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Formulation of hypothesis and testing

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Home Blog Education How to Prepare Your Scientific Presentation

How to Prepare Your Scientific Presentation

Since the dawn of time, humans were eager to find explanations for the world around them. At first, our scientific method was very simplistic and somewhat naive. We observed and reflected. But with the progressive evolution of research methods and thinking paradigms, we arrived into the modern era of enlightenment and science. So what represents the modern scientific method and how can you accurately share and present your research findings to others? These are the two fundamental questions we attempt to answer in this post. 

What is the Scientific Method?

To better understand the concept, let’s start with this scientific method definition from the International Encyclopedia of Human Geography :

The scientific method is a way of conducting research, based on theory construction, the generation of testable hypotheses, their empirical testing, and the revision of theory if the hypothesis is rejected. 

Essentially, a scientific method is a cumulative term, used to describe the process any scientist uses to objectively interpret the world (and specific phenomenon) around them. 

The scientific method is the opposite of beliefs and cognitive biases — mostly irrational, often unconscious, interpretations of different occurrences that we lean on as a mental shortcut. 

The scientific method in research, on the contrary, forces the thinker to holistically assess and test our approaches to interpreting data. So that they could gain consistent and non-arbitrary results. 

The common scientific method examples are:

• Systematic observation 
• Experimentation
• Inductive and deductive reasoning
• Formation and testing of hypotheses and theories

All of the above are used by both scientists and businesses to make better sense of the data and/or phenomenon at hand. 

The Evolution of the Scientific Method 

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , ancient thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle are believed to be the forefathers of the scientific method. They were among the first to try to justify and refine their thought process using the scientific method experiments and deductive reasoning. 

Both developed specific systems for knowledge acquisition and processing. For example, the Platonic way of knowledge emphasized reasoning as the main method for learning but downplayed the importance of observation. The Aristotelian corpus of knowledge, on the contrary, said that we must carefully observe the natural world to discover its fundamental principles. 

In medieval times, thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon, and Andreas Vesalius among many others worked on further clarifying how we can obtain proven knowledge through observation and induction. 

The 16th–18th centuries are believed to have given the greatest advances in terms of scientific method application. We, humans, learned to better interpret the world around us from mechanical, biological, economic, political, and medical perspectives. Thinkers such as Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, and their followers also increasingly switched to a tradition of explaining everything through mathematics, geometry, and numbers. 

Up till today, mathematical and mechanical explanations remain the core parts of the scientific method. 

Why is the Scientific Method Important Today? 

Because our ancestors didn’t have as much data as we do. We now live in the era of paramount data accessibility and connectivity, where over 2.5 quintillions of data are produced each day. This has tremendously accelerated knowledge creation.

But, at the same time, such overwhelming exposure to data made us more prone to external influences, biases, and false beliefs. These can jeopardize the objectivity of any research you are conducting. 

Scientific findings need to remain objective, verifiable, accurate, and consistent. Diligent usage of scientific methods in modern business and science helps ensure proper data interpretation, results replication, and undisputable validity. 

6 Steps of the Scientific Method

Over the course of history, the scientific method underwent many interactions. Yet, it still carries some of the integral steps our ancestors used to analyze the world such as observation and inductive reasoning. However, the modern scientific method steps differ a bit. 

1. Make an Observation 

An observation serves as a baseline for your research. There are two important characteristics for a good research observation:

• It must be objective, not subjective. 
• It must be verifiable, meaning others can say it’s true or false with this. 

For example, This apple is red (objective/verifiable observation). This apple is delicious (subjective, harder-to-verify observation).

2. Develop a Hypothesis

Observations tell us about the present or past. But the goal of science is to glean in the future. A scientific hypothesis is based on prior knowledge and produced through reasoning as an attempt to descriptive a future event.

Here are characteristics of a good scientific hypothesis: 

• General and tentative idea
• Agrees with all available observations
• Testable and potentially falsifiable

Remember: If we state our hypothesis to indicate there is no effect, our hypothesis is a cause-and-effect relationship . A hypothesis, which asserts no effect, is called a null hypothesis. 

3. Make a Prediction 

A hypothesis is a mental “launchpad” for predicting the existence of other phenomena or quantitative results of new observations.

