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Disaster Management Essay

Essay on Disaster Management

Disaster Management is the arrangement and management of the resources following a disaster, be it natural or man-made. There are so many organizations who are dealing with various types of disastrous situations from the humanitarian aspect. Some disasters are just the consequences of human hazards and some are caused by natural calamity. However, we can prevent them by taking the necessary emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disasters cannot be predicted, they can take place anywhere at any time. 

Vedantu has provided an essay on Disaster management on this page. Students who have received an assignment to write an essay on Disaster Management or preparing an essay for examination can refer to this page to understand the pattern. Any student or parent can directly visit Vedantu site or download the app on the phone to get access to the study materials.  

Disaster Management’ is the simple term of management which embraces loads of disaster-related activities. Disaster occurs frequently in some parts of the world. Japan is the best example of it. Japanese people are annoyed on Tsunamis and earthquakes. The local scene is not much different from the global one. No one could forget the cyclone in Orissa, Earthquake in Gujarat or even the Mumbai Terrorist Attack.

Natural and man-made are the two categories of the disaster. Natural disasters are those which occurred due to sudden changes in the environment or topography causing uncountable human as well as economic loss. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and cloudbursts are few of the natural disasters. Manual intentional made disasters are man-made disasters. For example, Gas leakage, terrorist attacks, fire, oil spills. Man-made disasters are the result of human intentions or might be because of workmanship or technical errors. The count of man-made and natural disasters is rising rapidly.

Here are a few things which will help us to deal with earthquakes. The significant information about Natural calamities is predicted easier and is being shared within the public by the central bureau. Furthermore, earthquake-resistant structures are constructed considering, ‘Precaution is Better Than Cure’. Reflexes are made so strong that cover of solid platforms such as a table and chair should be taken as soon as the danger is sensible while the cover of trees, electric poles or buildings is avoided as far as possible. Keep in touch with local news during heavy rainy days. Any flood is preceded with significant time. Making proper use of divine buffer time for safety is advisable. Strategically planning of water reservoirs, land uses, tree plantation, rainwater harvesting techniques help us increase immunity power to fight against the drought. 

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), American Red Cross, Federal Emergency Management Agency, International Association of Emergency Managers etc. are the best disaster management authorities. NDMA is a core body which obeys the law of Disaster Management. The reputed disaster managers are stuck in finding plans for rescuing from the loss of disaster. Moreover, to counteract the effect of disaster Rajya Sabha passed the ‘Disaster Management Act’ on 23 December 2005 which includes 11 chapters and 79 sections in it. Honourable Prime Minister of India Mr Narendra Modi holds the position of chairman of it. 

Youngsters should motivate themselves to learn and practice plenty of disaster management techniques and arrange the camps regarding it. Today, everyone is fighting against one of the breathtaking disasters named COVID-19 which is as big as fighting in world war. Avoiding the crowd, wearing the mask are the basic precautions suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) during this period of fighting. This disease spreads mostly amongst the people who come in close contact with the infected one. So, it's suggested to keep a safe distance of around 3 meters within the others. This is being termed as ‘Social Distancing’. Nature is not cruel nor is it human. Just small management skills help us withstand before, in and after disasters. Uncountable suggestions and instructions in disaster management but few which apply every time must be followed.

Stages of Disaster Management

With proper implementation and structured action, we can prevent or lessen the impact of natural or man-made disasters. There are certain stages involving the cycle for disaster management plan which incorporates policies and emergency responses required for a prospectively complete recovery. The stages are –

The most preferred way to deal with disasters is to be proactive in their prevention rather than rushing later for their cure. This implies recognition of potential hazards and working towards infrastructure to mitigate their impact. This stage in the management cycle involves setting up permanent measures to minimize disaster risk.

Setting up an evacuation plan in a school, training the teachers to lead the students towards safe structures in the event of earthquake, tornado or fire, planning a strong base for high raised sky-scrapers to prepare for earthquakes and designing a city in such a manner that reduces the risk of flooding are some examples of measures takes for disaster prevention.

Mitigation is the first and the foremost attempt to save human lives during the time of disaster or their recovery from the aftermath. The measures which are taken can be both structural and non-structural.

Structural mitigation measures could include transforming the physical characteristics of a building or the surroundings to curb the effect, for example, clearing out of the trees around your house, ensuring that storms don’t knock down the trees and send them crashing into the house. Non-structural measures could include amending the building or locality codes to enhance safety and prevent disasters.

Preparedness

Preparedness is a process that involves a social community where the trained, or the head of the community, businesses and institutions demonstrate the plan of action which is supposed to be executed during the event of a disaster. It is an ongoing continuous process with anticipation of a calamity, which involves training, evaluating and taking corrective action with the highest level of alertness. Some examples of such prevention measures are fire drills, shooter drills and evacuation rehearsals.

The response is the action taken after the disaster has occurred to retrieve some life from it. It includes short-term and long-term responses. In ideal situations, the disaster-management leader will coordinate the use of resources in the restoration process and minimize the risk of further property damage.

During this stage, the area of the calamity is cleared if it poses any further threat to human as well as environmental life. For example, evacuation of the city of Chernobyl, Ukraine, is a responsive action against a disaster.

The fifth and last stage in the process of the disaster management plan is the recovery stage. This can sometimes take years or decades to happen. The larger mass of a city is also sometimes part of the recovery from a disaster. The greatest and the most infamous example of this is the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear attacks on Japan, it took the people of those cities years and decades to recover from that man-made calamity.

It took years of effort to stabilize the area and restore essential community or individual functions. The recovery stage prioritizes the basic essential needs of human survival like food, drinkable water, utilities, transportation and healthcare over less-essential services. Eventually, this stage is all about coordinating with individuals, communities and businesses to help each other to restore a normal or a new normal, as in the case of Covid-19.

How to Act as a Responsible Person During a Time of Disaster?

Some people have more experience than others with managing natural or man-made disasters and their prevention of them. Although this is that subject of life which should be studied and implemented by every business or community. As it is said rightly, “prevention is better than cure”, and any organization or an individual or a community can be hit by a disaster sooner or later, whether it's something as minor as a prolonged power cut or a life-threatening hurricane or an earthquake. Usually, the pandemics train us, as a social and political community, to deal with natural calamities and compel the organizations responsible for it, to build an infrastructure for its prevention.

To act responsibly and pro-actively during the event of a disaster, we have got to be prepared and equipped as a nation, individually and as a social community. To be well-educated and read with the aspects of disaster management is to be responsible for the handling of it.

FAQs on Disaster Management Essay

1. What is Disaster Management?

In simpler words, disaster management can be defined as the arrangement of resources and precautions to deal with all humanitarian aspects during an emergency. Disasters are the consequences of natural or human hazards. Earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes are some of the deadliest natural disasters to name a few. Examples of man-made disasters are bomb blast, radiations, transport accidents, terrorist attacks etc.

2. What is the Main Aim of Disaster Management?

The main aim of disaster management is prevention, rescue and recovery from the trauma, and development.

3. How to Write an Essay on Disaster Management?

Disaster management refers to the response to an emergency situation to make it as normal as possible. While writing an essay on Disaster Management, you can start with an introduction, then go on with the definition, the types of disaster management, a little in-depth explanation along with examples, and finish it off with a conclusion. 

4. Can I Get a Sample Essay on Disaster Management from Vedantu?

Yes, the essay mentioned on this page is about Disaster Management. This essay has been written by the experts of Vedantu keeping the understanding ability of the students of each class. 

5. What are the career opportunities in the field of Disaster management?

People looking for career opportunities in the field of disaster management have many pathways to approach it. Some examples of the jobs relating to this line of work are crisis-management leader, disaster-assistance specialist and emergency-planning coordinator. These are the roles which call for varying levels of responsibility in preparing a city or a company for catastrophic events. The job roles can be approached with earning a master’s degree in emergency and crisis management.

Disaster Management Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on disaster management.

Nature has various manifestations both gentle as well as aggressive. We see how sometimes it is so calm while the other times it becomes fierce. The calm side is loved by everyone, of course, however, when the ferocious side is shown, devastation happens. As humans cannot control everything, certain things of nature are out of our control.

Similarly, when natural disasters happen, humans cannot control them. However, we can prevent them. In other words, whenever a calamitous situation arises that may disturb the life and ecosystem, we need emergency measures to save and preserve lives. As natural disaster are not predictable, they can take place anywhere at any time. To understand disaster management thoroughly, we need to first identify the types of disasters.

Types of Disasters

If we look at the disasters that have taken place earlier, we can easily say that nature is not merely responsible for them to happen. They happen due to other reasons too. This is why we have classified them in different categories. First comes the natural disasters which are caused by natural processes. They are the most dangerous disaster to happen which causes loss of life and damage to the earth. Some of the deadliest natural disasters are earthquakes , floods, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, and more.

As no country is spared from any kind of disasters, India also falls in the same category. In fact, the geographical location of India makes it a very disaster-prone country. Each year, India faces a number of disasters like floods, earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, cyclones, droughts and more. When we look at the man-made disasters, India suffered the Bhopal Gas Tragedy as well as the plague in Gujarat. To stop these incidents from happening again, we need to strengthen our disaster management techniques to prevent destructive damage.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Disaster Management

Disaster management refers to the efficient management of resources and responsibilities that will help in lessening the impact of the disaster. It involves a well-planned plan of action so we can make effective efforts to reduce the dangers caused by the disaster to a minimum.

Most importantly, one must understand that disaster management does not necessarily eliminate the threat completely but it decreases the impact of the disaster. It focuses on formulating specific plans to do so. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India is responsible for monitoring the disasters of the country. This organization runs a number of programs to mitigate the risks and increase the responsiveness.

Proper disaster management can be done when we make the citizens aware of the precautionary measures to take when they face emergency situations. For instance, everyone must know we should hide under a bed or table whenever there is an earthquake. Thus, the NDMA needs to take more organized efforts to decrease the damage that disasters are causing. If all the citizens learn the basic ways to save themselves and if the government takes more responsive measures, we can surely save a lot of life and vegetation.

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Essay on Disaster Management for Students

Essay on Disaster Management: Disasters can strike communities suddenly and without warning. Being prepared to respond effectively can save lives and limit damage. Disaster management encompasses the prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery related to emergencies and disasters. Learning about disaster management helps students understand how communities can become more resilient. This essay provides an overview of key disaster management concepts for students.

What is a Disaster?

A disaster is a serious disruption to a community that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss that exceeds the community’s ability to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be caused by natural hazards like floods, earthquakes or storms, or by human-caused hazards like fires, wars or terrorist attacks.

Some key facts about disasters:

• Disasters can occur suddenly, with little or no warning.
• The effects of disasters can last for long periods.
• Disasters often damage critical infrastructure like roads, bridges and power lines.
• Disasters disproportionately affect vulnerable groups including women, children, the elderly and the poor.

What is Disaster Management?

Disaster management is the process of preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. The goal is to reduce the harmful effects of all hazards, including disasters.

The main elements of disaster management include:

• Mitigation – Taking action to reduce risk and damage from disasters. This includes assessments of hazards and vulnerabilities.
• Preparedness – Planning and preparing to respond in case a disaster occurs. This includes training, exercises, and stockpiling supplies.
• Response – Taking action immediately before, during, or after a disaster to save lives and limit damage. This includes providing emergency assistance.
• Recovery – Returning the community to normal after a disaster. This includes rebuilding damaged property and restoring services.

Disaster management requires coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-profits, the private sector and the whole community.

Disaster Management Plans

Communities use disaster management plans to outline how they will manage all aspects of disasters. Plans aim to build resilience and capability to withstand disasters.

Effective disaster management plans typically cover:

• Identifying hazards and assessing risks
• Upgrading infrastructure
• Enforcing building codes
• Educating the public
• Protecting ecosystems

Preparedness

• Developing emergency response plans and procedures
• Creating incident management systems with clear roles and responsibilities
• Acquiring equipment and supplies for emergency response
• Training personnel to carry out response plans and procedures
• Conducting drills and exercises to test plans and skills
• Activating emergency operations centers to coordinate response
• Conducting search and rescue operations
• Providing medical assistance to the injured
• Meeting basic human needs like food, water, shelter
• Managing communications and public information
• Assessing damage and developing recovery plans
• Repairing critical infrastructure like roads, bridges and utilities
• Providing mental health and social services support
• Rebuilding homes, businesses and public facilities
• Restoring jobs , services and normal community functions

Having comprehensive plans covering all aspects of disaster management will help communities minimize damages and recover more quickly when disasters do occur.

Essay on Disaster Management for Students (150 Words)

Disaster management aims to reduce the harmful impacts of emergencies and disasters. Key responsibilities include identifying risks, making plans, educating the public, coordinating resources, responding urgently to save lives, and helping communities recover.

Disaster managers build resilience by assessing hazards, mitigating risks, preparing response plans, training personnel, stockpiling resources, conducting drills, enacting safety codes and policies, educating the public, providing warnings, facilitating evacuations, offering emergency shelter and aid, restoring critical services, supporting emotional recovery, and rebuilding. With careful planning and coordination, disaster managers help communities bounce back after disasters.

Essay on Disaster Management in 250 Words

Disasters can cause widespread destruction and suffering. However proactive disaster management can help reduce adverse impacts on people, property and the environment.

Prevention involves steps like land-use planning, safety codes and risk awareness education to avoid hazards or minimize exposure. Mitigation includes strengthening infrastructure, developing warning systems, and protecting natural buffers like wetlands or forests.

Preparedness means making response plans, training responders, stockpiling supplies, educating the public, and conducting simulation drills.

Response requires mobilizing emergency services, transporting supplies, operating shelters and hospitals, search and rescue, and securing order. Recovery involves rebuilding damaged property, restoring disrupted services, providing financial assistance, and supporting community well-being.

Coordinated disaster management engages whole communities. It requires collaboration between emergency managers, government agencies, nonprofits, private entities, and community members. When all stakeholders work together to promote resilience, communities are better able to withstand and bounce back after disasters.

Essay on Disaster Management in 300 Words

Disasters can quickly overwhelm communities’ normal coping capacities. Both natural hazards like earthquakes, floods or storms, and human-caused hazards like fires, chemical spills or wars can have devastating impacts if communities are not prepared.

Disaster management aims to avoid hazards when possible and minimize vulnerability to those that cannot be avoided. This requires planning before disaster strikes. Responsibilities include identifying risks, educating the public on how to stay safe, making evacuation and response plans, stockpiling supplies, training specialized personnel, conducting simulation drills and exercises, and putting early warning systems and emergency communications procedures in place.

When disasters do strike, priorities include conducting search and rescue operations, attending to the injured or displaced, providing food and shelter, restoring disrupted utilities, enforcing order, and managing communications and public information.

After disasters, the focus shifts to assessing damages, rebuilding destroyed property, restoring jobs and services, providing financial assistance, and supporting community wellbeing. Recovery may take months or years. Reducing future risk is also part of recovery.

Effective disaster management requires coordination across government, the private sector, nonprofits and the whole community. When all stakeholders collaborate to promote resilience before, during and after disasters, communities suffer less harm and bounce back faster.

Essay on Disaster Management in 500 Words

Introduction.

Disasters can lead to widespread destruction and suffering. Disaster management aims to avoid hazards when possible, reduce vulnerability and disaster impacts, and support recovery. With thoughtful disaster planning and coordination across sectors, communities can become more resilient.

Disaster management plans aim to build resilience by addressing all aspects of emergency response and recovery. They identify risks and vulnerabilities. They make preparations to improve response capabilities and coordination. Plans outline roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders involved in disaster management.

Key elements of disaster management plans include:

• Identifying hazards and vulnerable sectors
• Assessing risks and potential impacts
• Reducing risks by strengthening infrastructure, protecting ecosystems, improving building codes and educating the public
• Creating incident response plans with standard operating procedures
• Acquiring response resources like equipment, supplies and backup systems
• Forming partnerships and mutual aid agreements to coordinate capabilities
• Training emergency personnel and conducting simulation exercises
• Activating emergency operations centers and incident command structures
• Alerting the public, providing instructions, and coordinating evacuations
• Conducting search and rescue, fire suppression, and medical triage operations
• Securing access control and maintaining law and order
• Assessing damages and developing recovery action plans
• Clearing debris and restoring critical utilities and public services
• Supporting community well-being through counseling programs
• Rebuilding damaged homes, businesses, and public infrastructure

Challenges of Disaster Management

Disaster management faces many challenges, including limited resources, unpredictability of disasters, and difficulty coordinating across many stakeholders. Vulnerable groups often bear disproportionate impacts and take longer to recover. Politics can complicate disaster response and recovery. Addressing these challenges requires inclusive planning, cultural sensitivity, transparent systems, and adaptable leadership .

With climate change increasing extreme weather events, disasters are likely to become more frequent and intense. Investing in disaster preparedness and coordination pays off in reduced suffering and faster recovery. It takes participation from all sectors to build community resilience. Disaster management skills help students be better prepared to lead emergency response and recovery efforts in their future careers .

Essay on Disaster Management for Class 9

Disasters can cause terrible destruction, so communities must plan carefully to minimize harm. Disaster management aims to reduce risks and vulnerabilities before disaster strikes. Then if disasters do occur, response efforts focus on saving lives and meeting basic needs. Recovery rebuilding the damaged property and restoring disrupted services follow, to bring the community back to normal.

Individuals and families can prepare by learning evacuation routes and making preparedness kits with emergency supplies. Schools and workplaces need plans to safely shelter in place if needed, and procedures to guide evacuation. Communities can assess risks and take steps to reduce them, like improving drainage systems, securing hazardous materials, and protecting natural buffers from development.

When disasters strike, first responders like firefighters, police and paramedics react immediately to save lives. Government agencies activate emergency plans, operate shelters, and coordinate relief supplies. Businesses may donate resources or provide volunteers. The media keeps the public informed on response efforts. Everyone has a role to play.

After disasters, assessments of damage determine priorities for rebuilding homes, businesses and infrastructure. Government disaster assistance funds help people recover losses. Mental health services are crucial too, to help people cope with trauma. It can take months or years for communities to fully recover. But with coordinated efforts, they can emerge even stronger than before.

Essay on Disaster Management in India

With its vulnerability to natural hazards like floods, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides, disaster management is a key priority for India. Institutional mechanisms to promote disaster resilience include the National Disaster Management Authority and the National Disaster Response Force at the national level, and State Disaster Management Authorities at the state level.

When major disasters strike, these bodies coordinate response and recovery across government agencies, the armed forces, civil society organizations and international aid.

Some key measures India has taken to improve its disaster management capabilities include:

• Hazard risk mapping to identify vulnerable regions and communities
• Upgrading forecasting systems for weather and natural hazards
• Strengthening communication networks and early warning systems
• Improving building codes and infrastructure standards
• Expanding disaster response training and equipping response forces
• Building community awareness and preparedness through mock drills
• Mainstreaming disaster management into development planning

However, there are still gaps. The response could be quicker and more effective if procedures were more cohesive across states and agencies. Recovery efforts often neglect vulnerable groups and remote areas. There are not enough trained personnel or supplies ready to deploy for major disasters. Disasters continue to catch India off guard when contingency planning and preparation fall short.

With growing risks of climate change, India must build on progress made in disaster management infrastructure, while also addressing remaining preparedness and response gaps. Revamping disaster governance frameworks could improve coordination. Inclusive planning and regional cooperation could broaden resilience capabilities. Investing further in disaster preparedness and management will reduce risks and help India rebound stronger.

Frequently Asked Questions on Disaster Management

1. what are the 4 phases of disaster management.

