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How To Write A Research Paper

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + FREE Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

For many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂 

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

  • How to write a research paper
  • Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
  • Stage 2 : Structure & outline
  • Stage 3 : Iterative writing
  • Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Research Paper Template

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

  • Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
  • Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
  • Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

example of research paper for grade 11

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

how to use google scholar

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Don’t fixate on an article’s citation count in isolation - relevance (to your research question) and recency are also very important.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

You need to have a rough outline in place before you start writing your paper - or you’ll end up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

  • Introduction
  • Literature review
  • Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail. 

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications . If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

  • To choose a research question and review the literature
  • To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
  • To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

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Practical Research chapter 1 2 and 3

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In the software industry, "Gadget" refers to computer programs that provide services without needing an independent application to be launched for each one, but instead run in an environment that manages multiple gadgets. There are several implementations based on existing software development techniques, like JavaScript, form input, and various image formats.

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example of research paper for grade 11

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The gadget is a sophisticated item that can present a variety of news media, social networking, hobbies, and even entertainment. The presence of gadgets today makes some people become dependent. If the gadget is damaged, they will repair the gadget itself or bring it to the service place. The problem in this study is the difficulty of finding information about the place of seller of gadget components and looking for a trusted service place, the nearest location and affordable prices. To overcome this problem, the author designed an application called Gadgetku.Id used a qualitative research method consisting of data collection, data analysis and system design. In this application have 2 main services, namely service and shop. The purpose of designing this application is to be able to assist users in finding a trusted service place, the nearest location, safe, scheduled and without the need to go to the service place and help to find gadget needs through the shop feature.

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Assessment on Level of Effectiveness of Practical Research 1 in Preparing Grade 11 Humanities and Social Sciences Strand Students for Practical Research II in Bestlink College of the Philippines

  • Abegael Airan
  • Susette Golilao
  • Jessica Madria
  • Jerimay Jadap
  • Ralphjay Pacquit
  • Midel Mirasol

This study will improve the students’ researching skills and learning abilities. These students who are doing research can share the best practices that are important for learners with other researchers. These students become confident in studying, increase their awareness and understanding of their colleagues, and become accountable for their classroom performance and learning, which is one of the most important goals of reflective researching through research. When these students consider their studies and can identify and acknowledge the issues and concerns of their classrooms and their co-students, they become empowered and independent to solve the problems in the school. The researchers used descriptive research to assess the effectiveness of Practical Research 1 in preparing Grade 11 Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Strand students. The researchers also administered a survey questionnaire to gather information from the students with a Monday-Wednesday-Friday schedule. A random sampling technique was utilized to select 100 HUMSS Strand respondents in Bestlink College of the Philippines. A total of 75 out of 100Grade 11 students indicated that the level of effectiveness for Practical Research 1 to prepare students for Practical Research II has effects on their academic performance, especially in terms of collaborative works and availability of learning materials because they suffer from this problem. A total of 65 out of 100Grade 11 students indicated that the research is the most important reason that can affect their comprehension. Meanwhile, the advantage was the main problem of other respondents. The researchers found that the level of effectiveness of Practical Research 1 in preparing Grade 11 HUMSS Strand students for Practical Research II is the main problem of students because other students may have a practical result, which affects their academic performance. The researchers suggested that a research seminar about practical research should be conducted to help the students improve their skills about their topics such as the benefits of research on the academic performance of the students.

example of research paper for grade 11

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Why Soda is Bad for You: the Health Risks

This essay about the detrimental effects of soda consumption on health. It highlights the risks associated with excessive sugar intake, including diabetes and obesity, as well as the negative impact on dental health due to acidic content. Even diet sodas pose risks due to artificial sweeteners and their potential effects on metabolism and gut health. Furthermore, soda consumption has been linked to cardiovascular issues and may even affect skeletal integrity over time. The essay emphasizes the importance of limiting soda intake and opting for healthier alternatives like water or tea for hydration.

How it works

Effervescent soda, with its saccharine effervescence and invigorating allure, has entrenched itself as a dietary mainstay across the globe. Despite its ubiquity, a mounting body of research and expert testimonies unveil substantial health hazards inherent in habitual soda consumption. From saccharine-laden colas to artificially sweetened diet variants, these libations exert deleterious effects on physical well-being that extend well beyond transient energy surges.

One of the most disconcerting facets of soda is its prodigious sugar quotient. A mere 12-ounce can of regular soda harbors approximately 10 teaspoons of sugar, predominantly in the guise of high fructose corn syrup.

