 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response by OpenStax licensed CC BY 4.0 .

The Immune System

• Cell Communication
• Immune System

Resource Type

• Click & Learn

Description

This interactive module introduces the anatomy of the immune system and walks through the timeline of a typical immune response. 

The timeline includes the differences between the first time a pathogen is encountered versus subsequent infections, including an explanation of how vaccines work. Different tabs, videos, images, questions, and a detailed glossary of terms allow this resource to be explored at varying levels of depth depending on the class. Refer to the “Educator Materials” for implementation suggestions. 

The accompanying worksheets guide students’ exploration. The “General Immunology” worksheet is a guided exploration of the Click & Learn. The “Immunotherapy” worksheet applies the content in the Click & Learn to cancer immunotherapy. The “Vaccine Research Extension” worksheet guides students through an optional research project on vaccines. The glossary and illustrations in the Click & Learn are also provided as slide decks; you may make copies of these slides and adapt them to your classroom.

The “Resource Google Folder” link directs to a Google Drive folder of resource documents in the Google Docs format. Not all downloadable documents for the resource may be available in this format. The Google Drive folder is set as “View Only”; to save a copy of a document in this folder to your Google Drive, open that document, then select File → “Make a copy.” These documents can be copied, modified, and distributed online following the Terms of Use listed in the “Details” section below, including crediting BioInteractive.  

Student Learning Targets

• Identify the main organs and cells of the immune system, and explain their functions. 
• Compare and contrast the innate and adaptive immune responses, and explain how they interact.
• Explain the role of memory cells when the body responds to a pathogen it has previously encountered, and apply this knowledge to the function of vaccines. 
• Interpret graphs to support and/or revise scientific explanations.  

Estimated Time

adaptive immune response, antibody, antigen, B cell, cytokine, dendritic cell, innate immune response, pathogen, T cell, vaccine

Terms of Use

<p>The resource is licensed under a <a href=" https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license</a>.&nbsp;No rights are granted to use HHMI’s or BioInteractive’s names or logos independent from this Resource or in any derivative works.</p>

Accessibility Level (WCAG compliance)

Version history, curriculum connections, ngss (2013).

HS-LS1-2; SEP8

AP Biology (2019)

IST-3.A; IST-3.F; SP1, SP2 

IB Biology (2016)

Common core (2010).

ELA.RST.9-12.2; ELA.WHST.9-12.9

Vision and Change (2009)

CC2, CC5; DP1

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Educating Students about the Immune System, Diseases and Vaccines

Vaccine education center.

Visit the Vaccine Makers Project website to find:

• Lessons for students from elementary school through high school and college
• Materials that are aligned to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and Common Core State Standards (CCSS)
• Videos and 3-D animations to use in the classroom

Materials in this section are updated as new information and vaccines become available. The Vaccine Education Center staff regularly reviews materials for accuracy.

You should not consider the information in this site to be specific, professional medical advice for your personal health or for your family's personal health. You should not use it to replace any relationship with a physician or other qualified healthcare professional. For medical concerns, including decisions about vaccinations, medications and other treatments, you should always consult your physician or, in serious cases, seek immediate assistance from emergency personnel.

Lesson Overview

35.2 Defenses �Against Infection

Defenses Against Infection

THINK ABOUT IT

With pathogens all around us, it might seem amazing that most of us aren’t sick most of the time.

Why are we usually free from infections, and why do we usually recover from pathogens that do infect us?

One reason is that our bodies have an incredibly powerful and adaptable series of defenses that protect us against a wide range of pathogens.

Nonspecific Defenses

What are the body’s nonspecific defenses against pathogens?

What is a pathogen ?

A pathogen is a harmful, disease causing organism such as a bacteria or a virus.

Nonspecific defenses include the skin, tears and other secretions, the

inflammatory response, interferons, and fever.

The body’s first defense against pathogens is a combination of physical and chemical barriers. These barriers include the skin, tears and other secretions, the inflammatory response, interferons, and fever.

These barriers are called nonspecific defenses because they act against a wide range of pathogens.

First Line of Defense

The most widespread nonspecific defense is the skin.

Very few pathogens can penetrate the layers of dead cells that form the skin’s surface.

Other nonspecific defenses protect parts of the body that are not covered by skin, such as the mouth, nose, and eyes.