Going back to an earlier example here’s how to turn it into a hypothesis and a potential prediction for proving it. For example: If this apple is red, other apples of this type should be red too. 

Your goal is then to decide which variables can help you prove or disprove your hypothesis and prepare to test these. 

4. Perform an Experiment 

Collect all the information around variables that will help you prove or disprove your prediction. According to the scientific method, a hypothesis has to be discarded or modified if its predictions are clearly and repeatedly incompatible with experimental results.

Yes, you may come up with an elegant theory. However, if your hypothetical predictions cannot be backed by experimental results, you cannot use them as a valid explanation of the phenomenon. 

5. Analyze the Results of the Experiment

To come up with proof for your hypothesis, use different statistical analysis methods to interpret the meaning behind your data.

Remember to stay objective and emotionally unattached to your results. If 95 apples turned red, but 5 were yellow, does it disprove your hypothesis? Not entirely. It may mean that you didn’t account for all variables and must adapt the parameters of your experiment. 

Here are some common data analysis techniques, used as a part of a scientific method: 

• Statistical analysis
• Cause and effect analysis (see cause and effect analysis slides )
• Regression analysis
• Factor analysis
• Cluster analysis
• Time series analysis
• Diagnostic analysis
• Root cause analysis (see root cause analysis slides )

6. Draw a Conclusion 

Every experiment has two possible outcomes:

• The results correspond to the prediction
• The results disprove the prediction 

If that’s the latter, as a scientist you must discard the prediction then and most likely also rework the hypothesis based on it. 

How to Give a Scientific Presentation to Showcase Your Methods

Whether you are doing a poster session, conference talk, or follow-up presentation on a recently published journal article, most of your peers need to know how you’ve arrived at the presented conclusions.

In other words, they will probe your scientific method for gaps to ensure that your results are fair and possible to replicate. So that they could incorporate your theories in their research too. Thus your scientific presentation must be sharp, on-point, and focus clearly on your research approaches. 

Below we propose a quick framework for creating a compelling scientific presentation in PowerPoint (+ some helpful templates!). 

1. Open with a Research Question 

Here’s how to start a scientific presentation with ease: share your research question. On the first slide, briefly recap how your thought process went. Briefly state what was the underlying aim of your research: Share your main hypothesis, mention if you could prove or disprove them. 

It might be tempting to pack a lot of ideas into your first slide but don’t. Keep the opening of your presentation short to pique the audience’s initial interest and set the stage for the follow-up narrative.

2. Disclose Your Methods

Whether you are doing a science poster presentation or conference talk, many audience members would be curious to understand how you arrived at your results. Deliver this information at the beginning of your presentation to avoid any ambiguities. 

Here’s how to organize your science methods on a presentation: 

• Do not use bullet points or full sentences. Use diagrams and structured images to list the methods
• Use visuals and iconography to use metaphors where possible.
• Organize your methods by groups e.g. quantifiable and non-quantifiable

Finally, when you work on visuals for your presentation — charts, graphs, illustrations, etc. — think from the perspective of a subject novice. Does the image really convey the key information around the subject? Does it help break down complex ideas?

3. Spotlight the Results 

Obviously, the research results will be your biggest bragging right. However, don’t over-pack your presentation with a long-winded discussion of your findings and how revolutionary these may be for the community. 

Rather than writing a wall of text, do this instead:

• Use graphs with large axis values/numbers to showcase the findings in great detail
• Prioritize formats that are known to everybody (e.g. odds ratios, Kaplan Meier curves, etc.)
• Do not include more than 5 lines of plain text per slide 

Overall, when you feel that the results slide gets too cramped, it’s best to move the data to a new one. 

Also, as you work on organizing data on your scientific presentation PowerPoint template , think if there are obvious limitations and gaps. If yes, make sure you acknowledge them during your speech.

4. Mention Study Limitations 

The scientific method mandates objectivity. That’s why every researcher must clearly state what was excluded from their study. Remember: no piece of scientific research is truly universal and has certain boundaries. However, when you fail to personally state those, others might struggle to draw the line themselves and replicate your results. Then, if they fail to do so, they’d question the viability of your research.

