powerpoint presentation on earthquakes

Types of Stress

The stress force called tension pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.

- Forces in Earth’s Crust

Earthquakes

The stress force called compression squeezes rock until it folds or breaks.

Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions is called shearing .

Kinds of Faults

Tension in Earth’s crust pulls rock apart, causing normal faults.

A reverse fault has the same structure as a normal fault, but the blocks move in the opposite direction.

In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways, with little up and down motion.

Changing Earth’s Surface

Over millions of years, the forces of plate movement can change a flat plain into landforms such as anticlines and synclines, folded mountains, fault-block mountains, and plateaus.

Building Vocabulary

A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase. As you read, write a definition of each Key Term in your own words.

Stress is a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume.

compression

normal fault

Tension in Earth’s crust pulls rock apart, causing normal faults .

reverse fault

hanging wall

strike-slip fault

The block of rock that lies above a normal fault is called the hanging wall .

The rock that lies below is called the footwall .

In a strike-slip fault , the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways, with little up or down motion.

A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is an anticline .

A fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley is a syncline .

A plateau is a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level.

End of Section:�Forces in Earth’s Crust

Types of Seismic Waves

Seismic waves carry energy from an earthquake away from the focus, through Earth’s interior, and across the surface.

- Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

P waves are seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion. S waves are seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down.

Surface waves move more slowly than P waves and S waves, but they produce the most severe ground movements.

Seismic Waves Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about seismic waves.

Measuring Earthquakes

The Mercalli scale was developed to rate earthquakes according to the amount of damage at a given place.

Locating the Epicenter

Geologists use seismic waves to locate an earthquake’s epicenter.

Identifying Main Ideas

As you read the section “Types of Seismic Waves,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details. The supporting details further explain the main idea.

Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake.

P waves compress and expand the ground.

S waves vibrate from side to side as well as up and down.

Surface waves produce the most severe ground movements.

End of Section:�Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

The Modern Seismograph

Seismic waves cause the seismograph’s drum to vibrate. But the suspended weight with the pen attached moves very little. Therefore, the pen stays in place and records the drum’s vibrations.

- Monitoring Earthquakes

Instruments That Monitor Faults

In trying to predict earthquakes, geologists have developed instruments to measure changes in elevation, tilting of the land surface, and ground movements along faults.

Using Seismographic Data

The map shows the probability of a strong earthquake along the San Andreas fault. A high percent probability means that a quake is more likely to occur.

As you read, make a flowchart like the one below that shows how a seismograph produces a seismogram. Write each step of the process in a separate box in the order in which it occurs.

How a Seismograph Works

Incoming seismic waves

Vibrate the rotating drum

The suspended pen remains motionless and records the drum’s vibration.

End of Section:�Monitoring Earthquakes

Earthquake Risk

Geologists can determine earthquake risk by locating where faults are active and where past earthquakes have occurred.

- Earthquake Safety

How Earthquakes Cause Damage

A tsunami spreads out from an earthquake's epicenter and speeds across the ocean.

Designing Safer Buildings

To reduce earthquake damage, new buildings must be made stronger and more flexible.

Asking Questions

Before you read, preview the red headings and ask a what , how , or where question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.

Where is the quake risk highest?

Earthquake risk is the highest along faults and where past earthquakes have occurred.

How do earthquakes cause damage?

Earthquake damage occurs as a result of shaking, liquefaction, aftershocks, and tsunamis.

How can you stay safe during an earthquake?

The best way to stay safe during an earthquake is to drop, cover, and hold.

What makes buildings safe from earthquakes?

Buildings can be made safer by being built stronger and with greater flexibility.

End of Section:�Earthquake Safety

Graphic Organizer

Strike-slip

End of Section:�Graphic Organizer

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Free Earthquake PowerPoint Presentation theme & Google Slides

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Free earthquake presentation theme.

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Earthquakes

Free Presentations in PowerPoint format

Understanding Earthquakes

Earthquakes and Faults

Earthquakes – Understanding Geology

Earthquakes – Preventing Disasters in Japan

Earthquakes – How Often Do They Occur?

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Earthquakes – What Causes Them?

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See Also: Plate Tectonics , Ocean Motion , Natural Hazards

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• Earthquake Template

An earthquake, also known as an earthquake or tremor, is a natural geological phenomenon that occurs when accumulated stresses in the Earth's crust are suddenly released. This causes the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth, generating oscillatory movements on the surface that can vary in intensity from slight vibrations to violent shaking. Today you can take advantage of the custom designed earthquake template to create your own disaster presentations like an expert on the subject.

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Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes - Earth Sciences - 10th Grade

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Our planet is constantly changing, and nowhere is this more evident than in the study of plate tectonics and earthquakes. "Wait, did you say 'plate tectonics'? Isn't it 'tectonic plates'?" Almost! Plate tectonics is a theory that states that Earth's litosphere has been in constant movement for billions of years via the tectonic plates, hence the confusion! This template has arrived to help you "shake up" the world of education. Customize the slides, the diagrams, the exercises, the graphs, the text boxes, everything included to start teaching in a successful way.

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Earthquake PowerPoint PPT Presentations

Apr 02, 2019

490 likes | 1.13k Views

Earthquake. Earthquake. An earthquake (also known as a quake , tremor or temblor ) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves .

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Presentation Transcript

Earthquake • An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth'scrust that creates seismic waves. • The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. • The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. • The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. • These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity.

Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. • The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude.

The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of October 2012), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. • Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. • The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. • When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. • Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. • Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. • An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.

History • The ancient Chinese also used a device that looked like a jar with dragons on the top surrounded by frogs with their mouths open. • When an earthquake occurred, a ball fitted into each dragon's mouth would drop out of the dragon's mouth into the frog's. The position of the frog which received a ball indicated the direction of the earthquake.

Causes of earthquakes • Earthquakes are caused by tectonic movements in the Earth's crust. • The main cause is that when tectonic plates collide, one rides over the other, causing orogeny (mountain building), earthquakes and volcanoes.

The boundaries between moving plates form the largest fault surfaces on Earth. • When they stick, relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress. • This continues until the stress rises and breaks, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy.

Earthquake clusters • Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. • Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors which cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.

Earthquake fault types • There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. • Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened. • Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other.

Aftershocks • An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. • An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. • Aftershocks are formed as the crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock.

2001 Gujarat earthquake

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001, India's 51st Republic Day, at 08:46 AM local time (3:16 UTC) and lasted for over two minutes. • The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobariin BhachauTaluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India. • The earthquake reached a magnitude of between 7.6 and 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum felt intensity of X (Intense) on the Mercalli intensity scale. • The quake killed around 20,000 people (including 18 in South eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.

This was an intraplate earthquake, one that occurred at a distance from an active plate boundary, so the area was not well prepared. • The shock waves spread 700 km. 21 districts were affected and 600,000 people left homeless.

Relief poured in from all over the world and over a longer period of time, the affected area was re-equipped with all the basic facilities along with state-of-the-art upgrades. • The result being that Bhuj, along with several small towns and villages, is now complete with a better hospital, town and first-aid center. • Also, several guidelines and rules were put into place by the Gujarat government for real-estate and construction businesses in foresight of another such event

Thank you • By: • LavanyaThammaiah .T. • Smart Class Co-ordinator • General Thimayya Public School • Madikeri.

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