The 4 main phases of disaster management are:

• Mitigation  – Taking preventive measures to reduce risk and damage from potential disasters.
• Preparedness  – Making plans and preparations to save lives and ensure an effective response in case a disaster strikes.
• Response  – Taking urgent action during and immediately after a disaster to meet basic human needs and reduce negative impacts.
• Recovery  – Returning the community to normal after a disaster by rebuilding and restoring services.

2. What are the 3 Types of Disasters?

The 3 main types of disasters are:

• Natural disasters  – Caused by natural hazards like floods, storms, wildfires and earthquakes.
• Technological disasters  – Caused by accidents or breakdowns of technology, like industrial accidents, infrastructure failures or nuclear disasters.
• Human-caused disasters  – Caused by human decisions, negligence or malicious intent, like wars, riots or terrorism.

3. How is Disaster Management Important?

Disaster management is extremely important because it helps:

• Save lives by enhancing preparedness and response capabilities
• Reduce economic losses and property damage through mitigation
• Limit social and environmental disruption by quick recovery
• Build resilience within communities to withstand and bounce back after disasters
• Protect critical infrastructure and ensure continuity of essential services
• Support the physical health, mental well-being and social needs of affected people
• Coordinate capabilities across government, private sector, nonprofits and community
• Apply lessons from each disaster to continuously improve management capabilities

Shobhit is the founder of Ishiksha, content writer and educator who has been creating educational content since 2021. His writing covers topics like science, technology, and the humanities. When he isn't writing, Shobhit enjoys reading nonfiction, watching documentaries, and going on nature walks.

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Disaster Management Essay

Disasters can be difficult to manage. People need to have a plan for when a disaster happens. They need to know what to do and where to go. Disasters can be a challenge for governments. They need to be prepared to help people who have been affected by a disaster. Here are a few sample essays on ‘ Disaster Management ’.

100 Words Essay On Disaster Management

200 words essay on disaster management, preparing for disasters : early warning systems, 500 words essay on disaster management.

Natural disasters, like hurricanes and earthquakes, floods are something everyone is familiar with. But there are also man-made disasters, like factory explosions and nuclear accidents that need attention. Disasters can happen anywhere in the world, and they can cause a lot of damage. Properties can be destroyed, people can get hurt or killed, and the environment can be damaged. Disaster management is the process of dealing with disasters.

This includes preparing for disasters, responding to disasters, and recovering from disasters. There are a lot of different aspects to disaster management, and it's a complex process. A well-functioning early warning system can be the difference between life and death in a disaster situation. That’s why it’s important to make sure you're prepared by having one in place.

Disasters come in all shapes and sizes, and can have a wide range of impacts on people, property, and the environment. It's important to understand these impacts before a disaster happens, so that you can be better prepared to respond.

For example, a typhoon can cause damage to homes and businesses, lead to widespread power outages, and contaminate water supplies with salt water. A wildfire can destroy acres of forest land, damage homes and other buildings, and cause air pollution.

Each disaster has its own unique set of impacts, which is why it's important to develop a plan tailored to your specific community or organisation. By understanding the potential impacts of disasters, you can make sure that your plan is as robust as possible.

Disasters can happen anywhere and at any time. That's why it's important to have a plan in place, and one of the most important aspects of that plan is having an effective early warning system.

An early warning system gives people the chance to take shelter and evacuate before a disaster hits. It also allows emergency crews to respond more quickly and effectively when they do arrive.

There are many different types of early warning systems, and each one has its own strengths and weaknesses. It's important to choose the right system for your community, and to make sure that it's properly maintained and updated.

Disasters can happen anytime, anywhere. A disaster can be a natural event, such as a hurricane or an earthquake, or it can be a man-made event, such as a terrorist attack. Disasters can cause a lot of damage and can disrupt people's lives. People can die in a disaster and many people can be injured. People can also lose their homes and their jobs.

Developing Effective Disaster Management Strategies

Disaster management isn't easy. It takes a lot of preparation, and even more on-the-ground coordination and execution when a disaster actually happens. That's why it's important to develop effective disaster management strategies well in advance.

Here are a few things to keep in mind when creating disaster management strategy:

Identify all potential risks and hazards

Create emergency response plans for each potential risk

Train your team on how to respond to emergencies

Make sure your team is familiar with the evacuation procedures

Test your emergency response plans regularly

The Role of Governments In Disaster Risk Reduction

Governments usually have a bigger role to play in disaster risk reduction than individuals. It is their responsibility to develop risk management plans and strategies to reduce the risk of disasters. They can also promote public awareness campaigns, provide subsidies and other financial support to vulnerable people, and build more resilient infrastructure like dams and flood walls.

The governments should also work on building an efficient early warning system. This system should be able to detect potential hazards early enough so that people can take preventive measures. The government should also have plans and resources ready for post-disaster relief operations so that the affected areas can get help as quickly as possible.

Moreover, governments should provide incentives for people who build their homes with materials that can withstand natural disasters such as earthquakes. There should also be policies that encourage businesses to adopt better safety and evacuation procedures in case of a disaster. Finally, all governments must ensure proper governance of disaster management systems so that they are effective in reducing risks.

Utilising Technology For Improved Disaster Management

It is important to also utilise technology to better manage disasters. Technology is constantly improving, making it easier to provide warnings and alerts when a disaster is imminent. For example, satellite imagery and drone footage can be used to assess the extent of damage after a disaster, allowing for rapid response and relief efforts.

Using sensor networks, it is possible to detect the severity and location of a natural disaster before it strikes or even track its progress in real-time. This data can be used for various predictions about the path and strength of the disaster, enabling authorities to take preventive steps before it has done too much damage.

Technology can also be invaluable in providing relief efforts during and after a crisis. Smartphones have revolutionised communication networks, allowing people affected by disasters to inform family members quickly when they are safe. Finally, online donation campaigns are becoming popular ways for people around the world to contribute towards relief efforts after natural disasters.

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Essay on Disaster Management: 122 Topics + Writing Guide

Without a doubt, a natural disaster essay is a tough paper to write.

To begin with, when people encounter a disaster risk, it’s a tragedy. Emergency situations can affect hundreds, thousands, and millions of people. These are the crises and events that change people’s lives drastically. So, disaster and emergency management essay topics aren’t that fun to discuss.

Moreover, an essay on disaster management requires thorough research. Mentioning how people handle natural hazards and recovery from such tragedies is essential for the paper. But you can approach the discussion from different sides.

In this article, our experts will help you with the following:

• How to nail disaster management essay writing.
• What to write your paper about.
• Types of disaster management and their importance.

And good luck!

• 👨‍💼 Disaster Management Definition

✍️ Disasters to Write About

• 🌎 Essay Topics
• ❓ Essay Questions
• 🔥 Essay Title Ideas
• 📑 Writing Guide
• 🖊️ Essay Example 300 Words

🔗 Resources

👨‍💼 essay on disaster management: what is it about.

What is natural disaster management , anyway? What is the role of adults and youth in it?

Disaster management is the management and organization of responsibilities and resources. Its goal is to deal with the humanitarian aspects of an emergency. Put simply, how to help victims of natural disasters.

There are five stages of the disaster management process:

Let’s see what each of these stages entails.

The name of this stage explains its purpose. Its primary focus is on preventing hazards and potential natural disasters.

Measures are usually taken on different scales, including international and domestic levels. They’re designed to provide reliable protection from possible disasters.

Of course, it isn’t possible to stop all disasters. But there’s always a chance to minimize the risks of injuries and loss of life. All thanks to environmental planning, evacuation plans, and the introduction of specific design standards.

Mitigation measures are those that are taken before a disaster or emergency happens. It aims to reduce or eliminate the risks and impact a hazard can have on people and the environment.

Mitigation measures come in different forms depending on the hazard itself.

Here are some examples of possible actions:

• Structural changes to buildings
• Securing items inside buildings
• Installation of generators
• Construction of shelters
• Large-scale mitigation measures on the national level
• Preparedness

The focus of this stage is to prepare supplies and equipment. It also involves developing usage procedures when a disaster happens.

The primary goal is to reduce the level of people’s vulnerability to a disaster. Also, to mitigate a disaster’s impact. And to be able to have a more effective response in case of an emergency.

Organizations like the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) even develop a disaster management plan. They also make disaster supply kit lists. Other agencies and organizations use them to teach people how to help each other. Or they modify those plans to increase their effectiveness. Those can be found on the web in the form of downloadable PDF files or printed handouts.

The response stage aims at fulfilling the humanitarian needs of the population affected by a disaster. Depending on the consequences, anyone can provide such assistance, including individuals, social workers, organizations, national and international agencies.

The most important part of the proper response is the effective coordination of assistance, especially if there’s a misbalance in the amounts of demand and the available answers.

In the case of massive and overwhelming disasters, donations play a crucial role in the response process. They range from all kinds of gifts to money (which is the most efficient type of assistance).

The question is: can communities recover after the disaster happens?

The recovery stage begins after the threat to human life is gone. The goal here is to bring the affected area back to normal condition as quickly and efficiently as possible.

This stage usually involves numerous processes—reconstructing buildings, refilling food availability, and preparing the equipment.

As we’ve mentioned earlier, disasters are divided into two categories—natural and man-made.

🌪️ Natural Disasters

Natural disasters are phenomena or processes that occur due to a force of nature and hurt the environment and people. They can cause injuries, property damage, environmental damage, and loss of life or other health impacts.

There are two types of natural disasters—geological hazards (involving geological processes) and meteorological hazards (or climate hazards).

Geological Hazards

A geological hazard is an extreme natural event in Earth’s crust that represents a threat to life and property. Now, let’s take a closer look at them.

Meteorological Hazards

Meteorological hazards are calamities caused by extreme weather factors, such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed. So, let’s talk in more detail about these.

⚡ Man-Made Disasters

Man-made disasters (also known as anthropogenic) are events caused by the action or inaction of humans. These disasters also affect the environment, humans, other organisms, and ecosystems.

Let’s now move to describe disasters themselves to give you ideas for your future essay.

Societal Hazards

Most societal hazards can be prevented by taking proper measures and actions. These hazards usually appear due to anti-social and criminal behavior. It all can be reported if spotted at the right time.

Hazards Related to Dangerous Materials

Dangerous materials released from man-made or natural hazards threaten human health by increasing the possibility of human exposure to hazardous materials. So, now, let’s take a look at them.

Transportation Hazards

Transportation hazards include disastrous events that can happen anywhere. On the road, in aviation, on railways, in sea travel, and even in space. Several reasons can cause a crash, from mechanism malfunctions to trivial inattention or carelessness. Such catastrophes not only endanger the people involved in them. They also harm the environment, for example, when freight vehicles are involved.

Environmental Hazards

A man-made disaster is classified as environmental if it affects ecosystems and biomes. Such disasters include air pollution, uncontrollable deforestation, oil spills, and water pollution.

🌎 Disaster Management Topics for Essays 

• The role of the government oeganizations in mitigation of natural disasters.
• Discuss how to address the needs and demands of vulnerable population in disaster management .
• Explain why earthquakes are among the most dangerous natural disasters.
• Natural disasters and the strategies of disaster management in Katmandu.
• Natural disasters and vulnerable health populations.
• Describe the ways to improve disaster response.
• Discuss the cases of post-disaster fraud and how to prevent them.
• Analyze the level of natural disaster preparedness in Texas.
• Compare international and South Africa’s disaster management.
• What disaster mitigation strategies can reduce the consequences of flash floods.
• Examine how natural disasters influence various systems.
• Describe the ways media responds to natural disasters.
• The vital role of SNS in a case of a disaster.
• Analyze ethical and legal issues that arise in case of a natural disaster.
• Explain why hurricane Katrina is considered one of the worst national disasters in the USA.
• Describe 2 different global disasters and explain their causes.
• Discuss the importance of emergency planner in effective disaster preparedness .
• Issues that may arise during rebuilding and recovery after natural disaster.
• The main aspects of safety and disaster training for healthcare workers.
• Analyze winter snow disaster in Philadelphia and its impact on the community.
• Describe the effect of natural disasters on the supply chain .
• Examine the reasons and consequences of the Budalangi flood .
• Explain why the 1900 Galveston hurricane is regarded as disaster management failure .
• Explain why the problem of wildfire in California is getting out of control.
• Discuss the response to the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami .
• Compare and analyze the earthquakes in California and Armenia .
• What were the causes and consequences of Haiti earthquake .
• The management of evacuations from Gulf Coast hurricanes.
• Describe what the emergency response to a volcano eruption should be.
• Why was the blizzard of 1888 so deadly?
• Is it possible to avoid catastrophic drought?
• Analyze how media depicts droughts in Africa.
• Discuss economic and environmental consequences of earthquakes .
• The importance of proper training for an effective disaster management.
• Explain the meaning of “ New Normal” concept after disaster .
• What steps should government take for better protection from wildfire?
• Basic aspects of disaster management in big cities.
• Analyze the issues and lessons of hurricane Katrina.
• Compare the preparedness and response strategies to Haiti and Japan’s earthquake.
• Describe tsunami causes and countermeasures.  

❓ Essay-Type Questions on Disaster Management

• What is the role of community-based organizations in managing regional disasters? 
• What are the major global trends in disaster management? 
• How can we help children cope and adjust after a disaster? 
• What are the pros and cons of AI technology in catastrophe management? 
• What role does early warning play in disaster management? 
• Why is family unification one of the critical issues in disaster planning? 
• What are the social and economic consequences of natural disasters? 
• What characterizes disaster management in developing countries? 
• How does natural ecosystem restoration contribute to disaster risk reduction? 
• What are the key components of a comprehensive disaster management plan? 
• What are the problems associated with organizing international disaster relief efforts? 
• Why is psychological support a critical component of post-disaster management? 
• What key elements should hospital evacuation plans consider? 
• What are the peculiarities of disaster management plans for people with disabilities? 
• How can climate change adaptation strategies be used in disaster management? 
• What are the benefits of the disaster management cycle ? 
• What can a regular person do to help their community recover from a disaster? 
• How can cyberattacks on critical infrastructure exacerbate disaster scenarios? 
• What is the importance of international cooperation in disaster management? 
• How can disaster management motivate individuals to be active in their own safety? 
• What are the ethical considerations in providing humanitarian aid in a disaster zone? 
• How can you help others who might be more vulnerable during disasters? 
• What common mistakes do people make when preparing for a disaster? 
• Why is it important to have a disaster plan for your family or community? 
• What are the specific risks of highly populated urban areas during natural disasters? 
• How can psychological support programs be effective in post-disaster recovery? 
• What is the role of land-use planning in mitigating disaster risks? 
• How can collaboration between hospitals improve response to disaster? 
• Why is mitigation one of the most critical phases of disaster management? 
• How can physiotherapists effectively contribute in disaster situations? 
• What are the key aspects of disaster preparedness? 
• Why is it critical to invest in technologies for improving disaster response strategies? 
• Why do different types of disasters require different management strategies? 
• What are the ethical considerations in disaster mitigation and recovery? 
• Why is effective communication essential during and after a disaster event? 
• What technologies and methods are used to warn people about impending disasters? 
• What role can education programs play in preventing anthropogenic catastrophes? 
• How can urban planning help to minimize the impact of disasters on cities? 
• What are the most effective ways to stay safe during a flood? 
• What is the connection between cultural diversity and disaster preparedness? 

🔥 Disaster Title Ideas for Essays

• Explore the role of disaster preparedness in reducing the effects of disasters. 
• Flood prevention measures and their importance in vulnerable regions. 
• The efficiency of scientific methods and technologies in predicting volcanic activity. 
• Write about the function of social workers in China’s disaster management programs. 
• How past disaster experiences can help prevent future catastrophes. 
• The effectiveness of reforestation programs in restoring ecosystems. 
• Housing programs and their role in post-disaster recovery. 
• Compare the US and UK disaster management systems. 
• Earthquake-resistant materials and their role in mitigating damage during earthquakes. 
• Evaluate the use of coastal infrastructure in protecting from wave surges. 
• The potential of green infrastructure in preventing floods. 
• Cultural heritage preservation and its role in disaster management. 
• The use of the Incident Command System in effective disaster management. 
• Study the factors leading to building collapses and measures to prevent such disasters. 
• The role of volunteers in the disaster management process. 
• Biodegradable disaster cleanup technology and its pitfalls. 
• Ethics in the practices and policies of disaster management. 
• Review the challenges for preserving cultural heritage in coastal areas affected by wave surges. 
• Energy-efficient buildings and their role in temperature regulation. 
• Assess the importance of community education in minimizing the impact of volcanic eruptions. 
• The influence of economic disparities on post-disaster recovery. 
• Insurance and its role in mitigating the financial impacts of disaster. 
• The importance of vaccination programs in preventing pandemics. 
• Man-made disasters and their prevention strategies. 
• Review the key methods of protecting vulnerable populations during heatwaves. 
• The role of NGOs and international aid in volcano recovery. 
• Potential challenges of global disaster management systems. 
• Study the key pitfalls of tourism disaster management. 
• Evacuation plans and their use in minimizing the risks of wildfires. 
• Look into the social-cultural aspects influencing community resilience to disaster. 
• Circular economy principles and their application in waste management. 
• Evaluate the importance of international collaboration in preventing biosecurity risks. 
• Safety practices and regulations to prevent dam failures. 
• The use of risk management protocols in chemical plant explosion prevention. 
• Sustainable agriculture practices and their use in reducing soil erosion. 
• Evaluate the effectiveness of emergency response plans during extreme heat events. 
• Post-tsunami mental health support and its importance. 
• The strategies for minimizing economic impact in regions with active volcanoes. 
• Study how social networks can assist in coordination during disaster events. 
• Cyclone disaster management system and its main issues. 
• Review the core components of a disaster response and their peculiarities. 
• The efficiency of investing in resilience to reduce the impact of future disasters. 

📑 Essay on Disaster Management: How to Write

If you’re writing an essay on such a serious topic, a how-to guide will be of great help. Here, we explore the ideas and issues to explore in your paper and the way to organize it.

Check what information your natural disasters essay can include.

Start with the Basics

We skipped it in this post, but you shouldn’t do this in your paper.

When writing a natural disasters essay of 500 words, or 1000 words, it’s essential to start with some general facts:

• A natural disaster definition would be a good beginning. Tell about various types, too.
• You can also provide information about a national disaster of your choice.
• Talk about countries that suffer from it more frequently than others, like India, Japan, etc.
• You can also write a quick rundown of the latest natural disasters.

Don’t forget to make this part meaningful, leading to your thesis statement, where you state your position.

Go into More In-Depth Details

In the main body, provide specific details about the catastrophe you’ve decided to describe:

• the locations where it can happen,
• causes of natural disasters,
• effects this particular disaster can have (both on the environment and in people’s lives),

Elaborating on each issue, offer evidence. For example, the disaster’s effect on transportation, infrastructure, economy, and so on can be supported by worldwide statistics data. A previously made outline might be a great help here.

Another thing you can do:

You can compare the disaster in question with other ones of the same type. Talk about the damages caused by them and how people dealt with the aftermath. Provide a couple of examples to prove your point.

Be sure to provide as many details as possible. As a result, your essay is maximally useful.

Talk About Disaster Management

Now, you can pass on the details of handling the situation. To be more specific, you’re going to tell your readers what to do in case of a catastrophe.

In this part of your essay on disaster management, you will have to talk about its phases. They are:

We’ll talk more about disaster management later on in the article.

Make Your Disaster Essay Even More Helpful

Do you want to make your disaster management essay more informative and impressive? Then tell about various organizations that deal with managing disasters. These resources can also help natural disaster victims or those who want to be aware of all the necessary information if something terrible happens.