5. Conclude with a Memorable Takeaway Message 

Every experienced speaker will tell you that the audience best retains the information they hear first and last. Most people will attend more than one scientific presentation during the day. 

So if you want the audience to better remember your talk, brainstorm a take-home message for the last slide of your presentation. Think of your last slide texts as an elevator pitch — a short, concluding message, summarizing your research.

To Conclude

Today we have no shortage of research and scientific methods for testing and proving our hypothesis. However, unlike our ancestors, most scientists experience deeper scrutiny when it comes to presenting and explaining their findings to others. That’s why it’s important to ensure that your scientific presentation clearly relays the aim, vector, and thought process behind your research.

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Home Collections Geometry Arrows Hypothesis PowerPoint Template

Hypothesis PowerPoint Presentation Template & Google Slides

Hypothesis Presentation Slides

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Hypothesis ppt example

Create a strong foundation for your business with a clear and concise Research Design using our Hypothesis PPT Example. Our thesis PPT layout will help you organize the key factors and variables of your business hypothesis. This PowerPoint theme for business axioms comes with well-marked sections for the three elements of the business. The well-designed sections of this slide allow for a comprehensive presentation of the problem, its proposed solution, and the result. There is well-defined space below each section to allow for concise descriptions for each step of your business idea. All the elements of this hypothesis PPT template are fully customizable within the PowerPoint window itself. So, you can focus exclusively on your business marketing idea while our PPT theme ensures it is presented in its best form. This professionally designed slide will help you to better strategize your business’ future activities. Through this clear business design PPT theme, the process of designing a business hypothesis becomes much simpler, both in its conception and expression.

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Get the best out of your business idea with our Hypothesis PPT template slide. The font, size, color, and shapes are customizable in the theme to suit your needs. There are three sections in the slide, each well colored and designed to portray your ideas in the best light possible. This template also comes with a widescreen format to allow for projections on a wider screen. Thus slide layout is best suited to the contemporary world as it is usable both on Microsoft PowerPoint as well as on Google slides.

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July 10, 2021

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July 9, 2021

How-To Geek

6 ways to create more interactive powerpoint presentations.

Engage your audience with cool, actionable features.

Quick Links

• Add a QR code
• Embed Microsoft Forms (Education or Business Only)
• Embed a Live Web Page
• Add Links and Menus
• Add Clickable Images to Give More Info
• Add a Countdown Timer

We've all been to a presentation where the speaker bores you to death with a mundane PowerPoint presentation. Actually, the speaker could have kept you much more engaged by adding some interactive features to their slideshow. Let's look into some of these options.

1. Add a QR code

Adding a QR code can be particularly useful if you want to direct your audience to an online form, website, or video.

Some websites have in-built ways to create a QR code. For example, on Microsoft Forms , when you click "Collect Responses," you'll see the QR code option via the icon highlighted in the screenshot below. You can either right-click the QR code to copy and paste it into your presentation, or click "Download" to add it to your device gallery to insert the QR code as a picture.

In fact, you can easily add a QR code to take your viewer to any website. On Microsoft Edge, right-click anywhere on a web page where there isn't already a link, and left-click "Create QR Code For This Page."

You can also create QR codes in other browsers, such as Chrome.

You can then copy or download the QR code to use wherever you like in your presentation.

2. Embed Microsoft Forms (Education or Business Only)

If you plan to send your PPT presentation to others—for example, if you're a trainer sending step-by-step instruction presentation, a teacher sending an independent learning task to your students, or a campaigner for your local councilor sending a persuasive PPT to constituents—you might want to embed a quiz, questionnaire, pole, or feedback survey in your presentation.

In PowerPoint, open the "Insert" tab on the ribbon, and in the Forms group, click "Forms". If you cannot see this option, you can add new buttons to the ribbon .

As at April 2024, this feature is only available for those using their work or school account. We're using a Microsoft 365 Personal account in the screenshot below, which is why the Forms icon is grayed out.

Then, a sidebar will appear on the right-hand side of your screen, where you can either choose a form you have already created or opt to craft a new form.

Now, you can share your PPT presentation with others , who can click the fields and submit their responses when they view the presentation.

3. Embed a Live Web Page

You could always screenshot a web page and paste that into your PPT, but that's not a very interactive addition to your presentation. Instead, you can embed a live web page into your PPT so that people with access to your presentation can interact actively with its contents.