Saliva, mucus, and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.

Mucus in your nose and throat traps pathogens. Then, cilia push the mucous-trapped pathogens away from your lungs.

Stomach secretions destroy many pathogens that are swallowed.

Second Line of Defense

If pathogens make it into the body, through a cut in the skin, for example, the body’s second line of defense swings into action.

These mechanisms include the inflammatory response, the actions of interferons, and fever.

Inflammatory Response

The inflammatory response causes infected areas to become red and painful, or inflamed.

The response begins when pathogens stimulate cells called mast cells, a type of phagocyte, to release chemicals known as histamines.

Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected area.

Fluid leaking from expanded blood vessels causes the area to swell.

White blood cells, phagocytes, move from blood vessels into infected tissues.

Many of these white blood cells are phagocytes, which engulf and destroy bacteria.

All this activity around a wound may cause a local rise in temperature. That’s why a wounded area sometimes feels warm.

Interferons

When viruses infect body cells, certain host cells produce proteins that inhibit synthesis of viral proteins and help block viral replication.

Scientists named these proteins interferons because they “interfere” with viral growth.

Interferons slow down the progress of infection and “buy time” for specific immune defenses to respond.

The immune system also releases chemicals that increase body temperature, producing a fever.

The increased body temperature may slow down or stop the growth of some pathogens.

Higher body temperature also speeds up several parts of the immune response.

Review: Nonspecific Defenses

• The first line of defense is the ____________.

2. Mucus, saliva and tears contain an enzyme called __________ that can kill bacteria.

3. Mucus traps ______________ and cilia brush the mucus towards to outside of the body.

The second line of defense, when a pathogen gets past the skin, involves:

1. The ___________ ___________, in which chemicals called ________ cause blood vessels near a wound to expand and white blood cells called phagocytes to move in to eat and destroy the invader.

Inflammatory response

2. The production of proteins called _____________, which help block the replication of viruses.

interferons

3. The release of chemicals that produce a ________, an increase in normal body temperature, which may slow the growth of pathogens and speed up the immune response.

Specific Defenses: The Immune System

What is the function of the immune system’s specific defenses?

The immune system’s specific defenses distinguish between “self” and

“other,” and they inactivate or kill any foreign substance or cell that enters

Recognizing “Self”

A healthy immune system recognizes all cells and proteins that belong in the body, and treats these cells and proteins as “self.”

This ability to recognize “self” is essential, because the immune system controls powerful cellular and chemical weapons that could cause problems if turned against the body’s own cells.

Recognizing “Nonself”

The immune system recognizes foreign organisms and molecules, as “other,” or “nonself.”

Once the immune system recognizes invaders as “others,” it uses cellular and chemical weapons to attack them.

After encountering a specific invader, the immune system “remembers” the invader, enabling a more rapid and effective response if that same pathogen or a similar one attacks again.

This specific recognition, response, and memory are called the immune response.

Specific immune defenses are triggered by molecules called antigens. An antigen is any foreign substance that can stimulate an immune response.

Typically, antigens are located on the outer surfaces of bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

The immune system responds to antigens by increasing the number of cells that either attack the invaders directly or that produce proteins called antibodies.

The main role of antibodies is to tag antigens for destruction by immune cells.

Antibodies may be attached to particular immune cells called lymphocytes or B cells or may be free-floating in plasma.

The body makes up to 10 billion different antibodies.

The shape of each type of antibody allows it to attach to one specific antigen.

Lymphocytes

The main working cells of the immune response are B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells).

B cells are produced in, and mature in, red bone marrow.

B cells have embedded antibodies and discover antigens in body fluids.

The military intelligence: seek out and lock onto target thus marking for destruction by the T cells

T cells are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus—an endocrine gland.

T cells must be presented with an antigen by infected body cells or immune cells that have encountered antigens.

Soldiers that destroy invaders that the intelligence system has marked.

Each B cell and T cell is capable of recognizing one specific antigen. A person’s genes determine the particular B and T cells that are produced.

When mature, both types of cells travel to lymph nodes and the spleen, where they will encounter antigens.

What is an antigen?

An antigen is anything that initiates an immune response. Could be a pathogen or a marker protein on a pathogen.