Say a few words about the following organizations:

• International Association of Emergency Managers
• PreventionWeb
• United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
• FEMA Recovery Resources
• Disaster Resource Guide
• Disaster Assistance
• American Red Cross
• Habitat for Humanity
• The Salvation Army
• World Confederation for Physical Therapy disaster management resources

These resources provide information about the prevention of natural disasters and what types of assistance are available. How to find missing friends or family members? What are the ways of recovering after disaster strikes? There are also community resources that can help with recovery.

End on a High Note

You don’t want to frustrate your reader, leaving them with a bitter impression. No matter how long your natural disaster essay is – 200 words, 300 words, or a thousand. It’s crucial to deliver a positive message.

Here’s what you can do;

• Talk about the consequences. Tell about the lessons that catastrophic events you’ve described teach us, as human beings. Spreading awareness about the consequences is essential, especially if we talk about man-made disasters. You might mention the role of the media in spreading awareness about environmental disasters.
• Talk about dealing with disasters. It might be a natural disaster, such as a tsunami, or human-made, like the Chernobyl disaster. Your essay should include info about how people dealt with them. The experience individuals get from dealing with disasters is priceless.
• Mention the value of human life. Encountering natural disasters reminds people of how fragile their lives are. It shows the importance of cherishing the life given.

In the end, you’ll have to summarize your essay and restate your thesis. While you try not to leave a negative message, don’t present any new thoughts or concepts. Draw a clear conclusion from the info mentioned in the body.

🖊️ Natural Disasters Essay 300 Words

Check out our essay example on natural disasters below to learn more about structuring your paper. And if you want more examples, try our free Chat GPT Essay Writer to generate a custom-made disaster essay sample tailored to your requirements. 

Hurricane Katrina: Disaster Management Strategies

Introduction

In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the southeastern United States. It became one of the most devastating natural disasters in the history of the country, resulting in 1,833 fatalities and $108 billion in damage . The experience learned from Hurricane Katrina, including both successes and failures, provides important insights for improving disaster management strategies.

Among the effective measures implemented were immediate rescue and social media coordination. Despite initial logistical challenges, the quick deployment of rescue teams, including the Coast Guard and volunteer organizations, saved countless lives. At the same time, social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have become effective tools for spreading information as well as reuniting families and organizing volunteers. The emergence of crowdfunding websites such as GoFundMe also helped affected communities and families by providing them with financial support.

Despite all efforts, Katrina also revealed shortcomings in disaster response and preparedness. Levee failures, in particular, which are a result of inadequate infrastructure, made the flooding more destructive. Besides, the government faced long-term recovery challenges due to bureaucratic obstacles. There were also challenges caused by inequitable resource distribution and limited access to mental health services. All these factors made reconstruction more difficult and isolated some communities, which highlighted the need for more inclusive and equitable strategies for recovery.

The struggle with the consequences of Hurricane Katrina became a lesson for the United States and the whole world. Recognizing both successful and unsuccessful strategies allows us to draw important conclusions for the next decades. In the event of future disasters, it will be crucial to prioritize community-based preparedness, efficient communication, a robust infrastructure, and equitable resource distribution to boost resilience and save more lives.

Want to see a fully-formatted natural disasters essay sample? Feel free to download it in PDF format below: 

The inevitability of natural disasters and the frequent occurrence of human-made disasters necessitate well-planned effective emergency management approaches that employ functional and cost-efficient methods. Since disasters entail multiple financial losses, property damage, and most importantly, impose a significant threat to human health and life, medical preparedness constitutes a pivotal part of the disaster management process.

Hopefully, you’ve found this guide on natural disaster essay writing useful.

If you have any thoughts on writing disaster essays—make sure to leave a comment about it below. You can also leave a comment if you want to share more disaster resources. Have any questions, suggestions, or even a story to tell? Leave a comment!

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It’s really superb!

Wow. It is very helpful. Thanks.

What is the most effective process of prevention disasters?

It’s quite a complex process, and there’s definitely more than one choice.

Thank you a lot. I found this post very helpful in writing my essay on disaster management. Best regards, Michael

Thanks for the excellent guide to writing an essay on disaster management. Very helpful points to include in a disaster management paper! I wish you good luck!

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Essay on Disaster Management in 500 Words

• Updated on  
• Feb 1, 2024

Disaster management is the practice of managing and organizing resources to deal with disasters or hazardous events. Depending on the type and intensity of a disaster, its coping strategies or methods can vary. In India, the National Disaster Management Authority is the apex body to govern all types of natural disasters. Before knowing what disaster management is and how the coping strategies are implemented, it’s important to understand the types of disasters that have occurred. Some of the most prevalent disasters are Earthquakes , tsunamis, floods, wars, and many more. 

One day State-level Policy Cafe on Integration of Health, Nutrition, WASH in Disasters and Emergencies, organized jointly by @CcdrrCentreNIDM, @nidmmhaindia along with HPSDMA and @balrakshabharat Save the Date: 15th December 2023 Join Zoom Meeting https://t.co/IZpKZR5BJS pic.twitter.com/V0Xmno5gFW — National Institute of Disaster Management (@nidmmhaindia) December 15, 2023

Also Read: Essay on Water Conservation

Types of Disaster Management

There are different types of disaster management practices adopted by concerned authorities. The National Disaster Management Authority has set out certain mitigation strategies, policies, and guidelines depending on what type of disaster has occurred.

Disasters are of two types: Natural and Man-made.

• Natural Disasters include earthquakes, cyclones, heat waves, landslides , urban floods and floods, and volcanic eruptions.
• Man-made disasters include terrorist activities and wars, chemical, biological, and Nuclear hazards.

To deal effectively with disasters, NDMA has five major divisions: Policy & Plans, Mitigation, Operations & Communications & Information & Technology , Administration and Finance.

Let us have a look at these 5 major divisions:

• Policy and plans include risk assessment, preparedness measures, and response and relief strategies.
• Mitigation measures include land-use planning, building codes and regulations, infrastructure improvements, and environmental conservation measures.
• Operations and Communication for public safety, managing expectations, and coordinating relief efforts.
• Information and Technology includes early warning systems with the help of satellite imagery, weather forecasting, and sensors.
• Administration and Finance to manage all the disaster management practices.

Also Read: World Tsunami Awareness Day 2023

Effects of Disaster Management

A disaster not only damages life and property but causes significant economic impacts in the affected areas. Therefore, proper and effective disaster management practices are necessary for timely response and to reduce the damage of the disaster. 

To learn more about important Disaster Management Practices, let us consider the following points:

• Early warning and evacuation plans are necessary to reduce loss of life and injury.
• Mitigation measures like risk assessments, resilient infrastructure planning, and pre-disaster mitigation measures can help minimize the damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure.
• Disaster management planning facilitates the recovery and reconstruction process so that developmental activities are not on halt for long.
• Enhanced community resilience can withstand and recover from the impacts of disasters. This can be done by proper training and education programs.

Also Read: Environment Conservation Speech

National Disaster Management Authority

The NDMA not only manages all the disaster management practices but also makes people aware of what disasters are and how to act to reduce their impacts. The Prime Minister of India is the Chairman of the NDMA. The sustained and collective efforts by NDMA are meant to mitigate the damage and destruction caused by natural and man-made disasters. 

NDMA has laid down guidelines to mitigate all types of disasters. For example, the mitigation methods for floods are:

• Install check valves in sewer traps to prevent flood water backup.
• You can construct an interior barrier to stop floodwater from entering your home and basements.
• Elevate all electronic items like air conditioners, water heaters, etc.
• Make your basement walls waterproof by sealing them with compounds to avoid seepage.

Also Read: World Environment Health Day 2023

Paragraph on Disaster Management

Also Read: Environmental Conservation

Ans: Disaster management is the practice of managing and organizing resources to deal with disasters or hazardous events. Depending on the type and intensity of a disaster, its coping strategies or methods can vary. There are 4 disaster managing practices: Preparedness, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation. It is important to implement necessary disaster management practices to mitigate and faster recovery from any calamity.

Ans: The disaster management practices are Preparedness, Response, Recovery, and Mitigation.

Ans: The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, is the head of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).

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Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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The importance of education on disasters and emergencies: A review article

Sogand torani.

Department of Health Services Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Parisa Moradi Majd

1 Ph.D. Student in Disasters and Emergencies Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Shahnam Sedigh Maroufi

2 MSc Anesthesia, PhD Medical Education, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Mohsen Dowlati

Rahim ali sheikhi.

Disasters and emergencies have been increasing all over the world. Todays, with technological advancement, acquiring knowledge and its application in the realm of action is regarded as the only effective way for prevent disasters or reducing its effects. The present study aimed to review the importance of education and the effect of different methods of education on disaster risk reduction and preparedness in vulnerable people. To this aim, some articles indexed in Database of PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and ProQuest were searched. The search was limited to reviewed articles in English published between 1990 and 2017. In addition, the selected articles were reviewed for relevant citations. The conducted studies were reviewed by two researchers independently. The primary search generated 128 relevant references. After eliminating the duplicates and articles which were not related to the review of the abstract, 41 references were identified for inclusion. After reviewing more, 31 references, which failed to meet inclusion index, were excluded from the study. Disaster education aims to provide knowledge among individuals and groups to take actions to reduce their vulnerability to disasters. During the last decades, the issue that trained people can be prepared for disasters and responding well has been extensively investigated. Based on the results, disaster education is a functional, operational, and cost-effective tool for risk management. Based on some evidence, it is important for vulnerable people to learn about disasters. There are different methods to educate vulnerable people, but no method is better than others. Trained people can better protect themselves and others. In this regard, planning and designing comprehensive educational programs are necessary for people to face disasters.

Introduction

On the other hand, natural and man-made disasters cause serious disruption to a community, and there are many casualties, financial, environmental, social, and economic losses, which are beyond the power of the community.[ 1 ] As emergencies and disasters, along with their destructive effects, are rising all over the world acquiring knowledge and its uses are regarded as the most effective way to prevent disasters or reduce its effects with the advancement in technology.[ 2 ] Although the vulnerability of some communities and individuals to natural and human-made disasters is inevitable, the individuals can play a role in reducing these disasters by changing system resilience and disaster recovery capacity.[ 3 , 4 , 5 ] There is evidence that most injuries, damages, and deaths from disasters can be prevented and disaster preparedness measures such as housing adjustment against risks can reduce the damage caused by disasters and accordingly improve recovery. In addition, it is more effective when the people of a community have good cooperation in allocating resources and doing appropriate recovery after disasters.[ 6 , 7 , 8 ] Officials and policy-makers have focused on developing a new approach for persuading people and making leaps in disaster risk reduction such as training the children, the general public, especially vulnerable people by considering the increased risk of disasters and vulnerability due to climate change, development, increased income inequality, and low level of readiness among homemakers.[ 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] Disaster education for vulnerable aims to provide knowledge, skills, motivation in individuals and groups to take actions to reduce their vulnerability to disasters. Even, educating vulnerable people makes effective actions for other people or communities.[ 13 ] During the last decades, some studies indicated that trained people in society can be prepared for disasters and respond well. In addition, some reported that disaster education is a functional, operational, and cost-effective tool for risk management.[ 14 ] Further, some confirmed that low awareness and inadequate understanding of risk play a negative effect on people's readiness, response to hazard warnings, personal protection measures, and recovery.[ 15 , 16 ] Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (2005–2015) emphasized five performance priorities for reducing the risk of disasters in the world. The priority of the third function was to apply knowledge, innovation, and education in order to create a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. According to HFA, disasters are basically reduced when people are well aware and the motivation is to create a culture of prevention and resilience to disaster. In this regard, collecting and disseminating knowledge and information on hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities, especially for vulnerable people should be prioritized.[ 17 , 18 ] In addition to, it is important to note that people who are vulnerable due to their limitations and conditions certainly need special training and attention with the help of trained and professional people.[ 14 , 17 , 18 ]

Materials and Methods

In this overview, we reviewed articles published in prestigious journals and websites during 1990–2017. Databases included PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. The searched keywords included disaster, education, emergencies, vulnerable group, and target group. The primary search generated 128 relevant references. After eliminating duplicates and articles not related to the review of the abstract, 41 references were identified for inclusion. Then, 31 references not meeting inclusion index were excluded after further review. Among the papers, 11 articles were included in the study [ Table 1 ].

Division of education for vulnerable people to disasters

In order to increase the validity and reliability of the study, the researchers searched the articles simultaneously and evaluated the quality of the articles separately. The inclusion criteria were the use of English for writing the papers on vulnerable people, being conducted in all parts of the world and evaluating education strategy and protocol. Finally, 11 articles were enrolled in the study [ Figure 1 ].

Flowchart of article selection process

Target group for disaster education

To make disaster education programs more effective for community members, target groups and individuals should be identified.[ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] According to a division of vulnerable people to disasters can be classified as follows [ Table 2 ]. The protocol and educational methods are not the same for all people in the community with levels of authority, education, and level of information. Therefore, the division of people leads to saving more time and energy spent on training and accordingly people learn more effectively.[ 24 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]

Characteristics of key studies

DRR=Disaster risk reduction

Disaster education for vulnerable people

According to the World Health Organization, vulnerability is a degree to which a population, individual, or organization cannot predict, cope, resist, and rehabilitate after the disaster and vulnerable people such as children, pregnant women, the elderly, malnutrition, and people with disabilities.[ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] The significance of disaster education to different classes of society at all levels has been endorsed by a large number of studies.[ 33 , 29 , 34 ] However, it is worth noting that people who are vulnerable due to their limitations and conditions need special training and attention with the help of trained and professional people.[ 14 , 17 , 18 ]

Disaster education for children

Although there is little statistical information on the number of children affected by natural and man-made disasters in the world,[ 20 , 21 , 35 , 30 , 36 , 31 ] the United States estimated that around 1 billion children under the age of 15 are living in earthquake-affected countries.[ 37 ] In addition, more than 175 million children each year are facing with the crisis caused by climate change. Scientists and authorities have acknowledged that children are dependent on adults due to physical, emotional, and cognitive abilities for safety, as well as protection against emergencies and disasters.[ 5 , 9 , 38 ] During the recent decades, disaster education programs have been considered for children as an innovative approach to disaster risk reduction. Many theories have favored the usefulness of these programs. Education can increase the perception of risk among children.[ 19 , 33 , 29 ]

According to the studies conducted in various countries such as Japan, there is a direct link between education, increased risk perception, and students’ risk reduction measures. Encouraging children to think about the importance of preventive measures and preparedness can bridge the gap between knowing and acting on knowledge.[ 9 , 19 ] Todays, disaster education should be explicitly addressed as a way to improve the level of child resiliency and information transmission to reduce the risk of disasters in their homes.[ 34 ] Table 3 indicates some benefits of starting an education at a lower age and schools.

Some benefits of early childhood education

There is an international consensus that disaster education programs for children will improve the preparedness and resilience among children and families against disasters. The evidence is well-documented in the Hyundai document during 2005–2015.[ 20 ] According to the results of some studies, people never forget what they learn at an early age. Therefore, it is very useful for people to learn disaster prevention and risk reduction methods from childhood.[ 6 , 8 , 9 , 38 , 39 ] The most important part of training children is related to the preparation phase for the disaster. As a result, it is very important for families, schools, and hospital staff to be well-acquainted with the significance of preparedness education for children.[ 8 , 40 ] In this regard, selecting the right population is considered as the first step in preparing disaster education for children. Children should be targeted at three levels of education including primary education for families, teachers, school administrators, educating managers and planners of hospitals, as well as training hospital staff. Families and schools are the first respondents for children at school ages at the time of disaster. Based on conditions and time, families or school staff may initiate first aid and manage the emergency evacuation of children to safe havens and hospitals at the time of the disaster. Therefore, training children is entirely dependent on the education of families and schools. Equalizing disaster risk education in the curriculum of schools at all levels, especially primary schools, is regarded as one of the main indicators towards this priority.[ 6 , 9 ]

Key education activities based on HFA include coordinating disaster prevention and preparedness activities at different levels in schools and universities, defining disaster risk education in reference books, building skills for teachers, curbing school safety programs, and employing children and students for planning community emergency management.[ 3 , 10 , 33 , 41 ] New Zealand and the United States are two examples of countries which focused on national education for children's education. Various types of disaster education programs for children have been registered, among which we can refer to formal and informal school-based programs and community and outside of the curriculum programs.[ 5 , 9 , 40 ] In recent years, Japan recognized the importance of preventing disaster education at an early age and designed a disaster prevention training booklet for elementary school and elementary schools with the help of officials and engineers. Further, there are some educational programs such as workshops, exercises and maneuvers, operational training, and preventive measures by children and showing the incidental points for children in this country is underway.[ 3 , 5 , 9 , 19 , 41 ] However, according to some studies, maneuvering in schools cannot be used alone to teach adaptive skills in response to disasters.[ 19 ]

Disaster education for women

Women are considered as vulnerable people and they face a lot of problems during the disaster.[ 5 , 16 , 39 , 42 , 43 ] According to the research results, women have a great interest in educating and preparing for emergencies and disasters. Disaster education for women can increase the level of education, awareness, and readiness among all members of the family, especially children.[ 17 , 21 , 29 , 43 ] Teaching women in different centers is conducted by formal and informal groups, mosques, schools, offices, and so on. However, there is still a need for basic measures in the field of disasters education. Some women become active members of the group after being trained and act as agents to educate other people in the community.[ 8 ] Special attention should be given to reproductive health issues in the proposed disability education for women.[ 12 , 42 ]

Disaster education for the elderly and disabled people

Elderly people need special training in specific ways with regard to physical conditions and cognitive impairment. In addition, psychological support for younger people by elderly is very important in disaster situations, which should be considered as one of the key tutorials.[ 5 , 11 , 42 , 32 ] If people with disabilities are informed about their disaster protection practices, they can save themselves without other people's help in such circumstances. According to some studies, training such people is directly related to their survival after disasters.[ 23 ]

The main challenge and gap in the reviewed papers was that most countries have selected different models to design a training plan.[ 22 ] In addition, the impact of education was not systematically evaluated in most countries.[ 44 , 45 ] For this reason, many of the training programs are not effective and do not result in a proper change in the behavior and performance of vulnerable people.[ 21 , 22 ] For example, in Bam earthquake, many people were damaged due to lack of proper training and surprise, and vulnerable people did not consider their care and rescue methods. Further, in Kermanshah earthquake, a large number of people in subsequent earthquakes suffered from serious damage due to lack of proper knowledge of the situation and the fact that they came to the streets and stayed in insecure places, without leaving properly. Thus, schools, mosques, Red Crescent Centers, and nongovernmental organizations can provide training to these people.

Those responsible for education and research in the field of disaster education can be served to improve the level of education. Different methods of training can be used in this regard. Furthermore, different types of exercises and maneuvers can be applied for proper planning, which improves the level of knowledge and skills among individuals and is used as a method for evaluating the performance of individuals in simulated conditions. In addition, the maneuvers and exercises used for vulnerable people are different, and special attention should be paid to these people, although much attention has not been paid to these issues.

Disaster education is effective at all stages of the crisis, but its impact is even more in preparation. Therefore, more educational planning should be considered at this stage.[ 16 , 17 , 18 ]

According to some studies, effective measures for greater productivity and achieving the desirable standards of education for vulnerable people such as evaluating the pathology of existing educational activities for children, surveying educational work, recognizing successful and effective activities for children, involving the elites and thinkers concerned with the issue, changing the ways of education and culture, drawing up a vision document and act accordingly with educational standards, insisting on the continuity of programs, and using educational technology experience. Finally, disaster education is a functional, operational, and cost-effective tool for risk management in vulnerable people.