To do this, we will need to add an add-in to our PPT account .

Add-ins are not always reliable or secure. Before installing an add-in to your Microsoft account, check that the author is a reputable company, and type the add-in's name into a search engine to read reviews and other users' experiences.

To embed a web page, add the Web Viewer add-in ( this is an add-in created by Microsoft ).

Go to the relevant slide and open the Web Viewer add-in. Then, copy and paste the secure URL into the field box, and remove https:// from the start of the address. In our example, we will add a selector wheel to our slide. Click "Preview" to see a sample of the web page's appearance in your presentation.

This is how ours will look.

When you or someone with access to your presentation views the slideshow, this web page will be live and interactive.

4. Add Links and Menus

As well as moving from one slide to the next through a keyboard action or mouse click, you can create links within your presentation to direct the audience to specific locations.

To create a link, right-click the outline of the clickable object, and click "Link."

In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, click "Place In This Document," choose the landing destination, and click "OK."

What's more, to make it clear that an object is clickable, you can use action buttons. Open the "Insert" tab on the ribbon, click "Shape," and then choose an appropriate action button. Usefully, PPT will automatically prompt you to add a link to these shapes.

You might also want a menu that displays on every slide. Once you have created the menu, add the links using the method outlined above. Then, select all the items, press Ctrl+C (copy), and then use Ctrl+V to paste them in your other slides.

5. Add Clickable Images to Give More Info

Through PowerPoint's animations, you can give your viewer the power to choose what they see and when they see it. This works nicely whether you're planning to send your presentation to others to run through independently or whether you're presenting in front of a group and want your audience to decide which action they want to take.

Start by creating the objects that will be clickable (trigger) and the items that will appear (pop-up).

Then, select all the pop-ups together. When you click "Animations" on the ribbon and choose an appropriate animation for the effect you want to achieve, this will be applied to all objects you have selected.

The next step is to rename the triggers in your presentation. To do this, open the "Home" tab, and in the Editing group, click "Select", and then "Selection Pane."

With the Selection Pane open, select each trigger on your slide individually, and rename them in the Selection Pane, so that they can be easily linked to in the next step.

Finally, go back to the first pop-up. Open the "Animations" tab, and in the Advanced Animation group, click the "Trigger" drop-down arrow. Then, you can set the item to appear when a trigger is clicked in your presentation.

If you want your item to disappear when the trigger is clicked again, select the pop-up, click "Add Animation" in the Advanced Animation group, choose an Exit animation, and follow the same step to link that animation to the trigger button.

6. Add a Countdown Timer

A great way to get your audience to engage with your PPT presentation is to keep them on edge by adding a countdown timer. Whether you're leading a presentation and want to let your audience stop to discuss a topic, or running an online quiz with time-limit questions, having a countdown timer means your audience will keep their eye on your slide throughout.

To do this, you need to animate text boxes or shapes containing your countdown numbers. Choose and format a shape and type the highest number that your countdown clock will need. In our case, we're creating a 10-second timer.

Now, with your shape selected, open the "Animations" tab on the ribbon and click the animation drop-down arrow. Then, in the Exit menu, click "Disappear."

Open the Animation Pane, and click the drop-down arrow next to the animation you've just added. From there, choose "Timing."

Make sure "On Click" is selected in the Start menu, and change the Delay option to "1 second," before clicking "OK."

Then, with this shape still selected, press Ctrl+C (copy), and then Ctrl+V (paste). In the second box, type 9 . With the Animation Pane still open and this second shape selected, click the drop-down arrow and choose "Timing" again. Change the Start option to "After Previous," and make sure the Delay option is 1 second. Then, click "OK."

We can now use this second shape as our template, as when we copy and paste it again, the animations will also duplicate. With this second shape selected, press Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V, type 8 into the box, and continue to do the same until you get to 0 .

Next, remove the animations from the "0" box, as you don't want this to disappear. To do this, click the shape, and in the Animation Pane drop-down, click "Remove."

You now need to layer them in order. Right-click the box containing number 1, and click "Bring To Front." You will now see that box on the top. Do the same with the other numbers in ascending order.