Such egregious sugar ingestion engenders an abrupt surge in blood glucose levels, eliciting a commensurate insulin surge from the pancreas. Repeated glycemic spikes precipitate insulin resistance over time, a harbinger of type 2 diabetes. Cumulative evidence underscores that individuals imbibing sugary beverages daily are markedly predisposed to diabetes onset.

Moreover, apart from diabetes, heightened sugar consumption is inextricably linked to corpulence. Liquid sucrose from soda fails to confer satiety akin to solid sustenance, fomenting augmented caloric intake overall. This calorific surplus accrues as adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat. Soda aficionados are disproportionately susceptible to corpulence, a condition concomitant with myriad health maladies such as cardiovascular ailments and metabolic derangement.

In addition to the perils of sugar, the acidic milieu of soda precipitates profound repercussions on dental integrity. Phosphoric acid and citric acid, prevalent constituents in sodas, corrode dental enamel and furnish an environment conducive to caries formation. The lofty sugar content exacerbates this predicament by furnishing a microbial banquet that further imperils dental health. Habitual soda indulgence invariably fosters accelerated dental caries and attendant odontological tribulations.

Even ostensibly healthier diet sodas, bereft of sucrose, harbor their own panoply of risks. Synthetic sweeteners like aspartame and sucralose have been implicated in metabolic perturbations that paradoxically augment appetite and cravings. Emerging evidence posits that habitual diet soda imbibers exhibit exacerbated weight gain vis-a-vis non-consumers over time. Certain investigations have raised apprehensions regarding artificial sweeteners’ deleterious effects on gut microflora, potentially compromising digestive and immune function.

The impact of soda on cardiovascular health represents another pressing concern. Epidemiological inquiries have evinced a correlative relationship between habitual sugar-laden beverage ingestion and heightened risks of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular morbidity. These sequelae are exacerbated by soda’s high caloric load and attendant adiposity often accompanying its consumption.

In addition to the myriad health risks enumerated above, phosphoric acid, utilized in soda formulations to bolster flavor and extend shelf life, may exact a toll on skeletal integrity. Phosphoric acid interferes with calcium assimilation, potentially engendering osteopenia or osteoporosis over time, especially when soda supplants calcium-rich beverages like milk in one’s dietary regimen.

In summation, the evidence proffered unequivocally attests to the deleterious ramifications of soda consumption, both regular and diet. Excessive sugar, acidity, artificial sweeteners, and chemical adjuncts coalesce to furnish a concoction deleterious to metabolic, cardiovascular, and odontological health. While sporadic soda imbibition may not elicit cataclysmic repercussions, habitual indulgence warrants circumspection. Healthful alternatives such as water, unadulterated tea, or sparkling water furnish hydration and invigoration sans jeopardizing one’s well-being.

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  4. THE IMPACT OF GADGETS IN LEARNING AMONG GRADE 11 STUDENTS

    Independent sample t test was opted to validate the findings of this study. The data was further segregated to analyze the difference of academic performance in female and male students. ... National High School Senior High School Urdaneta City November 2017 THE IMPACT OF GADGETS IN LEARNING AMONG GRADE 11 STUDENTS A Research Paper Presented to ...

  5. How To Write A Research Paper (FREE Template

    Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature. As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question.More specifically, that's called a research question, and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What's important to understand though is that you'll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources - for ...

  6. 11th Grade Writing Research Papers Teaching Resource

    Browse our printable 11th Grade Writing Research Papers Teaching Resource resources for your classroom. Download free today!

  7. PDF RESEARCH PAPER (2019) GRADE 11 January 2019

    RESEARCH PAPER (2019) -GRADE 11 January 2019 Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri 28 Research Topics 29 Research ... Sample Research Paper Page 27. RESEARCH PAPER REQUIREMENTS Requirements: ... A. Research paper will count as (a) class grade (b) 10% of your final exam grade. B. Research paper PROGRESS grades, and other grades, will be used in the 3rd quarter. ...

  8. PDF 11th Grade Research Paper REQUIREMENTS

    An approved literary topic. The BODY of the paper should be 3-5 double-spaced, typed pages using font size 12 and Times New Roman script. Your paper should have one-inch margins on each side. Two full pages and a partial 3rd page will not meet the minimum requirements for this paper. Follow the format in the MLA HANDBOOK FOR WRITERS OF RESEARCH ...

  9. Grade 11 Stem Group 2 Practical Research 1

    Grade 11 Stem Group 2 Practical Research 1 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document provides an overview of a research study on the perceptions of students at Salinungan Stand-Alone Senior High School towards the impact of technology in new normal education. The study aims to understand how ...