Based on the results, special attention should be paid to disaster education for vulnerable people. In this regard, the disaster vulnerable groups should be identified and accordingly special training should be adopted for these people. It is worth noting that effective training can prevent or reduce the effects of some disasters. Trained people can protect themselves and others better. As a result, training can reduce human and financial loss due to disasters, which is regarded as a more important issue for vulnerable people although it has been less emphasized and there is no comprehensive training program. There are different methods to train vulnerable people although no method is the best method. Thus, it is necessary to plan and design comprehensive educational programs for those facing disasters.

Finally, it is suggested that vulnerable individuals should be designed and implemented by well-known professional training teams and adopting comprehensive and standard training programs for these people. Accordingly, the impact of these programs should be assessed to identify their strengths and weaknesses.

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The Disaster Management Cycle: 5 Key Stages & How Leaders Can Help Prepare

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One of the most sobering lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic is that disasters can befall any community, at any time. While infectious disease represents one form of disaster, it could just as readily be a hurricane, flood or chemical spill. According to the United Nations, a disaster is any event that seriously disrupts a community or society’s ability to function; a disaster’s impact may be human, economic or ecological.

Emergency management, also referred to as disaster management, means preparing for potential calamities and responding to them as quickly, strategically and effectively as possible. Typically, this involves following the basic disaster management cycle, which comprises five crucial stages.

Effective and ethical leadership during a disaster requires a number of essential skills. One of the best ways to hone them is through enrollment in an online leadership and management program , whether that means pursuing a full degree or a certificate program.

What is Disaster Management?

One of the biggest challenges of disaster, or emergency, management is the need to be prepared for a wide range of contingencies. A good place to begin a discussion of disaster management is by considering what constitutes a disaster.

Defining Disaster

According to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: “More people are becoming vulnerable to disasters or are forced to cope with acts of violence, financial crises and growing uncertainty, often without adequate support from their governments.” Disasters can be either natural or human-made events and can include pandemics, technological disasters or environmental cataclysms.

Disaster types include the following:

• Earthquakes
• Volcano eruptions
• Mass shootings
• Acts of terror
• Nuclear explosions
• Chemical emergencies

There were 10 weather and climate-related disasters each exceeding $1 billion in losses in the U.S. within the first half of 2020, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The number of disasters resulting in billion-dollar loses has been steadily rising, from 29 disasters in the 1980s to 119 disasters in the 2010s. In addition to this increase, cascading disasters, such as a hurricane during the COVID-19 pandemic, reinforce the need for effective and ethical leadership across all sectors and levels of government.

Managing Disasters

Specifically, disaster management is about organizing and directing resources to cope with a disaster and coordinating the roles and responsibilities of responders, private sector organizations, public sector agencies, nonprofit and faith-based organizations, volunteers, donations, etc. The ultimate goal of the disaster-management leader is to minimize the event’s impact, something that involves preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation.

The 5 Stages of the Disaster-Management Cycle

When properly implemented, the disaster-management cycle can lessen the impact of a catastrophic event. It can also incorporate the policies and emergency responses needed for a full, expedited recovery. The cycle involves the following five stages:

1. Prevention

The best way to address a disaster is by being proactive. This means identifying potential hazards and devising safeguards to mitigate their impact. Although this stage in the cycle involves putting permanent measures into place that can help minimize disaster risk, it’s important to acknowledge that disasters can’t always be prevented.

Prevention involves scenarios such as the following:

• Implementing an evacuation plan in a school, for example, showing teachers how to lead students to safety in the event of a tornado or fire
• Planning and designing a city in a way that minimizes the risk of flooding, for example, with the use of locks, dams or channels to divert water away from populous areas

2. Mitigation

Mitigation aims to minimize the loss of human life that would result from a disaster. Both structural and nonstructural measures may be taken.

• A structural measure means changing the physical characteristics of a building or an environment to curb the effects of a disaster. For example, clearing trees away from a house can ensure that dangerous storms don’t knock down the trees and send them crashing into homes and public buildings.
• Nonstructural measures involve adopting or amending building codes to optimize safety for all future building construction.

3. Preparedness

Preparedness is an ongoing process in which individuals, communities, businesses and organizations can plan and train for what they’ll do in the event of a disaster. Preparedness is defined by ongoing training, evaluating and corrective action, ensuring the highest level of readiness.

Fire drills, active-shooter drills and evacuation rehearsals are all good examples of the preparedness stage.

4. Response

Response is what happens after the disaster occurs. It involves both short- and long-term responses.

Ideally, the disaster-management leader will coordinate the use of resources (including personnel, supplies and equipment) to help restore personal and environmental safety, as well as to minimize the risk of any additional property damage.

During the response stage, any ongoing hazards are removed from the area; for example, in the aftermath of a wildfire, any lingering fires will be put out, and areas that pose a high flammability risk will be stabilized.

5. Recovery

The fifth stage in the disaster-management cycle is recovery. This can take a long time, sometimes years or decades. For example, some areas in New Orleans have yet to fully recover from Hurricane Katrina in 2005. It involves stabilizing the area and restoring all essential community functions. Recovery requires prioritization: first, essential services like food, clean water, utilities, transportation and healthcare will be restored, with less-essential services being prioritized later.

Ultimately, this stage is about helping individuals, communities, businesses and organizations return to normal or a new normal depending on the impact of the disaster.

Developing Skills for Disaster Management

To effectively coordinate this cycle, disaster-management leaders must develop a number of critical skills. The skills necessary for each stage of the cycle are as follows:

During the prevention stage, strong analytical skills help leaders identify potential threats, hazards and high-risk areas. Problem-solving abilities are also invaluable in identifying the best ways to avoid or diminish the likelihood of catastrophic events.

Planning is an important skill during the mitigation stage; the disaster-management leader will need to develop strategies and structural changes that can help mediate potential threats. Spreading awareness is also critical, as community members must be made aware of the steps they can take to prepare for all contingencies.

“Of the five stages, mitigation is the most crucial because, if done correctly, it can reduce the impact of the next emergency or crisis,” explains Claire Connolly Knox , associate professor and emergency and crisis management academic program coordinator at the University of Central Florida. “As per the National Institute of Building Science, for every $1 spent on mitigation, there is a $6 savings post-disaster. Mitigation can include changes to building codes as seen following Hurricane Andrew in 1992 or reinforcing infrastructure as seen in coastal communities in response to sea-level rise and climate change.”

Preparedness

During the preparedness stage, it’s important to be skilled in training people to respond to disasters. It’s important to stay organized, which is the best way to ensure readiness. Oral and written communication skills prepare laypeople and emergency-response personnel for action in worst-case scenarios.

The ability to quickly make decisions is crucial here, as the response stage is time-sensitive. Another valuable skill is delegating essential tasks to other volunteers or emergency responders.

As disaster-management leaders help their communities recover, the most essential skills are empathy, understanding and relationship building; indeed, without earning the trust of the community, any recovery efforts are likely to come up short.

Becoming a Leader in Disaster Management

Some leaders have more experience than others with handling disasters; ultimately, though, this is a field in which every business or community leader should hone their skills. Any organization or municipality can be hit with a disaster sooner or later, whether that’s something as minor as a temporary power outage or as threatening as a hurricane, earthquake, bomb threat or active shooter.

The COVID-19 pandemic has really brought this home, as many business owners have confronted the crisis at hand. To ensure the safety of customers as well as employees, business leaders have shifted to remote work environments, implemented new communication infrastructures, and embraced new standards of office hygiene and sanitization. While no business leader could have precisely predicted the effects of the coronavirus, those companies that had some disaster plan in place are likely a step or two ahead of others.

Those looking for a career solely focused on mastering the disaster-management cycle have many opportunities to do so; some examples of jobs in this field include crisis-management lead, disaster-assistance specialist and emergency-planning coordinator. These roles all call for various levels of responsibility in preparing a company or a city for cataclysmic events. To find work in any of these positions, as well as to sharpen all the skills needed for success, earning a master’s degree in emergency and crisis management can be a big step forward.

Learning More About Disaster Management

Through the University of Central Florida, students can engage in dynamic courses that help them feel fully prepared to prevent, mitigate and respond to major disasters, successfully limiting damage to property, the environment and people.

“Students in the undergraduate and graduate emergency management programs at UCF participate in real-world opportunities, which allows them to gain key skills and competencies needed for this complex and dynamic profession,” says Knox. “One example is a functional exercise in an emergency operations center in which students apply multiple concepts to managing a fictional disaster using the same equipment and software programs as emergency management staff.”

Ultimately, disaster management is all about preparedness, and formal training is the best way to achieve it. The UCF Online Master’s in Emergency and Crisis Management (MECM) program is designed to cultivate the robust leadership skills needed to lead a community or an organization through crisis and to help them rebuild in its aftermath.

For people who are passionate about a field that helps businesses and communities mitigate calamity, UCF’s online leadership and management degree and certificate programs can provide the first step toward a meaningful career. Reach out for more information about the programs.

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Disaster Management

A disaster is not an event that would allow you to prepare yourself for it before its arrival. Recovering from its aftermath can take weeks, months, years, and in some rare cases, decades. From a volcano to a gas chamber leak, the range of disasters lurking in the environment is more than you can count.

However, that doesn’t mean that you would give up and accept defeat. As someone rightfully said, “precaution is better than cure”, the only way to survive these disasters is to learn how to manage them. Today, we are going to explore exactly just that. We are going to take a close look at the basic structure of disaster management so that we can prepare ourselves better when faced with an adversary.

What is a Disaster?

In order to understand the essence of disaster management, you need to learn what disaster means. So, let’s deal with this part first.

A disaster is a serious damage or disruption of the functioning of a society or community. It involves a widespread impact on humans, the economy, and the environment to a degree that exceeds the ability of the society to recover from.

It takes place when a hazard becomes so severe that it adversely impacts the lives of vulnerable people. The lethal combination of vulnerability, hazards, and the inability to decrease the potentially harmful consequences of risk results in the formation of a disaster.

What do you mean by Disaster Management?

Disaster management can be defined as the management and organization of responsibilities and available resources for coping up with various humanitarian aspects of emergencies. It focuses on the response, preparedness, and recovery so that the impact of the disaster is lessened as much as possible.

Essentially, it is a series of strategic planning of the various procedures that need to be undertaken, administered, and employed to safeguard assets and lives from severe damages when natural or man-made calamities take place.

Why is Disaster Management Important?

Disasters can drastically impact the environment and the life forms living in it in a highly negative way. It is impossible to avoid disasters, especially natural ones. They are inevitable and there is nothing you can do to stop them from happening. However, the most that we can do is to prepare ourselves better to face the challenges brought up by a disaster.  This is why learning how to manage a disaster (which is the crux of disaster management) is so important.

Disaster management needs intervention and assistance from the government and the human community at large. Proper planning alongside adequate funds is what is going to make the process of execution successful.

When a disaster occurs, there is widespread panic.  Thinking clearly and planning properly when you are panic-ridden is not possible. Therefore, when you have a pre-established rulebook to follow (which is created at leisure with calm, cool, and collected mind), then chances of its success are much higher. This is why it is included in the curriculum of students these days.

What are the Types of Disaster?

A disaster can be of various types and the duration can last range from a few seconds to a couple of years. Here is a broad classification of the types of disasters:

Natural Disaster

A natural disaster is a physical phenomenon that is caused by either slow or rapid succession of events that immediately impacts human health and leads to widespread suffering and death. For instance, an earthquake can take place for a few seconds whereas a drought takes a lot of time to develop, but both can adversely affect various life forms in abundance.

Some of the common examples of natural disasters are as follows:

• Geophysical (such as tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and landslides)
• Meteorological (such as storms, wave surges, and cyclones)
• Hydrological (such as floods and avalanches)
• Biological (such as disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues)
• Climatological (such as wildfire, drought, and extreme temperatures)

Man-Made Disaster

Man-made disasters are events that are the direct results of human activities or mistakes. Sometimes, it is the result of an immediate action made by humans while sometimes it is a build-up of the culmination of human misdoings.

Some of the most common man-made disasters are as follows:

• Groundwater contamination
• Mining accidents
• Structure failures
• Hazardous material spills
• Gas chamber leaks
• Vehicle accident
• Environmental degradation

Pandemic Disasters

The word pandemic has been derived from the Greek words ‘pan’ meaning ‘all’ and ‘demos meaning ‘people’. So, pandemic means a situation that affects everyone. It is the spread of an infectious disease that spreads across a large region that not only affects health but also disrupts services that lead to economical degradation.

It may be a consequence of a natural or man-made disaster or both. Some of the common examples of pandemic disasters are as follows:

• Spanish Flu
• Avian Flu/ Bird Flu
• Yellow Fever
• Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Complex Emergency Disasters

Complex emergency disasters refer to those events that result from a combination of both natural and man-made causes that involve looting, attacks, breakdown of authority, conflicts, and war. These disasters are often characterized by widespread damage to both economics and science, and extensive violence, among others.

It requires humanitarian assistance at a large scale across numerous agencies in order to combat these disasters. There is also an increased risk of security for humanitarian relief workers in these cases. Some of the prime examples of complex emergency disasters are as follows:

• Armed conflicts
• Food insecurity
• Displaced populations

What are Different Phases of Disaster Management?

The key to formulating a successful plan for managing disaster involves breaking down the whole action into different fragments since that would help in the easy execution. This is why the phases of disaster management are categorized in the following four phases. The government and society have to function as one organization here.

This phase takes place before the disaster takes place. Different people should be assigned to different work in different phases and each phase should be handled separately. A clear understanding of all four phases will help empower the overall disaster management plan.

It will give you the best chance at survival and recovery. This is done in order to protect people and property. It involves property inspection and discovering various ways to minimize damage. The primary goal of this step is to decrease the vulnerability to disaster impacts.

Preparedness

This refers to the actions taken ahead of time so that one can prepare for an emergency. Herein, attempts are made to understand how a particular disaster can affect life forms and to what degree. This phase involves training, educations, and developing skills to face the disaster.

The third phase in disaster management is response. It is primarily focused on protecting the people and property during the time of the disaster. It entails the immediate aftermath of a disaster. The attention is paid towards the immediate threats. Plans are executed to keep life forms out of harm’s way.

The fourth and final phase of disaster management is recovery. Immediately after the response phase, there will be a gradual shift towards conducting repairs, re-establishing operations, restoring utilities, and overall cleaning up. This is generally conducted when some form of environmental, physical, social, and economic stability has been achieved.

A major focus here is to obtain new resources while implementing effective pre-established recovery strategies.

Depending upon the severity of the disaster, it can take around six months to one year or even longer for completing the recovery phase.

What are the Disaster Management Best Practices?

Managing through a disaster requires the execution of the following three practices:

• Frequently update the disaster management recovery plan while laying down instructions specifically. Technological advances are being made every day. Therefore, including new plans or tweaking the existing plans to best suit the needs are crucial.
• Regularly test your disaster recovery plan so that you can understand whether the plans are feasible or not. Try to do it annually at least.
• Be sure to have a clear line of communication. This is extremely important. Communicating and listening to each other’s opinions and formulating the best plan based on everyone’s input will make the operation successful. During and immediately after the disaster, lines of communication may be interrupted or broken. So, keep this in mind and keep some back-up plans in hand in case people are not able to communicate.

Disaster management is based on the principle of planning hard today to safeguard the future. Even though we can get early warnings of disaster these days, no one should be complacent and take it for granted. There will be many times when we won’t be warned about an upcoming disaster or there will be times when the intensity of an upcoming disaster is undermined. Therefore, planning is the only thing that will keep you safe.

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Essay on Disaster Management

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The disaster management is a discipline through which human beings do their very best to limit the feel of the damage caused by disasters. A disaster can sometimes be said to mean a situation that is very catastrophic where the usual pattern in life and the ecosystem is disturbed and there is a need for an emergency intervention to preserve and save lives or the environment.

It is important to note that natural disasters can happen at any time and this means that adequate measures and tools must be put in place to help battle or ease the effects and impact of disasters when they happen.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school students (Class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 standard), college and university students. Furthermore, those students preparing for competitive exams like IAS, IPS, Civil Services and UPSC can also increase their knowledge by reading these essays.

‘Disaster Management’ is a must for every country. No country is immune to disasters.

What is meant by Disaster?

Disaster is something that interrupts the normal functioning of a community; it results in a great loss of life and property that cannot be stopped or sorted out immediately. Two main types of disasters are explained below:-

Natural Disasters – These disasters are caused by nature and they are far beyond human control. Earth quakes, floods, hurricanes, tsunami are few examples.

Man-Made Disasters – These disasters are caused by humans either unknowingly or purposefully. Few examples are Fire accidents, nuclear attacks, wars, conflicts etc.,

The Importance of Disaster Management:

Disaster Management is a system or a well-designed plan by which the hazards of a disaster is reduced. It is the effort that the government takes to tackle any unexpected situation. The world has been a victim of many disasters, still it survives because of the efficient disaster management systems that every country possesses.

Conclusion:

Disasters result in damage. Disasters cannot be stopped but disaster management can be strengthened.

A disaster is an intense troubling disturbance in the working of a country and society as it usually affects a large section of the population and causes massive damage. To deal with such disasters there comes in place disaster management. India is a country prone to disasters such as floods and doubts, earthquakes, Tsunamis and landslides happening every year in different parts of the country. In fact, there is no such nation which is protected from disasters.

Disaster Management in India:

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the body under the Ministry of Home Affairs which has been set to deal with the disaster management in India. NDMA was formed on 30 May 2005 under the Disaster Management Act. Its duties are to lay down the policies on the steps required to be taken for disaster management and take suitable measures to help people and Government in times of disaster.

Prevention and Control in Times of Disaster:

Various exercises should be performed in case of a disaster. Disaster Management includes the coordination, direction, and full control, quick evaluation of harm, rebuilding of intensity, media transmission and surface transport, the sending of inquiry and save groups, medicals and para-medicinal groups, water for drinking and food material, setting up of transitory asylums, sanitation and cleanliness ID and reserving of assets, last yet not minimal, upkeep of lawfulness is similarly critical.

However, it must be noted that it is not the responsibility of the Government alone to help people in times of disaster. Every single individual must take a functioning part in disaster management in order to decrease the loss of life and resources.

Introduction:

Chaos, mass death of human beings and livestock, increased crime rate are some of the effects of disasters. Disasters are negative occurrences that lead to widespread panic and fear. They also cripple the society’s ability to respond to its causes.

Disasters can be natural or man-made. In both cases, they can lead to great loss of lives and properties. In extreme cases, there can be a combination of man-made and natural disasters. For instance, armed conflicts and scarcity of food. Therefore, disaster management is necessary to curb or stop immense loss and damage.

Disaster management can be in form of disaster prevention, disaster awareness, and preparation. These concepts shall be considered below.

Disaster Prevention:

Countries all over the world have adopted steps to prevent the widespread of diseases or viruses. These steps include funding of researches for the eradication of natural disasters. Other forms of fundings include food provision, provision of health care amenities etc. The latter is usually employed in economically disadvantaged areas in Africa and the Middle East.

Also, Predictions of possible natural disasters have been made possible by improved scientific researches. For instance, equipment has been developed to adequately detect earthquakes and tsunamis. This has led to growing voices for environmental consciousness. Consciousness in this sense translates to the reduction in all forms of environmental pollution.

Disaster Awareness and Preparation:

Disaster awareness is another way of curbing excesses of widespread epidemics. Members of the public need to be sensitized of the need to keep the peace, de-escalate dangerous situations and to have a safety first approach to every potential disaster.