The ability to recognize_______is essential, because the immune system controls powerful cellular and chemical weapons

The immune system recognizes foreign organisms and molecules, as “other,” or “_______.”

Review-Antibodies

The main role of the Y shaped proteins called _________ is to tag antigens for destruction by immune cells.

Antibodies may be attached to particular immune cells called lymphocytes or ________ or may be ____________ in plasma.

free-floating

The body makes up to ____________ different antibodies.

The shape of each type of antibody allows it to attach to _______ specific antigen.

Major Players in the Immune Response

There are two main types of lymphocytes or wbc:

B cells and T cells

_____________ are military intelligence: they have antibodies that will recognize and lock onto a target marking it for destruction.

Once _________ have been exposed to an antigens they are like soldiers that destroy invaders that the intelligence system has marked.

________________ which are white blood cells. Sometimes white blood cells are abbreviated wbc.

The Immune System in Action

https://youtu.be/zQGOcOUBi6s

Immune System

Immune Response

Specific Activated by antigens (aka Active or Adaptive Immune System)

Major Players Involved

White Blood Cells

aka: Leukocytes

Phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils

Nonspecific (Barriers)

1st Line of Defense: Skin, mucous, tears

2nd Line of Defense: Inflammatory Response, Interferons, Fever

Humoral Immunity

The immune response that defends against antigens in body fluids, such as blood and lymph, is called humoral immunity.

B cells play the major role in humoral immunity.

When a pathogen invades the body, its antigens are recognized by antibodies on the surfaces of a few existing B cells.

Antibodies are the main weapons of the humoral immune response.

An antibody is shaped like the letter Y and has two identical antigen-binding sites.

The shapes of the binding sites enable an antibody to recognize a specific antigen with a complementary shape.

When an antigen binds to an antibody carried by a B cell, T cells stimulate the B cell to grow and divide rapidly.

That growth and division produces many B cells of two types: plasma cells and memory B cells.

Plasma Cells

Plasma cells produce and release antibodies that are carried through the bloodstream.

These antibodies recognize and bind to free-floating antigens or to antigens on the surfaces of pathogens.

When antibodies bind to antigens, they signal other parts of the immune system to attack and destroy the invaders.

Some types of antibodies can disable invaders until they are destroyed.

A healthy adult can produce about 10 billion different types of antibodies, each of which can bind to a different type of antigen!

This antibody diversity enables the immune system to respond to virtually any kind of “other” that enters the body.

Memory B Cells

Plasma cells die after an infection is gone, but some B cells that recognize a particular antigen remain alive.

These cells, called memory B cells, react quickly if the same pathogen enters the body again.

Memory B cells rapidly produce new plasma cells to battle a returning pathogen. This secondary response occurs much faster than the first response to a pathogen.

Immune memory helps provide long-term immunity to certain diseases and is the reason that vaccinations work.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Another part of the immune response, which depends on the action of macrophages and several types of T cells, is called cell-mediated immunity.

This part of the immune system defends the body against viruses, fungi, and single-celled pathogens.

T cells also protect the body from its own cells when they become cancerous.

When a cell is infected by a pathogen or when a phagocyte consumes a pathogen, the cell displays a portion of the antigen on the outer surface of its membrane.

This membrane attachment is a signal to circulating T cells called helper T cells.

Activated helper T cells divide into more helper T cells, which go on to activate B cells, activate cytotoxic T cells, and produce memory T cells.

Cytotoxic T cells hunt down body cells infected with a particular antigen and kill the cells.

They kill infected cells by puncturing their membranes or initiating apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Memory helper T cells enable the immune system to respond quickly if the same pathogen enters the body again.

Another type of T cell, called suppressor T cells, inhibits the immune response once an infection is under control.

They may also be involved in preventing autoimmune diseases.

Although cytotoxic T cells are helpful in the immune system, they make the acceptance of organ transplants difficult.

When an organ is transplanted from one person to another, the normal response of the recipient’s immune system would be to recognize it as nonself. T cells and proteins would damage and destroy the transplanted organ in a process known as rejection.

To prevent organ rejection, doctors search for a donor whose cell markers are nearly identical to the cell markers of the recipient.

Organ recipients must take drugs—usually for the rest of their lives—to suppress the cell-mediated immune response.

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