Finally, you need to align the objects together. Click anywhere on your slide and press Ctrl+A. Then, in the Home tab on the ribbon, click "Arrange." First click "Align Center," and then bring the menu up again, so that you can click "Align Middle."

Press Ctrl+A again to select your timer, and you can then move your timer or copy and paste it elsewhere.

Press F5 to see the presentation in action, and when you get to the slide containing the timer, click anywhere on the slide to see your countdown timer in action!

Now that your PPT presentation is more interactive, make sure you've avoided these eight common presentational mistakes before you present your slides.

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Jan 01, 2020

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HYPOTHESIS. Moazzam Ali. Hypothesis Defined. Term derived from Greek word, hypotithenai meaning "to put under" or "to suppose" A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be

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HYPOTHESIS Moazzam Ali

Hypothesis Defined • Term derived from Greek word, hypotithenaimeaning "to put under" or "to suppose" • A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be • It is an informed/educated guess

Hypothesis Defined (contd.) • It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. • It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated • A hypothesis is never to be stated as a question, but always as a statement with an explanation following it.

Usage of the Term • In early usage, scholars often referred to a clever idea or to a convenient mathematical approach that simplified cumbersome calculations as a hypothesis- when used this way, the word did not necessarily have any specific meaning • In common usage in the 21st century, a hypothesis refers to a provisional idea whose merit requires evaluation

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HYPOTHESIS AND A PROBLEM • A problem is formulated in the form of a question; it serves as the basis or origin from which an hypothesis is derived • A hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem. A problem cannot be directly tested, whereas a hypothesis can be tested and verified • Both a hypothesis and a problem contribute to the body of knowledge which supports or refutes an existing theory

When Is A Hypothesis Formulated? • A hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study has been concluded • It is formulated when the researcher is totally aware of the theoretical and empirical background to the problem

The Purpose & Function of a Hypothesis • It offers explanations for the relationships between those variables that can be empirically tested • It furnishes proof that the researcher has sufficient background knowledge to enable him/her to make suggestions in order to extend existing knowledge • It gives direction to an investigation. • It indicates the next phase in the investigation and therefore furnishes continuity to the examination of the problem

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYPOTHESIS • It should have elucidating power • It should strive to furnish an acceptable explanation of the phenomenon • It must be verifiable • It must be formulated in simple, understandable terms • It should correspond with existing knowledge

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES • Hypotheses can be classified in terms of their derivation • Inductive Hypothesis • Deductive Hypothesis • Hypotheses can also be classified in terms of their formulation • Research Hypothesis • Statistical or Null Hypothesis

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES (contd.) • Inductive Hypothesis • When the researcher arrives at a conclusion based on a set of observations made by the researcher. An hypothesis based on inductive reasoning can lead to a more careful study of a situation • Deductive Hypothesis • When the researcher makes conclusions based on previously known facts. Considered more valid form of reasoning.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES (contd.) • Research Hypothesis • It is a relationship between variables and indicates the nature of the relationship For Example: • If A is valid, B follows • If you hit a child with a cane, he/she will cry • Schools in which pupil-teacher relations are open/friendly will have less unrest than comparable schools where pupil-teacher relations are closed/tense

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES (contd.) • Statistical or Null Hypothesis (H0) • A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true For Example: • There is no difference between pupil-teacher relations in unrest schools and pupil-teacher relations in comparable schools which experience no unrest

Formulating A Research Hypothesis • To formulate a research hypothesis: • We start with a research question and; • generate operational definitions for all variables and; • formulate a research hypothesis keeping in mind expected relationships or differences and operational definitions

Hypotheses and Prediction • A useful hypothesis is a testable statement which may include a prediction • Hypotheses are understood in terms of the particular independent and dependent variables that the researcher uses in the study

How Are Hypotheses Written? • Chocolate may cause pimples • Salt in soil may affect plant growth • Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light • Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature • Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer • Temperature may cause leaves to change color • All of these are examples of hypotheses because they use the tentative word "may” • However, using the word may does not suggest how the researcher would go about proving it. If these statements had not been written carefully, they may not have even been hypotheses at all • For example, if we say "Trees will change color when it gets cold" we are making a prediction • Or if we write, "Ultraviolet light causes skin cancer“, it could be a conclusion

Formalized Hypothesis • One way to avoid making a mistake while writing an hypothesis is to formalize the form of the hypothesis • For Example, 1. Ifskin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer. 2. If leaf color change is related to temperature , then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in changes in leaf color.