Management of disaster is aimed at reducing death rates and suffering of a human. When successful management of all these can be attained, the impact of disasters can be mitigated. Hence, the importance of the successful management of disaster cannot be overstated.

Disaster management is often the need of the hour and it is something which people truly need to be proficient in. Owing to the inhumane anthropogenic exploitation of mother earth, the occurrence of natural disaster has increased considerably.

Whenever a calamity occur, it is important to be well prepared for it. There is a science called disaster management which helps in both prevention and mitigation of the calamity.

Can you avert disasters?

Those who practise disaster management are of the opinion that by studying the minor signs and keeping a vigilant watch, we can warn about the disaster and thereby take the right actions.

Not only this, if we start undoing the damage and do our bit to preserve the environment, a lot of natural disasters can be avoided. Disaster management specialists are of the opinion that if we regulate the use, we can cut down on disasters like global warming, flash floods, drought and so on.

The Disaster Management Mitigation:

Even the mitigation steps are taught in thorough details to those who learn the dynamics of disaster management. When you are well versed in this science, you will be equipped with the different ways by which you can handle the mitigation.

Suppose a flood has occurred, knowing how to let the water recede and to keep an eye on the changing climate so as to offer alerts for any repeat floods could be a significant help. Along with this, there are several other ways by which we can negate the effect of a disaster.

Preparedness Factor:

The best use of disaster management has to be the fact that it can help you be prepared for it. Often the finest experts would launch a warning signal and thereby guide people about the right measures to be taken.

However for this to work, it is important to be watchful and vigilant. Sometimes, the calamities can strike without much of a forewarning and this in turn can create even more havoc.

The bottom line as stated by most disaster management experts is to start taking care of the environment which is the key reason for our survival. When you are doing your bit, you will find that nature will take care of its own as well. Of course, some calamities may strike from time to time but we can definitely cut down their instances significantly by nurturing and protecting this unique environment.

The world is faced by disaster, some are severe while some are manageable. Disasters are abrupt accidents that cause massive destruction of life and property including natural calamities. Disasters can either be natural or man-made. These disaster need emergency management to rehabilitate the damage caused. The management is done to contain the damage and to control the hazards of the disaster through a process of disaster management. The process is aimed at preventing disaster and mitigating the inevitable disasters. India is vulnerable to disaster like floods, droughts, landslide and earthquake. The disaster management efforts by Indian government have greatly improved over the years.

The Process of Disaster Management:

The process is divided into four phases of disaster management. The first phase is mitigation whereby the occurrence possibility of a disaster or the adverse effects need to be minimized. The actions include public education on the nature of the disaster and how they can prepare to protect themselves and the structural construction projects. These projects are aimed at minimizing loss of lives and destruction of property by the anticipated disaster.

Preparedness is the second phase of disaster management where the goal is to strengthen readiness to handle emergencies through programs by government. The preparedness is mostly directed towards lifesaving activities. Preparedness involves drafting of plans, developing communication systems, public education and exercises. The third phase is response where the disaster management team enacts the plans to maintain lives and reduce the numbers of affected population. The response is done by providing transport, shelter and food to the affected population. The damage is contained by repairs and temporary solutions are sought e.g., temporary residence for the affected population.

The final phase of disaster management is recovery. This is usually after the disaster has settled and damage has already been done. In recovery, the team tries to restore the livelihood of people and the infrastructure. Recovery is done either short term or long term. The aim is to restore a normal or better livelihood for the affected population. Health safety is emphasized during public education. Recovery phase enables the disaster management to transition into long-term solutions.

Challenges in Disaster Management:

The management of disaster is a challenging process and some deficiencies are encountered. In some countries, the specific hazards and disasters are not clear and so the government is unable to deploy disaster management in an unknown disaster. There is also the aspect of inadequacies when it comes to the technical and framework capability of a nation. Disaster management frameworks require support from the government. Although disaster management process involves public education, there is no aspect of psychological counselling for individuals because of the high population. People tend to suffer post-traumatic stress and psychiatric diseases.

Disaster management is an important activity and it should be adopted by countries in order to prevent the inevitable disasters and reduce the adverse effects of disasters. However, there are limitations of disaster management that reduce the capability of successful implementation of the strategies.

Disaster management is an important issue for modern life in the many populated cities of the world. Discovering the importance of proper disaster management is beneficial for all students who want to major in some aspect of urban planning or public health. The precise protocol for disaster management depends on the source of the disaster and everything you plan and do also depends on this factor.

Disaster Management for Natural Disasters:

One of the most predominant sources of potentially hazardous situations for human life and living are natural disasters, however, most people living in areas that are at risk know the proper disaster management for such situations. Natural disasters can be caused by any natural factor like the rain, or drought and they usually require from the community to prepare in advance for the disaster management. Sometimes no one can prepare for a surprise attack from nature and then the affected people need to improvise in their disaster management, this approach is avoided in all situations except in those that could not be avoided.

Disaster Management for Environmental Emergencies:

Disaster management in environmental emergencies is somewhat different than the previous one. First, of all, because these emergencies are caused by human factors like problems in the industry and transport so the designed disaster management has to be adapted for those situations. The additional factor is the fact that this type of disaster management usually requires the use and disposal of dangerous and poisonous chemicals.

Disaster Management for Complex Emergencies:

Disaster management in complex emergencies often requires the authorities to resolve social issues because of a break down in social order. Such situations can be dangerous for people’s lives because a general state of anarchy could break out and disaster management can become a bloody and vicious affair. Recently disaster management in complex political and social situations strives towards the implementation of weapons and tools that can do less physical harm when they are used and instead cause pain for the recipient.

Disaster Management for Pandemic:

Pandemics create a need for a special type of disaster management because of the presence of virulent microorganisms. Usually, pandemics cause health issues for the general public and they are addressed through medical means and with the aid of doctors. Disaster management in a pandemic should abide by strict protocol because there can be many sources of infection and the entire process would be additionally complicated if the medical workers get infected as well.

Disaster Management for Emergency Management:

All of the above-mentioned situations where disaster management is needed can be resolved by following four simple steps. So, even if we are not trained for a certain type of disaster, we can still get a good idea of what we have to do if such a situation does happen.

The first step is mitigation that is to get rid of the source of the disaster or reduce its impact. Preparedness is the best way and if you know a certain situation could come up make sure you have all that you need to get out of it. One more benefit is to train yourself with the right response for the emergency you are in. Finally, you have to think about recovery and finding ways to help people who might be in a worst position than you.

Disaster management is a complex process and sometimes it needs a lot of preparation, therefore everyone who knows they can end up in such an emergency position better do the smart thing and prepare in advance. The best thing is not to be surprised and to know the right things to do, however sometimes we can end up in a situation that we were not prepared for, that is when we need to keep a cool head, analyze the type of the disaster and follow these simple steps and we can make it out with the least amount of stress.

Disaster management has become very important and necessary in the world we live in today. A disaster can simply be said to be the extreme disruption of the functioning and workings of a habitat which causes varying degrees of environmental, material or human losses that are way more than the capacity and capability of the population that is affected to cope with employing its very own resources. Earthquakes, landslides, cyclones, tsunamis, floods and droughts are all some of the many examples of the disruptions know as disasters.

The disaster management is a discipline through which human beings do their very best to limit the feel of the damage caused by disasters. A disaster can sometimes be said to mean a situation that is very catastrophic where the usual pattern in life and the ecosystem is disturbed and there is a need for an emergency intervention to preserve and save lives or the environment. It is important to note that natural disasters can happen at any time and this means that adequate measures and tools must be put in place to help battle or ease the effects and impact of disasters when they happen.

Types of Disasters:

Basically, disasters are widely divided into two types namely:

1. Natural disasters

2. Manmade disasters

1. Natural Disaster:

This is a natural occurrence or a process that leads to the loss of many lives, causes injuries and other forms of health hazards, leads to the damage and loss of properties, loss of means of livelihood, causes a great damage to the environment and causes serious disruption to economic and social activities. Natural disasters include landslides, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, blizzards, floods, cyclones and tsunamis.

2. Manmade Disaster:

Another name for the manmade disaster is complex emergency and it is as a result of major events like oil spills, fires, looting, transport accidents, nuclear radiations or explosions, terrorist attacks wars and so many more. Manmade disasters are sometimes the outcome of various technological hazards.

Effects of Disasters:

The indirect or direct impact or effect of disasters is always very dangerous, damaging and destructive. Human lives are lost, infrastructures that are in place are either damaged or destroyed, livestock and plants that are sources of food are destroyed during disasters. The losses and impacts of disasters can be felt for a lot of years and it might take a long period of time to move on from a particular disaster.

The Impacts of the Activities of Human Beings on Disasters (Natural Disasters):

Scientists and researchers have discovered and put forward that urbanisation, industrialisation and modernisation are negatively affecting the environment. As a result of the exploitation of the environment (nature), a lot of natural disasters like landslides and earthquakes are being created and their levels are being increased to a stage where they cause a large amount of loss of properties, animals and most importantly human life. Due to this, we need to take care our environment and take measures to battle global warming and climate change which are primary causes of some natural disasters like flooding and drought.

Disaster Management:

This is a non-stop act of trying to reduce the effect of disasters. Disaster management needs coordinated and collective efforts as just one person can’t do it. Some of the steps that should be taken when a disaster occurs include control and command, coordination, power restoration, quick assessment of the perceived damage, surface transport and telecommunication, the deployment of teams for search and rescue, availability of Para-medical and medical team, provision of food material and good drinking water, making temporary shelters available, hygiene and sanitation identification and the setting aside of resources, most importantly is the total maintenance of the given laws and also order.

The group of people most affected by and most susceptible to disaster are those that are poor. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to always be prepared for disasters and swiftly move into action any time they happen because it is necessary that we give rescue operations and immediate relief that can go a long way in saving a number of human beings and stop further damages to lives and properties as a result of the disaster.

Disaster management has become most of the most important things today as it enables us handle and curtail unforeseen situations effectively and efficiently. We must be ready and well equipped with all of the latest technologies and developments. Even though disaster management and all of its steps and processes can’t help prevent a disaster, they can go a long way to ensure that the effect and impacts of the disaster are not really felt.

Disaster management is the applied science or field of planning proper strategies to minimize the risk of future disasters while making ways to effectively deal with the damages caused by the occurred disasters.

The type of disaster management put into effect largely depends on the type of disaster. Disaster management also varies on other factors, such as direct and indirect impacts of any disaster.

Disaster management covers both natural and man-made disasters. Needless to say, most of the natural disasters occurring today are also an indirect result of human activities.

The natural disasters can be listed as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, lightning, drought, floods, and forest fires, etc. The man-made disasters are any electrical, fire, road, or oil-spilling accident that cause demolition. The nuclear explosion, global warming, chemical warfare, etc., also fall under the category of man-made disasters.

Need for Disaster Management:

The disaster management is not just to handle the consequences of a calamity. In fact, disaster management is equally about the prevention of future catastrophe. That is why it becomes essential to first understand the root cause of the problem.

According to the disaster management data, the biggest cause for natural calamities such as the earthquake, floods, cyclones, etc., is deforestation. When trees are cut, the soil is devoid of their roots which are responsible for holding the soil together. The loose soil is less capable of absorbing water and the situation ends up with frequent cases of drought.

Cutting of forests also increases earth’s temperature which leads to global warming. Loose soil is more likely to break down and get washed away by the river waters. Consequently, it gives rise to floods and earthquake, another high priority situation for disaster management.

Man-made disasters are truly a sign of selfishness and instant gratification. Deforestation for the purpose of creating homes and industries reflects the short-sightedness of human race. It is the central point for all the disasters and something that has generated loads of work to do for the disaster management.

Impacts of Disasters on Earth:

Whether natural or man-made, disasters don’t take sides when it comes to destruction. In spite of the desperate efforts by the disaster management organizations, millions of people all over the world, die every year due to one or other calamity.

Thanks to the man-made adversities, the pollution levels of air, water, and soil have reached a whole new level. The humongous natural disasters result in the loss of countless lives. Nations suffer the damages of property, food resources, and falling economies due to various natural disasters.

Apart from the deaths of human beings, forest fires, and cyclones, etc., disasters also cause the killings and extinction of many animal and plant species. Another great factor that leads to extinction of precious fauna is the human activity of poaching and hunting.

In the olden times, the man used to hunt animals for food and protection from heat. But now, it has turned into a selfish, dark business. From whales to elephants, rhinos, and turtles, all kinds of animal species are facing the blow and their numbers are decreasing in a sharp way.

The corals and sea phytoplanktons which play a great role in the air purification of the whole planet are bleaching and shrinking down due to the polluting activities of human beings.

Role of Disaster Management:

Disaster management is specialized in dealing with all sorts of damages. If we look at the past incidents, disaster management has been an indispensable factor in tackling with the detrimental effects of Hiroshima Nagasaki bomb blasts. The 1986 Chernobyl accident in Russia is still under the disaster management process.

In India, disaster management got into action on multiple occasions. Whether it was an earthquake in Gujarat, the cyclone in Orissa, the floods in Maharashtra, Bhopal gas tragedy, and several other incidents as we recall, time and again, we have relied on the workings and aids of disaster management to overcome the wounding situations.

Indian Agencies for Disaster Management:

In India, on 23 December 2005, the Rajya Sabha passed the Disaster Management Act, 2005. The same Disaster Management act was approved and passed on 12 December 2005 by the Lok Sabha. Not much later, i.e., on 9 January 2006, the Disaster Management Act, 2005, got the permission of The President of India and became valid all over the country.

In addition to that, we also have a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in India. National Disaster Management Authority is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its main objective is to regulate the actions and aids to natural or man-made disasters. The same agency also works for the capacity-building in disaster resiliency and tackling of the crisis.

National Disaster Framework, in India, is another approach to effective disaster management. Its function is to incorporate institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention plan, an early warning system, readiness and response, and human resource development.

The other disaster management agencies in India are National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Central Water Commission (CWC), etc. We also have an exclusive funding system called the National Disaster Management Fund (NDMF) for the disaster mitigation purpose.

Our Individual Role in Disaster Management:

Contribution toward disaster management is every individual’s responsibility. It is not a mere task and business of an agency. Disasters happen to leave an impact on our daily lives and turn it upside down. It is just a pity excuse to say that we as individuals have whatsoever no reason to be concerned with the disaster management.

On the surface, it looks quite insignificant but every little step of a person, such as planting trees, living a healthy life, and making the earth greener, can prove to be really helpful in disaster management.

After all, it is we together that have caused the various calamities. For most parts, even natural disasters are the results of man-made activities which give rise to the need for disaster management.

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Importance of Disaster Management Essay

It is necessary to set up independent teams for each anticipated disaster, based on the preparation and capacity of individuals, to empower them to handle the situation with skill.

In this post, we present you with an essay on the Importance of Disaster Management.

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Importance of Disaster Management Essay (350+ Words)

People and properties are being struck by numerous disasters, causing great loss, and we are helpless because there is no prior management planning. Despite spending a lot of money on various issues, governments are not interested in preparing for anticipated disasters.

During a disaster, poor management fails to handle the situation effectively. However, with early preparation and effective management, the situation can be controlled, and the outcomes can be minimized. To achieve trustworthy disaster management, certain essential norms must be followed, such as good training, the latest equipment, allocation of responsibilities, alertness, drills to handle situations on short notice, fast communication systems, economic arrangements, and order of precedence depending on the situation, security arrangements, adequate medical cover, rehabilitation when necessary, and standing orders for essential services such as transport, food, supplies, medicines, and more.

Disasters generally occur due to natural causes or accidents.

Disasters caused by natural reasons are usually widespread and more severe, requiring more extensive arrangements such as appropriate establishment and infrastructure. Meanwhile, accidental disasters need limited arrangements, but time is crucial in executing rescue operations.

Our nation has experienced enormous disasters caused by various accidental occurrences, including accidents involving planes and buses, mine blasts, mishandling of ammunition scraps leading to explosions, accidents during nuclear substance handling and disposal, hijacking, and more. It is necessary to establish disaster management forces to manage the circumstances and salvage people and materials as quickly as possible.

Developed countries like America, Britain, and France have previously included disaster management as a subject in schools and universities, with the aim of training and equipping students to handle emergency situations. Other countries should follow a similar arrangement to prepare every resident to face and effectively battle difficulties during any disaster.

Students should be prepared through training, drills, or practice to develop more confidence in dealing with circumstances on the ground. In today’s world, it is essential to have precautionary measures and adequate disaster management forces to tackle emergency situations as disasters increase due to the virtual effect of scientific advancement.

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• IAS Preparation
• UPSC Preparation Strategy
• Disaster Management India

Disaster Management in India

Disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods is termed a Disaster. Disaster management in India has been an important point of discussion owing to frequent natural disasters ranging from earthquakes, floods, drought, etc. This makes the issue of disaster management worthwhile to consider as part of the preparation for the IAS Exam .

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In this post, you will read all about disaster and disaster management in the Indian context. IAS aspirants can also download the Disaster Management notes PDF.

Loss of life and property due to these disasters has been steadily mounting throughout the world due to inadequate technology to combat disasters, rise in population, climate change, and continuing ecological degradation. The global efforts to manage disasters have proven to be insufficient to match the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters.

Table of Contents:

What is a Disaster?

A disaster is defined as a disruption on a massive scale, either natural or man-made, occurring in short or long periods. Disasters can lead to human, material, economic or environmental hardships, which can be beyond the bearable capacity of the affected society. As per statistics, India as a whole is vulnerable to 30 different types of disasters that will affect the economic, social, and human development potential to such an extent that it will have long-term effects on productivity and macro-economic performance.

Disasters can be classified into the following categories:

• Water and Climate Disaster: Flood, hail storms, cloudburst, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, droughts, hurricanes. (Read about Cyclone Disaster Management separately at the linked article.)
• Geological Disaster: Landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
• Biological Disaster: Viral epidemics, pest attacks, cattle epidemic, and locust plagues
• Industrial Disaster: Chemical and industrial accidents, mine shaft fires, oil spills,
• Nuclear Disasters: Nuclear core meltdowns, radiation poisoning
• Man-made disasters: Urban and forest fires, oil spill, the collapse of huge building structures

What is Disaster Management?

In this section, we define what is disaster management as per the Disaster Management Act of 2005.

The Disaster Management Act of 2005 defines Disaster Management as an integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary for-

• Prevention of threat of any disaster
• Reduction of risk of any disaster or its consequences
• Readiness to deal with any disaster
• Promptness in dealing with a disaster
• Assessing the severity of the effects of any disaster
• Rescue and relief
• Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Agencies involved in Disaster Management

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA):- The National Disaster Management Authority , or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• National Executive Committee (NEC):- The NEC is composed of high profile ministerial members from the government of India that include the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Government of India (GoI)like Ministries/Departments of Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, Drinking Water Supply, Environment and Forests, etc. The NEC prepares the National Plan for Disaster Management as per the National Policy on Disaster Management.
• State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA):- The Chief Minister of the respective state is the head of the SDMA.The State Government has a State Executive Committee (SEC) which assists the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) on Disaster Management.
• District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA):- The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson. The DDMA ensures that the guidelines framed by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the departments of the State Government at the District level and the local authorities in the District.
• Local Authorities:- Local authorities would include Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment 11 Institutional and Legal Arrangements Boards, and Town Planning Authorities which control and manage civic services.

Now let’s have a look at some of the types of disasters and the means to combat them.

Biological Disasters

Definition: The devastating effects caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism that may spread disease, viruses, or an infestation of plant, animal, or insect life on an epidemic or pandemic level.

• Epidemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects many people in a given area or community.
• Pandemic Level – Indicates a disaster that affects a much larger region, sometimes an entire continent or even the whole planet. For example, the recent H1N1 or Swine Flu pandemic.

To know more about Bio-Terrorism threat to India and India’s Preparedness visit the linked article.

Biological Disasters – Important points to remember for UPSC

1. The nodal Ministry for handling epidemics – Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

• Decision-making
• Advisory body
• Emergency medical relief providing

2. The primary responsibility of dealing with biological disasters is with the State Governments. (Reason – Health is a State Subject).

3. The nodal agency for investigating outbreaks – National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD)

4. Nodal ministry for Biological Warfare – Ministry of Home Affairs ( Biological warfare is the use of biological agents as an act of war)

Biological Disasters – Classifications

Charles Baldwin developed the symbol for biohazard in 1966.

The US Centres for Disease Control classifies biohazards into four biosafety levels as follows:

• BSL-1: Bacteria and Viruses including Bacillus subtilis, some cell cultures, canine hepatitis, and non-infectious bacteria. Protection is only facial protection and gloves.
• BSL-2: Bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting such as hepatitis A, B, C, mumps, measles, HIV, etc. Protection – use of autoclaves for sterilizing and biological safety cabinets.
• BSL-3: Bacteria and viruses causing severe to fatal disease in humans. Example: West Nile virus, anthrax, MERS coronavirus. Protection – Stringent safety protocols such as the use of respirators to prevent airborne infection.
• BSL-4: Potentially fatal (to human beings) viruses like Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa fever virus, etc. Protection – use of a positive pressure personnel suit, with a segregated air supply.

Legislations for prevention of Biohazards in India

The following legislations have been enacted in India for the prevention of biohazards and implementation of protective, eradicative and containing measures when there is an outbreak:

• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
• The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the Rules (1986)
• Disaster Management Act 2005, provides for the institutional and operational framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, response, preparedness, and recovery at all levels.
• Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981
• Disaster Management Act of 2005

Prevention of Biological Hazards

The basic measure to prevent and control biohazards is the elimination of the source of contamination. Some of the prevention methods are as follows:

Preventive Measures for workers in the field (Medical)

• Engineering controls – to help prevent the spread of such disasters including proper ventilation, installing negative pressure, and usage of UV lamps.
• Personal hygiene – washing hands with liquid soap, proper care for clothes that have been exposed to a probably contaminated environment.
• Personal protection equipment – masks, protective clothing, gloves, face shield, eye shield, shoe covers.
• Sterilization – Using ultra heat or high pressure to eliminate bacteria or using biocide to kill microbes.
• Respiratory protection – surgical masks, respirators, powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR), air-supplying respirators.

Prevention of Biological Hazards (Environmental Management)

Safe water supply, proper maintenance of sewage pipelines – to prevent waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, dysentery, etc.

Awareness of personal hygiene and provision for washing, cleaning, bathing, avoiding overcrowding, etc.

Vector control:

Environmental engineering work and generic integrated vector control measures.

Water management, not permitting water to stagnate and collect and other methods to eliminate breeding places for vectors.

Regular spraying of insecticides, outdoor fogging, etc. for controlling vectors.

Controlling the population of rodents.

Post-disaster Epidemics Prevention

The risk of epidemics is increased after any biological disaster.

Integrated Disease Surveillance Systems (IDSS) monitors the sources, modes of diseases spreading, and investigates the epidemics.

Detection and Containment of Outbreaks

This consists of four steps as given under:

• Recognizing and diagnosing by primary healthcare practitioners.
• Communicating surveillance information to public health authorities.
• Epidemiological analysis of surveillance data
• Public health measures and delivering proper medical treatment.

Legal Framework for Biological Disasters

• The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897. (Read about RSTV’s In-Depth Analysis on Epidemic Diseases Act 1897 in the linked article.)
• This Act does not provide any power to the centre to intervene in biological emergencies.
• It has to be substituted by an Act that takes care of the prevailing and foreseeable public health needs including emergencies such as BT attacks and the use of biological weapons by an adversary, cross-border issues, and international spread of diseases.
• It should give enough powers to the central and state governments and local authorities to act with impunity, notify affected areas, restrict movement or quarantine the affected area, enter any premises to take samples of suspected materials, and seal them.
• The Act should also establish controls over biological sample transfer, biosecurity and biosafety of materials/laboratories.

Institutional Framework

In the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoH&FW), public health needs to be accorded high priority with a separate Additional Directorate General of Health and Sanitation (DGHS) for public health. In some states, there is a separate department of public health. States that do not have such arrangements will also have to take initiatives to establish such a department.

Operational Framework

At the national level, there is no policy on biological disasters. The existing contingency plan of MoH&FW is about 10 years old and needs extensive revision. All components related to public health, namely apex institutions, field epidemiology, surveillance, teaching, training, research, etc., need to be strengthened.

At the operational level, Command and Control (C&C) are identifiable clearly at the district level, where the district collector is vested with certain powers to requisition resources, notify a disease, inspect any premises, seek help from the Army, state or centre, enforce quarantine, etc. However, there is no concept of an incident command system wherein the entire action is brought under the ambit of an incident commander with support from the disciplines of logistics, finance, and technical teams, etc. There is an urgent need for establishing an incident command system in every district.

There is a shortage of medical and paramedical staff at the district and sub-district levels. There is also an acute shortage of public health specialists, epidemiologists, clinical microbiologists, and virologists.

Biosafety laboratories are required for the prompt diagnosis of the agents for the effective management of biological disasters. There is no BSL-4 laboratory in the human health sector. BSL- 3 laboratories are also limited. Major issues remain regarding biosecurity, the indigenous capability of preparing diagnostic reagents, and quality assurance.

Lack of an Integrated Ambulance Network (IAN). There is no ambulance system with advanced life-support facilities that are capable of working in biological disasters.

State-run hospitals have limited medical supplies. Even in normal situations, a patient has to buy medicines. There is a lack of stockpile of drugs, important vaccines like anthrax vaccine, PPE, or diagnostics for surge capacity. In a crisis, there is further incapacitation due to tedious procurement procedures.

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) :- The command and supervision of the NDRF would be under the Director-General of Civil Defence and National Disaster Response Force selected by the Central Government. Currently, the NDRF comprises of eight battalions who will be positioned at different locations as per the requirements.

Read about Crowd Disaster Management in the linked article.

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Proper planning and mitigation measures can play a leading role in risk-prone areas to minimize the worst effects of hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and cyclones. These are the key areas which should be addressed to achieve this objective:

• Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Mapping: Mapping and vulnerability analysis in a multi-risk structure will be conducted utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) based databases like the National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM) and National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI).
• Increasing Trend of Disasters in Urban Areas:- Steps to prevent unplanned urbanization must be undertaken, with the plan of action formulated being given the highest priority. State Governments/UTs concerned on the other hand focus on urban drainage systems with special attention on non-obstruction of natural drainage systems.
• Critical Infrastructure:- Critical infrastructure like roads, dams, bridges, irrigation canals, bridges, power stations, railway lines, delta water distribution networks, ports and rivers, and coastal embankments should be continuously checked for safety standards concerning worldwide safety benchmarks and fortified if the current measures prove to be inadequate.
• Environmentally Sustainable Development: – Environmental considerations and developmental efforts, should be handled simultaneously for ensuring sustainability.
• Climate Change Adaptation:-. The challenges of the increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters like cyclones, floods, and droughts should be tackled in a sustained and effective manner with the promotion of strategies for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction.

The topics of internal security and disaster management are diverse and also important for both the prelims and the mains exams. These topics are also highly linked with current affairs. Almost every question asked from them is related to current events. So, apart from standard textbooks, you should rely on newspapers and news analyses as well for these sections. To read on how to prepare for internal security and disaster management , check the linked article.

Multiple Choice Question

• The National Disaster Management Authority, or the NDMA, is an apex body for disaster management, headed by the Prime Minister of India. It is responsible for the supervision, direction, and control of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).
• The DDMA is headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate depending on the situation, with the elected representatives of the local authority as the Co-Chairperson.
• The Governor of the respective state is the head of the State Disaster Management Authority
• The Epidemic Diseases Act was enacted in the year 1897.

Choose the correct answer from the below-given options

A) All of the above statements are false.

B) All of the above statements are true.

C) Only statements 2, 3, and 4 are true

D) Only statements 1, 2, and 4 are true

Candidates can find the general pattern of the Civil Service Exam by visiting the UPSC Syllabus page.

Frequently Asked Questions on Disaster Management in India

Q 1. what is the aim of disaster management in india, q 2. what is disaster risk management, q 3. in how many categories can disasters be classified.

Ans. Disaster can be classified into the following categories:

• Water and Climate Disaster
• Geological Disaster
• Biological Disaster
• Industrial Disaster
• Nuclear Disasters
• Man-made disasters

Q 4. Which body is responsible for Disaster Management in India?

Q 5. what is the disaster management act 2005.

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Essay on Disaster Management for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Disaster Management: A disaster is an extreme disruption in the functioning of a habitat that causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources. Landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the examples of disasters. Disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously make effort to mitigate the harm caused by the disasters.

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Long and Short Essay on disaster management in English

Disaster management is a topic on which students are generally asked to write essays. We are providing below essays on the same with different words limit, so the respective essay could be picked up by the students as per their requirements.

Disaster Management Essay 1 (100 words)

Disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community. Earthquakes, cyclones, droughts, floods etc are some of the natural disasters resulting into huge loss of lives and properties. The direct or indirect impacts of disasters, either natural or man-made are colossal damage, destruction and death.

The disaster management is the discipline by which human beings continuously makes efforts to reduce the harm caused by the disasters. India has set up many departments and organizations for the same such as national disaster management authority (NDMA). But we are yet to achieve satisfactory progress with regard to timely management of disasters. This can be done by raising adequate awareness about the ways to cope with disasters and greater co-ordination between the centre and state agencies.

Disaster Management Essay 2 (200 words)

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disturbs the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope with using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origin as well such as major fire or leakage in a nuclear plant due to human negligence.

Disaster management is a well-planned strategy for making efforts to reduce the hazards caused by the disasters. Disaster management though does not avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on formulating plans to decrease the effect of disasters. In India, national disaster management authority (NDMA) has been set up to coordinate responses to natural or man-made disasters across the country. NDMA runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations.

These include the national cyclone risk management project, school safety project, decision support system etc. But going by the lack of preparedness exposed by the outbreak of recent disasters in the country, the NDMA needs to make more organized and effective efforts to mitigate the losses caused by disasters. In fact, the society as a whole must make efforts to co-operate with the central and state agencies in coming out with a collective response to deal with disasters.

Also Read: Article on Save Water – Long and short articles for students

Disaster Management Essay 3 (250 words)

Disaster is a catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment. India is one of the most disaster prone zones in the world due to its peculiar geographical characteristics as well as the poor social conditions in which the communities live which exposes them to the frequent destruction caused by the hazards.

For India, the major hazards are earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, fire accidents etc. Rapid growth in the population rate has certainly triggered the level of disasters. Natural disasters can only be mitigated but the man-made disasters can be prevented to a certain limit. India has taken many steps and has formed many organizations in order to mitigate, reduce and avoid the hazards of the disasters.

In India, the role of emergency management falls within the jurisdiction of the national disaster management authority of India (NDMA), which is doing a great job in reducing the hazardous impacts of the disaster and is operating from a government-centered approach to decentralized community participation.

But it needs much more sustained efforts to come out with a well-thought out strategy and response to minimize the colossal damage caused by disasters whenever a calamity has struck, for instance tsunami and Uttarakhand floods in recent times. We have not been able to mount adequate rescue and rehabilitation efforts to effectively deal with the situation.

Disaster Management Essay 4 (300 words)

A disaster is a serious disruption in the functioning of a community and society as a fall-out of widespread human, material, or environmental losses that exceed the ability of the affected population to cope with its own resources.

India is a disaster prone country. In fact, there is no country which is immune from disasters which can be classified as-

Types of Disasters

There are two majorly two types of disasters:

• Natural disasters
• Man-made disasters

Natural disasters are the disasters caused due to natural reasons which are beyond the control of humans including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human lives.

Man-made disasters also known as the complex emergencies are the disasters caused due to major accidents like fires, the breakdown of authority, looting and attacks, including conflict situations and war.

Disaster management is a continuous phenomenon of mitigating the impact of the disasters. Disaster management calls for collective and co-ordinated efforts. A number of activities need to be undertaken in the event of disaster. These include co-ordination, command and control, rapid assessment of damage, restoration of power, tele-communication and surface transport, deployment of search and rescue teams, medicals and Para-medical teams, arrangements for drinking water and food material, setting up of temporary shelters, sanitation and hygiene identification and earmarking of resources, last but not the least, maintenance of law and order is equally important.

The most vulnerable sections in these disasters are the poor. Hence it is necessary to mobilize them towards preparedness for any emergency. Quick and timely response is the essence in providing immediate relief and rescue operations, to save human lives and mitigate miseries as soon as possible.

India has set up many departments and organizations for the same i.e. National disaster management authority (ndma), national remote sensing centre (nrsc), central water commission (cwc) etc. And due to the presence of so many authorities it is not feasible for all of them to take steps in a single direction.

Disaster management has assumed great importance in recent times. To handle any unforeseen situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. It cannot avert the outbreak of disaster, but can mitigate its impact to a large extent.

Disaster Management Essay 5 (400 words)

Introduction

God has created everything including land, water, air etc. Nature has several manifestations – benign as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing, sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation which is known as disaster.

A catastrophic situation in which normal pattern of life and or ecosystem gets disturbed and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve lives or environment can be termed as a disaster. Natural disasters are the manifestation of nature and they can take place anywhere anytime.

Classification of disasters:

The disasters can be classified as-

Natural disasters: A natural hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural disasters.

Human instigated : Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazards. Examples include fires, transport accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and terrorist attacks may also be put in this category.

Disasters in India: well, there is no country which is completely free from disasters and so is India. India, due to its geographical locations & geological formations, is a highly disaster prone country.

India has faced a number of disasters, ranging from flood, earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami, drought, landslides. A few recent disasters faced by India include floods in Uttarakhand, cyclone “vardah” in Chennai, recurring earthquakes in northern India, chama earthquake in Gujarat, super cyclone in Orissa in 1999, bhuj earthquake in Gujarat in 2001, tsunami in 2004 and Mumbai-Gujarat flood in 2005. Besides, India has had to suffer technology-related tragedy in the form of gas tragedy in Bhopal in 1984. India also faced the problem of plague in Gujarat.

The direct or indirect impact of the disasters has always been deadly, destructive and damaging. They cause loss of life to the humans as well as livestock.

Disaster management

Disaster management is the management of resources and responsibilities in order to lessen the impact of disasters.

Disaster management in India

In India, a lot of forums, funds and organizations are functioning to mitigate the effects of the disasters like national disaster management authority (NDMA), national remote sensing centre (NRSC), Indian council of medical research (ICMR), central water commission (CWC) etc. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.

Sometimes, due to lack of co-ordination between the central and state government as well as the absence of correct resources; the concerned forums, organizations are unable to provide the apt rehabilitation.

To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Disaster management cannot avert the situation, but can mitigate its impact to lessen sufferings of humans, plants and animals.

Disaster Management Essay 6 (800 words)

About disaster

Land, water, air etc are some of the beautiful creations of the almighty. Nature has several manifestations – smooth as well as hostile. Sometimes, it is soothing while sometimes it is ferocious. Whenever it turns to be in its bad temper, it can bring about devastation or destruction which is known as a “disaster”.

Literal interpretation

Literally, disaster refers to the mishap, calamity or the grave occurrence from either the natural or man-made reasons which can’t be stopped or tackled immediately by the affected community.

India, being very much prone to disasters due to its geographical location, earthquakes, landslides, drought, cyclones, floods, forest fires, and fire accidents are some of the major calamities that keep occurring, inflicting colossal damage. Rapid growth in the population rate and urbanization has mostly triggered the level of the disasters.

Types of disasters

The disasters can be broadly classified into two major categories:

• Man made / human instigated disasters

Natural disaster is a natural process that may cause loss of huge lives, injuries or other health impacts, property damages, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruptions or massive environmental damage. Various disasters like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are covered under the scope of the term natural disaster. Human instigated disaster is also known as the complex emergency and is the disaster caused due to major happenings such as fires, oil spill, breakdown of authority, looting, wars etc.

Disasters in India over a decade-at a glance

India has faced some of the most destructive disasters in past decade which can be named as under:

Effects of disasters in India:

The impact of natural as well as human instigated disasters is colossal death, destruction, injuries, huge loss of the lives of humans and livestock.

The impact of human activities on natural disasters:

Since a long for now, it has been noticed that modernization is leading to grave ignorance towards the environment. Environmental bylaws are being neglected by industries. Due to over-exploitation of nature, we humans have created such a situation where events like earthquakes, landslides are increasingly being elevated to the extent that they are causing massive loss in terms of human life and property.

It’s not that, every one of us is being ignorant about the environment. There are a lot of people who are very much concerned about the nature and the environment. Even, there are many NGOs which are taking the issue of global warming and pollution publically by taking out rallies and organizing several campaigns to save environment and such initiatives need to be appreciated.

Disaster management is the creation of primary and secondary plans through which people’s vulnerability to hazards can be reduced so that they can cope up with disasters. The mechanism does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating the strategies to decrease the effect of disasters.

National disaster management authority (NDMA) is the apex body which is mandated to lay down the policies and guidelines for disaster management to ensure timely an effective response towards disasters. A separate fund called as “national disaster management fund” (NDMF) is also there for exclusive mitigation.

NDMA mostly performs the following functions:

• Administration
• Policies formation for disaster management
• Mitigation of disasters
• Approval of the plans laid down
• Formation of funds for the purpose of mitigation of disasters etc
• Running various programs and imparting guidelines

Prevention & control

The natural disasters are inevitable, even if we have measures to predict/ forecast the disasters we can’t stop them from happening. The best which can be done is to avoid the practices which are hazardous for the environment which are leading towards environmental degradation, while preparing plans for our disaster management.

Once a disaster strikes it leads to a massive destruction and loss of life. In case of the disasters like earthquakes, floods etc. Where a number of humans are displaced and post disaster there are a number of causalities. This is the time when the actual emergency preparedness comes into effect by giving first aid to the injured ones, providing rescue and relief operations to the victims.

To handle the situation efficiently, we need to be well-equipped with latest technologies. Also, it is of utmost importance to be prepared with a proper disaster management team which can take charge as soon as possible when the disaster strikes.