  10. PDF Fig Tree of Knowledge

    Fig Tree of Knowledge - Home

  11. Grade 11: Literacy in Social Studies

    This Grade 11 unit titled " Literacy in Social Studies: Research Paper " cited on schools.nyc.gov is designed to take students through the process of researching and writing a formal research paper. The skill-building lessons (research and argument writing) and the formative assessments in this unit are designed to take place over the ...

  12. FORMAT FOR RESEARCH PAPER FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE 11 AND ...

    FORMAT-FOR-RESEARCH-PAPER-FOR-SENIOR-HIGH-SCHOOL-GRADE-11-AND-GRADE-12-AND-fACULTY-RESEARCHERS-1 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. ang ipinagbabawal na teknik

  13. Practical Research chapter 1 2 and 3

    Here in this paper we proposed a virtual class environment by applying off the shelf cot integration methodologies in a traditional classroom, the model we proposed helps to remove the boundaries between tele-education and physical classroom activities in terms of the teacher's experience and seamlessly integrates these two currently separate educational practices.

  14. Delving into Human Behavior: the Art of Naturalistic Observation

    Essay Example: In the vast landscape of psychological research, one methodology stands out for its ability to capture the essence of human behavior in its most authentic form: naturalistic observation. Far from the sterile confines of a laboratory, naturalistic observation ventures into the

  15. The Experiences of Grade 11 Fidelis Senior High School Technical

    This paper aims to profoundly understand the experiences of Grade 11 TVL-ICT students of FAITH Fidelis Senior High towards their subject, Empowerment Technology or E-tech.

  16. GRADE 11 (AS 01) : Module 1: First Quarter

    G11-MODULE_PRACTICAL-RESEARCH-1_Q1 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free.

  17. Assessment on Level of Effectiveness of Practical Research 1 in

    The researchers used descriptive research to assess the effectiveness of Practical Research 1 in preparing Grade 11 Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) Strand students. The researchers also administered a survey questionnaire to gather information from the students with a Monday-Wednesday-Friday schedule. A random sampling technique was ...

  18. The Influence of Music on Brain Function and Emotional Well-being

    Essay Example: Music transcends cultural and geographic boundaries, serving as a universal language that profoundly impacts human life. This essay delves into how music influences brain function and emotional well-being, incorporating findings from scientific research and theoretical frameworks

  19. PDF Enhancing the Performance Reading Comprehension Skills of Grade 11 TVL

    Grade 11 TVL students, S.Y. 2019-2020. Research Population and Sample The Grade 11-TVL students comprised of 23 males and 10 females, with a total of 33 students. All were selected to take and answer the worksheets from englishforeveryone.com that were projected using PDFs, PPTs, wondershare, and/or using their mobile phones. Research Instrument

  20. Grade 11 Final Research

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  21. 2019 Research GRADE 11 1 .pdf

    View 2019 Research GRADE 11 (1).pdf from AA 1TYPE OF TASK: RESEARCH SUBJECT : GEOGRAPHY CODE GRADE TERM : GEOG : 11 : THREE DRAFT OF INSTRUCTIONS ANDWEIGHTING INFORMATION TO CAPS %EDUCATORS : 20 AND. ... Select any example visualization or infographic and imagine the contextual factors have changed: If the selected project was a static work ...

  22. Health Literacy: the Path to Better Health Outcomes

    Essay Example: Health literacy, an indispensable yet frequently underestimated facet of healthcare, delineates the proficiency to acquire, comprehend, and employ health information to render enlightened determinations concerning one's well-being. This concept transcends mere literacy; it encompasses

  23. Welcome to the Purdue Online Writing Lab

    Mission. The Purdue On-Campus Writing Lab and Purdue Online Writing Lab assist clients in their development as writers—no matter what their skill level—with on-campus consultations, online participation, and community engagement. The Purdue Writing Lab serves the Purdue, West Lafayette, campus and coordinates with local literacy initiatives.

  24. K 12 Grade 11 Practical Research 1 Simplified

    K 12 Grade 11 Practical Research 1 Simplified - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. Practical Research

  25. Research Format Grade 11

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  26. Why Soda is Bad for You: the Health Risks

    In addition to the perils of sugar, the acidic milieu of soda precipitates profound repercussions on dental integrity. Phosphoric acid and citric acid, prevalent constituents in sodas, corrode dental enamel and furnish an environment conducive to caries formation. The lofty sugar content exacerbates this predicament by furnishing a microbial ...

  27. Grade 11 Research Format Qualitative

    Grade 11 Research Format Qualitative - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. TECH-VOC Research