Formalized Hypothesis • Notice that the example statements contain the words, if and then. They are necessary in a formalized hypothesis. • But not all if-then statements are hypotheses. • For example, "If I play the lottery, then I will get rich." This is a simple prediction. • In a formalized hypothesis, a tentative relationship is stated. For example, “if the frequency of winning is related to frequency of buying lottery tickets, “THEN” is followed by a prediction of what will happen if you increase or decrease the frequency of buying lottery tickets. • TIP: If you always ask yourself that if one thing is related to another, then you should be able to test it

Variables In Formalized Hypothesis • Formalized hypotheses contain two variables. • Independent variable: is the variable that the researcher controls • Dependent variable: is the one that the researcher observes and/or measures the results of • In the example below, the dependent variable is blue and the independent variable is red • Ifskin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer

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• 1. Research Hypothesis By- Rahul Dhaker Lecturer, pcnms, Haldwani
• 2. • Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent guess or prediction, that gives directional to the researcher to answer the research question. • Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as the formal statement of the tentative or expected prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more variables in a specified population.
• 3. • A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables under study. • A hypothesis helps to translate the research problem and objective into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the study.
• 4. • Hypothesis is derived from the research problems, literature review and conceptual framework. • Hypothesis in a research project logically follow literature review and conceptual framework.
• 5. Hypothesis makes the following contributions in research study
• 6. Cont… • It provides clarity to the research problem and research objectives • It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or outcome of the research. • It indicates the type of research design. • It directs the research study process.
• 7. Cont… • It identifies the population of the research study that is to be investigated or examined. • It facilitates data collection, data analysis and data interpretation
• 8. Type of Hypothes is
• 9. Hypothesis Research Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Testable Hypothesis
• 10. Research Hypothesis Associative Hypothesis Causal Hypothesis Non – Directional Hypothesis Directional Hypothesis Complex Hypothesis Simple Hypothesis
• 11. Null Hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Complex Hypothesis Casual Hypothesis Associative Null Hypothesis
• 12. Testable Hypothesis
• 13. Research Hypothesis
• 14. Simple Hypothesis • simple hypothesis predicts that, there exist a relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.
• 15. Cont…simple hypothesis • Example- two hourly positions- changing of a fully bedridden patient will prevent bedsore. – In the above example 2 hourly position changing is independent variable and bedsore prevention is dependent variable. The statement shows that there exists a relationship between 2 hourly positioning and bedsore prevention.
• 16. Complex Hypothesis • complex hypothesis predicts that there exists relationship between two or more independent and dependent variable.
• 17. Cont…Complex Hypothesis • Example – for a fully bed ridden patent 2 hourly position changing, 2 hourly back care and a high protein diet will build up body resistance, will promote blood circulation and will prevent bedsore. – In the above example, three independent variable are:- A) 2 hourly position changing, B) 2 hourly back care, C) high protein diet. – And three dependent variable are:- a) promotion of blood circulation, B) building up of body resistance, C) prevention of bed sore.
• 18. Directional Hypothesis • Directional Hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. • Example- High quality of nursing education will lead to high quality of nursing practice skills.
• 19. Non directional Hypothesis • Non -directional Hypothesis predicts the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable but does not specific the directional of the relationship. • Example- teacher student relationship influence student’s learning.
• 20. Causal Hypothesis • Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship or interaction between the independent variable and dependent variable. This hypothesis predicts the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
• 21. Cont… • In this the independent variable is the experimental or treatment variable. The dependent variable is the outcome variable • Example – early postoperative ambulation will lead to prompt recovery.
• 22. Associative hypothesis • Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. • When there is a change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable.
• 23. Cont… • The associative relationship between the independent and dependent variables may have either. – Positive association – Negative association
• 24. Null hypothesis
• 25. Cont… • Null Hypothesis is also called statistical hypothesis because this type of hypothesis is used for statistical testing and statically interpretation. The null hypothesis predicts that, there is no relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.