Related Information:

Speech on Disaster Management

Essay on Earthquake

International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction

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Multistakeholder Participation, Collaboration, and Networking in Disaster Risk Reduction and Pandemic Management: Insights and Future Policy Framework

• Sigamani Panneer (Jawaharlal Nehru University)
• Subhabrata Dutta (Assam University)
• Lekha D Bhat (Central University of Tamil Nadu)
• Prakash Chand Kandpal (Jawa­harlal Nehru University)
• Robert Ramesh Babu P (Department of Social Work)
• Rubavel M (Consultant UNDP)
• Vigneshwaran Subbiah Akkayasamy (Depart­ment of Sociology and Social Work)

The natural and manmade disasters impact a society with loss of assets and human lives. Disasters leavepeople in vulnerable conditions and an overall economic slowdown is observed. The impact of disasters is highly complex and multidimensional in nature. It becomes imperative to handle the complexity of issues with comprehensive approach. Managing disasters effectively is one of the important challenges any government faces when it tries to be prepared with appropriate mitigation, rescue, and relief strategies. The unexpected nature and urgency related to Disaster Risk Reduction makes it important and relevant to involvemultistakeholders. This will help to bring down the severity and impact of the disaster on human lives and losses. Disaster Risk Reductionrequires meticulous planning and sharing of the responsibility among multistakeholders through networking so as to bring down the severity and minimize the negative impact of a disaster. Many research studies have suggested the multistakeholder approach in addressing the disasters. There are several gaps such as inefficiency of vertical management to deal the issues, involvement of multiple stakeholders, and lack of local public supportfor disaster. This paper, considering the case of COVID-19 as a pandemic and disaster, discusses the importance of multistakeholder participation. The paper presents an extensive review of the papers on the relevance ofparticipation of multistakeholdersin Disaster Risk Reduction and explores the scope and challenges involved and suggests policies to address the disasters, which utilizes Multistakeholder Participation.

Keywords: global health diplomacy, governance, collaboration andnetworking, disaster risk reduction, multistakeholder participation, transdisciplinary approach

Panneer, S., Dutta, S., Bhat, L. D., Kandpal, P. C., Babu P, R. R., M, R. & Akkayasamy, V. S., (2024) “Multistakeholder Participation, Collaboration, and Networking in Disaster Risk Reduction and Pandemic Management: Insights and Future Policy Framework”, Social Development Issues 46(2): 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.3998/sdi.5989

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Published on 17 may 2024, peer reviewed, creative commons attribution 4.0, introduction.

Disasters cause not only economic crisis but also humanitarian loss, mental and psychological trauma, and slow downof a society’s development process. Disasters are to be handled with priority and to be addressed comprehensively with innovative and pragmaticmultistakeholder participation approach. In multistakeholder participation, to address disasters most effectively, sharing of information, coordination, and quick decision are most important ( Hayne & Smith, 2005 ). The terms “Multistakeholder platform” and “multistakeholder’s participation”are used to represent the process where different actors witha common pool of resources and common interests come together, discuss the possibilities, and develop proactive and pragmatic solutions for the good of the public ( Warner, Waalewijn, & Hilhorst, 2002 ). The past experiences in disaster risk reduction show that even after efforts, the affected society takes a long timeto cope with the aftermath of disasters because multistakeholder participation is not channelized properly in mitigation and rehabilitation efforts ( Fletcher et al., 2013 ). The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a prime example of global health crisis and the importance of networking, collaboration, and multistakeholder participation in handling disasters. The complexity of handling pandemics and disasters has increased recently, necessitating a more coordinated, inclusive strategy that makes use of a variety of resources and areas of expertise.

After a disaster occurs, a number of key stakeholders are involved in providing relief and rehabilitation support. One of the major challenges in the field of Disaster Risk Reductionis to understand how to develop a response with appropriate coordination between various stakeholders and ensure flexibility and lucidity in the system at the same time ( Nowell, Steelman, Velez, & Yang, 2018 ). During the last two decades, disasters are all transboundary in nature and uncertain, and collective stress is very high which demands rapid responses from multiple agencies or stakeholders ( Ansell, Boin, & Keller, 2010 ). Disasters bring constraints such as hierarchical organizations tend to break down, personnels are hindered by lack of information, lack of flexibility in the administrative procedures, constraints for innovation, and inability to shift resources and actions to meet the new demands quickly, which lead to cumulative stress in the Disaster Risk Reduction ( McDonald & Sinha, 2008 ). Multistakeholders are required to respond, network, and share the information to have strategic, tactical, and operational plans to handle the disasters. Optimal use of available time is one of the crucial aspects in the disaster risk reduction; timely information is required, and it depicts the need for collaboration with involvement of multistakeholders at wider level. A better multistakeholder management can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of Disaster Risk Reduction in humanitarian operations.

The stakeholders involved in disaster management include military and paramilitary forces, contributors, and government and nongovernment organizations, who have to cooperate and collaborate with people from different cultures and ethnic groups ( Cozzolino, 2012 ). Availability of scientific knowledge and appropriate information is mandatory for decision-making, clear assessment, and formulation of appropriate measures ( Zhou et al., 2020 ). Making policy decisions by providing inputs and delegating responsibilities among themselves to develop proactive prevention strategies with the involvement of community are imperative ( Biekart & Fowler, 2018 ). During a disaster, no individual, agency, or government machinery have the legitimacy, authority, or professional competency to handle the situation exclusively; it demands collective action, interaction, and networking ( Nolte & Boenigk, 2013 ). Effective response to a disaster is about networking and enterprising ( Moynihan, 2008 ). Multistakeholder participation has always helped to improve societal ownership and response of the Disaster Risk Reductionor rehabilitation measures. Multistakeholder initiatives are helpful in bringing in collective actions for public benefits; and as theyrely on one common factor, they are more productive, efficient, and effective ( Beisheim & Simon, 2016 ).

Stakeholders are classified into three groups: primary, secondary, and key stakeholders. Key stakeholders are mainly responsible for policy decision and are involved directly. Primary and secondary stakeholders have interest in the program but are not directly involved ( Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, Parmar, & De Colle, 2010 ). The process aims to bring all the stakeholders together, based on recognition to the concept of equity and accountability. The participation process involving multistakeholdersis democratic in nature, following the principles of transparency and participation. This ideally develops partnership and strengthen the networks among them, and thus disaster relief and management becomeefficient and effective ( Hemmati, 2012 ). Multistakeholder participation improves capacity-building, ensures innovation, and promotes faster decision-making process, which ultimately benefits the community ( Achyar, Schmidt-Vogt, & Shivakoti, 2015 ).

There are studies that show the success and relevance of multistakeholder participation in Disaster Risk Reduction. In the case of Hudhud cyclone in Vishakapattanam, multistakeholder participation under the leadership of the State Government has shown a positive impact in terms of rehabilitation and bringing back the normalcy ( Meduri, 2016 ). The study from Indonesia showed that multistakeholder participation and collaboration, as a crucial and important factor, has helped reduce the disaster risk and helped implement balanced Disaster Risk Reduction policies ( Trimurti, Endang, Hardi, & Hartuti, 2020 ). Hui (Hu, Lei, Hu, Zhang, Kavan, 2018) analyzed the situation in China and pointed out that the failure of government networks and its inefficiency of disaster relief measures are due to the lack of multistakeholder collaboration and internal dynamics of the system.

Global health Governance during COVID-19 pandemic was crucial; however, what the world witnessed was that the nations adopted uncoordinated, ad hoc responses partially adhering to the WHO guidelines ( Jones & Hameiri, 2022 ). International organizationssuch as the WHO was tasked with developing and disseminating “best practice” policies, whereas different nations adopted it with a lot of flexibility and their own suitability and adaptability. An overall coordination between nations was largely not observed ( Taylor & Habibi 2020 ). In this paper, we have reviewedthe available literature and identified the role of multistakeholder participation, coordination, and networking in handling disasters (with special focus on COVID-19 pandemic) in an effective manner. As the world is expecting more zoonotic diseases, developing effective strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction of infectious pandemics is very crucial.

COVID-19 Pandemic and the Role of Multi-stakeholders

The pandemic has left a deep impact on the global economy wherein the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of the countries sharply decreased, and this slowing down of the economies has led to various livelihood issues. The COVID-19 pandemic not only has disturbed the social lives and financial status but also has affected the health and wellbeing ( Jha & Pankaj, 2021 ). International community and various stakeholders have taken steps to provide immediate relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The traditional models orapproaches of coordination are inadequate for volatile and dynamic situations like that of pandemics, floods, and disasters ( Faraj & Xiao, 2006 ). COVID-19 has showed the contingent, fragile nature of global governance institutions, as well as the limitations of power and authority in the face of large-scale crises ( Levy, 2021 ). Multistakeholder collaboration is an important key to handle issues developed by disasters as it reduces the pressure on the government machinery and enhances the effectiveness of relief and rehabilitation.

Multistakeholder partnership in health emergency response situations tends to be futile when concerns about the ownership of outcomes and differences in organizational working practices amalgamate ( Ryu & Johansen, 2017 ). If the collaborative efforts or partners have transparency about the roles and responsibilities, then the public health emergency can be handled more effectively within a short duration ( de Vries et al., 2019 ). When multistakeholder participation is attempted in addressing earlier pandemics in the Asian region, issues such as resource limitation, unethical priority setting, and less confidence in the adopted surveillance technology inhibited effective pandemic preparedness ( Bennett & Carney, 2011 ). Major issues identified in multistakeholder collaboration in health preparedness include the partners’ lack of commitment, non-supportive collaborative work environment, absence of clarity about mutual expectations, informal interactive style of communication, and limited resource commitment over a longer period of time ( Akenroye et al., 2022 ).

It is important to involve multistakeholders before the occurrence of disaster as a preparatory work. Better preparatory works reduce the impactof severity of the pandemics. The preparatory work requires multilevel coordination, collection of information, and appropriate coordination mechanism among stakeholders in the pandemic situation. Hence, there is a need to develop flexible multistakeholder coordination mechanisms that can be easily customized for a specific situation and provide better support for improvised responses ( Janssen, Lee, Bharosa, & Cresswell, 2010 ). Domestic support alone is not sufficient;a collective action isrequired to handle the situation which mainly involves international support, international law, and geopolitics. It reiterates the need to have global partnerships with multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, research institutions, civil society organization (CSOs), religious and cultural groups, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). It is important to work on for international cohesion, coordination in disaster response, leveraging the technologies for mitigation, and management of multihazard risks and vulnerability. The multistakeholder platform is helpful mainly to create a space for the empowerment and active participation of common stakeholders intending to search for solutions to a common problem.

It is important to facilitate multistakeholder participation, preparatory activities, clinical intervention, and public health ( Faysse, 2006 ). Multistakeholders should be involved in the policy formulation and implementation to address the complex Disaster Risk Reduction issues. The participatory approaches must be adopted in planning, preparing action plans, training personnels, identifying problems and correcting mistakes, and implementation.

Objectives and Methods

The recent case of COVID-19 provides an example at world level to explore the relevance of multistakeholder participation in the preparedness and response for addressing the pandemic. The paper focuses on the following objectives: (1) to highlight the relevance of multistakeholders in Disaster Risk Reduction, including COVID-19 preparedness and response; (2) to document the issues and challenges in collaboration, networking for timely intervention in health Disaster Risk Reduction including COVID-19; and (3) to provide suggestions to enhance multistakeholder participation in most infectious and reemerging diseases outbreak management. In order to better understand the dynamics of multistakeholder participation in disaster risk reduction, this paper specifically looks at the lessons that may be drawn from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Review Methods

This paper conducts an extensive review, employing a broad and inclusive approach to literature analysis. Key terms such as “Disaster Risk Reduction,” “multistakeholders,” “pandemic,” “transdisciplinary research,” “networking,” and “COVID-19” were used to guide the search across databases including Google Scholar, JSTOR, BMC, Springer, JAMA, Scopus, JPHP, Elsevier, Lancet, PLOS ONE, MDPI Journals, Nature, APA, WHO Documents, Government Policy Documents, and PubMed. The search, from January 2020 to October 2022, aimed to capture a diverse array of sources reflecting the multifaceted nature of multistakeholder participation in disaster risk reduction, with a particular focus on the COVID-19 pandemic. Selected materials included peer-reviewed publications, journal articles, reviews, meta-analyses, disaster mitigation reports, feedback reports, reference books, strategic preparedness, and response plans. Prioritizing English language literature, this review emphasizes empirical studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and policy documents, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Multi stakeholder Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction and its Challenges

The international communityshares the responsibilities to provide immediate relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction, providing health services, including water, sanitation, food, shelter, appropriate medical care, and helping in the livelihood sustainability of the affected population. However, issues of the victims especially related tolivelihood and health continues to be a big challenge. The victims also require psycho-social help, economic reconstruction, and opportunities for livelihood rebuilding. In a post-disaster scenario, the preparatory work requires multilevel coordination, collection of information, and the appropriate coordination mechanism among the stakeholders ( Jillson et al., 2019 ). Therefore, there is a need to develop flexible and multistakeholder networking mechanisms that can easily be customized for the specific situation and provide better support for improvised responses. It highlights the need to have global partnerships with multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, research institutions, CSOs, religious groups, and NGOs. It is important to work for international cohesion, coordination for the disaster response, leveraging the technically viable and economically feasible technologies for mitigation and management of multihazard risk and vulnerability ( Satapathy & Walia, 2007 ). The multistakeholder platform is mainly helpful in creating a space for the empowerment and active participation of common stakeholders intending to search for solutions to a common problem ( Obeng, Marfo, Owusu-Ansah, & Nantwi, 2014 ). It is important to facilitate the multistakeholder participation in preparatory activities, clinical intervention, and public health. Multistakeholders should be involved in policy formulation and implementation to address the complex disaster risk reduction issues. In this review, we have identified some of the important barriers and challenges which are presented in Table 1 .

Challenges and barriers to successful collaboration among multistakeholders

Source : The above data is collected by the authors from different sources.

A Case of COVID-19 Pandemic Management

As per data from the World Health Organization (WHO) as on December 14, 2023, COVID-19 infected cases were 773 million and total reported deaths were 6.98 million. The pandemic which affected the whole world has left deep impact on societies andhas led to heavy economic standstill and losses. One of the strategies to combat the pandemic is to minimize social and economic hardship through multisectoral partnerships (WHO Coronavirus [COVID-19] Dashboard, 2023). The Novel Corona Virus Strategic Preparedness and Responsive Plan released on February 03, 2020 emphasized on the aspectwherein the WHO highlighted the need to encourage networking and multistakeholder participation at all levels, sharing the resources, expertise, and skills.

Based on the intensity of the pandemic, the number of players involved in the preparedness and operation vary. Thispredominantly involvehealthcare providers and administrators, experts, logistics organizations, government and NGOs, communities in the villages, and ethnic groups ( Cozzolino, 2012 ). Many countries carried outexercises to identify the gaps and problems involved in adopting an efficient swift response strategy to address the pandemic aftermath. For example, India, in its preparedness to combat COVID-19, conducted the civil servants feedback survey wherein ten majorgaps wereidentified, which were as follows: (1) hospital preparedness and infrastructure; (2) quarantine and isolation facility; (3) testing facilities; (4) personal protection equipment; (5) lack of public awareness; (6) law and order administration (State/District); (7) foreign travel history and contact tracing; (8) temporary and wage-worker exodus; (9) sanitizing public places; and (10) essential goods and services. (The National preparedness Survey on COVID-19 conducted by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India [GOI, 2020]). The survey also acknowledged that all the above-mentioned requirements cannot be arranged and coordinated solely by the government system and it called for multistakeholder collaboration, various actors’ role in the restoration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of the pandemic-affected areas.

Pandemic: Response, Recovery, and Mitigation Experiences

A few countries including South Korea and New Zealand have taken timely efforts to address the pandemic management. In other countries such as Italy, Sweden, France, the UK, and the USA, a strict quarantine mechanism was not enforced during the initial period of COVID-19, whichresulted inthe quick spread of the virus. In India, the Government started intensifying preparedness for the unprecedented threat posed by COVID-19, where it constituted an interministerial committee represented by the ministers of the health and family welfare, civil aviation, external affairs, and home, as well as the National Disaster Management Authority ( Dikid et al., 2020 ). However, no private institutions ororganizationswere involved in preparedness of the pandemic at this early stage. The only decision in the direction where multistakeholderswere engagedwas the attempt made to include the village-level communities. The Panchayat-level governments through the GramSabhastried toconductawareness drives on the clinical presentation of the novel COVID-19 disease, its preventive measures, and the need for reporting the cases especially in the village areas. Much of the technical support was made available by the epidemic intelligence service by the NCDC in collaboration with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This was one the important aspects of leveraging technical resource for addressing the COVID-19, and it activelysupported the COVID-19 response. This helped India mobilize external support to update the disease surveillance systems; investigate outbreaks; respond to disasters, emergencies, and mass gatherings; and conduct epidemiological evaluations. This intervention hada great potential in strengthening the epidemiological capacity of health professionals in the country to respond efficiently to public health emergencies such as strengthening core capacity in the areas of disease surveillance, early detection, and rapid response, generating evidence that could be used for policymaking and implementation.

It is suggested to have strong national surveillance to detect COVID-19 cases and other similar future epidemics, respond to active case findings, prompt treatment and isolation of cases, contact tracing, and preventing an outbreak from happening or limiting its spread to the public by taking containment measures. The Corporate Social Responsibility components of profitable companies can play major role as they have already developed rapport and confidence in village communities ( Patuelli, Caldarelli, Lattanzi, & Saracco, 2021 ). The involvement of multistakeholders such as private organizations, technocrats, international agencies, and community members to address the COVID-19 pandemic will ensure more efficiency and effectiveness ( Jiang, 2020 ).

Cooperation and understanding between the Federal (Central) and State governments are also important ( Ghosh, Nundy, & Mallick, 2020 ). It is important that the National Pandemic Preparedness Plan (NPPP) and State Pandemic Preparedness Plan (SPPP) should be coordinated, collaborated, and integrated at an appropriate level to ensure efficiency A rich technical expertise available with a large number of research and academic institutions must be identified and utilized ( Babbar & Gupta, 2022 ). The pharmaceutical industry should beengaged for the promotion of Research and Development in the production of local technology-driven solutions including door-step diagnostics, drugs and vaccines, and as well as the innovative use of information and communication technologies for data collection and analyses (Ayati, Malik, Raees, & Anwar, 2020). COVID-19 has brought untold misery to a large section of low-income strata and to ensure the sustainability of the livelihood and restore normalcy in post-COVID-19 era, collaboration between local self-governments, civil societies, and NGOs is crucial to ensure maximum community participation ( Raychaudhuri, 2020 ).

The involvement of private research organizations, efficient utilization of medical infrastructure, and availability of technical support from both national and global experts are important to adopt and upgrade combat strategy over a period of time. Enhancing the capacities of health workers and mental health institutions to deal with the mental health of patients and quarantine population is also a priority area ( Wosik et al., 2020 ). The pandemic response requires integrated proactive measures and capacities that involve all sectors and professionals from various fields. It is important to secure, coordinate, and involve interested institutions and stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of COVID-19 combat strategy ( Ballard et al., 2020 ).

The greatest challenge in managing a disaster like thisis arranging and deploying all the necessary resources, reaching the disaster site in minimum possible time, and helping the areas begin the recovery process ( Day, Melnyk, Larson, Davis, & Whybark, 2012 ). Early intervention, decision-making, and on-time deliveryof services are key for addressing pandemics like COVID-19. All these together demand for proactive leadership, proper planning, and involving multistakeholders to control and eliminate COVID-19-like pandemicsin the future ( Holmes et al., 2020 ). A plan of action developed with the involvement of all the stakeholders and executed meticulously would definitely help the communities to face the pandemic complexities. Engaging with the existing health and community-based networks, media, local NGOs, self-help groups, schools, colleges, universities, local governments and other sectors, such as healthcare service providers, education sector, business, travel and food or agriculture sectors, using a consistent mechanism of communication is very important to develop a long-term financially viable, effective strategy and a set of positive interventions (WHO, 2020). The possibilities of IT-based technology, telecommunications, mobile technology, and social media platforms also need to be explored and integrated to the strategy ( He, Zhang, & Li, 2021 ).

Best Practices for Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic

To effectively manage the pandemic and lessen its effects, multiple best practices have been identified. The significance of transparency, efficiency, and equity in pandemic response efforts has been demonstrated by the adoption of these best practices in both high-, low-, and middle-income countries. This underscores the importance of these principles in effectively managing the pandemic and minimizing its impact on healthcare systems and populations. Understanding the execution and implementation of these best practices is crucial to address such pandemics successfully in the future.

Pandemic management demands a multifaceted approach to effectively respond to the global threat. Clear communication is one of the best practices that must be employed for an effective pandemic response. This involves providing accurate, timely, and easily understandable information to the public to reduce fear and confusion, encourage adherence to public health guidelines, and foster trust in healthcare officials. This involves providing timely and transparent updates about the pandemic and involving stakeholders in decision-making processes ( El-Jardali, Bou-Karroum, & Fadlallah, 2020 ). For instance, in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offered daily updates on the pandemic and held regular briefings to ensure that all stakeholders were well-informed and engaged in response efforts (CDC, 2020).

Another effective approach is to collaborate with various sectors and stakeholders, such as governments, healthcare providers, and businesses, to leverage their resources and expertise. By doing so, it can guarantee the equitable distribution of essential resources such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and medical equipment, and promote well-coordinated response efforts. Rwanda’s national COVID-19 Task Force devised a thorough plan that encompassed managing the pandemic, procuring and distributing PPE and medical equipment, and engaging and educating the community ( Dzinamarira, Mapingure, Rwibasira, Mukwenha, & Musuka, 2022 ).

In managing a pandemic, it is crucial to prioritize equity and inclusivity by acknowledging the distinct requirements and viewpoints of marginalized groups like low-income individuals, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities. This involves addressing the fundamental social factors that influence health outcomes. Brazil’s COVID-19 national Task Force has taken this approach by incorporating members from indigenous communities, who are at higher risk of contracting the virus due to inadequate healthcare and sanitation facilities. To safeguard and assist these communities, the Task Force has created a strategy that involves specialized measures ( Flores-Ramírez et al., 2021 ).

In managing a pandemic, adopting data-driven techniques is vital. This entails leveraging data and technology to track the transmission of the virus, detect high-risk areas, and implement appropriate interventions. South Korea employed a thorough data-driven strategy for contact tracing and testing, which was instrumental in containing the spread of virus during the early stages of the pandemic ( Ferretti et al., 2020 ).

Strengthening healthcare systems is a critical aspect of managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare systems must have the capacity to respond to the pandemic and maintain essential health services. In Kenya, a COVID-19 response plan was developed that included measures to ensure that healthcare workers had access to PPE and training and that health facilities had the necessary resources to manage COVID-19 cases while maintaining other essential health services. This approach allowed Kenya to effectively manage the pandemic and limit its impact on its healthcare system and population ( Wangari et al., 2021 ). Table 2 presents a summary of the best practices in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Efficient management of COVID-19-like pandemic demands a well-coordinated approach among multiple sectors and stakeholders. The best practices described, which consist of clear communication, coordinated resource allocation, prioritizing equity and inclusivity, data-driven techniques, and reinforcing healthcare systems, have been derived from both high-, low-, and middle-income nations. These practices underscore the significance of openness, effectiveness, and fairness in responding to pandemics.

Best practices for COVID-19 pandemic management

Issues and Challenges in Management of COVID-19

Most profound and consequential impact of COVID-19 was on physical and mental health, well-being, and livelihood of common people ( Wang et al., 2021 ). COVID-19 has posed a new set of unforeseen challenges because all the sectors have been affected with severe job and profit loss, fall in production, and restricted or no migration or international movements ( Paul et al., 2021 ). During the course of the pandemic, it was observed that the cases increased exponentially, the healthcare system reached the optimal operating capacity, and the patientsdid not get adequate medical care. This pattern of pandemic spread was observed even in most of the developed countries ( Kringos et al., 2020 ).

Following COVID-19, it is necessary to adopt focused and sector-wide approaches to restore lives to normalcy and get the country’s economy back on a growth trajectory. ( Le et al., 2020 ). It is important to assess the severity or magnitude of effects with appropriate long-term research and interventions in which people’s participation is ensured. The challenge is to integrate the approaches of vertical management into horizontal management to involve multistakeholders to work on the needs such as new technologies, flexibility, and innovation in addressing the COVID-19 by deploying all the necessary resources ( Panneer et al., 2021 ). The maintenance of effective coordination between different stakeholders to fulfill the demand is very important ( Janssen et al., 2010 ). There is need to increase humanitarian logistics service, neutrality, and impartiality to COVID-19 healthcare and livelihood-related issues ( Tomasini & Van Wassenhove, 2009 ). The political leadership plays a major role in identification of issues, and proactive politicalleadership is required to ensure participatory, goal-oriented decision-making ( Grint, 2020 ). The major challenges faced by multistakeholder approach include implementing an efficient, dynamic, proactive leadership that shapes such processes or decisions, organize stakeholder groups; and the lack of financial or technical capacities to implement multistakeholder platforms ( Djalante, 2012 ). Table 3 presents a summary of the Post-COVID-19 crisis management and strategies.

Post-COVID-19 crisis management and strategies

Suggestions and policy framework

Having successfully combated and controlled COVID-19, the next task is to restore livelihood options because most of the people have been badly affected by the pandemic. This is essential tobring the country’s economy back to the growth trajectory. For this, long- and short-term planning and interventions are required. The multistakeholder involvement, cooperation, and collaboration are key to address these areas effectively and efficiently within the shortest possible period of time ( Memish et al., 2020 ). We propose the following broad guidelines for different stakeholders to effectively develop and deploy multistakeholder participation and networking in controlling the pandemic.

Government (Federal and State governments)

The Government must arrange for the necessary first-line health infrastructure and sufficient medical care facilities along with deployment of healthcare professionals, mental health professionals, development planners, and humanitarian relief workers ( Edwards & Ott, 2021 ). The understanding and mutual respect between different sectors or departments and sufficient dialog between different actors is required ( Sharma, Borah, & Moses, 2021 ). The Government must bring together and coordinate between clinical and social scientists, government and NGOs, affected persons, and experts from other relevant fields ( Twigg, 2001 ). The Government has to promote participation, coordination, and cooperation among the multistakeholders, so that alldimensions related to the pandemic are addressed appropriately. Evidence-based interventions and policies must be given priority; the advisories and guidelines charted out by expert groups such as the WHO must be given adequate importance in the strategy planning or implementation ( Ullah, Pinglu, Ullah, Abbas, & Khan, 2021 ). There must be adequate fund allocation for developing networks and partnerships. The government must facilitate the involvement of the community members to manage the risks and thus promote adoption of locally appropriate solutions ( Carrasco, Ochiai, & Okazaki, 2016 ). Promoting evidence-based approaches would bring effective outcome, and multistakeholder platform will help achieve clear linkages between institutions, agreements, clear targets, accountability, and mechanisms of evaluation ( Bäckstrand, 2006 ). Promoting the usage of e-governance and e-reporting system is also crucial to increase coverage and efficiency of the pandemic combat system ( Hua & Shaw, 2020 ). The promotion of public–private partnership for developing innovative solutions either to control COVID-19 or to promote livelihood in COVID-19 is also an important task for the Government ( Kudtarkar, 2020 ). Developing and maintaining repositories is also the responsibility of government for which partnership with IT sector companies can be of much use ( Budd et al., 2020 ).

Civil Society Organizations (CSO)

This comprises different organizations, including international aid agencies who work in the humanitarian service area. International aid agencies will be able to bring in the required technical expertise and international funds, whereas the local civil society organizations can take part in the ground-level preparedness, combat interventions related to COVID-19 ( Fry, Cai, Zhang, & Wagner, 2020 ). There is need to develop the knowledge and do capacity-building for taking up activities of emergency relief operations, and COVID-19 combat work, so that the sector can contribute to tackle COVID-19 situations ( Mohseni, Azami-Aghdash, Mousavi Isfahani, Moosavi, & Fardid, 2021 ). Apart from COVID-19 containment, these NGOs will also be having expertise and experience in dealing with mental health issues and provide appropriate care to the affected ( Anand, Verma, Aggarwal, Nanjundappa, & Rai, 2021 ).

Local community

Local communities play an important role in reducing risks related to pandemics such as COVID-19. Along with vulnerable communities, involvement and trust-building to combat against COVID-19 can be intensified ( Panigrahi, Majumdar, Galhotra, Kadle, & John, 2021 ). Local community knowledge and practices can be utilized; dissemination and local awareness methods like folk art can be used for propagating social distancing and personal hygiene etiquettes ( Marston, Renedo, & Miles, 2020 ). Community representatives may provide helpful insight on the local settings and act as main actors for dissemination information and as a primary communication or liaison link between the project officials, targeted communities, and their established networks ( Li, Tan, Wu, & Gao, 2020 ). Legitimacy of the community representatives can be verified by talking informally to a random group of community members and heeding their views on who can be representing their interests in the most effective way. When the legitimate leaders who have high acceptance in the community are involved, the community’s overall involvement and cooperation improves, which ultimately helps tackle the pandemic-related issues ( Canals Lambarri, 2020 ).

Other stakeholders

Governments, Civil Society Organizations, communities, self-help groups, and other stakeholders, including other professionals and personnel, can perform through the suggested model as mentioned in Figure 1 , where at the center there will be Local NGOs and Local Self Governments (Municipalities or Panchayats), to effectively contain COVID-19. Scientists, volunteers, philanthropists, social workers, doctors, psychologists, development and emergency planners, and humanitarian relief workers must be involved in good faith and trust ( Moradian et al., 2020 ). Their professional training, resources, skills, and expertise can be utilized to provide effective and efficient services related to COVID-19 control. Public health workforce development will be supported to ensure that a complete spectrum of expertise is covered including epidemiologists, data managers, laboratory technicians, emergency management and risk communications specialists, and public health managers ( Lavazza & Farina, 2020 ). The services and expertise of other partners such as Red Cross humanitarian workers, National Service Scheme volunteers, National Cadet Corps, and police officials, charitable organizations, private and public sector companies, traditional media (television, radio, and print media), participants of social media, politicians or elected representatives, other national and international health organizations and NGOs, local businesses with international links, and the public at large other ministries (Environment, Finance, External Affairs, Home, etc.) can also contribute effectively ( Anwar, Malik, Raees, & Anwar, 2020 ).

The review emphasizes how crucial the role of multistakeholder cooperation is in lessening the effects of pandemics and disasters. It illustrates how varied collaborations can result in more adaptable and successful solutions. In order to ensure that lessons from recent experiences like COVID-19 are incorporated into future disaster risk reduction efforts, the study looks ahead and calls for a persistent focus on novel and inclusive techniques for stakeholder participation. Disaster Risk Reduction including pandemics needs transformative approaches, systems, strategy, and new technologies, which are to be adopted with flexibility and innovation. The approaches have to be changed from single-direction approach to a comprehensive approach. There need to be a change from the traditional system of administration to a modern citizen-centric management system with networking and collaboration by engaging multistakeholders and contributors. It is important to facilitate the collaboration of multiple stakeholders to create synergy to manage risks for effective disaster risk reduction. This in turn also brings resources into a system such as new innovative ideas, experience, skills and competency, technology, and professionalism. It is important to partner with global-level multistakeholders of multilateral or bilateral agencies and look for opportunities to promote public–private partnership to develop appropriate Disaster Risk Reduction strategies and resilience plans. The disaster intervention should focus on evidence-based interventions and approaches to bring better outcome of mitigation, rescue, relief, and rehabilitation. The COVID-19pandemic has taught a lesson that networking and collaboration are significant for the effective governance of COVID-like pandemics in the near future, where the role of the multistakeholders, local, public, and community civil society groups, and public–private partnership is inevitable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest to disclose. All authors have read and agreed to this version of the manuscript.

Authors’ Contributions

SP contributed to the conceptualization of the article. SP, LB, and RRP contributed to the methodology. The data analysis synthesis wasdone by SP, SD, LB, and RRP. The writing and preparation of original draft was done by SP, SD, RM, LB, RRP, and VSA. SP, SD, LB, PCK, RRP, and VSA contributed to the review and editing of the manuscript. The visualization and supervision was performed by SP, SD, and LB.

This research received no external funding.

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Sigamani Panneer, is a Professor, Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India and D. Litt. Scholar, Department of Social Work, Assam University, Silchar. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Subhabrata Dutta is a Professor, Department of Social Work, Assam University, Silchar. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Lekha D. Bhat, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India. She can be contacted at [email protected].

Prakash Chand Kandpal, is a Professor, Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Robert Ramesh Babu P, is an Assistant Professor, PG Department of Social Work, Don Bosco College, Dharmapuri, India. He can be contacted at [email protected]; [email protected].

Rubavel M., PhD, Consultant UNDP, Bengaluru, Karnataka. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Vigneshwaran Subbiah Akkayasamy, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology and Social Work, School of Social Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore Central Campus, India. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Harvard-Style Citation

Panneer, S , Dutta, S , Bhat, L , Kandpal, P , Babu P, R , M, R & Akkayasamy, V. (2024) 'Multistakeholder Participation, Collaboration, and Networking in Disaster Risk Reduction and Pandemic Management: Insights and Future Policy Framework', Social Development Issues . 46(2) doi: 10.3998/sdi.5989

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Vancouver-Style Citation

Panneer, S , Dutta, S , Bhat, L , Kandpal, P , Babu P, R , M, R & Akkayasamy, V. Multistakeholder Participation, Collaboration, and Networking in Disaster Risk Reduction and Pandemic Management: Insights and Future Policy Framework. Social Development Issues. 2024 5; 46(2) doi: 10.3998/sdi.5989

Show: Harvard Citation Style | APA Citation Style

APA-Style Citation

Panneer, S Dutta, S Bhat, L Kandpal, P Babu P, R M, R & Akkayasamy, V. (2024, 5 17). Multistakeholder Participation, Collaboration, and Networking in Disaster Risk Reduction and Pandemic Management: Insights and Future Policy Framework. Social Development Issues 46(2) doi: 10.3998/sdi.5989

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• storm recovery

Houston windstorm victim assistance: Where to get food, shelter and other services

Widespread damage isn't the only concern for victims of Thursday's rare destructive thunderstorm, which brought hurricane-force winds to the Houston area.

We know how important it is for storm victims to find fresh food, clean water, shelter, and even mental health services after severe weather moves out.

ABC13 is updating this list of resources to help our neighbors, especially in west Houston, Katy, Cypress, Spring Branch, downtown Houston and Humble. Submit relief tips here .

Giving back: How to help Houston windstorm victims

Food Assistance

Houston Food Bank offers food assistance with the help of more than 1,600 community partners in 18 counties across SE Texas.

If you need food assistance, please call 832-369-9390. You can also click here to find free food assistance in your area.

Cypress Assistance Ministries is providing non-perishable food to storm victims. All you need is a photo ID to get aid.

CAM's food pantry is located at 12930 Cypress N. Houston, in Cypress. It is open Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Northeast Houston

HAAM Social Services offers food assistance for residents living in the following zip codes: 77044, 77302, 77306, 77336, 77338, 77339, 77345, 77346, 77347, 77357, 77365, 77396, 77532, 77372. No appointments are necessary for the food pantry, but you must request assistance here .

HAAM is located at 1302 1st St. East, in Humble.

Northwest Houston

Northwest Assistance Ministries offers food assistance for residents living in the following zip codes: 77014, 77032, 77038, 77050, 77060, 77064, 77066, 77067, 77068, 77069, 77070, 77073, 77086, 77090, 77373, 77379, 77388, and 77389. Click here for assistance .

NAM is located at 15555 Kuykendahl Road in Houston.

West Houston

WHAM Ministries operates a food pantry offering a wide assortment of nutritious produce, organic food, and staples. Register here for assistance in all zip codes.

WHAM is located at 10501 Meadowglen Lane, in the Spring Branch area (Houston).

Spring Branch

The Spring Branch Boys and Girls Club , in partnership with the Houston Food Bank, is providing ice, water, fruit, and snacks to communities particularly hard hit by Thursday's devastating storm. The organization is located at 8575 Pitner Road.

The Spring Branch Community Health Center will also have its mobile clinic on site, providing health services. The center will be open for distribution from Monday, May 20, to Wednesday, May 22, and will operate from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m.

Disaster Assistance

FEMA is offering new disaster assistance to Texans recovering from last week's destructive storm and last month's flooding.

The agency said assistance is available for residents in Harris, Liberty, Montgomery, Polk, San Jacinto, Trinity, and Walker counties.

FEMA says if you suffered damage due to the storms, straight-line winds, tornadoes, and flooding that began April 26, you may qualify for a one-time $750 payment per household through their Serious Need Assistance (SNA) program.

Residents can apply at DisasterAssistance.gov , on the FEMA app, or by calling the FEMA helpline at 1-800-621-3362.

If you prefer to talk to FEMA representatives in person, you can visit two centers from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. daily.

• Fonde Community Center , 110 Sabine St., Houston, TX 77007
• Spring Branch Family Development Center , 8575 Pitner Road, Houston, TX 77080

If you experienced damage to your home during last Thursday's storm, you can also call the American Red Cross Texas Gulf Coast Region at 1-800-RED-CROSS.

Financial assistance and other resources may be available to you.

Cypress Assistance Ministries provides rent and utility assistance for residents living in the following zip codes: 77065, 77095, 77429, 77433. Contact a counselor for assistance .

Heights and Memorial Area

Memorial Assistance Ministries offers financial assistance, including help submitting FEMA applications and additional services for storm victims. Services are available for residents in these zip codes: 77008, 77009, 77018, 77022, 77024, 77037, 77039, 77040, 77041, 77043, 77055, 77076, 77079, 77080, 77088, 77091, 77092

To enroll for rent/utility assistance and other emergency help, including medical, transportation and household needs, dial (713)574-7533 for English and (713)574-7536 en Español.

MAM offers to offices in Memorial area and the Heights community:

• Memorial: 1625 Blalock Rd, Houston TX 77080
• Heights: 1015 E 11th St, Houston TX 77009

HAAM Social Services offers rental and utility assistance for residents living in the following zip codes: 77044, 77302, 77306, 77336, 77338, 77339, 77345, 77346, 77347, 77357, 77365, 77396, 77532, 77372. Register for assistance here .

WHAM Ministries offers limited funds to provide financial aid to help with the cost of rent, utilities, hotels or childcare. Register here for assistance if you live within these zip codes: 77036,77042, 77057, 77063, 77072, 77077, 77082, 77083 and 77099.

All Other Areas

Dial 2-1-1 to be connected to other agencies serving your zip code.

The Red Cross has been operating shelters in Harris and San Jacinto counties since the Hurricane Harvey-level floods we saw earlier this month.

Anyone planning to stay in a Red Cross shelter should bring prescription medications, extra clothing, pillows, blankets, hygiene supplies, important documents and comfort items.

Harris County

21902 Northwest Freeway

Cypress, TX 77429

Greenhouse International Church

200 W. Greens Road

Houston, Texas 77067

Memorial Drive Presbyterian Church

11612 Memorial Drive

Houston, TX 77024

San Jacinto County

San Jacinto County Disaster Shelter

255 Live Oak

Coldspring, TX 77331

Tyler County

Colmesneil High School

610 W Elder Street

Colmesneil, TX 75938

Mental Health

If you or a loved one is struggling with a mental health crisis or considering suicide, call or text 988 .

Urgent Mental Health Services

• Veterans Crisis Line : Dial 9-8-8, option #1
• 24/7 Crisis Text Line : Text TX to 741741
• Texas 2-1-1 : Dial 2-1-1, option #8

Non-Urgent Mental Health Services in Harris Co. : 866-970-4770

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