• 26. • Example- Nasogastric tube feeding does not alter body temperature.
• 27. Simple null hypothesis • Example – bed rest will not relives sever asthmatic dyspnea. In the above example, the independent variable that is, bed rest does not have any causal relationship with the dependent variable that is, severe asthmatic dyspnea.
• 28. Complex null Hypothesis • Example- smoking, drug abuse, alcoholism, tobacco use etc. have no relationship in the occurrence of malaria, mumps or chicken pox.
• 29. Causal null Hypothesis • Example- high intake of fluid does not cause tissue oedema. In the above example, the independent variable, that is, high fluid intake does not have any causal relationship with the dependent variable such as, tissue oedema.
• 30. Associative null Hypothesis • Example- Increased does in antibiotics will not reduce body temperature
• 31. Testable Hypothesis • The testable hypothesis predicts relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable and theses variable are testable or measurable.
• 32. Cont… • Example – Increase in patient’s body temperature causes increase in patient’s pulse rate.
• 33. h Variabl R Dhaker, Lecturer S.N. College of Nursing, SGNR
• 34. • Research variables are defined as qualities, properties, characteristics, behaviors, attributes etc. of people- individuals or group, objects, situations, activities ect. That changes or vary. Variable are manipulable and measurable.
• 35. Type of Research Variables
• 36. Variable Independent variable Dependent variable Extraneous variable Environmental variable Demographic variable
• 37. Independent variable • Independent variable is the quality or property that can be manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable. It is also called experimental variable or treatment variable.
• 38. Dependent variable • Dependent variable is the quality or property or behavior or outcome that the researcher predicts and that occurs in response to the manipulation, experimentation or treatment of the independent variable. It is also called outcomes variable.
• 39. • Example- O2 administration to a highly nervous patient by a face mask instead of a nasal canula will cause less anxiety to the patient. – In this above example, the independent variable that is methods of O2, administration by face mask cause an effect on the dependent variable, that is patient’s state of anxiety. In this the independent variable that is methods of O2 administration is manipulated. Because O2, instead of face mask, may also be administration by a nasal canula and this may cause an influence on the dependent variable or there may be a different outcome such as, patient’s state of anxiety may be increased.
• 40. Extraneous variable • Extraneous variables exist in all type of research studies but the researcher does not include them for the research purpose. These are the variable which confuse or mix up the relationship between the variable and also interfere with the rational or causal relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.
• 41. Cont… • The researcher makes an attempt to identify those extraneous variables before the research study is initiated and thereby control the influence of extraneous variables on the research study through a specific research design or through statistical manipulation.
• 42. Cont… • Example- a clam and quite environment at bedtime at night will allow sound sleep to a patient in a general ward. – in the above example, the independent variable- clam and quite environment will have an effect on the dependent variable- sleep of patient at night.
• 43. Environmental variable • Environmental variable are the variables which compose a research setting where the research study is conducted. These variables are climate, family background, social background, institution setup, community setup, education setup etc. these variable are also some type of extraneous variable.
• 44. Cont… • In a descriptive or correlation research study where the study is conduct in a natural setting and where it is necessary to study the subjects’ behavior in a natural setting, the researcher makes no attempt to control or alter the environmental variables.
• 45. Demographic variables • Demographic variable are the qualities or property or characteristics of the subject under the research study and which are collected to describe sample. These variable are also called the sample characteristics.
• 46. Cont… • Example – subject who are under research study- age, gender, height, weight, build, movement, vision, hearing, speech, religion, marital status etc. are the demographic variables.
• 47. Assumpti on R Dhaker, Lecturer S.N. College of Nursing, SGNR
• 48. • Assumption are the statement of the basic principal or facts that are established and are universally accepted as true on the basis of logic or reasoning without verification or proof, though they may not have been scientifically tested.
• 49. Cont…Assumption • Assumption is picked up by the research from various sources. These source are previous research studies, theories, clinical fields etc.
• 50. Limitati on
• 51. • Limitation are the restrictions within a research study, which reduce the credibility or generalizability of the research findings. The limitations of the research study are also called the weak points of study.
• 52. Cont… limitation • It is necessary to recognize the limitations of the research study which might influence the research result.